Citizenship (Amendment) Act, 2019

6633:"From the 1980s onwards, the legal and constitutional conception of the Indian citizen started to undergo a subtle transformation, through amendments to the Citizenship Act, in response to political developments. The latest in a series of such amendments is the Citizenship (Amendment) Bill, introduced in parliament in July 2016 and passed in the lower house of India's parliament in January 2019. The present amendment consolidates a trend that began with the Citizenship (Amendment) Bill, 1985, which amended the provisions pertaining to naturalisation. This gave legal expression to the Assam Accord between the Rajiv Gandhi government and the Assamese students' organisations that had led the agitation against the enfranchisement of migrants from Bangladesh in Assam. The 1985 amendment to the Citizenship Act that followed the Accord introduced a new section titled 'Special Provisions as to Citizenship of Persons Covered by the Assam Accord'. Seeking to allay anxieties about migrants who had come in from Bangladesh " 620:(UPA) government stated in Parliament that there were 12 million illegal Bangladeshi migrants in India. The reasons for the scale of migration include a porous border, historical migration patterns, economic reasons, and cultural and linguistic ties. Many illegal migrants from Bangladesh had eventually received the right to vote. According to Niraja Jayal, this enfranchisement was widely described as an attempt to win elections using the votes of the illegal migrants from Bangladesh. Bangladeshi scholar Abul Barkat estimated that over 11 million Hindus have left Bangladesh for India between 1964 and 2013, at a rate of 230,612 annually. The reasons were religious persecution and discrimination, especially at the hands of the post-independence military regimes. An unknown number of Pakistani Hindu refugees also live in India. An estimated 5,000 refugees arrive per year, citing religious persecution and forced conversion. 683:"irrespective of religion" would cause "loss of political rights and culture of the indigenous people". According to Niraja Jayal, while the BJP had promised to grant Indian citizenship to all Hindu migrants from Bangladesh in its election campaigns during the 2010s, the draft Amendment bill angered many in Assam, including its own political allies because they viewed the amendment as a violation of the Assam Accord. That accord promised to identify and deport all illegal Bangladeshi migrants who entered the state after 1971, "regardless of their religious identity". In 2018, as the draft of this Amendment was being discussed, numerous Assamese organisations petitioned and agitated against it. They fear that the Amendment will encourage more migration and diminish employment opportunities to the native residents in the state. 6703:"The Accord was entered into in 1985, after the agitation led to the Nellie massacre during the election of 1983. The enfranchisement of the migrants was widely attributed to the Congress. The common perception was that all Bangladeshi immigrants were Muslims, and the Congress Party was seen as the prime beneficiary of their votes. The Accord put in place measures for the detection of foreigners and their deletion from the state's electoral rolls. "As Kamal Sadiq's book showed, 'illegal' migrants were more likely to be in possession of 'documentary citizenship'—papers like ration cards and voter cards—certifying their citizenship, while natives and their descendants might well have no documentation at all" 3999:

the Muslims of those countries. Pakistan, Afghanistan, and Bangladesh are Muslim-majority countries that have modified their constitutions in recent decades to declare Islam their official state religion. Therefore, according to the Indian government, Muslims in these Islamic countries are "unlikely to face religious persecution". The government says that Muslims cannot be "treated as persecuted minorities" in these Muslim-majority countries. The BBC says that while these countries have provisions in their constitution guaranteeing non-Muslims rights, including the freedom to practice their religion, in practice non-Muslim populations have experienced discrimination and persecution.

4119: 4322: 4703: 4497:, forming a human chain, in support of CAA, on 22 December. ABVP members held a rally in support of CAA and NRC in Kerala. Hundreds of citizens were out on the streets in support of the citizenship law in Bangalore. Jay Kholiya, ex-Member and Officer Bearer of ABVP Maharashtra had resigned from his office during these protests citing "Ideological Differences". In Assam, ABVP's National Executive Moon Talukdar also had joined Anti-CAA Protests. He also announced that around 800 members would resign in opposition to the government's move to implement the Citizenship (Amendment) Act (CAA). 6908:, Volume 200, Number 13, Rajya Sabha Secretariat, Government of India, 18 December 2003, page 383, Quote: "After the partition of our country, the minorities in countries like Bangladesh, have faced persecution, and it is our moral obligation that if circumstances force people, these unfortunate people, to seek refuge in our country, our approach to granting citizenship to these unfortunate persons should be more liberal. I sincerely hope that the hon. Deputy Prime Minister will bear this in mind in charting out the future course of action with regard to the Citizenship Act." 4731: 4145: 735:

elections, the BJP government drafted a bill that addressed the concerns of its northeastern states. It excluded Arunachal Pradesh, Mizoram, Nagaland, Tripura, Meghalaya and Manipur, except for non-tribal cities exempted under pre-existing regulations. It also excluded tribal areas of Assam. The Indian government, while proposing an Amendment, said, that its bill aims to grant quicker access to citizenship to those who have fled religious persecution in neighbouring countries and have taken refuge in India.

5060: 4356: 4347: 4338: 656:, the BJP leaders campaigned in the state promising voters that they would rid Assam of the Bangladeshis. Simultaneously, they also promised to protect Hindus who had fled religious persecution in Bangladesh. According to commentators, in the context of an effort to identify and deport illegal immigrants, the proposal to grant citizenship took a new meaning. Illegal migrants could be granted citizenship if they were non-Muslim, on the grounds that they were refugees; only Muslims would be deported. 4939: 4251:—was also the site of comment and debate regarding the constitutionality of the amendment. Large metropolitan areas (with Kolkata, Mumbai, and Bangalore standing out) became hotspots for online posts about the CAA. As with in-person protests, so also online opposition to the BJP and statements opposing Islamophobia came from people of all backgrounds and experiences. Overall, protesters framed the CAA as a continuation of a history of anti-Islamic legislation and propaganda by the BJP. 4953: 4153: 4489:, held rallies in support of the amended Citizenship Act. Rallies in support of the Amendment Act were led by BJP leaders in West Bengal, who alleged that the state government blocked them. They also accused the Chief Minister Mamata Banerjee's party members of misinforming the state's residents about the new law. Similarly, some 15,000 people joined a BJP-organised rally in support of the Act in Rajasthan. On 20 December 2019, scores of people held demonstrations in 6742:: "In the 1980s, the Congress Party faced the brunt of the 'anti-foreigner' movement with confrontation and violence erupting in the state till a 1985 accord with the government of then prime minister Rajiv Gandhi appeared to assuage the situation. Foreign nationals would be detected and expelled as per provisions of law after 1971, it said, and the people of the state would be provided preferential treatment and constitutional safeguards to protect their identity." 7730:, India Today (18 April 2019), Quote: "We are committed to the enactment of the Citizenship Amendment Bill for the protection of individuals of religious minority communities from neighbouring countries escaping persecution. We reiterate our commitment to protect the linguistic, cultural and social identity of the people of Northeast. Hindus, Jains, Buddhists and Sikhs escaping persecution from India's neighbouring countries will be given citizenship in India." 5038: 4771: 559:, by which all people born in India subject to some limitations were accorded citizenship. The Act also provided two means for foreigners to acquire Indian citizenship. People from "undivided India" were given a means of registration after seven years of residency in India. Those from other countries were given a means of naturalisation after twelve years of residency in India. Political developments in the 1980s, particularly those related to the violent 4917: 4828: 4868: 4850: 640:. According to Shuvro Sarker, since the 1950s and particularly since the 1990s, the Indian governments under various political parties have studied and drafted laws for the naturalisation of refugees and asylum seekers. These drafts have struggled with issues relating to a mass influx of refugees, urban planning, cost of basic services, the obligations to protected tribes, and the impact on pre-existing regional poverty levels within India. 4565:– all led by non-BJP governments – said they will not implement the law. According to the Union Home Ministry, states lack the legal power to stop the implementation of CAA. The Ministry stated that "the new legislation has been enacted under the Union List of the 7th Schedule of the Constitution. The states have no power to reject it". Modi stated on 21 December that the NRC had only been implemented in Assam to follow a directive from the 4757: 31: 4814: 5020: 953: 8515:, OPEN Magazine, 16 December 2019. "For a non-Muslim who may have lived in India for centuries but who doesn't have a birth certificate, all is not lost. He or she can argue that they have no place to go or that they have fled these neighbouring countries to escape persecution (and have left their documents behind). But a document-less Muslim cannot make such an argument because the CAA does not include Muslim minorities." 4903: 4800: 12682: 2978: 533:. Subsequently, on May 15, 2024, the first set of 14 migrants received "Indian citizenship" certificates under the CAA in Delhi, initiating the process of granting nationality to migrant applicants, nearly two months after the notification of CAA rules. On the same day, over 350 migrants received Indian nationality digitally, under CAA, in other parts of the country. After getting Indian citizenship, many Hindu 607:, stated that refugees belonging to minority communities in Bangladesh and other countries had faced persecution, and requested a liberal approach to granting them citizenship. According to M.K. Venu, the formulation of the 2003 amendment discussed by Advani and Singh was based on the idea that Muslim groups in Pakistan and Afghanistan that had experienced persecution also needed to be treated with compassion. 4091:

possible only for people in the border states who have some ethnic resemblance to the people of Afghanistan, Pakistan or Bangladesh, but not to the people of interior states. Muslim leaders have interpreted the CAA–NRC package in precisely these terms, viz., that the Muslims in the country would be targeted (by considering documents as insufficient) as potential foreigners, leaving out all non-Muslims.

8471:, The Indian Express, 25 December 2019. " said in Parliament that no documents will be asked of those who apply for citizenship under the new law, giving a possible exit route to some of the Hindus potentially excluded from the NRC.... the CAA shield is not available to . If a Muslim cannot meet the eligibility criteria for NRC... she will lose citizenship when the NRC is published without her name" 4506:

In New Delhi, about 600 refugees from Pakistan living in a camp consisting of tiny shanties celebrated the new law. A delegation of Sikh refugees who had arrived from Afghanistan three decades ago thanked the Indian government for amending the citizenship law. They stated the Amended law would allow them to finally gain Indian citizenship and "join the mainstream".

663:, the BJP promised to provide a "natural home" for persecuted Hindu refugees. The year before the 2016 elections in Assam, the government legalised refugees belonging to religious minorities from Pakistan and Bangladesh, granting them long-term visas. Bangladeshi and Pakistani nationals belonging to "minority communities" were exempted from the requirements of the 842:(1) The Central Government or an authority specified by it in this behalf may, subject to such conditions, restrictions and manner as may be prescribed, on an application made in this behalf, grant a certificate of registration or certificate of naturalisation to a person referred to in the proviso to clause (b) of sub-section (1) of section 2. 518:. The protests have led to the deaths of several protesters, injuries to both protesters and police officers, damage to public and private property, the detention of hundreds of people, and suspensions of local internet mobile phone connectivity in certain areas. Some states announced that they would not implement the Act. In response, the 7119:, p. 85: Quoting Ranabir Sammadar: "Not only are the Muslim peasants depeasantized, pauperized and lumpenized on their arrival in India, the Hindu peasantry of Bangladesh is cynically and most systematically robbed of land on communal considerations in the villages of Bangladesh and the peasants are thus forced to flee." 5435:, p. 523: "First, citizenship status biased towards religious identity is by no means a new idea.... A careful study of the policies and laws related to citizenship, adopted since independence substantiate the assertion that citizenship in India has always been based on an implicit belief that India is for Hindus." 902:

citizenship act, one of the requirements for citizenship by naturalisation is that the applicant must have lived in India during the last 12 months, and for 11 of the previous 14 years. The amendment relaxes this 11-year requirement to 5 years for persons belonging to the same six religions and three countries.

5447:, pp. 10–11: "Nehru's response made it clear that Muslim migrants from Pakistan could not join the ranks of refugees in India... Thus, despite broad public statements promising citizenship to all displaced persons from Pakistan, Hindu migrants alone counted as citizen-refugees in post-partition India." 671:. Specifically mentioned were "Hindus, Sikhs, Christians, Jains, Parsis and Buddhists," who had been "compelled to seek shelter in India due to religious persecution or fear of religious persecution". Eligibility for the exemption was made contingent on a migrant having arrived in India by 31 December 2014. 8451:, Foreign Policy, 17 December 2019. "But with the new citizenship act, Hindus can potentially claim they are immigrants from Afghanistan, Bangladesh, or Pakistan and gain a route to citizenship. Muslims, on the other hand, could be at risk of being declared foreigners if they can't produce documentation." 5187:

The central government's decision not to implement the CAA in most tribal areas of Northeastern states has been met with mixed reactions. While some view it as a positive step towards protecting indigenous communities, others argue that many parts of northeast like whole of Assam is still not covered

4370:

Students from various universities like Jamia Millia Islamia, Aligarh Muslim University, Nadwa College, Jawaharlal Nehru University, IIT Kanpur, IIT Madras, Jadavpur University, Tata Institute of Social Sciences, IISc, Pondicherry University, and IIM Ahmedabad also held protest. More than 25 student

4086:

of the Citizenship Act. As of January 2020, it has only been implemented for the state of Assam, but the BJP has promised its implementation for the whole of India in its 2019 election manifesto. The NRC documents all the legal citizens so that the people who are left out can be recognized as illegal

829:

Provided that any person belonging to Hindu, Sikh, Buddhist, Jain, Parsi or Christian community from Afghanistan, Bangladesh or Pakistan, who entered into India on or before the 31st day of December, 2014 and who has been exempted by the Central Government by or under clause (c) of sub-section (2) of

5202:

Existing student bodies in the Northeast, such as the Northeast Student Union (NESU), have faced criticism for their perceived silence on the CAA issue. Despite the recent abolishment of the Free Movement Regime (FMR) between India and Myanmar, NESU has remained relatively inactive in addressing the

4505:

Hindu refugee families in Assam, living since the 1960s in a refugee camp and who had been denied Indian citizenship so far, said that the Amendment had "kindled hope" at first. They added that the recent protests against the Act and demands for its cancellation have made them fearful of the future.

4207:

In other parts of India, political and student activists protested that the law "marginalizes Muslims, is prejudicial against Muslims" and sought that Muslim migrants and refugees should also be granted Indian citizenship per its secular foundations. The protesters demanded that the law should grant

5791:

The Citizenship Amendment Bill ... was required to give protection to people who are forced to live in pathetic human condition while rejecting the argument that a Muslim may suffer religious persecution in Bangladesh, Pakistan and Afghanistan saying that a Muslim is unlikely to face religious

4883:

passed a resolution labelling the Act as a "discriminatory law" and argued that it contravened "bilateral agreements and understandings between India and Pakistan, particularly those on security and rights of minorities in the respective countries". This act was denounced by both the Hindu and Sikh

858:. – (1) Persons belonging to minority communities in Bangladesh and Pakistan, namely, Hindus, Sikhs, Buddhists, Jains, Parsis and Christians who were compelled to seek shelter in India due to religious persecution or fear of religious persecution and entered into India on or before 31 December 2014 698:

in particular. The updated register was made public in August 2019; approximately 1.9 million residents were not on the list, and were in danger of losing their citizenship. Many of those affected were Bengali Hindus, who constitute a major voter base for the BJP; according to commentators, the BJP

5338:

Ajay Kumar Bhalla handed over the citizenship certificates to the 14 applicants in Delhi, after their applications were processed online. Over 350 people were granted Indian citizenship online (digitally signed certificates through email), with Amit Shah acknowledging 25,000+ pending applications,

3998:

Muslims from Pakistan, Bangladesh and Afghanistan are not offered accelerated eligibility for citizenship under the new Act. Critics have questioned the exclusion on account of anti-Islamic sentiment. The amendment limits itself to the Muslim-majority neighbours of India and takes no cognisance of

4602:

on 60 petitions challenging the Act was on 18 December 2019. During the first hearing, the court declined to stay implementation of the Citizenship (Amendment) Act, 2019. On 22 January 2020, around 143 petitions, including several petitions filed after 18 December 2019 were heard. The court again

5170:

has said that the cut-off date of December 31, 2014, is being kept so that the act cannot be misused by infiltrators from neighbouring countries such as Pakistan. The same official also added that if the need arises, the 2014 cut-off can be extended by bringing in necessary legal changes through

4513:

Muslim refugees in India were not optimistic about the Amendment and feared they would be deported. Other Rohingya refugees expressed gratitude at having been allowed to stay in India, but did not make any comments specific to the Act lest they provoke a backlash. They said that local police had

4418:

appealed for calm in a series of tweets saying "No Indian has anything to worry regarding this act. This act is only for those who have faced years of persecution outside and have no other place to go except India". As CAA protests raised concerns on combined effects of CAA with NRC, both the PM

734:

The BJP reiterated its commitment to amend the citizenship act in its 2019 election campaign. It stated that religious minorities such as Hindus and Sikhs are persecuted in neighbouring Muslim-majority countries, and promised to fast track a path to citizenship for non-Muslim refugees. After the

587:

with far-reaching revisions of the Citizenship Act. It added the notion of "illegal immigrants" to the Act, making them ineligible to apply for citizenship (by registration or naturalisation), and declaring their children also as illegal immigrants. Illegal immigrants were defined as citizens of

4931:

termed the CAA as an internal matter of India. While answering a question about the non-inclusion of Sri Lankan Tamil refugees, he said, "Sri Lankans can return anytime they want. Their houses are there. They can come back anytime they want. We have no objection. Recently, around 4,000 of them

4792:

said, "Within India, people are facing many problems" and expressed her concerns saying, "We don't understand why (the Indian government) did it. It was not necessary". However, she maintained her stance that the CAA and NRC are internal matters of India. She also said that Prime Minister Modi

505:

witnessed violent demonstrations against the bill over fears that granting Indian citizenship to refugees and immigrants will cause a loss of their "political rights, culture and land rights" and motivate further migration from Bangladesh. In other parts of India, protesters said that the bill

5160:

Critics have argued that the Act's stance on persecution lacks consistency, questioning why it chooses 2014 as a cut-off date when, according to the government's own admission, persecution of minorities continues to be a persistent issue in the neighbouring nations of Pakistan, Bangladesh and

4659:

A petition opposing the bill was signed by more 1,000 Indian scientists and scholars. The petition stated that "The use of religion as a criterion for citizenship in the proposed bill" was "inconsistent with the basic structure of the Constitution". A similar number of Indian academicians and

4090:

In this context, there are concerns that the present amendment of the Citizenship Act provides a "shield" to the non-Muslims, who can claim that they were migrants who fled persecution from Afghanistan, Pakistan, or Bangladesh, while the Muslims do not have such a benefit. Such a claim may be

5106:

in the upcoming election. Opposition parties criticised the timing of the notification, accusing BJP for delaying four years to implement it just to use it as a political issue in the election. On May 15, 2024, the granting of Indian citizenship under CAA began with the first set of migrant

901:

to give accelerated eligibility for Indian citizenship to persecuted minorities who are Hindus, Sikhs, Buddhists, Jains, Parsis and Christians from Afghanistan, Bangladesh and Pakistan, and who entered India on or before 31 December 2014. The Act does not mention Muslims. Under the original

8805:

Roy, Souvik; Mukherjee, Milan; Sinha, Priyadarsini; Das, Sukanta; Bandopadhyay, Subhasis; Mukherjee, Abhik (21 February 2021). "Exploring the dynamics of protest against National Register of Citizens & Citizenship Amendment Act through online social media: the Indian experience".

4946:: The outgoing British High Commissioner to India, Dominic Asquith, said that the UK expressed hope that the Indian government will address concerns of the people as its manifesto commitment is "sabka saath, sabka vikas, sabka vishvas" (with all, development for all, and trust of all) 4663:

Historian Neeti Nair commented that the Citizenship (Amendment) Act and the National Register of Citizens represent steps towards a "Hindu Rashtra" that should be "summarily dismissed both by the people and by the courts". Similar views were also expressed by social activists such as

4375:

university, where protests were being held, and detained the students. Police used batons and tear gas on the students. More than a hundred students were injured and an equal number were detained. The police action was widely criticized, and resulted in protests across the country.

674:

The BJP government introduced a bill to amend the citizenship law in 2016, which would have made non-Muslim migrants from Pakistan, Afghanistan, and Bangladesh eligible for Indian citizenship. The bill stalled in parliament following widespread political opposition and protests in

4821:: Around 27 lawmakers in Kuwait expressed "deep concern" over "the abusive legislative and repressive security measures taken by the Indian government against Muslims". They asked the Kuwait Government to 'exert diplomatic efforts' and to approach the UN to address the situation. 9295:"I want to unequivocally assure my fellow Indians that CAA does not affect any citizen of India of any religion. No Indian has anything to worry regarding this Act. This Act is only for those who have faced years of persecution outside and have no other place to go except India" 5472:

figures given to the Joint Parliamentary Committee, 31,313 people were granted long-term visas using the criteria mentioned in the Act. They included 25,447 Hindus, 5,807 Sikhs, 55 Christians, 2 Buddhists and 2 Parsis. They were expected to be the immediate beneficiaries of the

694:. The process for creating the NRC had been put in place by the Citizenship rules enacted in 2003, and had been implemented in Assam under Supreme Court supervision as a result of a 2014 Supreme Court ruling. This was mandated under prior peace agreements in northeast, and the 5333:

On May 15, 2024, the first set of citizenship certificates were issued to 14 migrants under the Citizenship Amendment Act (CAA), nearly two months after the Centre notified it, initiating the process of granting Indian nationality to migrant applicants under the CAA.

5165:

across India have advocated for the extension of the act, arguing that it should not have any cut-off date for providing citizenship to persecuted minorities of neighbouring nations, as persecution hasn't stopped and will not in the near future. A top official of the

635:

is that such refugees must return to their home countries after the situation returns to normal. According to the US Committee for Refugees and Immigrants, India hosts refugees in excess of 456,000, with about 200,000 from "non-neighbouring" countries hosted via the

571:

government, granting citizenship to all Bangladeshi migrants that arrived before 1971 subject to some provisos. The government also agreed to identify all migrants that arrived afterwards, remove their names from the electoral rolls, and expel them from the country.

7802:

When Amit Shah, India's home minister, proposed his bill in parliament on December 9th, he framed it as an act of mercy. Henceforth, he promised, people who have fled persecution in neighbouring countries and taken refuge in India would be granted quicker access to

5316:

is in touch with the tribal affairs department to consider the proposal but has not yet introduced any Constitutional Amendment Bill for it. According to the 2011 Census, Tribals constitute 12.8% of the state population. Various organizations in Assam, such as the

4651:

released a joint statement in which they described the Act as "humanitarian" provision through which India has "partially fulfilled" its obligations towards the minorities of Bangladesh, Pakistan and Afghanistan. The National Sikh Front – a group representing the

6035:'The constitutions of Pakistan, Afghanistan and Bangladesh provide for a specific state religion. As a result, many persons belonging to Hindu, Sikh, Buddhist, Jain, Parsi and Christian communities have faced persecution on grounds of religion in those countries. 4586:

affirmed that the Citizenship Amendment Act (CAA) is viewed as divisive and declared its non-implementation in the state, asserting that it treats Muslim minorities unfairly. He stated, "All of Kerala will stand united in opposing this communally divisive law."

5491:

In 2012, the then CPI(M) general secretary Prakash Karat had written to Manmohan Singh, who was prime minister at the time, reminding him of his 2003 statement and urging him to make a suitable amendment in policy to allow "minority community refugees" easy

4442:

denied permission for marches, rallies or any other demonstration. Internet services were shut down in several parts of Delhi. As a result of defining the ban, thousands of protesters were detained, including several opposition leaders and activists such as

888:(4) Nothing in this section shall apply to tribal area of Assam, Meghalaya, Mizoram or Tripura as included in the Sixth Schedule to the Constitution and the area covered under "The Inner Line" notified under the Bengal Eastern Frontier Regulation, 1873. 9043: 5183:

has encountered significant opposition, particularly in Assam and other states of the region. The CAA has been a contentious issue, with concerns raised about its alleged discriminatory nature and potential infringement upon indigenous rights.

11136: 1932: 718:

The BJP government first introduced a bill to amend the citizenship law in 2016, which would have made non-Muslim migrants from Pakistan, Afghanistan, and Bangladesh eligible for Indian citizenship. Although this bill was passed by the

8313: 5071:

criticised the Act and called it "fundamentally discriminatory in nature". It added, "Although India's broader naturalization laws remain in place, these amendments will have a discriminatory effect on people's access to nationality."

474:. The Indian government said that since Pakistan, Afghanistan and Bangladesh have Islam as their state religion, it is therefore "unlikely" that Muslims would "face religious persecution" there. However, certain Muslim groups, such as 4660:

intellectuals released a statement in support of the legislation. The petition stated that the act "fulfills the long-standing demand of providing refuge to persecuted religious minorities from Pakistan, Bangladesh and Afghanistan".

10890: 830:

section 3 of the Passport (Entry into India) Act, 1920 or from the application of the provisions of the Foreigners Act, 1946 or any rule or order made thereunder, shall not be treated as illegal migrant for the purposes of this Act;

808:

After receiving assent from the President of India on 12 December 2019, the bill assumed the status of an act. The act came into force on 10 January 2020. The implementation of the CAA began on 20 December 2019, when Union Minister

5709: 9426: 5867: 4884:

communities of Pakistan. In particular, it was rejected by the Pakistan Hindu Council, a representative body of Hindus in the country. Many lawmakers were vocal in voicing their protest over this legislation. These included

8464: 4175:

The passage of the Act triggered different types of protests and criticisms. Violent protests erupted in Assam, where the protesters maintained that the new provisions of this Act are against prior agreements such as the

4100:, Home Minister Amit Shah offered reassurance that no Indian citizen needs to worry. "We will make special provisions to ensure that no Indian citizen from minority communities is victimised in the NRC process." But the 746:

on 12 August 2016. The Committee submitted its report on 7 January 2019 to Parliament. The Bill was taken into consideration and passed by Lok Sabha on 8 January 2019. It was pending for consideration and passing by the

5354:. Similarly, Pakistani Hindu refugees living in north Delhi's "Majnu ka Tila" expressed hopes for a better future, and some people who received their citizenship hailed it as the first day of their "new life" in India. 9484: 423:, had promised in previous election manifestos to offer Indian citizenship to members of persecuted religious minorities who had migrated from neighbouring countries. Under the 2019 amendment, migrants who had entered 4619:, had expressed concern while deposing in front of the joint parliamentary committee, and had stated that the bill could be used by agents of the foreign intelligence agencies to infiltrate legally into India. Former 6920: 6458:

The granting of citizenship to over 300 people by the Centre under the Citizenship (Amendment) Act (CAA), 2019, has ignited the hope of a better future among Pakistani Hindu refugees living in north Delhi's Majnu ka

4764:: The Shura Council (the Council of Representatives) called on the Government of India to refrain from implementing the Act, taking the rights of the Muslims into account, and respecting the international principles. 8424: 917:, numbering 3 crores, is mostly concentrated in districts such as North and South 24 Parganas, Nadia, Howrah, Cooch Behar, Malda, East Burdwan, and parts of North Bengal. The community, having Immigrated during the 615:

A very large number of illegal immigrants, the largest numbers of whom are from Bangladesh, live in India. The Task Force on Border Management quoted the figure of 15 million illegal migrants in 2001. In 2004, the

4750:, calling for serious attention to India's CAA, the Modi government's reaction to the democratic protests and to renegotiate trade agreements between Australia and India so that they include a human rights clause. 12789: 9446: 554:

implemented in 1950 guaranteed citizenship to all of the country's residents at the commencement of the constitution, and made no distinction on the basis of religion. In 1955, the Indian government passed the

9180: 8528: 5118:

1. Individuals who entered India legally from Pakistan, Bangladesh, and Afghanistan on or before December 31, 2014, and belong to the Hindu, Sikh, Buddhist, Jain, Parsi, or Christian community are eligible.

4724:, he said, "The whole country is persecuted. We have been in war and conflict for a long time. All religions in Afghanistan, Muslims and Hindus and Sikhs, which are our three main religions, have suffered." 506:

discriminated against Muslims, and demanded that Indian citizenship be granted to Muslim refugees and immigrants as well. Major protests against the Act were held at some universities in India. Students at

4976:

issued a statement in response, stating that the statement made by the USCIRF was "neither accurate nor warranted", and that neither the CAA nor the NRC sought to strip Indian citizens of citizenship. The

4059:. Their status has been of refugees over the decades. According to a 1992 UNHCR report, the then Indian government stated that they remain refugees and do not have the right to acquire Indian nationality. 9564: 9051: 5501:

Indian government statistics in 2014 show 289,394 "stateless persons" in India. The majority were from Bangladesh and Sri Lanka (about 100,000 each), followed by those from Tibet, Myanmar, Pakistan and

9408: 7654: 450:(OHCHR) called it "fundamentally discriminatory", adding that while India's "goal of protecting persecuted groups is welcome", this should be accomplished through a non-discriminatory "robust national 8484: 7047:"The electoral rolls prepared for the election found that the number of voters had increased significantly. There were complaints against the sudden inclusion of 70,000 foreigners in the voter list." 4843:, criticised the law and said it could "deprive some Muslims of their citizenship". India rejected the criticism and said the law does not "deprive any Indian of any faith of her or his citizenship". 3990:(OCI) if there are any violations of any law of India, whether they are petty infractions or heinous felonies, however it also adds the opportunity for the OCI holder to be heard before the verdict. 9878: 7904: 5909: 9142: 12619: 12560: 3532: 929:

says that it does not maintain records of CAA applicants as there is no such provision for record-keeping, thus making it difficult to ascertain the numbers of absolute beneficiaries of the Act.

11084: 6967: 6882: 12401: 11411: 8329: 6491:

Celebrations erupted at the house of Madho Bhai Thakur at Delhi's Adarsh Nagar camp on Wednesday as his daughter, two of his sons, and their wives received the Indian citizenship certificates.

5482:

The Act defines "undivided India" as "India as defined in the Government of India Act, 1935, as originally enacted". It included, in addition to India, the present day Pakistan and Bangladesh.

8235: 6843: 6548: 6053: 10029: 10898: 10593: 10290: 9086: 11028: 10998: 9701: 8495:, 23 December 2019. "... since the CAA will provide citizenship to non-Muslim illegal immigrants from three countries, only Muslim immigrants will be left out when the NRC is rolled out. " 5701: 588:

other countries who entered India without valid travel documents, or who remained in the country beyond the period permitted by their travel documents. They can be deported or imprisoned.

8444: 1893: 10853: 10769: 8885: 5831:: "For these groups of persons, the 11 years' requirement will be reduced to five years." This is in addition to twelve-month residency immediately preceding the citizenship application. 11238: 11546: 631:. It does not have a national policy on refugees. All refugees are classed as "illegal migrants". While India has been willing to host refugees, its traditional position formulated by 9324: 7996: 5049:

expressed their concern about present situation of CAA-NRC and urged the Government of India to ensure the safety of the Muslim minority and to follow the obligations outlined in the

462:, as they may be unable to meet stringent birth or identity proof requirements. Commentators also question the exclusion of persecuted religious minorities from other regions such as 10699: 9834: 6215: 10946: 7976: 8508: 8461: 5886: 10503: 7866: 5130:

records, to prove their membership in one of the six specified religious groups from the aforementioned three neighbouring nations, in order to meet the eligibility criteria for

5098:

on 11 March 2024. An online portal was also opened to let the eligible refugees apply for the citizenship. Politically it was significant because it was released just before the

6383: 5076: 5068: 770:

cleared the Citizenship (Amendment) Bill, 2019, on 4 December 2019 for introduction in the parliament. The Bill was introduced in 17th Lok Sabha by the Minister of Home Affairs

447: 9257: 5122:

2. They must have resided legally and worked in India continuously for six years, from 2008 to December 31, 2014, and possess all necessary documents, such as valid or expired

4782:

said that this bill could weaken India's historic character as a secular nation and denied that minorities were facing religious persecution in his country. In an interview to

4316:

on social media; for example, 13% of Twitter flow on the CAA came from these international locations. The bulk of the in-person and social media protest, however, was in India.

10871: 10799: 9546: 9481: 9465: 9232: 6175: 909:

records, the immediate beneficiaries of the Amended Act will be 31,313 people, which include 25,447 Hindus, 5,807 Sikhs, 55 Christians, 2 Buddhists and 2 Parsis. According to

11265: 10205: 8827: 6102: 5665:

The government, ruled by the Hindu nationalist Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), said the bill seeks to protect religious minorities who fled persecution in their home countries.

12454: 6917: 5782: 8421: 8114: 781:

The bill was passed by the Rajya Sabha on 11 December 2019 with 125 votes in favour and 105 votes against it. The parties that voted in favour in spite of not being in the

12670: 11110: 10109: 8860: 7723: 4087:

immigrants (often called "foreigners"). The experience with Assam NRC shows that many people were declared "foreigners" because their documents were deemed insufficient.

11469: 10614: 5207: 4961: 11298: 9443: 7080: 12530: 9852: 8641: 8404: 6944: 11383: 11324: 10817: 9503: 9164: 7381: 5759: 5511:

The excluded people of the Assam NRC were 0.5 million Bengali Hindus and 0.7 million Muslims, with the remainder made up of local people and Hindus from north India.

12589: 10522: 9683: 8525: 6901: 5804: 5210:(WSF) was formed in March 2024. The WSF and other organisations like the Naga Student Federation has also sought international intervention on the issue, urging the 10652: 9017: 6863: 10718: 8716: 8671: 7781: 6412: 4430:

Considering Violence and damage to public properties during demonstration, on 19 December, police banned protests in several parts of India with the imposition of

4056: 3187: 2401: 10473: 7559: 7177: 5928: 431:

or fear of religious persecution" in their country of origin, were made eligible for accelerated citizenship. The amendment relaxed the residence requirement for

11520: 9618: 9600: 5520:

Road No 13-A, Shaheen Bagh (GD Birla Marg) – Mathura Road – Kalindi Kunj – Shaheen Bagh stretch is a border point that connects New Delhi to Noida and Faridabad.

5388: 3582: 11564: 11349: 10835: 9582: 8192: 7057: 7742: 4981:

questioned the intent of the Bill and noted that "ny religious test for citizenship undermines this most basic democratic tenet." On 19 December, however, the

1425: 9737: 7651: 6932: 4243:. 27 people were killed by police firing guns in the whole of India. Along with in-person protests, the internet—especially on social media platforms such as 10920: 8965: 8481: 8352: 7763: 3219: 11858: 11692: 10369: 11825: 10315: 9815: 7923: 6280: 4893: 3739: 7275: 5868:"How many immigrants will benefit from Citizenship Act? 25,447 Hindus, 5,807 Sikhs, 55 Christians, two Buddhists and two Parsis, says Intelligence Bureau" 12763: 11444: 9782: 9134: 8280: 7678: 5211: 5031:

to India, Ugo Astuto, said that he trusts that the outcome of the CAA discussion would be in line with the high standards set by the Indian constitution.

1641: 12630: 12571: 10155: 4235:. Rallies were also held in various Indian states of West Bengal, Punjab, Uttar Pradesh, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Gujarat, Telangana, Bihar, Maharastra, 7589: 7227: 6964: 6879: 877:, and the orders made thereunder in respect of their stay in India without such documents or after the expiry of those documents, as the case may be . 408:

refugees, who have lived in India since the 1980s. The act was the first time that religion had been overtly used as a criterion for citizenship under

12484: 10743: 9763: 8171: 7445: 4427:

stating that there has been no talk on pan-Indian NRC in their government for now, and neither the cabinet nor the legal department has discussed it.

862:(a) without valid documents including passport or other travel documents and who have been exempted under rule 4 from the provisions of rule 3 of the 12648: 10547: 8937: 7502: 6153: 5842: 2812: 2173: 10135: 7815: 6840: 6556: 6069: 5951: 5906: 5350:'s Adarsh Nagar as several family members received their citizenship certificates after many years of living with temporary status, since they left 12663: 8253: 7100: 5530: 4978: 2944: 1592: 10590: 9930: 9083: 5683: 11799: 11006: 8753: 6474: 8441: 6352: 4406:

in which seven people where killed and more than a hundred injured. The death toll rose to 42 within 36 hours, with 250 people getting injured.

11766: 10777: 10223: 8690: 4180:, and that they would cause a "loss of political rights and culture". The India-Japan summit in Guwahati, which was supposed to be attended by 1505: 10397: 6054:"India's bill purporting to help refugees really seeks to hurt Muslims, India's bill purporting to help refugees really seeks to hurt Muslims" 4476: 12845: 12277:

Sharma, Chetna (2019), "Citizenship Amendment Bill 2016: Continuities and contestations with special reference to politics in Assam, India",

12023: 11165: 10770:"USCIRF Raises Serious Concerns and Eyes Sanctions Recommendations for Citizenship (Amendment) Bill in India, Which Passed Lower House Today" 6734: 3711: 3646: 3371: 3147: 2998: 529:

officially announced the rules for the Citizenship Amendment Act, following Home Minister Amit Shah's announcement to notify them before the

12084:

Poddar, Mihika (2018), "The Citizenship (Amendment) Bill, 2016: international law on religion-based discrimination and naturalisation law",

10973: 10243: 9905: 6441: 5339:

where the processing involves the Election Commission of India (ECI) and district-level committees (DLC) chaired by senior superintendents.

5214:

to address the discriminatory nature of the CAA and its potential threat to the sovereignty and rights of indigenous peoples in the region.

9065: 7401: 6223: 5459:, pp. 34–35: "While some elements of religious difference had... been covertly smuggled in earlier, this bill seeks to do so overtly." 5138: 4379:

Muslims all over India came out to protest the CAA–NRC package with a renewed assertion of their identity as Indians. Muslim women started

2178: 10632: 10341: 9650: 8050: 7947: 7327: 12810: 12656: 9294: 8505: 6265: 6131: 5979: 5305: 5241: 5195:

Among the Northeastern states, Assam is most affected by issues related to illegal immigration, primarily due to its porous borders with

5189: 4807:: Ambassador of France to India, Emmanuel Lenain, said that France considers the legislation an internal matter of India and respects it. 2148: 1734: 1250: 628: 12035:

Kudaisya, Gyanesh (2006). "Divided Landscapes, Fragmented Identities: East Bengal Refugees and Their Rehabilitation in India, 1947–79".

11445:"Why BJP and allies have the edge in perception war in northeast By implementing the CAA, Modi govt has given the opposition an opening" 8735: 8546: 12840: 5244:. The remaining area does not come under the Sixth Schedule and is not exempted from the Citizenship Amendment Act. On March 11, 2024, 3321: 1410: 10083: 8572: 8217: 8077: 10673: 10423: 9210: 7886: 5731: 3874: 3457: 3207: 11641: 9462: 12850: 6086: 5308:

status applied to the entire state, thus leading to the full exemption of the Citizenship Amendment Act, preventing further future

3527: 3311: 3276: 1332: 1220: 790: 649: 12465: 12161: 8135: 7609: 7425: 7157: 4434:

which prohibits the gathering of more than 4 individuals in a public space as being unlawful, namely, parts of the capital Delhi,

4048:

in 1980s and 1990s due to systemic violence from the Sinhalese of Sri Lanka. They include 29,500 "hill country Tamils" (Malaiha).

12748: 12715: 10057: 9800: 9520: 8615: 4721: 4637: 925:, has long been demanding the implementation of the Act due to facing citizenship issues for a considerable period. However, the 687: 9111: 6608:: See p. 15, clause 5 for "seven years"; see p. 27, The Third Schedule for "eleven years" followed by "twelve months". 6319: 6238: 5607: 11494: 7841: 7720: 5587: 3938: 3744: 3680: 3627: 3409: 3117: 2913: 1597: 1342: 1170: 1155: 1150: 980: 12064:

Nakatani, Tetsuya (2000), "Away from Home: The Movement and Settlement of Refugees from East Pakistan in West Bengal, India",

4910:: Deputy Russian Ambassador to India, Roman Babushkin, said that Russia considers the legislation an internal matter of India. 4005:

criticised the exclusion by arguing that, the Indian government concern or religious persecution should have been extended to

686:

In parallel to the drafting of an amendment to the 1955 Citizenship Act, the BJP government completed an effort to update the

12820: 12268: 12248: 12228: 12208: 12188: 12151: 11975: 11919: 8911: 7140: 7077: 7036: 6998: 6654: 6516: 5998: 3879: 3452: 3062: 1484: 1415: 1135: 12541: 10183: 9664: 8401: 6941: 6504: 10565: 9500: 8388: 5756: 5660: 5404: 4973: 2937: 1954: 1225: 1039: 869:(b) with valid documents including passport or other travel document and the validity of any of such documents has expired, 12600: 11738: 11054: 7399:

Exemptions to minority community nationals from Bangladesh and Pakistan in regularization of their entry and stay in India

6898: 5815: 563:

against migrants from Bangladesh, triggered revisions to the Citizenship Act. The Act was first amended in 1985 after the

10649: 6860: 5144:

4. Although the Citizenship Amendment Bill was passed on December 11, 2019, the act does not grant Indian citizenship to

5046: 4747: 3597: 3397: 3358: 3045: 2614: 2270: 2183: 2074: 1724: 1542: 1160: 1145: 11928:

Gillan, Michael (2007), "Refugees or infiltrators? The Bharatiya Janata Party and "illegal" migration from Bangladesh",

8095: 7797: 5533:

had earlier expressed its support for the Lautenberg-Specter Amendments, a US law that is considered similar to the CAA.

4025:

The Act does not include migrants from non-Muslim countries fleeing persecution to India, including Hindu refugees from

12686: 10481: 7556: 7174: 5925: 4517:

More than 200 families have arrived in the Indian state of Punjab with all their belongings after the law was enacted.

4482: 4387: 4170: 4122: 3734: 3202: 2168: 1624: 846:

The "exempted" classes of persons were previously defined in the Foreigners (Amendment) Order, 2015 (issued under the

600: 494: 12678: 7249: 6301: 4861:, said that CAA is an internal issue of India and was democratically passed through both the houses of the Parliament. 11875:

The first set of citizenship certificates after notification of Citizenship (Amendment) Rules, 2024 were issued today

7695: 4620: 4580: 4083: 3562: 3413: 3214: 3167: 1798: 1629: 1091: 1069: 584: 10206:"India will become unconstitutional ethnocracy: Over 1,000 scholars, scientists seek withdrawal of Citizenship Bill" 9104:"Shaheen Bagh: The women occupying Delhi street against citizenship law – 'I don't want to die proving I am Indian'" 7739: 4490: 4204:

issued travel warnings for people visiting India's north-east region, telling their citizens to "exercise caution".

3363: 12815: 12743: 11616: 10262: 6929: 5335: 5313: 4982: 2567: 2396: 2290: 1729: 1619: 700: 648:

The "detection, deletion and deportation" of illegal migrants has been on the agenda of the BJP since 1996. In the

526: 519: 487: 247: 11590: 10263:"'CAA-NRC a road to Hindu Rashtra' Author Neeti Nair is currently exploring the challenges to secularism in India" 9719: 9364: 12830: 7307: 6714:

The Citizenship (Amendment) Bill, 2016: international law on religion-based discrimination and naturalisation law

3763: 3502: 3433: 3172: 2930: 2143: 1636: 1380: 1175: 12383: 10448: 12835: 12437: 7283: 4986: 4985:

said that the US respects Indian democracy since it has a "robust" internal debate on the Citizenship Act. The

3261: 3235: 1235: 12384:"Constitutionality of Citizenship Amendment Act, 2019 (Timeline of hearing before the Supreme Court of India)" 11718:"Secretary (ER), Shri Dammu Ravi met H.E. Mr. Patrick Ole Ntutu, Governor of Narok County of Kenya in Nairobi" 7675: 3341: 1390: 232: 12825: 12705: 12305:

Sinharay, Praskanva (2019), "To Be a Hindu Citizen: Politics of Dalit Migrants in Contemporary West Bengal",

5373: 5050: 4880: 4079: 3987: 3773: 3376: 3286: 2844: 2552: 1215: 743: 707: 592: 455: 7446:"Lok Sabha passes Citizenship Bill amid protests, seeks to give citizenship to non-Muslims from 3 countries" 774:

on 9 December 2019 and was passed on the midnight of 10 December 2019 despite attempts by the opposition to

289: 12495: 5363: 5309: 5099: 4562: 3823: 3725: 3572: 3537: 3281: 3251: 3028: 2101: 2049: 970: 782: 660: 576: 530: 306: 272: 8672:"Shutdown in Northeast, furore across nation as Citizenship Amendment Bill set for Rajya Sabha test today" 5300:. These six communities account for roughly 60% of the state's population. If the bill is passed someday, 3612: 12369: 10424:"Former Afghanistan President Hamid Karzai urges India to treat all minorities including Muslims equally" 9958: 5469: 5237: 5233: 5225: 4925: 4486: 4371:

associations from all over India joined protest. On 15 December, police forcefully entered the campus of

3904: 3698: 3353: 3197: 2755: 2599: 2004: 1587: 1525: 906: 617: 436: 11239:"Citizenship Amendment Act (CAA) rules explained: Check eligibility, procedure, language clause details" 7097: 4656:, stated that it supports the Act because it will help the Sikh refugees in India who left Afghanistan. 4298:, witnessed protests against the Act and the police brutality faced by Indian protesters. This showed up 12720: 10504:"Citizenship Amendment Bill could weaken India's secular character, says Bangladesh's Foreign Minister" 8886:"Indo-Australian academics gather in Melbourne to express solidarity with anti-CAA protestors in India" 4836: 4653: 4647:

A group of prominent individuals and organisations from around 12 countries representing minorities of

4633: 4591: 4137: 3931: 3602: 3316: 3266: 2864: 1609: 1270: 985: 918: 767: 624: 11666: 4118: 7905:"Citizenship (Amendment) Bill: Federal US commission seeks sanctions against home minister Amit Shah" 7481: 6575: 5137:

3. The applicant is required to possess sufficient proficiency in one of the languages listed in the

4402:

for more than 51 days now as of 5 February 2020. On 24 February, violent clashes occurred during the

3792: 3768: 3632: 3567: 3482: 3246: 3152: 3102: 3057: 3023: 3013: 2195: 2009: 1898: 1778: 1432: 1400: 1049: 975: 922: 752: 679:. Opponents of the bill in Assam and the northeastern states of India stated that any migration from 507: 11137:"CAA Rules: Why the Centre took over 4 years to frame rules for citizenship law after notification?" 9702:"Citizenship law will be implemented, so will be NRC: Nadda after meeting refugees from Afghanistan" 8861:"'A billion people on trial': Indian anti-CAA protestors get support from academicians in Melbourne" 8371:"Refworld | India: 1) Legal status of Tibetan refugees; 2) Rights of Tibetans to Indian nationality" 5206:

In response to the perceived lack of action by existing student unions, a new initiative called the

4626:

called the incident a self inflicted goal that has isolated India from the International community.

4321: 12374: 11085:"UN High Commissioner for Human Rights files intervention application in Supreme Court against CAA" 8526:

Four myths about the Citizenship Bill – from fighting religious persecution to helping NRC-excluded

8140: 6197: 5409: 5399: 5383: 5245: 5003: 4530: 4526: 3492: 3050: 2461: 2349: 2190: 1959: 1883: 1706: 1661: 1515: 1395: 1370: 1300: 1230: 1106: 596: 443: 12514: 9409:"Anti-CAA Protests Live Updates: 19 Delhi Metro stations shut; scores detained in multiple cities" 3256: 12753: 11325:"'Why The Cut-Off In Eligibility Dates If CAA Law Is Meant For Persecuted Refugees?' Sindhis Ask" 10267: 9835:"Cong govts in Punjab, MP, Rajasthan, Chhattisgarh, Puducherry won't implement CAA: Harish Rawat" 4965: 4575:

becomes the first state to challenge the Citizenship Amendment Act (CAA) by filing a plea in the

4325: 4030: 3894: 3651: 3462: 3428: 3271: 3142: 3137: 3112: 3107: 2760: 2740: 2594: 2584: 2542: 2158: 1999: 1848: 1843: 1813: 1808: 1751: 1686: 1671: 1604: 1577: 1562: 936: 910: 463: 9547:"Protest in Delhi Today: People gather at Delhi's Central Park, raise slogans in support of CAA" 8402:

Reality check: Before PM Modi’s distancing from pan-India NRC, there was Amit Shah’s underlining

1788: 10140: 8966:"Citizenship Act: Indian diaspora organises protests at several universities in US, UK, France" 5368: 5248:

Chief Advisor Samujjal Bhattacharya, while agitating against the CAA, raised a question to the

5131: 5080: 4599: 4595: 4576: 4566: 4403: 4328:

was formed by approximately 6 to 7 million people and extended for a distance of 700 kilometres

3749: 3687: 3607: 3592: 3331: 3291: 3192: 3182: 3177: 3157: 3132: 3122: 3077: 3067: 2859: 2832: 2822: 2280: 2260: 2123: 1994: 1878: 1823: 1793: 1773: 1701: 1681: 1656: 1651: 1646: 1557: 1520: 1493: 1464: 1459: 1385: 1034: 1024: 898: 822: 580: 556: 416: 357: 12422: 12397:"Future of Citizenship Laws in India With Special Reference to Implementation of NRC in Assam" 12238: 12218: 12198: 9302: 7130: 4993:, during his visit to India, declined to comment on the CAA and said that "it is up to India." 12758: 7026: 5318: 4641: 4399: 4384: 4380: 3924: 3869: 3675: 3301: 3296: 3162: 3127: 2961: 2827: 2787: 2720: 2609: 2557: 2476: 2225: 1989: 1888: 1863: 1858: 1838: 1833: 1828: 1768: 1716: 1676: 1582: 1552: 1442: 1044: 699:

withdrew its support for the Assam NRC towards its end for this reason. On 19 November 2019,

428: 361: 328: 11900:, Universal Law Publishing Co., 2004 – via United Nations High Commission for Refugees 10449:"Australia: Greens MP Tables Motion Against CAA, Calls for Review of Trade Links With India" 10370:"India has long granted citizenship to refugees; CAA is just a step towards a Hindu Rashtra" 7398: 5627: 4148:

Locals protest against the CAB (Citizenship Amendment Bill) in New Delhi on 14 December 2019

4082:

is a registry of all legal citizens, whose construction and maintenance was mandated by the

575:

The Citizenship Act was further amended in 1992, 2003, 2005 and 2015. In December 2003, the

12445: 9651:"Assam: ABVP National Executive Joins Protest Against Citizenship Amendment Act – INSIDENE" 9044:"Demonstration was not held in campus, locals too participated in it: Jamia Millia Islamia" 8035: 5564: 5285: 5152:

after December 31, 2014, whether legally or illegally, as this date serves as the cut-off.

4372: 4211:

Protests against the bill were held in several metropolitan cities across India, including

4157: 4052: 3834: 3705: 3622: 3547: 3467: 2698: 2210: 2084: 1903: 1783: 1741: 1691: 1666: 1474: 1437: 1165: 1019: 881:

The Rules had been further amended in 2016 by adding Afghanistan to the list of countries.

847: 511: 12515:"Passport (Entry into India) Amendment Rules, 2015 and Foreigners (Amendment) Order, 2015" 12333:

Weiner, Myron (June 1983), "The Political Demography of Assam's Anti-Immigrant Movement",

9202: 8254:"Matuas in Bengal hail CAA implementation: Who are they? How will they gain from the law?" 6965:

By Listing Religions, Modi's CAA Broke Atal-Manmohan-Left Concord on Persecuted Minorities

6880:

By Listing Religions, Modi's CAA Broke Atal-Manmohan-Left Concord on Persecuted Minorities

5094:

Government of India released the details and rules about the implementation of the act in

884:

Exemptions were granted to northeastern regions of India in the clause (4) of section 6B:

8: 11906: 6985: 5935:, Jeremy Laurence, United Nations High Commission for Refugees, Geneva (13 December 2019) 5269: 4612: 4133: 3778: 3587: 3552: 3418: 3402: 2993: 2874: 2735: 2354: 2250: 2230: 2019: 1927: 1873: 1853: 1818: 1711: 1498: 1295: 926: 913:, about 3-6 lakh people are expected to be benefited under this act. In West Bengal, the 786: 551: 353: 218: 38: 8353:"Plea To Render Justice For Malaiha (Hill Country) Tamil Refugees From Sri Lanka – OpEd" 5217:

In light of the opposition to the CAA in Northeast India, there have been calls for the

3336: 12350: 12322: 12294: 12129: 12101: 12048: 12011: 11953: 11388: 10601: 10228: 9636: 8807: 8145: 8071: 8027: 8001: 7981: 7887:"Citizenship Bill has smooth sail in Lok Sabha, will Amit Shah clear Rajya Sabha test?" 7606: 7422: 7154: 6823: 6805: 5604: 5556: 5261: 4623: 3889: 3884: 3806: 3542: 3517: 3512: 3497: 3348: 3306: 2639: 2634: 2624: 2572: 2562: 2537: 2471: 2429: 2339: 2334: 2329: 2235: 1510: 825:, by inserting the following provisos in section 2, sub-section (1), after clause (b): 802: 798: 603:(CPI (M)). During the parliamentary debate on the amendment, the leader of opposition, 150: 70: 11547:"Assam's problem real but just can't junk provision in Citizenship Act: Supreme Court" 6757: 6549:"Why the Citizenship Amendment Bill Goes Against the Basic Tenets of the Constitution" 4066:

refugees from Myanmar. The Indian government has been deporting Rohingya refugees to

12418: 12410: 12326: 12298: 12264: 12244: 12224: 12204: 12184: 12147: 12133: 12105: 12052: 12015: 12003: 11971: 11957: 11945: 11915: 11833: 11774: 11419: 11357: 11273: 11216: 11055:"New citizenship law in India 'fundamentally discriminatory': UN human rights office" 10928: 10800:"Federal US commission seeks sanctions against Amit Shah if CAB passed in Parliament" 10633:"Imran Khan blasts Citizenship Amendment Bill, says it violates bilateral agreements" 10165: 10010: 9984: 9745: 9684:"Pakistani Hindu migrants celebrate Indian citizenship promise while Muslims protest" 9565:"Human chain in support of CAA, NRC formed in Pune even as protests against Act grow" 9528: 9394: 9350: 9275: 9172: 9103: 8835: 8698: 8649: 8597: 8554: 8321: 8288: 7955: 7789: 7626: 7257: 7136: 7032: 6994: 6809: 6797: 6650: 6512: 6246: 6176:""Want Peace, Not Migrants": Thousands Of Women Protest Citizenship Act Across Assam" 6094: 6061: 5783:"Citizenship Amendment Bill has public endorsement, was part of manifesto: Amit Shah" 5378: 5322: 5218: 5167: 5162: 5145: 4928: 4739: 4041: 3968: 3964: 3557: 3522: 3487: 3438: 3082: 3018: 2906: 2817: 2745: 2730: 2513: 2456: 2255: 2163: 2054: 1974: 1803: 1074: 810: 420: 12112:

Ranjan, Amit (2019), "National Register of Citizen Update: History and its impact",

11412:"CAA rules likely to be notified before 2024 Lok Sabha poll: Home Ministry official" 8775: 3670: 12738: 12342: 12314: 12286: 12121: 12093: 12073: 12044: 11993: 11937: 10316:"CAA first step towards Hindu rashtra, says Indira Jaising at AIPC's secular march" 8991: 8828:"Indian-Americans protest against CAA, NRC in front of Gandhi statue in Washington" 8642:"Anti-Citizenship Act protests: U.S., U.K., France, Israel issue travel advisories" 7977:"CAB set to be law as RS passes it 125–105, indefinite curfew and Army in Guwahati" 7557:

Accord between AASU, AAGSP and the Central Government on the Foreign National Issue

6789: 6717: 6692: 6622: 5588:"Citizenship Amendment Act comes into effect from today as MHA issues notification" 5281: 5249: 5115:

The rules for applying for Indian citizenship under the act are as follows :-

5095: 4840: 4743: 4583: 4444: 4259: 4110:

the Indian citizens. So these references to "Indian citizens" remain unexplained.

4037: 4009:– a Muslim sect who have been "viciously hounded in Pakistan as heretics", and the 3844: 3719: 3617: 3472: 3392: 2869: 2854: 2782: 2703: 2673: 2488: 2324: 2024: 1572: 1567: 1405: 1290: 914: 632: 515: 451: 405: 12318: 12290: 12200:

Paper Citizens: How Illegal Immigrants Acquire Citizenship in Developing Countries

12125: 12097: 11998: 10030:"Supreme Court refuses stay on Citizenship Amendment Act, issues notice to Centre" 8115:"Opposition to reach out to people about 'pitfalls' of Citizenship Amendment Bill" 6793: 6721: 6696: 6626: 742:

on 19 July 2016 as the Citizenship (Amendment) Bill, 2016. It was referred to the

706:, declared in the Rajya Sabha (the Upper House of the Indian parliament) that the 591:

The 2003 amendment also mandated the Government of India to create and maintain a

12710: 12258: 12178: 12141: 11965: 11166:"India: Opposition slams decision after Centre notifies CAA rules ahead of polls" 10891:"US panel for sanctions over Citizenship Amendment Bill, India says it is biased" 10656: 10597: 10346: 10291:"CAA an attempt to convert India into Hindu Rashtra: Activist in Mangaluru rally" 9507: 9488: 9469: 9450: 9090: 8942: 8938:"Indians in Finland raise slogans, read Preamble at anti-CAA protest in Helsinki" 8532: 8512: 8488: 8468: 8448: 8428: 8408: 8370: 8081: 7871: 7746: 7727: 7682: 7658: 7613: 7563: 7429: 7405: 7311: 7207: 7181: 7161: 7104: 7084: 6971: 6948: 6936: 6924: 6905: 6886: 6867: 6847: 6644: 6522: 5932: 5913: 5763: 5611: 5273: 5257: 5253: 5180: 4889: 4885: 4858: 4686: 4674: 4558: 4460: 4448: 4144: 4063: 3899: 3849: 3577: 3423: 3326: 2884: 2792: 2688: 2629: 2481: 2466: 2446: 2411: 2118: 2029: 1964: 1746: 1696: 1469: 1315: 794: 728: 676: 502: 145: 12790:

Uttar Pradesh Recovery of Damages to Public and Private Property Ordinance, 2020

12077: 10110:"India will face international isolation because of NRC-CAA: Shiv Shankar Menon" 9637:"When Your Inner Voice Starts Hating the Outer You, or Why I Resigned from ABVP" 7842:"Controversial Citizenship (Amendment) Bill to Be Tabled in Lok Sabha on Monday" 6777: 4720:, he said, "We don't have persecuted minorities in Afghanistan." Mentioning the 4603:

declined the request for stay. The next hearing was scheduled on 21 April 2020.

11984:

Jayal, Niraja Gopal (2019), "Reconfiguring Citizenship in Contemporary India",

11892: 11062: 10136:"Harish Salve says CAB is pro-minorities, does not violate Article 14,15 or 21" 8776:"These Are the 25 People Killed During Anti-Citizenship Amendment Act Protests" 6778:"To Be a Hindu Citizen: Politics of Dalit Migrants in Contemporary West Bengal" 6281:"Violent protests against Citizenship Amendment Act: Who will pay for damages?" 6266:"1,000 detained as anti-Citizenship Amendment Bill protests intensify in Assam" 6116: 6030: 5028: 4779: 4669: 4534: 4452: 4185: 4102: 3986:

The amendment includes a new provision for cancellation of the registration of

3656: 2879: 2837: 2807: 2797: 2715: 2708: 2693: 2683: 2503: 2439: 2381: 2376: 2361: 2138: 2133: 2128: 2014: 1949: 1447: 1420: 1260: 944: 763: 756: 604: 560: 432: 172: 12180:

Partitioned Lives: Migrants, Refugees, Citizens in India and Pakistan, 1947–65

11941: 11908:

Illegal Migration From Bangladesh: Deportation, Border Fences and Work Permits

10566:"Kuwaiti MPs express 'deep concern' over situation of Muslims in India, China" 9853:"PM Modi counters what Amit Shah, BJP manifesto say on bringing all-India NRC" 9084:

Who represents India’s Muslims? Thanks to CAA protests, we now know the answer

6987:

Illegal Migration From Bangladesh: Deportation, Border Fences and Work Permits

6507:. In Chatterji, Angana P.; Hansen, Thomas Blom; Jaffrelot, Christophe (eds.). 4714:

urged Government of India to treat all minorities equally. In an interview to

4355: 4346: 4337: 2977: 454:

system". Critics express concerns that the bill would be used, along with the

12804: 12779: 12414: 12056: 12007: 11949: 11837: 11778: 11693:"Assam student body protests against CAA implementation, seeks ILP for state" 11423: 11361: 11277: 10999:"EU to India: Hope CAB Is in Line with High Standards of Indian Constitution" 10932: 10169: 9749: 9720:"As India eases citizenship path for Hindus, Rohingya Muslims fear expulsion" 9532: 9427:"CAA protest LIVE: 18 Delhi metro stations shut, protestors defy Section 144" 9203:"Organiser 'Calls Off' Shaheen Bagh Anti-CAA Protest, Locals Continue Dharna" 9176: 8839: 8702: 8653: 8558: 8325: 8292: 7959: 7793: 7261: 6801: 6250: 6098: 6065: 5999:"Indian Parliament Passes Divisive Citizenship Bill, Moving It Closer to Law" 5297: 5265: 4789: 4546: 4435: 4420: 4415: 4305: 4283: 4255: 4189: 4010: 3757: 3477: 3008: 2891: 2498: 2434: 2419: 2275: 2240: 2220: 2091: 2034: 1969: 1337: 1240: 522:

said that states lack the legal power to stop the implementation of the CAA.

459: 11299:"Pratap Bhanu Mehta writes: With CAA Rules, excluding minorities by stealth" 7696:"Amit Shah: NRC to apply nationwide, no person of any religion should worry" 5240:

Districts, which comprise about 35% of the total state area, fall under the

4181: 3983:, the last of which was brought under Inner Line Permit on 9 December 2019. 439:

records, there will be just over 30,000 immediate beneficiaries of the act.

9931:"Citizenship Law CAA Won't Be Implemented In Kerala, Says Pinarayi Vijayan" 5393: 5289: 4990: 4711: 4665: 4629: 4538: 4391: 4177: 3692: 3040: 3035: 2969: 2725: 2604: 2424: 2391: 2371: 2295: 2285: 2265: 2245: 1868: 1761: 1756: 1479: 1454: 1305: 1245: 1210: 1180: 695: 568: 564: 12024:"Beyond the poll rhetoric of BJP's contentious Citizenship Amendment Bill" 11191: 11111:"Centre launches new portal for people applying for citizenship under CAA" 10719:"Sri Lankan PM Rajapaksa reaches Delhi, says CAA internal matter of India" 10084:"CAB Could Be Misused By Foreign Agents to Infiltrate India, RAW Had Said" 9879:"Kerala moves SC against citizenship act, first to confront Centre on CAA" 9325:"PM Narendra Modi was right, no talk on pan-Indian NRC for now: Amit Shah" 8314:"India's Parliament passes contentious citizenship bill excluding Muslims" 5006:, passed resolutions asking India to repeal the Citizenship Amendment Act. 4152: 12784: 11891: 10374: 10058:"CAA: SC awaits Center's response; Plea for Constitution Bench reference" 9233:"7 Dead In Delhi Clashes; Government Rules Out Calling Army, Say Sources" 7627:"Citizenship Amendment Bill: 'Anti-Muslim' law challenged in India court" 6763: 6605: 6581: 5342:

After receiving Indian citizenship, there were celebrations at the Hindu

5325:

system to protect and prevent the state from further illegal immigrants.

5293: 5277: 5127: 4680: 4569:, and that there had been no decision taken to implement it nation-wide. 4542: 4456: 4431: 4414:

On 16 December, after the protests entered the fifth day, Prime Minister

4309: 4096: 3812: 3800: 3660: 3507: 3072: 2619: 2579: 2547: 2406: 2366: 2200: 2113: 2064: 2039: 1939: 1614: 1327: 1310: 1265: 1185: 748: 724: 365: 105: 10872:"US Commission Statement On Citizenship Bill Not "Accurate": Government" 9764:"Police Warn Rohingya Muslims To Stay Silent As CAA Protests Roil India" 7948:"After a heated debate, Rajya Sabha clears Citizenship (Amendment) Bill" 7482:"The Citizenship (Amendment) Bill, 2019. Highlights, Issues and Summary" 6198:"Why India's controversial citizenship law has sparked violent protests" 5684:"India Passes Controversial Citizenship Bill That Would Exclude Muslims" 3963:

from its applicability. It also exempts the areas regulated through the

12354: 11470:"CAA not to be implemented in most tribal areas in Northeastern states" 11029:"OIC expresses concern over CAA; says 'closely' following developments" 9372: 6918:

BJP digs up Manmohan speech seeking citizenship for persecuted refugees

6353:"14 People Given Citizenship Certificates For The First Time Under CAA" 5229: 5196: 5174: 4876: 4648: 4045: 3829: 2901: 2896: 2777: 2772: 2668: 2644: 2493: 2386: 2344: 2300: 2108: 2096: 2069: 2059: 1979: 1354: 1349: 1320: 1255: 1096: 873:

are hereby granted exemption from the application of provisions of the

775: 680: 479: 409: 397: 369: 49: 12162:"The Citizenship (Amendment) Bill, 2016 and the Aporia of Citizenship" 11963: 10342:"How close is the Republic to the nightmare of a Hindu Rashtra ?" 9583:"Citizenship Act: Hundreds of people form pro-CAA human chain in Pune" 9165:"Shaheen Bagh residents brave the cold as anti-CAA stir enters Day 15" 7304: 12260:

Bangladeshi Migrants in India: Foreigners, Refugees, or Infiltrators?

11761: 11759: 10160: 7028:

Bangladeshi Migrants in India: Foreigners, Refugees, or Infiltrators?

6824:"Citizenship Amendment Bill: India's new 'anti-Muslim' law explained" 6691:, Journal of South Asian Studies, 42(1), pp. 34–36 (context: 33–50), 6621:, Journal of South Asian Studies, 42(1), pp. 34–36 (context: 33–50), 5123: 4969: 4784: 4716: 4554: 4424: 4395: 4364:

Shaheen Bagh protests against CAA, NRC and NPR in Pune on 22 Jan 2020

4295: 4279: 4263: 4240: 4228: 4224: 4026: 4006: 3956: 3909: 3839: 2802: 2750: 2451: 2044: 1130: 771: 739: 720: 703: 467: 385: 376:

who arrived in India by 2014. The eligible minorities were stated as

242: 211: 80: 12396: 12346: 11266:"Citizenship cut-off date likely to be extended beyond Dec 31, 2014" 10947:"Don't want to say anything on CAA, it is up to India: Donald Trump" 10854:"It has no locus standi: MEA on USCIRF's citizenship bill statement" 9738:"Rohingya wary of future after CAA, don't want to return to Myanmar" 8992:"CAA Protests: Indian Students Worldwide Raise Voices in Solidarity" 7676:

Assam's Tangled Web of Citizenship and the Importance of a Consensus

10974:"Another US city passes resolution against India's citizenship law" 10591:"'People dying': Malaysia's Mahathir slams India's citizenship law" 9801:"What you should know about India's 'anti-Muslim' citizenship bill" 8812: 8754:"Internet banned in India's Uttar Pradesh amid anger over killings" 8474: 8422:

Inside India’s Sham Trials That Could Strip Millions of Citizenship

7997:"Citizenship (Amendment) Bill gets President's assent, becomes act" 7685:, The Hindu Centre for Politics and Public Policy, 18 October 2019. 5952:"India's new law may leave millions of Muslims without citizenship" 5661:"India passes controversial citizenship bill that excludes Muslims" 5605:

Citizenship Amendment Bill: India's new 'anti-Muslim' law explained

5351: 4510: 4291: 4244: 3976: 2767: 2589: 2508: 2153: 2079: 1984: 1944: 1285: 1280: 1275: 1200: 1195: 1140: 373: 11859:"Centre hands over first set of CAA certificates to 14 applicants" 11756: 10921:"India has robust domestic debate, says Pompeo on citizenship law" 10615:"CAA is internal issue of India: Maldives Speaker Mohamed Nasheed" 10548:"CAB: India's key ally France calls CAA country's internal matter" 9482:

BJP takes out rallies in West Bengal in support of citizenship Law

8434: 8172:"Explained: Where the Citizenship (Amendment) Bill does not apply" 7924:"Amit Shah to table Citizenship Amendment Bill in Lok Sabha today" 6384:"First citizenship certificates handed out to 14 people under CAA" 6132:"India just redefined its citizenship criteria to exclude Muslims" 5221:

to exclude the entire region from the purview of the legislation.

4493:, New Delhi in support of the Act. Hundreds of people gathered in 30: 12370:"The Citizenship (Amendment) Bill, 2016 – Highlights and Summary" 8616:"Travel Alert for U.S. Citizens: Protests in Northeastern States" 8454: 7212:. The Bureau for Refugee Programs, US Government. pp. 42–43. 6475:"Day one of new life': Family celebrates as 5 members get papers" 5343: 4999: 4616: 4439: 4248: 4212: 4160:

students protest against CAA/NRC in New Delhi on 15 December 2019

4126: 4067: 4014: 3980: 3972: 3960: 3817: 1205: 1101: 1081: 1054: 1029: 952: 534: 483: 475: 471: 401: 11739:"AASU to intensify stir against CAA after Centre's notification" 11521:"Tripura: Tribal student body 'black day' tomorrow, protest CAA" 10744:"Hope Indian govt will address concerns on CAA: UK | India News" 10700:"India's Citizenship Amendment Act is a domestic matter: Russia" 9816:"President gives assent to CAB, 5 states refuse to implement it" 8912:"Anti-CAA Protests Go Global: Chants of 'Azaadi' Echo In Berlin" 8717:"Bengaluru: Citizens protest against Citizenship Amendment Bill" 8670:

Kumar Nath, Hemanta Kumar; Mishra, Ashutosh (11 December 2019).

7816:"Explained: Why the Citizenship Amendment Bill is dead, for now" 7382:"BJP offer of 'natural home' for Hindu refugees triggers debate" 7338: 7098:

Why Scheduled Caste Refugees of Bengal Are Resisting CAA and NRC

7058:"No Hindus will be left in Bangladesh after 30 years: professor" 5732:"From CAA to Art 370 Abrogation: 5 of Modi govt's boldest moves" 4533:

and polarise India. The Chief Ministers of the Indian states of

4477:

Citizenship Amendment Act protests § Pro-CAA demonstrations

12620:"Citizenship (Amendment) Bill as passed by the Lok Sabha, 2019" 12590:"Citizenship (Amendment) Bill as introduced in Lok Sabha, 2019" 12531:"Citizenship (Amendment) Bill as introduced in Lok Sabha, 2016" 10836:"USCIRF statement on CAB 'neither accurate nor warranted': MEA" 5328: 5077:

Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights

5069:

Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights

4888:, member of the national assembly from Pakistan's ruling party 4572: 4550: 4464: 4313: 4275: 4271: 4236: 4232: 4220: 4201: 4197: 4193: 4129: 2205: 1190: 1086: 1064: 1059: 1009: 813:

gave citizenship certificates to seven refugees from Pakistan.

448:

Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights

393: 377: 11565:"CAA copies burnt, 'hartal' in Assam as Centre notifies rules" 6993:, Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses, pp. 26–27, 360:

by providing an accelerated pathway to Indian citizenship for

12681: 10523:"India's new citizenship law unnecessary, says Sheikh Hasina" 8281:"Centre says it does not maintain record of CAA applications" 6216:"India Citizenship Protests Spread to Muslim Area of Capital" 5347: 5301: 5149: 4287: 4267: 4216: 3952: 2215: 1014: 691: 653: 637: 498: 424: 381: 11642:"Why is India's Citizenship Amendment Act so controversial?" 10244:"Academics, intellects issue joint statement supporting CAA" 9444:

ABVP, BJP members take out pro-Citizenship Act march in Pune

8236:"3-6L NRC-rejects to apply for citizenship via CAA: Himanta" 7867:"Citizenship Bill gets Lok Sabha nod, Rajya Sabha test next" 6649:. Penguin. pp. 1–14, Chapters: Introduction, 2, 9, 10. 5887:"Citizenship Amendment Act decoded: What it holds for India" 5702:"Why protests are erupting over India's new citizenship law" 4036:

The Act does not mention Tamil refugees from Sri Lanka. The

4020: 727:, following widespread political opposition and protests in 404:

from these countries. Additionally, the act excludes 58,000

12220:

Refugee Law in India: The Road from Ambiguity to Protection

12066:

Journal of the Japanese Association for South Asian Studies

11617:"WSF seeks UN's intervention over 'unjust' CAA legislation" 10774:

United States Commission on International Religious Freedom

8547:"India-Japan Guwahati summit cancelled in view of protests" 6509:

Majoritarian State: How Hindu Nationalism Is Changing India

5907:

Intelligence Bureau to tap RAW to verify citizenship claims

5148:

with criminal records, or to those who immigrated into the

4972:

and "other principal leadership" over passage of the Bill.

4962:

United States Commission on International Religious Freedom

4494: 2849: 2678: 778:

the bill, with 311 MPs voting in favour and 80 against it.

537:

from Pakistan expressed hope for a better future in India.

389: 12240:

Citizen Refugee: Forging the Indian Nation after Partition

11717: 9601:"ABVP members hold rally in support of CAA, NRC in Kerala" 7764:"Bringing ILP for Manipur, 3 NE states will be out of CAB" 6642: 5926:

Spokesperson for the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights

5110: 4690:

termed the Act as "Modi's project to make a Hindu India".

4208:

Indian citizenship to Muslim immigrants and refugees too.

435:

of these migrants from twelve years to six. According to

12568:

Lok Sabha Secretariat, 2019 (via PRS Legislative Research

10011:"'Anti-Muslim' citizenship law challenged in India court" 9985:"'Anti-Muslim' citizenship law challenged in India court" 9906:"CAA will not be implemented in Kerala: Pinarayi Vijayan" 8051:"Union Minister gives citizenship papers to Pak refugees" 7749:, The Wall Street Journal, Sadanand Dhume (18 April 2019) 7652:‘Five lakh Bengali Hindu NRC rejects will get citizenship 7607:

Assam NRC: What next for 1.9 million 'stateless' Indians?

6555:, vol. 53, no. 13, pp. 7–8, archived from 5978:

Vishwanath, Apurva; Sheriff, Kaunain (25 December 2019).

5781:

Kaur Sandhu, Kamaljit; Singh, Mausami (9 December 2019).

5628:"Parliament passes the Citizenship (Amendment) Bill 2019" 5103: 834:

A new section 6B was inserted (in the section concerning

723:, or lower house of Indian parliament, it stalled in the 10474:"Bahrain Urges India to Refrain from CAA Implementation" 10200: 10198: 10156:"CAA is a humanitarian act: expat Bangladesh minorities" 7566:, Assam Accord, United Nations Archives (15 August 1985) 6413:"More than 350 people become Indian nationals under CAA" 6320:"Centre notifies CAA rules ahead of Lok Sabha elections" 12455:"Notification of The Citizenship (Amendment) Act, 2019" 9135:"Portraits of resilience: the new year in Shaheen Bagh" 9066:"Anti-CAA protest not held in campus, says Jamia admin" 9018:"India citizenship law protests spread across campuses" 8389:"India: Citizenship Bill Discriminates Against Muslims" 8136:"The Citizenship (Amendment) Bill, 2019 – Bill Summary" 7187: 5973: 5971: 5969: 5967: 5965: 5389:

Illegal Migrants (Determination by Tribunals) Act, 1983

4055:, who came to India in the 1950s and 1960s due to the 10650:"NA condemns India over controversial citizenship act" 7248:

Suryanarayan, V.; Ramaseshan, Geeta (25 August 2016).

7247: 7205: 5997:

Gettleman, Jeffrey; Raj, Suhasini (11 December 2019).

5179:

The Citizenship Amendment Act (CAA) implementation in

4598:

to declare the bill illegal. The first hearing by the

4017:

in Afghanistan. They should be treated as minorities.

16:

Law regarding citizenship rights for migrants to India

12196: 11350:"Pak immigrants want CAA date extended till Dec 2023" 10889:

Raj, Yashwant; H. Laskar, Rezaul (11 December 2019).

10195: 9395:"Hundreds detained in India over citizenship protest" 9365:"Section 144 in The Code Of Criminal Procedure, 1973" 8218:"Citizenship Act will benefit only 31,313, not lakhs" 5766:, BJP Sankalp Patra Lock Sabha 2019 (Manifesto, 2019) 5107:

applicants receiving their citizenship certificates.

4857:: Maldives' Parliament Speaker and former president, 9317: 9276:"India PM plea for calm as citizenship unrest rages" 8804: 7721:

BJP manifesto 2019: Top 10 promises for next 5 years

7528: 7526: 7524: 7350: 7175:

Safe But Betrayed: Pakistani Hindu Refugees in India

6587: 6563: 6239:"India protests: students condemn 'barbaric' police" 5962: 5304:

will eventually become a tribal-majority state with

5175:

Opposition to Implementation in Northeast India 2024

4383:

on 15 December 2019 start as an ongoing 24/7 sit-in

4013:– another Muslim sect who have been murdered by the 821:

The Citizenship (Amendment) Act of 2019 amended the

643: 10102: 9351:"India police ban protests against citizenship law" 8598:"India protesters block roads over citizenship law" 8482:

Everything you wanted to know about the CAA and NRC

8350: 8022: 8020: 8018: 8016: 8014: 8012: 7006: 6191: 6189: 5557:"MINISTRY OF HOME AFFAIRS NOTIFICATION S.O. 172(E)" 5102:, and was esteemed to be an electoral gain for the 58:An Act further to amend the Citizenship Act, 1955. 11967:Citizenship and its Discontents: An Indian History 11800:"Narendra Modi may turn Assam into a tribal state" 11061:. United Nations. 13 December 2019. Archived from 10674:"Pakistani Hindus say citizenship law is divisive" 9783:"Hindus from Pak 'visiting' Punjab worry agencies" 8746: 8506:How Democratic Processes Damage Citizenship Rights 8498: 8130: 8128: 6816: 6745: 5155: 3993: 9463:BHU Students hold rally in support of CAA and NRC 8768: 7946:Nath, Damini; Singh, Vijaita (11 December 2019). 7941: 7939: 7937: 7569: 7538: 7521: 7497: 7495: 7476: 7474: 7472: 7470: 7468: 7466: 7440: 7438: 7362: 6296: 6294: 5977: 5695: 5693: 4481:Right-wing student groups such as those from the 4106:said that the purpose of the NRC is precisely to 2813:Racial bias in criminal news in the United States 838:), with four clauses, the first of which stated: 12802: 8820: 8691:"Protests against CAB spill on to Delhi streets" 8669: 8665: 8663: 8193:"What is the Citizenship (Amendment) Bill 2016?" 8009: 7221: 7219: 7155:Why Pakistani Hindus leave their homes for India 7132:The Pakistan Paradox: Instability and Resilience 7064:. 22 November 2016 – via www.thehindu.com. 7018: 6834: 6186: 6147: 6145: 5945: 5943: 5941: 5780: 5776: 5774: 5772: 5321:(AJYCP), have demanded the implementation of an 4979:United States House Committee on Foreign Affairs 4520: 4438:, and Karnataka, including Bangalore. Police in 11591:"Anti-CAA stir: Protests continue in NE region" 11384:"CAA cutoff date will prevent misuse: Official" 11160: 11158: 10818:"CAA has corollary in US' Lautenberg Amendment" 9959:"CAA Challenge: SC lists matter on 18 December" 8518: 8125: 7328:"Explained: What is Citizenship Amendment Act?" 7322: 7320: 7243: 7241: 6689:Reconfiguring Citizenship in Contemporary India 6619:Reconfiguring Citizenship in Contemporary India 5622: 5620: 5276:status to six indigenous Assamese communities: 5089: 5083:on the Citizenship Amendment Act (CAA) in 2020. 4793:assured her of no reverse migration from India. 2457:Same-sex marriage (laws and issues prohibiting) 11914:, Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses, 11495:"Anti-CAA stir protests continue in NE region" 9076: 8958: 8573:"India protests spread over 'anti-Muslim' law" 7934: 7782:"India's new citizenship law outrages Muslims" 7492: 7463: 7435: 7418: 7416: 7414: 6853: 6636: 6496: 6291: 6236: 5750: 5690: 4579:under Article 131 of the Constitution. Kerala 1933:SPLC-designated list of anti-LGBTQ hate groups 12664: 10520: 9977: 9010: 8660: 8544: 8395: 7971: 7969: 7590:"The CAB-NRC package is flawed and dangerous" 7408:, Ministry of Home Affairs, 7 September 2015. 7216: 7135:, Oxford University Press, pp. 331–333, 6683: 6681: 6142: 6087:"What Does India's New Citizenship Law Mean?" 5938: 5769: 5677: 5675: 5673: 5654: 5652: 5650: 5648: 5551: 5549: 4896:, member of the provincial assembly of Sindh. 4409: 3932: 2938: 710:would be implemented throughout the country. 400:. The law does not grant such eligibility to 11826:"AJYCP seeks ILP in Assam and repeal of CAA" 11217:"CAA: India's new citizenship law explained" 11155: 10888: 10698:Chaudhury, Dipanjan Roy (23 December 2019). 10224:"1,000 academics come out in support of CAA" 8904: 7688: 7374: 7317: 7238: 7031:. Oxford University Press. pp. 99–100. 6764:Universal's The Citizenship Act, 1955 (2004) 6726: 6606:Universal's The Citizenship Act, 1955 (2004) 6582:Universal's The Citizenship Act, 1955 (2004) 6542: 6540: 6442:"Pakistani refugees hail citizenship rights" 6347: 6345: 6343: 6341: 6169: 6167: 6123: 6048: 6046: 5996: 5617: 5598: 5329:Initiation of Granting Citizenship under CAA 5139:Eighth Schedule to the Constitution of India 4932:returned. It all depends on what they want." 4778:: Bangladesh's Minister of Foreign Affairs, 10184:"National Sikh Front backs Citizenship Act" 10003: 9793: 9619:"CAA supporters, protesters have town hall" 7740:India’s Government Considers a ‘Muslim Ban’ 7503:"Explained: Why Assam, Northeast are angry" 7411: 6841:Dual Citizenship Bill passed in Rajya Sabha 6511:. Oxford University Press. pp. 41–67. 6237:Ellis-Petersen, Hannah (17 December 2019). 6209: 6207: 6154:"Explained: Why Assam, Northeast are angry" 6025: 6023: 6021: 6019: 5843:"Explained: Why Assam, Northeast are angry" 5580: 5242:Sixth Schedule to the Constitution of India 4606: 4514:asked them not to protest against the Act. 4254:Various cities around the world, including 2149:List of people killed for being transgender 599:, as well as the Left parties, such as the 12671: 12657: 12561:"Report of the Joint Parliament Committee" 12307:South Asia: Journal of South Asian Studies 11986:South Asia: Journal of South Asian Studies 9814:Varma, Anuja and Gyan (14 December 2019). 8592: 8590: 8588: 8586: 8545:Bhattacharjee, Kallol (13 December 2019). 8351:V. Suryanarayan; SAAG (16 November 2019). 7966: 7808: 7757: 7755: 6959: 6957: 6782:South Asia: Journal of South Asian Studies 6706: 6678: 6469: 6467: 6436: 6434: 6407: 6405: 6378: 6376: 6374: 6257: 5670: 5658: 5645: 5546: 4693: 4485:– a student wing of the Hindu nationalist 3951:The amendment exempts the tribal areas of 3939: 3925: 2945: 2931: 610: 446:, particularly for excluding Muslims. The 11997: 11667:"NESO and NSF stages protest against CAA" 10697: 10521:Bhattacharjee, Kallol (19 January 2020). 9472:, United News of India (17 December 2019) 9258:"Death toll rises upto 42 in Delhi Riots" 8811: 7945: 7581: 7128: 7073: 7071: 6611: 6537: 6502: 6338: 6173: 6164: 6117:"Is India's claim about minorities true?" 6081: 6079: 6043: 6031:"Is India's claim about minorities true?" 5797: 4021:Exclusion of other persecuted communities 12485:"Report of Refugee Populations in India" 12304: 12256: 12063: 12034: 11851: 11381: 11263: 10340:Agrawal, Purushottam (26 January 2020). 10052: 10050: 9833:Nath, Hemanta Kumar (20 December 2019). 9501:BJP holds rally supporting CAA in Jaipur 9268: 8460:Apurva Vishwanath, M. Kaunain Sheriff, 7587: 7024: 6775: 6732: 6668: 6666: 6264:Nath, Hemanta Kumar (12 November 2019). 6213: 6204: 6174:Choudhury, Ratnadip (21 December 2019). 6016: 5949: 5884: 5805:"The Citizenship (Amendment) Bill, 2019" 5659:Regan, Helen; Gupta, Swati; Khan, Omar. 4320: 4151: 4143: 4117: 1221:Social determinants of health in poverty 856:Exemption of certain class of foreigners 12438:"The Citizenship (Amendment) Act, 2019" 12395:Malik, Shahnawaz Ahmed (21 July 2020). 12037:Singapore Journal of Tropical Geography 10339: 10027: 9491:, The Times of India (17 December 2019) 8583: 8442:India Is Betraying Its Founding Fathers 8411:, The Indian Express, 23 December 2019. 8391:. Human Rights Watch. 11 December 2019. 8028:"The Citizenship (Amendment) Act, 2019" 7989: 7752: 7423:The Gazette of India, Issue 553 of 2015 7078:‘No Hindus will be left after 30 years’ 6954: 6927:, The Times of India, 20 December 2019; 6464: 6431: 6402: 6371: 5111:Citizenship (Amendment) Act Rules, 2024 864:Passport (Entry into India) Rules, 1950 623:India is not a signatory to either the 444:discriminating on the basis of religion 427:by 31 December 2014, and had suffered " 12803: 12332: 12276: 12216: 12111: 12083: 11927: 10421: 10398:"Modi's project to make a Hindu India" 10395: 10288: 9953: 9951: 9903: 9453:, Business Standard (19 December 2019) 9132: 8800: 8798: 8796: 8620:U.S. Embassy & Consulates in India 8187: 8185: 8165: 8163: 7344: 7193: 7116: 7068: 7012: 6672: 6546: 6214:Pokharel, Krishna (17 December 2019). 6195: 6129: 6105:from the original on 19 December 2019. 6076: 5980:"Explained: What NRC+CAA means to you" 5950:Chaudhry, Suparna (13 December 2019). 5699: 5432: 5319:Asom Jatiyatabadi Yuba Chatra Parishad 5203:concerns of the region's inhabitants. 4636:, said that the bill does not violate 4073: 713: 493:The passage of the legislation caused 458:(NRC), to render many Muslim citizens 12652: 12402:Journal of Legal Studies and Research 12394: 12021: 11983: 11894:Universal's The Citizenship Act, 1955 11409: 10716: 10047: 9813: 9681: 8278: 8094:Nair, Sobhana K. (23 November 2019). 7619: 7575: 7532: 7356: 7225: 6899:Parliamentary Debates Official Report 6733:Hazarika, Sanjoy (13 December 2019), 6663: 6503:Jaffrelot, Christophe (August 2019). 6302:"Sporadic protests in MP against CAA" 6278: 5902: 5900: 5712:from the original on 18 December 2019 5456: 4470: 3880:Forum Against Islamophobia and Racism 665:Passport (Entry into India) Act, 1920 442:The amendment has been criticised as 412:, and it attracted global criticism. 12846:Acts of the Parliament of India 2019 12524:, pp. No. 553, 8 September 2015 10422:Haider, Suhasini (19 January 2020). 10076: 9832: 9780: 9292: 9213:from the original on 13 January 2020 9183:from the original on 13 January 2020 9145:from the original on 13 January 2020 9096: 8736:"CAB triggers protests in Hyderabad" 8733: 8688: 8462:Explained: What NRC+CAA means to you 8169: 8113:Nair, Sobhana K. (5 December 2019). 8112: 8093: 7761: 6776:Sinharay, Praskanva (4 March 2019). 6716:, Indian Law Review, 2(1), 108–118, 6279:Dutta, Prabhash (19 December 2019). 6263: 6151: 5885:Tripathi, Rahul (17 December 2019). 5840: 5681: 5405:Religious discrimination in Pakistan 5192:and thereby not excluded under CAA 4974:India's Ministry of External Affairs 1955:Capital punishment for homosexuality 1226:Social determinants of mental health 356:on 11 December 2019. It amended the 12236: 12176: 12159: 12139: 11904: 11767:"ST status for 6 Assam tribes soon" 10612: 10289:Sanjiv, Deepthi (15 January 2020). 10028:Bagriya, Ashok (18 December 2019). 9948: 9293:Modi, Narendra (16 December 2019). 9195: 9126: 9114:from the original on 8 January 2020 8793: 8689:Ravi, Sidharth (11 December 2019). 8182: 8160: 8065: 7921: 7544: 7368: 7226:Ahmad, Nafees (12 September 2017). 6983: 6751: 6643:Sangeeta Barooah Pisharoty (2019). 6593: 6569: 5724: 5700:Slater, Joanna (18 December 2019). 5444: 5043:Organisation of Islamic Cooperation 4748:New South Wales Legislative Council 4640:, Article 25 and Article 21 of the 4051:The Act does not provide relief to 2075:Genital modification and mutilation 688:National Register of Citizens (NRC) 13: 12811:Citizenship Amendment Act protests 12687:Citizenship Amendment Act protests 12362: 12341:(2), Population Council: 279–292, 12049:10.1111/j.1467-9493.1996.tb00082.x 11382:Tripathi, Rahul (6 January 2020). 11264:Tripathi, Rahul (3 January 2024). 10396:Thakur, Ramesh (13 January 2020). 9904:Bharat, E. T. V. (11 March 2024). 9682:Dutta, Taniya (14 December 2019). 9665:"Swing between hope & despair" 9510:, Outlook India (20 December 2019) 8170:Saha, Abhishek (9 December 2019). 7087:, Dhaka Tribune, 20 November 2016. 6152:Saha, Abhishek (20 January 2019). 6130:Samuel, Sigal (12 December 2019). 5897: 5841:Saha, Abhishek (20 January 2019). 4483:Akhil Bharatiya Vidyarthi Parishad 4171:Citizenship Amendment Act protests 4123:Citizenship Amendment Act protests 921:in 1947 and later during the 1971 601:Communist Party of India (Marxist) 545: 224:Citizenship (Amendment) Bill, 2019 14: 12862: 12841:Religious discrimination in India 12701:Citizenship (Amendment) Act, 2019 12464:, 10 January 2020, archived from 12430: 12335:Population and Development Review 12160:Roy, Anupama (14 December 2019), 11410:Singh, Vijaita (2 January 2024). 10776:. 9 December 2019. Archived from 10367: 10260: 9781:Rana, Yudhvir (31 January 2020). 9521:"Demonstration in support of CAA" 9133:Bakshi, Asmita (2 January 2020). 7922:Das, Shaswati (9 December 2019). 7762:Jain, Bharti (10 December 2019). 7282:. 10 October 2016. Archived from 7228:"The Status of Refugees in India" 6196:Gollom, Mark (17 December 2019). 5792:persecution in an Islamic country 5268:in Assam?' On April 6, 2015, the 5226:Bodoland Territorial Region (BTR) 816: 644:Bharatiya Janata Party activities 585:Citizenship (Amendment) Act, 2003 346:Citizenship (Amendment) Act, 2019 24:Citizenship (Amendment) Act, 2019 12680: 11818: 11792: 11731: 11710: 11685: 11659: 11634: 11609: 11583: 11557: 11539: 11513: 11487: 11462: 11437: 11403: 11375: 11342: 11317: 11291: 11257: 11231: 11209: 11184: 11129: 11103: 11077: 11047: 11021: 10991: 10965: 10939: 10913: 10882: 10864: 10846: 10828: 10810: 10792: 10762: 10736: 10717:Mohan, Geeta (9 February 2020). 10710: 10691: 10666: 10643: 10625: 10606: 10584: 10558: 10540: 10514: 10496: 10480:. 3 January 2020. Archived from 10466: 10441: 10415: 10389: 10361: 10333: 10308: 10282: 10254: 10236: 10216: 10176: 10148: 10128: 10021: 9923: 9897: 9871: 9845: 9826: 9807: 9774: 9756: 9730: 9712: 9694: 9675: 9657: 9643: 9629: 9611: 9593: 9575: 9557: 9539: 9513: 9494: 9475: 9456: 9437: 9419: 9401: 9387: 9357: 9343: 9286: 9250: 9225: 9157: 9058: 9036: 8984: 8930: 8878: 8853: 8734:Moin, Ather (11 December 2019). 8727: 8709: 8682: 8634: 8608: 8565: 8538: 8414: 8381: 8363: 8344: 8306: 8279:Singh, Vijaita (16 April 2024). 8272: 8246: 8228: 8210: 8106: 8087: 8043: 7915: 7897: 7879: 7859: 7834: 7774: 7733: 7714: 7668: 7645: 7184:, The Diplomat, 22 January 2019. 6951:, The Pioneer (24 December 2019) 6547:Thakur, Apurva (31 March 2018), 5916:, The Telegraph, 9 January 2019. 5523: 5514: 5505: 5058: 5036: 5018: 5010: 4983:United States Secretary of State 4951: 4937: 4915: 4901: 4866: 4848: 4826: 4812: 4798: 4769: 4755: 4729: 4701: 4394:have blocked a major highway in 4354: 4345: 4336: 2976: 2568:Diversity, equity, and inclusion 2397:Law for Protection of the Nation 2291:White genocide conspiracy theory 951: 595:. The bill was supported by the 516:brutal suppression by the police 29: 12851:Democratic backsliding in India 11884: 10971: 7600: 7550: 7392: 7298: 7268: 7206:US Department of State (1991). 7199: 7167: 7148: 7122: 7110: 7090: 7050: 6977: 6939:, The Hindu (10 December 2019); 6911: 6892: 6873: 6769: 6599: 6312: 6272: 6230: 6109: 5990: 5919: 5878: 5860: 5834: 5757:Sankalpit Bharat Sashakt Bharat 5495: 5485: 5476: 5462: 5450: 5156:Extension and No Cut-off demand 4879:criticised the Act. Pakistan's 4710:: Former Afghanistan President 3994:Exclusion of persecuted Muslims 3764:Persecution of Uyghurs in China 3434:Palestinian genocide allegation 2402:MSM blood donation restrictions 2144:LGBT grooming conspiracy theory 12538:PRS Legislative Research, 2016 12243:, Cambridge University Press, 12217:Sarker, Shuvro Prosun (2017), 12030:, Observer Research Foundation 11196:indiancitizenshiponline.nic.in 9803:. Al Jazeera. 9 December 2019. 7129:Jaffrelot, Christophe (2015), 6870:, The Hindu, 23 December 2003. 6850:, The Hindu, 19 December 2003. 6646:Assam: The Accord, The Discord 5438: 5426: 4987:President of the United States 3446:Massacres, torture, expulsion: 2415:(as religious or racial quota) 1: 12764:CAA protests in Uttar Pradesh 12706:National Register of Citizens 12319:10.1080/00856401.2019.1581696 12291:10.1080/14631369.2019.1601993 12166:Economic and Political Weekly 12126:10.1080/14631369.2019.1629274 12098:10.1080/24730580.2018.1512290 11999:10.1080/00856401.2019.1555874 9093:, The Print, 17 January 2020. 8535:, Scroll.in, 8 December 2019. 8440:Ravi Agrawal, Kathryn Salam, 7107:, The Wire, 31 December 2019. 6974:, The Wire, 29 December 2019. 6889:, The Wire, 29 December 2019. 6794:10.1080/00856401.2019.1581696 6722:10.1080/24730580.2018.1512290 6697:10.1080/00856401.2019.1555874 6627:10.1080/00856401.2019.1555874 6505:"A De Facto Ethnic Democracy" 5614:, BBC News, 11 December 2019. 5539: 5374:National Register of Citizens 5079:filed an intervention in the 5051:Charter of the United Nations 4521:Political and legal challenge 4491:Central Park, Connaught Place 4080:National Register of Citizens 3988:Overseas Citizenship of India 3503:Cave of the Patriarchs (1994) 2845:Second-generation gender bias 2553:Constitutional colorblindness 1216:Social determinants of health 744:Joint parliamentary committee 708:National Register of Citizens 593:National Register of Citizens 540: 456:National Register of Citizens 12821:Illegal immigration to India 12143:Mapping Citizenship in India 11970:, Harvard University Press, 11964:Jayal, Niraja Gopal (2013), 9671:. Kolkota. 13 December 2019. 8096:"NRC is anti-Indian citizen" 7588:Chanakya (7 December 2019). 7314:, UNHCR Global Appeal, 2011. 7164:, BBC News, 28 October 2015. 6861:Dual citizenship Bill passed 5364:Illegal immigration to India 5252:: 'How is it beneficial for 5100:2024 Indian general election 5090:Implementation 2024- Present 4788:, Bangladesh Prime Minister 4525:The bill was opposed by the 4113: 3726:Muslim Massacre (video game) 3647:Almondbury bullying incident 661:2014 Indian general election 577:National Democratic Alliance 7: 12203:, Oxford University Press, 12078:10.11384/jjasas1989.2000.73 11192:"Indian Citizenship Online" 7616:, BBC News, 31 August 2019. 6859:Neena Vyas, Anita Joshua, 6687:Niraja Gopal Jayal (2019), 6617:Niraja Gopal Jayal (2019), 6584:, p. 13, item 2(1)(h). 5357: 4529:, who said it would create 4500: 4487:Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh 4164: 4029:and Buddhist refugees from 3905:Southern Poverty Law Center 2756:Medical model of disability 2600:Hate speech laws by country 892: 738:The Bill was introduced in 618:United Progressive Alliance 10: 12867: 12721:Detention centres in Assam 12257:Shamshad, Rizwana (2017), 8431:, VICE News, 29 July 2019. 7347:, pp. 55–67, 192–198. 7250:"Citizenship without bias" 7025:Shamshad, Rizwana (2017). 5415: 4875:: Pakistan Prime Minister 4837:Prime Minister of Malaysia 4654:Sikhs in Jammu and Kashmir 4634:Solicitor General of India 4592:Indian Union Muslim League 4474: 4410:Indian government response 4168: 4138:Indian Union Muslim League 4040:were allowed to settle as 2865:Social model of disability 1271:Discrimination against men 625:1951 UN Refugee Convention 364:religious minorities from 311:11 December 2019 294:10 December 2019 160:12 December 2019 130:12 December 2019 115:11 December 2019 90:10 December 2019 12772: 12731: 12693: 11942:10.1080/10357820208713331 7276:"A question of fair play" 5208:Wesean Student Federation 4621:National Security Advisor 4463:, Tehseen Poonawalla and 4062:The Act does not address 4057:Chinese invasion of Tibet 4053:Tibetan Buddhist refugees 3769:Xinjiang internment camps 3583:Northern Sri Lanka (1990) 3528:İşkodra and Niş (1877–78) 2196:Opposition to immigration 1065:Race / Ethnicity 923:Bangladesh Liberation War 659:In its manifesto for the 508:Aligarh Muslim University 334: 327: 322: 305: 288: 277:9 December 2019 271: 253: 238: 228: 217: 209: 204: 196: 191: 171: 156: 141: 126: 111: 101: 86: 76: 66: 44: 37: 28: 23: 12627:PRS Legislative Research 12597:PRS Legislative Research 12492:Human Rights Law Network 12375:PRS Legislative Research 10613:ANI (14 December 2019). 9506:22 December 2019 at the 9487:18 December 2019 at the 9449:21 December 2019 at the 8511:16 February 2020 at the 8487:23 December 2019 at the 8141:PRS Legislative Research 7745:23 December 2019 at the 7681:21 December 2019 at the 7657:12 December 2019 at the 7562:21 December 2019 at the 7486:PRS Legislative Research 7428:16 December 2019 at the 7404:16 December 2019 at the 7310:19 December 2019 at the 6970:29 December 2019 at the 6947:26 December 2019 at the 6923:20 December 2019 at the 6885:29 December 2019 at the 6866:28 December 2019 at the 6846:28 December 2019 at the 5931:19 December 2019 at the 5762:10 November 2019 at the 5610:12 December 2019 at the 5468:According to the Indian 5420: 5410:Communalism (South Asia) 5400:1971 Bangladesh genocide 5384:The Foreigners Act, 1946 5246:All Assam Students Union 5134:through naturalization. 4607:Commentary and petitions 4527:Indian National Congress 3603:Sabra and Shatila (1982) 2191:Occupational segregation 1960:Compulsory sterilization 897:The Act has amended the 759:, this Bill has lapsed. 652:for the border state of 597:Indian National Congress 579:government, led by the 527:Ministry of Home Affairs 248:Minister of Home Affairs 12816:Immigration legislation 12494:, 2007k, archived from 12022:Gupta, Kanchan (2019), 10619:Business Standard India 9587:Business Standard India 9089:17 January 2020 at the 8531:9 December 2019 at the 8447:24 January 2021 at the 8427:10 January 2020 at the 8407:14 January 2020 at the 7726:2 November 2019 at the 7160:5 December 2019 at the 7083:2 February 2021 at the 6220:The Wall Street Journal 5912:12 January 2020 at the 4694:International reactions 4381:protest at Shaheen Bagh 3895:Muslim American Society 3652:Bendigo mosque protests 3613:Sétif and Guelma (1945) 3429:Pacification of Algeria 3068:Muslim immigration bans 2741:Internalized oppression 2595:Fighting Discrimination 2585:Fat acceptance movement 2543:Anti-discrimination law 2169:Native American mascots 911:Chief Minister of Assam 762:After the formation of 650:2016 assembly elections 611:Immigrants and refugees 531:2024 national elections 419:(BJP), which leads the 12831:Indian nationality law 12629:, 2019, archived from 12599:, 2019, archived from 12177:Roy, Haimanti (2013), 11905:Das, Pushpita (2016), 10655:4 January 2020 at the 10596:2 January 2020 at the 10141:The Free Press Journal 9468:8 January 2020 at the 7612:8 January 2020 at the 7103:1 January 2020 at the 6984:Das, Pushpita (2016), 6935:5 January 2020 at the 6904:28 August 2022 at the 6712:Mihika Poddar (2018), 5369:Indian nationality law 5081:Supreme Court of India 4998:Two city councils, in 4600:Supreme Court of India 4596:Supreme Court of India 4577:Supreme Court of India 4567:Supreme Court of India 4404:North East Delhi riots 4400:non-violent resistance 4329: 4161: 4149: 4141: 3688:Haridwar hate speeches 2860:Social identity threat 2833:Reverse discrimination 2823:Racial color blindness 2281:Violence against women 2261:Sex-selective abortion 890: 879: 844: 832: 581:Bharatiya Janata Party 525:On 11 March 2024, the 417:Bharatiya Janata Party 12836:Islamophobia in India 12759:Shaheen Bagh Protests 12197:Sadiq, Kamal (2008), 12140:Roy, Anupama (2010), 10552:The Financial Express 8080:4 August 2016 at the 7800:on 23 December 2019. 6930:A tale of two demands 4746:tabled motion in the 4642:Constitution of India 4324: 4155: 4147: 4121: 3870:Amnesty International 3824:Politically Incorrect 3676:Flying imams incident 2828:Religious intolerance 2788:Political correctness 2610:Intersex human rights 2558:Cultural assimilation 2226:Religious persecution 1990:Disability hate crime 1757:Jewish / Antisemitism 899:Citizenship Act, 1955 886: 852: 840: 827: 823:Citizenship Act, 1955 429:religious persecution 358:Citizenship Act, 1955 329:Citizenship Act, 1955 259:; 4 years ago 197:Code sections created 179:; 4 years ago 12826:Immigration to India 12522:The Gazette of India 12462:The Gazette of India 12446:The Gazette of India 11930:Asian Studies Review 10927:. 19 December 2019. 10164:. 27 December 2019. 9744:. 22 December 2019. 9527:. 21 December 2019. 9375:on 18 September 2019 9171:. 29 December 2019. 9054:on 15 December 2019. 8834:. 23 December 2019. 8648:. 14 December 2019. 8467:8 March 2021 at the 8320:. 12 December 2019. 8073:The Gazette of India 8036:The Gazette of India 7788:. 12 December 2019. 7209:World Refugee Report 7096:Himadri Chatterjee, 6226:on 23 December 2019. 6093:. 13 December 2019. 6072:on 24 December 2019. 6033:. 12 December 2019. 5565:The Gazette of India 5336:Union Home Secretary 5027:: Ambassador of the 4964:(USCIRF) called for 4722:Afghanistan conflict 4390:. The protesters at 4373:Jamia Millia Islamia 4158:Jamia Millia Islamia 3706:Innocence of Muslims 3478:Big Excursion (1989) 3005:Conspiracy theories 2211:Political repression 1176:Anti-left handedness 1166:Anti-intellectualism 875:Foreigners Act, 1946 848:Foreigners Act, 1946 669:Foreigners Act, 1946 512:Jamia Millia Islamia 495:large-scale protests 490:in these countries. 486:, have historically 352:) was passed by the 257:9 December 2019 233:Bill No. 370 of 2019 177:10 January 2020 12606:on 12 December 2019 12471:on 24 February 2021 12237:Sen, Uditi (2018), 11065:on 17 December 2019 11009:on 27 November 2022 10901:on 17 December 2019 10860:. 10 December 2019. 10842:. 10 December 2019. 10806:. 10 December 2019. 10780:on 10 December 2019 10663:, 17 December 2019. 10639:. 10 December 2019. 10554:. 16 December 2019. 10510:. 12 December 2019. 10484:on 23 February 2020 10250:. 21 December 2019. 10232:. 22 December 2019. 10212:. 10 December 2019. 10144:. 11 December 2019. 10017:. 12 December 2019. 9770:. 18 December 2019. 9726:. 15 November 2018. 9708:. 19 December 2019. 9653:. 15 December 2019. 9625:. 22 December 2019. 9589:. 22 December 2019. 9571:. 22 December 2019. 9553:. 20 December 2019. 9397:. 19 December 2019. 9353:. 19 December 2019. 9305:on 16 December 2019 9282:. 16 December 2019. 9264:. 29 February 2020. 9072:. 15 December 2019. 8604:. 14 December 2019. 8579:. 13 December 2019. 8504:Shylashri Shankar, 8332:on 12 December 2019 8224:. 15 December 2019. 8148:on 10 December 2019 8075:, Issue 495 of 2016 8039:. 12 December 2019. 8005:. 13 December 2019. 7985:. 12 December 2019. 7911:. 10 December 2019. 7893:. 10 December 2019. 7665:, 11 December 2019. 7432:, 8 September 2015. 7334:. 19 December 2019. 7286:on 22 December 2019 7180:31 May 2019 at the 6942:Historical Promises 6830:. 11 December 2019. 6735:"Assam and the CAB" 6559:on 18 December 2019 6525:on 17 December 2019 6308:. 19 December 2019. 6119:. 12 December 2019. 5956:The Washington Post 5821:on 12 December 2019 5706:The Washington Post 5470:Intelligence Bureau 5310:Illegal Immigration 5270:Government of India 5260:if it is wrong for 4672:. and media houses 4613:intelligence agency 4184:was cancelled. The 4136:(The Youth Wing of 4134:Muslim Youth League 4094:In an interview to 4074:Relationship to NRC 3779:Trojan Horse affair 3731:Quran desecrations 3458:Albanians (1912–13) 3241:Attacks on mosques: 2736:Historical eugenics 2251:Segregation academy 2231:Religious terrorism 2020:Enemy of the people 1928:Anti-LGBTQ rhetoric 1416:Jehovah's Witnesses 1296:Perpetual foreigner 927:Government of India 919:Partition of Bengal 907:Intelligence Bureau 714:Legislative history 552:Indian Constitution 520:Union Home Ministry 503:northeastern states 437:Intelligence Bureau 354:Parliament of India 205:Legislative history 39:Parliament of India 12754:Kerala human chain 12636:on 21 January 2021 12577:on 24 January 2021 12547:on 14 January 2021 11830:The Times of India 11771:The Times of India 11553:. 6 December 2023. 11551:The Times of India 11389:The Economic Times 11356:. 4 January 2024. 11354:The Times of India 11329:Free Press Journal 11303:The Indian Express 11270:The Economic Times 11115:The Indian Express 11035:. 23 December 2019 11033:The Economic Times 10953:. 25 February 2020 10951:The Economic Times 10858:The Economic Times 10840:The Times of India 10824:. 18 January 2020. 10822:The Economic Times 10748:The Times of India 10704:The Economic Times 10572:. 26 December 2019 10295:The Times of India 10229:The Times of India 9991:. 12 December 2019 9859:. 22 December 2019 9787:The Times of India 9623:The Times of India 9607:. 10 January 2020. 9551:The Times of India 9331:. 25 December 2019 9262:The Economic Times 9209:. 2 January 2020. 9110:. 4 January 2020. 9048:The Times of India 9024:. 16 December 2019 8998:. 23 December 2019 8972:. 20 December 2019 8946:. 22 December 2019 8918:. 24 December 2019 8723:. 9 December 2019. 8622:. 13 December 2019 8240:The Times of India 8176:The Indian Express 8053:. 21 December 2019 8002:The Economic Times 7982:The Times of India 7909:The Times of India 7875:. 9 December 2019. 7822:. 13 February 2019 7820:The Indian Express 7768:The Times of India 7702:. 20 November 2019 7663:The Times of India 7633:. 12 December 2019 7507:The Indian Express 7488:. 9 December 2019. 7332:The Indian Express 6158:The Indian Express 6091:The New York Times 6003:The New York Times 5984:The Indian Express 5891:The Economic Times 5738:. 20 December 2020 5736:Free Press Journal 5594:. 10 January 2020. 5592:The Indian Express 5238:East Karbi Anglong 5234:West Karbi Anglong 5224:Moreover, Assam's 5132:Indian citizenship 4894:Sachanand Lakhwani 4624:Shiv Shankar Menon 4471:Rallies in support 4423:and Home Minister 4330: 4326:Kerala human chain 4162: 4150: 4142: 3890:Islamophobia Watch 3885:Human Rights Watch 3807:FrontPage Magazine 3548:Kulen Vakuf (1941) 3518:Guangzhou (878–79) 3483:Bossemptélé (2014) 3453:Abu Ghraib (2000s) 3410:Chechen and Ingush 3208:Conservative Party 3118:Bosnia–Herzegovina 2640:Social integration 2635:Self-determination 2625:Racial integration 2573:Diversity training 2563:Cultural pluralism 2538:Affirmative action 2430:Racial segregation 2340:Crime of apartheid 2236:Religious violence 1721:Indigenous people 1092:Sexual orientation 583:(BJP), passed the 151:President of India 71:Act No. 47 of 2019 12798: 12797: 12501:on 8 January 2020 12270:978-0-19-909159-1 12250:978-1-108-42561-2 12230:978-981-10-4807-4 12210:978-0-19-970780-5 12190:978-0-19-808177-7 12153:978-0-19-908820-1 12086:Indian Law Review 11977:978-0-674-06758-5 11921:978-93-82169-69-7 11474:Business Standard 11219:. 9 December 2019 10750:. 30 January 2020 10090:. 9 December 2019 10064:. 17 January 2020 9885:. 14 January 2020 9605:Business Standard 9431:Business Standard 9329:Business Standard 8892:. 29 January 2020 8865:SBS Your Language 7674:Sanjoy Hazarika, 7509:. 20 January 2019 7196:, pp. 21–22. 7142:978-0-19-061330-3 7038:978-0-19-909159-1 7000:978-93-82169-69-7 6656:978-93-5305-622-3 6596:, pp. 37–38. 6572:, pp. 33–34. 6518:978-0-19-007817-1 5568:. 10 January 2020 5379:Refugees in India 5323:Inner Line Permit 5272:planned to grant 5219:Indian government 5168:Indian Government 4929:Mahinda Rajapaksa 4881:National Assembly 4780:A. K. Abdul Momen 4531:communal tensions 4038:Sri Lankan Tamils 3969:Arunachal Pradesh 3965:Inner Line Permit 3949: 3948: 3774:Swiss minaret ban 3553:Kafr Qasim (1956) 3508:Granada (1482–92) 3372:California (2001) 3096:Status by country 3083:Quran desecration 3019:Great Replacement 2994:Airport profiling 2955: 2954: 2818:Racism by country 2746:Intersectionality 2731:Heteronormativity 2514:Voter suppression 2256:Sexual harassment 2055:Forced conversion 1975:Cultural genocide 1620:African Americans 1426:post–Cold War era 1411:Eastern Orthodoxy 1161:Anti-drug addicts 1156:Anti-homelessness 1075:Scientific racism 811:Mansukh Mandaviya 488:faced persecution 421:Indian government 342: 341: 12858: 12685: 12684: 12673: 12666: 12659: 12650: 12649: 12644: 12643: 12641: 12635: 12624: 12614: 12613: 12611: 12605: 12594: 12585: 12584: 12582: 12576: 12570:, archived from 12565: 12555: 12554: 12552: 12546: 12540:, archived from 12535: 12525: 12519: 12509: 12508: 12506: 12500: 12489: 12479: 12478: 12476: 12470: 12459: 12450: 12442: 12426: 12391: 12390:. 16 April 2020. 12379: 12357: 12329: 12301: 12273: 12253: 12233: 12213: 12193: 12173: 12156: 12136: 12108: 12080: 12060: 12031: 12018: 12001: 11980: 11960: 11924: 11913: 11901: 11899: 11878: 11877: 11872: 11870: 11855: 11849: 11848: 11846: 11844: 11832:. 8 March 2024. 11822: 11816: 11815: 11813: 11811: 11796: 11790: 11789: 11787: 11785: 11773:. 6 April 2015. 11763: 11754: 11753: 11751: 11749: 11735: 11729: 11728: 11726: 11724: 11714: 11708: 11707: 11705: 11703: 11689: 11683: 11682: 11680: 11678: 11671:Nagaland Tribune 11663: 11657: 11656: 11654: 11652: 11638: 11632: 11631: 11629: 11627: 11613: 11607: 11606: 11604: 11602: 11587: 11581: 11580: 11578: 11576: 11561: 11555: 11554: 11543: 11537: 11536: 11534: 11532: 11527:. 7 January 2024 11517: 11511: 11510: 11508: 11506: 11491: 11485: 11484: 11482: 11480: 11466: 11460: 11459: 11457: 11455: 11441: 11435: 11434: 11432: 11430: 11407: 11401: 11400: 11398: 11396: 11379: 11373: 11372: 11370: 11368: 11346: 11340: 11339: 11337: 11335: 11321: 11315: 11314: 11312: 11310: 11295: 11289: 11288: 11286: 11284: 11261: 11255: 11254: 11252: 11250: 11235: 11229: 11228: 11226: 11224: 11213: 11207: 11206: 11204: 11202: 11188: 11182: 11181: 11179: 11177: 11162: 11153: 11152: 11150: 11148: 11133: 11127: 11126: 11124: 11122: 11107: 11101: 11100: 11098: 11096: 11081: 11075: 11074: 11072: 11070: 11051: 11045: 11044: 11042: 11040: 11025: 11019: 11018: 11016: 11014: 11005:. Archived from 10995: 10989: 10988: 10986: 10984: 10969: 10963: 10962: 10960: 10958: 10943: 10937: 10936: 10917: 10911: 10910: 10908: 10906: 10897:. Archived from 10886: 10880: 10879: 10868: 10862: 10861: 10850: 10844: 10843: 10832: 10826: 10825: 10814: 10808: 10807: 10796: 10790: 10789: 10787: 10785: 10766: 10760: 10759: 10757: 10755: 10740: 10734: 10733: 10731: 10729: 10714: 10708: 10707: 10695: 10689: 10688: 10686: 10684: 10670: 10664: 10647: 10641: 10640: 10629: 10623: 10622: 10610: 10604: 10588: 10582: 10581: 10579: 10577: 10562: 10556: 10555: 10544: 10538: 10537: 10535: 10533: 10518: 10512: 10511: 10500: 10494: 10493: 10491: 10489: 10470: 10464: 10463: 10461: 10459: 10445: 10439: 10438: 10436: 10434: 10419: 10413: 10412: 10410: 10408: 10393: 10387: 10386: 10384: 10382: 10365: 10359: 10358: 10356: 10354: 10337: 10331: 10330: 10328: 10326: 10312: 10306: 10305: 10303: 10301: 10286: 10280: 10279: 10277: 10275: 10258: 10252: 10251: 10240: 10234: 10233: 10220: 10214: 10213: 10202: 10193: 10191: 10180: 10174: 10173: 10152: 10146: 10145: 10132: 10126: 10125: 10123: 10121: 10116:. 3 January 2020 10106: 10100: 10099: 10097: 10095: 10080: 10074: 10073: 10071: 10069: 10054: 10045: 10044: 10042: 10040: 10025: 10019: 10018: 10007: 10001: 10000: 9998: 9996: 9981: 9975: 9974: 9972: 9970: 9955: 9946: 9945: 9943: 9941: 9927: 9921: 9920: 9918: 9916: 9901: 9895: 9894: 9892: 9890: 9875: 9869: 9868: 9866: 9864: 9849: 9843: 9842: 9830: 9824: 9823: 9811: 9805: 9804: 9797: 9791: 9790: 9778: 9772: 9771: 9760: 9754: 9753: 9734: 9728: 9727: 9716: 9710: 9709: 9698: 9692: 9691: 9679: 9673: 9672: 9661: 9655: 9654: 9647: 9641: 9640: 9633: 9627: 9626: 9615: 9609: 9608: 9597: 9591: 9590: 9579: 9573: 9572: 9561: 9555: 9554: 9543: 9537: 9536: 9517: 9511: 9498: 9492: 9479: 9473: 9460: 9454: 9441: 9435: 9434: 9423: 9417: 9416: 9405: 9399: 9398: 9391: 9385: 9384: 9382: 9380: 9371:. Archived from 9369:indiankanoon.org 9361: 9355: 9354: 9347: 9341: 9340: 9338: 9336: 9321: 9315: 9314: 9312: 9310: 9301:. Archived from 9290: 9284: 9283: 9272: 9266: 9265: 9254: 9248: 9247: 9245: 9243: 9229: 9223: 9222: 9220: 9218: 9199: 9193: 9192: 9190: 9188: 9161: 9155: 9154: 9152: 9150: 9130: 9124: 9123: 9121: 9119: 9100: 9094: 9080: 9074: 9073: 9062: 9056: 9055: 9050:. Archived from 9040: 9034: 9033: 9031: 9029: 9014: 9008: 9007: 9005: 9003: 8988: 8982: 8981: 8979: 8977: 8962: 8956: 8955: 8953: 8951: 8934: 8928: 8927: 8925: 8923: 8908: 8902: 8901: 8899: 8897: 8882: 8876: 8875: 8873: 8871: 8857: 8851: 8850: 8848: 8846: 8824: 8818: 8817: 8815: 8802: 8791: 8790: 8788: 8786: 8772: 8766: 8765: 8763: 8761: 8750: 8744: 8743: 8740:Deccan Chronicle 8731: 8725: 8724: 8721:Deccan Chronicle 8713: 8707: 8706: 8686: 8680: 8679: 8667: 8658: 8657: 8638: 8632: 8631: 8629: 8627: 8612: 8606: 8605: 8594: 8581: 8580: 8569: 8563: 8562: 8542: 8536: 8524:Shoaib Daniyal, 8522: 8516: 8502: 8496: 8478: 8472: 8458: 8452: 8438: 8432: 8418: 8412: 8399: 8393: 8392: 8385: 8379: 8378: 8367: 8361: 8360: 8348: 8342: 8341: 8339: 8337: 8328:. Archived from 8310: 8304: 8303: 8301: 8299: 8276: 8270: 8269: 8267: 8265: 8250: 8244: 8243: 8242:. 19 March 2024. 8232: 8226: 8225: 8214: 8208: 8207: 8205: 8203: 8189: 8180: 8179: 8167: 8158: 8157: 8155: 8153: 8144:. Archived from 8132: 8123: 8122: 8110: 8104: 8103: 8091: 8085: 8069: 8063: 8062: 8060: 8058: 8047: 8041: 8040: 8032: 8024: 8007: 8006: 7993: 7987: 7986: 7973: 7964: 7963: 7943: 7932: 7931: 7919: 7913: 7912: 7901: 7895: 7894: 7883: 7877: 7876: 7863: 7857: 7856: 7854: 7852: 7838: 7832: 7831: 7829: 7827: 7812: 7806: 7805: 7796:. Archived from 7778: 7772: 7771: 7759: 7750: 7737: 7731: 7718: 7712: 7711: 7709: 7707: 7692: 7686: 7672: 7666: 7649: 7643: 7642: 7640: 7638: 7623: 7617: 7604: 7598: 7597: 7585: 7579: 7573: 7567: 7554: 7548: 7542: 7536: 7530: 7519: 7518: 7516: 7514: 7499: 7490: 7489: 7478: 7461: 7460: 7458: 7456: 7442: 7433: 7420: 7409: 7396: 7390: 7389: 7378: 7372: 7366: 7360: 7354: 7348: 7342: 7336: 7335: 7324: 7315: 7302: 7296: 7295: 7293: 7291: 7272: 7266: 7265: 7245: 7236: 7235: 7223: 7214: 7213: 7203: 7197: 7191: 7185: 7171: 7165: 7152: 7146: 7145: 7126: 7120: 7114: 7108: 7094: 7088: 7075: 7066: 7065: 7054: 7048: 7042: 7022: 7016: 7010: 7004: 7003: 6992: 6981: 6975: 6961: 6952: 6915: 6909: 6896: 6890: 6877: 6871: 6857: 6851: 6838: 6832: 6831: 6820: 6814: 6813: 6773: 6767: 6761: 6755: 6749: 6743: 6741: 6730: 6724: 6710: 6704: 6685: 6676: 6670: 6661: 6660: 6640: 6634: 6615: 6609: 6603: 6597: 6591: 6585: 6579: 6573: 6567: 6561: 6560: 6544: 6535: 6534: 6532: 6530: 6521:. Archived from 6500: 6494: 6493: 6488: 6486: 6471: 6462: 6461: 6455: 6453: 6438: 6429: 6428: 6426: 6424: 6409: 6400: 6399: 6397: 6395: 6380: 6369: 6368: 6366: 6364: 6349: 6336: 6335: 6333: 6331: 6316: 6310: 6309: 6298: 6289: 6288: 6276: 6270: 6269: 6261: 6255: 6254: 6234: 6228: 6227: 6222:. Archived from 6211: 6202: 6201: 6193: 6184: 6183: 6171: 6162: 6161: 6149: 6140: 6139: 6127: 6121: 6120: 6113: 6107: 6106: 6083: 6074: 6073: 6068:. Archived from 6050: 6041: 6040: 6038: 6027: 6014: 6013: 6011: 6009: 5994: 5988: 5987: 5975: 5960: 5959: 5947: 5936: 5923: 5917: 5904: 5895: 5894: 5882: 5876: 5875: 5864: 5858: 5857: 5855: 5853: 5838: 5832: 5830: 5828: 5826: 5820: 5814:. Archived from 5809: 5801: 5795: 5794: 5778: 5767: 5754: 5748: 5747: 5745: 5743: 5728: 5722: 5721: 5719: 5717: 5697: 5688: 5687: 5679: 5668: 5667: 5656: 5643: 5642: 5640: 5638: 5624: 5615: 5602: 5596: 5595: 5584: 5578: 5577: 5575: 5573: 5561: 5553: 5534: 5527: 5521: 5518: 5512: 5509: 5503: 5499: 5493: 5489: 5483: 5480: 5474: 5466: 5460: 5454: 5448: 5442: 5436: 5430: 5282:Koch-Rajbongshis 5250:Assam Government 5126:, ID cards, and 5096:Gazette of India 5064: 5062: 5061: 5042: 5040: 5039: 5024: 5022: 5021: 4957: 4955: 4954: 4943: 4941: 4940: 4921: 4919: 4918: 4907: 4905: 4904: 4872: 4870: 4869: 4854: 4852: 4851: 4841:Mahathir Mohamad 4832: 4830: 4829: 4818: 4816: 4815: 4804: 4802: 4801: 4775: 4773: 4772: 4761: 4759: 4758: 4744:David Shoebridge 4735: 4733: 4732: 4707: 4705: 4704: 4584:Pinarayi Vijayan 4445:Ramachandra Guha 4358: 4349: 4340: 3967:, which include 3941: 3934: 3927: 3845:Brussels Journal 3720:Kathua rape case 3640:Other incidents: 3633:Walisongo (2000) 3598:Sri Lanka (2018) 3543:Karantina (1976) 3538:Jerusalem (1099) 3398:Ethnic cleansing 3368:Planned attacks 3051:Karnataka, India 2980: 2957: 2956: 2947: 2940: 2933: 2870:Social privilege 2855:Social exclusion 2783:Police brutality 2704:Multiculturalism 2674:Amatonormativity 2489:Social exclusion 2325:Age of candidacy 2119:Homeless dumping 2025:Ethnic cleansing 955: 932: 931: 783:ruling coalition 751:. Consequent to 690:in the state of 633:Jawaharlal Nehru 406:Sri Lankan Tamil 318: 316: 301: 299: 284: 282: 267: 265: 260: 200:11th March, 2024 187: 185: 180: 167: 165: 137: 135: 127:Assented to 122: 120: 97: 95: 33: 21: 20: 12866: 12865: 12861: 12860: 12859: 12857: 12856: 12855: 12801: 12800: 12799: 12794: 12768: 12727: 12711:No NRC movement 12689: 12679: 12677: 12639: 12637: 12633: 12622: 12618: 12609: 12607: 12603: 12592: 12588: 12580: 12578: 12574: 12563: 12559: 12550: 12548: 12544: 12533: 12529: 12517: 12513: 12504: 12502: 12498: 12487: 12483: 12474: 12472: 12468: 12457: 12453: 12440: 12436: 12433: 12382: 12368: 12365: 12363:Further reading 12360: 12347:10.2307/1973053 12279:Asian Ethnicity 12271: 12251: 12231: 12211: 12191: 12154: 12114:Asian Ethnicity 11978: 11922: 11911: 11897: 11887: 11882: 11881: 11868: 11866: 11857: 11856: 11852: 11842: 11840: 11824: 11823: 11819: 11809: 11807: 11798: 11797: 11793: 11783: 11781: 11765: 11764: 11757: 11747: 11745: 11737: 11736: 11732: 11722: 11720: 11716: 11715: 11711: 11701: 11699: 11691: 11690: 11686: 11676: 11674: 11673:. 12 March 2024 11665: 11664: 11660: 11650: 11648: 11640: 11639: 11635: 11625: 11623: 11615: 11614: 11610: 11600: 11598: 11597:. 13 March 2024 11589: 11588: 11584: 11574: 11572: 11571:. 11 March 2024 11563: 11562: 11558: 11545: 11544: 11540: 11530: 11528: 11519: 11518: 11514: 11504: 11502: 11501:. 14 March 2024 11499:Arunachal Times 11493: 11492: 11488: 11478: 11476: 11468: 11467: 11463: 11453: 11451: 11443: 11442: 11438: 11428: 11426: 11408: 11404: 11394: 11392: 11380: 11376: 11366: 11364: 11348: 11347: 11343: 11333: 11331: 11323: 11322: 11318: 11308: 11306: 11305:. 13 March 2024 11297: 11296: 11292: 11282: 11280: 11262: 11258: 11248: 11246: 11245:. 11 March 2024 11243:Hindustan Times 11237: 11236: 11232: 11222: 11220: 11215: 11214: 11210: 11200: 11198: 11190: 11189: 11185: 11175: 11173: 11172:. 11 March 2024 11164: 11163: 11156: 11146: 11144: 11143:. 12 March 2024 11135: 11134: 11130: 11120: 11118: 11117:. 12 March 2024 11109: 11108: 11104: 11094: 11092: 11083: 11082: 11078: 11068: 11066: 11053: 11052: 11048: 11038: 11036: 11027: 11026: 11022: 11012: 11010: 10997: 10996: 10992: 10982: 10980: 10972:Ali, Mohammad. 10970: 10966: 10956: 10954: 10945: 10944: 10940: 10919: 10918: 10914: 10904: 10902: 10895:Hindustan Times 10887: 10883: 10870: 10869: 10865: 10852: 10851: 10847: 10834: 10833: 10829: 10816: 10815: 10811: 10798: 10797: 10793: 10783: 10781: 10768: 10767: 10763: 10753: 10751: 10742: 10741: 10737: 10727: 10725: 10715: 10711: 10696: 10692: 10682: 10680: 10672: 10671: 10667: 10657:Wayback Machine 10648: 10644: 10631: 10630: 10626: 10611: 10607: 10598:Wayback Machine 10589: 10585: 10575: 10573: 10564: 10563: 10559: 10546: 10545: 10541: 10531: 10529: 10519: 10515: 10508:National Herald 10502: 10501: 10497: 10487: 10485: 10472: 10471: 10467: 10457: 10455: 10447: 10446: 10442: 10432: 10430: 10420: 10416: 10406: 10404: 10402:The Japan Times 10394: 10390: 10380: 10378: 10368:Verma, Maansi. 10366: 10362: 10352: 10350: 10347:National Herald 10338: 10334: 10324: 10322: 10314: 10313: 10309: 10299: 10297: 10287: 10283: 10273: 10271: 10259: 10255: 10242: 10241: 10237: 10222: 10221: 10217: 10204: 10203: 10196: 10182: 10181: 10177: 10154: 10153: 10149: 10134: 10133: 10129: 10119: 10117: 10108: 10107: 10103: 10093: 10091: 10082: 10081: 10077: 10067: 10065: 10056: 10055: 10048: 10038: 10036: 10034:Hindustan Times 10026: 10022: 10009: 10008: 10004: 9994: 9992: 9983: 9982: 9978: 9968: 9966: 9965:. 15 March 2020 9957: 9956: 9949: 9939: 9937: 9929: 9928: 9924: 9914: 9912: 9910:ETV Bharat News 9902: 9898: 9888: 9886: 9883:Hindustan Times 9877: 9876: 9872: 9862: 9860: 9851: 9850: 9846: 9831: 9827: 9812: 9808: 9799: 9798: 9794: 9779: 9775: 9762: 9761: 9757: 9736: 9735: 9731: 9718: 9717: 9713: 9700: 9699: 9695: 9680: 9676: 9663: 9662: 9658: 9649: 9648: 9644: 9635: 9634: 9630: 9617: 9616: 9612: 9599: 9598: 9594: 9581: 9580: 9576: 9569:Hindustan Times 9563: 9562: 9558: 9545: 9544: 9540: 9519: 9518: 9514: 9508:Wayback Machine 9499: 9495: 9489:Wayback Machine 9480: 9476: 9470:Wayback Machine 9461: 9457: 9451:Wayback Machine 9442: 9438: 9425: 9424: 9420: 9407: 9406: 9402: 9393: 9392: 9388: 9378: 9376: 9363: 9362: 9358: 9349: 9348: 9344: 9334: 9332: 9323: 9322: 9318: 9308: 9306: 9291: 9287: 9274: 9273: 9269: 9256: 9255: 9251: 9241: 9239: 9231: 9230: 9226: 9216: 9214: 9201: 9200: 9196: 9186: 9184: 9163: 9162: 9158: 9148: 9146: 9131: 9127: 9117: 9115: 9102: 9101: 9097: 9091:Wayback Machine 9081: 9077: 9064: 9063: 9059: 9042: 9041: 9037: 9027: 9025: 9016: 9015: 9011: 9001: 8999: 8990: 8989: 8985: 8975: 8973: 8964: 8963: 8959: 8949: 8947: 8943:The News Minute 8936: 8935: 8931: 8921: 8919: 8910: 8909: 8905: 8895: 8893: 8890:National Herald 8884: 8883: 8879: 8869: 8867: 8859: 8858: 8854: 8844: 8842: 8826: 8825: 8821: 8803: 8794: 8784: 8782: 8774: 8773: 8769: 8759: 8757: 8752: 8751: 8747: 8732: 8728: 8715: 8714: 8710: 8687: 8683: 8668: 8661: 8640: 8639: 8635: 8625: 8623: 8614: 8613: 8609: 8596: 8595: 8584: 8571: 8570: 8566: 8543: 8539: 8533:Wayback Machine 8523: 8519: 8513:Wayback Machine 8503: 8499: 8489:Wayback Machine 8479: 8475: 8469:Wayback Machine 8459: 8455: 8449:Wayback Machine 8439: 8435: 8429:Wayback Machine 8419: 8415: 8409:Wayback Machine 8400: 8396: 8387: 8386: 8382: 8369: 8368: 8364: 8349: 8345: 8335: 8333: 8312: 8311: 8307: 8297: 8295: 8277: 8273: 8263: 8261: 8260:. 12 March 2024 8252: 8251: 8247: 8234: 8233: 8229: 8216: 8215: 8211: 8201: 8199: 8191: 8190: 8183: 8168: 8161: 8151: 8149: 8134: 8133: 8126: 8111: 8107: 8092: 8088: 8082:Wayback Machine 8070: 8066: 8056: 8054: 8049: 8048: 8044: 8030: 8026: 8025: 8010: 7995: 7994: 7990: 7975: 7974: 7967: 7944: 7935: 7920: 7916: 7903: 7902: 7898: 7885: 7884: 7880: 7872:Hindustan Times 7865: 7864: 7860: 7850: 7848: 7840: 7839: 7835: 7825: 7823: 7814: 7813: 7809: 7780: 7779: 7775: 7760: 7753: 7747:Wayback Machine 7738: 7734: 7728:Wayback Machine 7719: 7715: 7705: 7703: 7694: 7693: 7689: 7683:Wayback Machine 7673: 7669: 7659:Wayback Machine 7650: 7646: 7636: 7634: 7625: 7624: 7620: 7614:Wayback Machine 7605: 7601: 7594:Hindustan Times 7586: 7582: 7574: 7570: 7564:Wayback Machine 7555: 7551: 7543: 7539: 7531: 7522: 7512: 7510: 7501: 7500: 7493: 7480: 7479: 7464: 7454: 7452: 7444: 7443: 7436: 7430:Wayback Machine 7421: 7412: 7406:Wayback Machine 7397: 7393: 7388:. 9 April 2014. 7386:Hindustan Times 7380: 7379: 7375: 7367: 7363: 7359:, pp. 2–3. 7355: 7351: 7343: 7339: 7326: 7325: 7318: 7312:Wayback Machine 7303: 7299: 7289: 7287: 7274: 7273: 7269: 7246: 7239: 7224: 7217: 7204: 7200: 7192: 7188: 7182:Wayback Machine 7173:Shreyasee Raj, 7172: 7168: 7162:Wayback Machine 7153: 7149: 7143: 7127: 7123: 7115: 7111: 7105:Wayback Machine 7095: 7091: 7085:Wayback Machine 7076: 7069: 7056: 7055: 7051: 7039: 7023: 7019: 7011: 7007: 7001: 6990: 6982: 6978: 6972:Wayback Machine 6962: 6955: 6949:Wayback Machine 6940: 6937:Wayback Machine 6928: 6925:Wayback Machine 6916: 6912: 6906:Wayback Machine 6897: 6893: 6887:Wayback Machine 6878: 6874: 6868:Wayback Machine 6858: 6854: 6848:Wayback Machine 6839: 6835: 6822: 6821: 6817: 6774: 6770: 6762: 6758: 6750: 6746: 6731: 6727: 6711: 6707: 6686: 6679: 6671: 6664: 6657: 6641: 6637: 6616: 6612: 6604: 6600: 6592: 6588: 6580: 6576: 6568: 6564: 6545: 6538: 6528: 6526: 6519: 6501: 6497: 6484: 6482: 6473: 6472: 6465: 6451: 6449: 6440: 6439: 6432: 6422: 6420: 6411: 6410: 6403: 6393: 6391: 6382: 6381: 6372: 6362: 6360: 6351: 6350: 6339: 6329: 6327: 6326:. 11 March 2024 6318: 6317: 6313: 6300: 6299: 6292: 6277: 6273: 6262: 6258: 6235: 6231: 6212: 6205: 6194: 6187: 6172: 6165: 6150: 6143: 6128: 6124: 6115: 6114: 6110: 6085: 6084: 6077: 6052: 6051: 6044: 6036: 6029: 6028: 6017: 6007: 6005: 5995: 5991: 5976: 5963: 5948: 5939: 5933:Wayback Machine 5924: 5920: 5914:Wayback Machine 5905: 5898: 5883: 5879: 5866: 5865: 5861: 5851: 5849: 5847:Hindustan Times 5839: 5835: 5824: 5822: 5818: 5807: 5803: 5802: 5798: 5779: 5770: 5764:Wayback Machine 5755: 5751: 5741: 5739: 5730: 5729: 5725: 5715: 5713: 5698: 5691: 5682:Gringlas, Sam. 5680: 5671: 5657: 5646: 5636: 5634: 5626: 5625: 5618: 5612:Wayback Machine 5603: 5599: 5586: 5585: 5581: 5571: 5569: 5559: 5555: 5554: 5547: 5542: 5537: 5528: 5524: 5519: 5515: 5510: 5506: 5500: 5496: 5490: 5486: 5481: 5477: 5467: 5463: 5455: 5451: 5443: 5439: 5431: 5427: 5423: 5418: 5360: 5331: 5274:Scheduled Tribe 5181:Northeast India 5177: 5158: 5113: 5092: 5059: 5057: 5037: 5035: 5019: 5017: 5013: 4952: 4950: 4938: 4936: 4916: 4914: 4902: 4900: 4890:Tehreek-e-Insaf 4886:Lal Chand Malhi 4867: 4865: 4859:Mohamed Nasheed 4849: 4847: 4827: 4825: 4813: 4811: 4799: 4797: 4770: 4768: 4756: 4754: 4730: 4728: 4702: 4700: 4696: 4687:The Japan Times 4675:National Herald 4609: 4594:petitioned the 4559:union territory 4523: 4503: 4479: 4473: 4461:Sandeep Dikshit 4449:Sitaram Yechury 4412: 4368: 4367: 4366: 4365: 4361: 4360: 4359: 4351: 4350: 4342: 4341: 4260:Washington D. C 4173: 4167: 4116: 4076: 4064:Rohingya Muslim 4023: 3996: 3945: 3916: 3915: 3914: 3900:Muslims Condemn 3864: 3856: 3855: 3854: 3850:Gates of Vienna 3795: 3785: 3784: 3783: 3713:Jyllands-Posten 3637: 3628:Spain (1500–26) 3608:Šahovići (1924) 3568:Moriscos (1609) 3533:Japan (1937–45) 3523:Harmanli (1878) 3488:Bukovica (1943) 3468:Ayyadieh (1191) 3443: 3383: 3238: 3228: 3227: 3226: 3097: 3089: 3088: 3087: 3063:minority Muslim 2988: 2951: 2922: 2921: 2920: 2919: 2918: 2793:Polyculturalism 2689:Civil liberties 2661: 2653: 2652: 2651: 2650: 2649: 2630:Reappropriation 2530: 2529:Countermeasures 2522: 2521: 2520: 2519: 2518: 2447:Racial steering 2413:Numerus clausus 2317: 2309: 2308: 2307: 2306: 2305: 2030:Ethnic conflict 1965:Corrective rape 1920: 1912: 1911: 1910: 1909: 1908: 1545: 1534: 1533: 1532: 1531: 1530: 1485:minority Muslim 1373: 1363: 1362: 1361: 1360: 1359: 1251:HIV/AIDS stigma 1123: 1115: 1114: 1113: 1112: 1111: 1060:Mental disorder 1002: 994: 993: 992: 991: 990: 963: 915:Matua community 895: 819: 729:northeast India 716: 677:northeast India 646: 613: 557:Citizenship Act 548: 546:Citizenship law 543: 314: 312: 297: 295: 280: 278: 263: 261: 258: 246: 210:First chamber: 183: 181: 178: 163: 161: 149: 146:Ram Nath Kovind 133: 131: 118: 116: 93: 91: 62: 59: 54: 53: 17: 12: 11: 5: 12864: 12854: 12853: 12848: 12843: 12838: 12833: 12828: 12823: 12818: 12813: 12796: 12795: 12793: 12792: 12787: 12782: 12776: 12774: 12770: 12769: 12767: 12766: 12761: 12756: 12751: 12746: 12741: 12735: 12733: 12729: 12728: 12726: 12725: 12724: 12723: 12718: 12713: 12703: 12697: 12695: 12691: 12690: 12676: 12675: 12668: 12661: 12653: 12647: 12646: 12616: 12586: 12557: 12527: 12511: 12481: 12451: 12432: 12431:External links 12429: 12428: 12427: 12392: 12388:One Law Street 12380: 12364: 12361: 12359: 12358: 12330: 12313:(2): 359–374, 12302: 12285:(4): 522–540, 12274: 12269: 12254: 12249: 12234: 12229: 12214: 12209: 12194: 12189: 12174: 12157: 12152: 12137: 12109: 12092:(1): 108–118, 12081: 12072:(12): 73–109, 12061: 12032: 12019: 11981: 11976: 11961: 11925: 11920: 11902: 11888: 11886: 11883: 11880: 11879: 11863:Indian Express 11850: 11817: 11791: 11755: 11730: 11709: 11684: 11658: 11633: 11621:Morung Express 11608: 11582: 11569:Times of India 11556: 11538: 11525:Indian Express 11512: 11486: 11461: 11436: 11402: 11374: 11341: 11316: 11290: 11256: 11230: 11208: 11183: 11154: 11128: 11102: 11091:. 3 March 2020 11076: 11046: 11020: 10990: 10964: 10938: 10912: 10881: 10863: 10845: 10827: 10809: 10791: 10761: 10735: 10709: 10690: 10665: 10642: 10624: 10605: 10583: 10557: 10539: 10513: 10495: 10465: 10440: 10414: 10388: 10360: 10332: 10307: 10281: 10253: 10235: 10215: 10194: 10175: 10147: 10127: 10101: 10075: 10062:One Law Street 10046: 10020: 10002: 9976: 9963:One Law Street 9947: 9922: 9896: 9870: 9844: 9825: 9806: 9792: 9773: 9768:HuffPost India 9755: 9729: 9711: 9693: 9674: 9656: 9642: 9628: 9610: 9592: 9574: 9556: 9538: 9512: 9493: 9474: 9455: 9436: 9418: 9413:Business Today 9400: 9386: 9356: 9342: 9316: 9285: 9267: 9249: 9224: 9194: 9156: 9125: 9095: 9075: 9057: 9035: 9009: 8983: 8957: 8929: 8903: 8877: 8852: 8819: 8792: 8767: 8745: 8726: 8708: 8681: 8659: 8633: 8607: 8582: 8564: 8537: 8517: 8497: 8480:Kaushik Deka, 8473: 8453: 8433: 8420:Rohini Mohan, 8413: 8394: 8380: 8362: 8357:Eurasia Review 8343: 8305: 8271: 8245: 8227: 8209: 8181: 8159: 8124: 8105: 8086: 8084:, 18 July 2016 8064: 8042: 8008: 7988: 7965: 7933: 7914: 7896: 7878: 7858: 7833: 7807: 7773: 7751: 7732: 7713: 7687: 7667: 7644: 7618: 7599: 7580: 7568: 7549: 7537: 7520: 7491: 7462: 7434: 7410: 7391: 7373: 7361: 7349: 7337: 7316: 7297: 7267: 7237: 7215: 7198: 7186: 7166: 7147: 7141: 7121: 7109: 7089: 7067: 7049: 7037: 7017: 7005: 6999: 6976: 6953: 6910: 6891: 6872: 6852: 6833: 6815: 6788:(2): 359–374. 6768: 6756: 6754:, p. 138. 6744: 6725: 6705: 6677: 6662: 6655: 6635: 6610: 6598: 6586: 6574: 6562: 6536: 6517: 6495: 6479:Indian Express 6463: 6430: 6417:Economic Times 6401: 6370: 6337: 6311: 6290: 6271: 6256: 6229: 6203: 6185: 6163: 6141: 6122: 6108: 6075: 6042: 6015: 5989: 5961: 5937: 5918: 5896: 5877: 5859: 5833: 5796: 5768: 5749: 5723: 5689: 5669: 5644: 5616: 5597: 5579: 5544: 5543: 5541: 5538: 5536: 5535: 5522: 5513: 5504: 5494: 5484: 5475: 5461: 5449: 5437: 5424: 5422: 5419: 5417: 5414: 5413: 5412: 5407: 5402: 5397: 5391: 5386: 5381: 5376: 5371: 5366: 5359: 5356: 5330: 5327: 5306:Sixth Schedule 5212:United Nations 5176: 5173: 5157: 5154: 5141:respectively. 5112: 5109: 5091: 5088: 5087: 5086: 5085: 5084: 5065:United Nations 5054: 5032: 5029:European Union 5025:European Union 5012: 5009: 5008: 5007: 4995: 4994: 4947: 4944:United Kingdom 4933: 4926:Prime Minister 4911: 4897: 4862: 4844: 4822: 4808: 4794: 4765: 4751: 4725: 4695: 4692: 4670:Indira Jaising 4608: 4605: 4581:Chief Minister 4535:Madhya Pradesh 4522: 4519: 4502: 4499: 4472: 4469: 4453:Yogendra Yadav 4411: 4408: 4363: 4362: 4353: 4352: 4344: 4343: 4335: 4334: 4333: 4332: 4331: 4169:Main article: 4166: 4163: 4115: 4112: 4103:Indian Express 4084:2003 amendment 4075: 4072: 4022: 4019: 3995: 3992: 3947: 3946: 3944: 3943: 3936: 3929: 3921: 3918: 3917: 3913: 3912: 3907: 3902: 3897: 3892: 3887: 3882: 3877: 3872: 3866: 3865: 3862: 3861: 3858: 3857: 3853: 3852: 3847: 3842: 3837: 3832: 3827: 3820: 3815: 3810: 3803: 3797: 3796: 3791: 3790: 3787: 3786: 3782: 3781: 3776: 3771: 3766: 3761: 3754: 3753: 3752: 3747: 3742: 3737: 3729: 3722: 3717: 3709: 3702: 3695: 3690: 3685: 3684: 3683: 3673: 3671:Erklärung 2018 3668: 3663: 3657:Bulli Bai case 3654: 3649: 3643: 3636: 3635: 3630: 3625: 3620: 3618:Shadian (1975) 3615: 3610: 3605: 3600: 3595: 3590: 3585: 3580: 3575: 3573:Myanmar (2015) 3570: 3565: 3560: 3558:Lasithi (1897) 3555: 3550: 3545: 3540: 3535: 3530: 3525: 3520: 3515: 3513:Gujarat (2002) 3510: 3505: 3500: 3495: 3490: 3485: 3480: 3475: 3473:Baghdad (1258) 3470: 3465: 3460: 3455: 3449: 3442: 3441: 3436: 3431: 3426: 3421: 3416: 3414:Crimean Tatars 3407: 3406: 3405: 3400: 3389: 3382: 3381: 3380: 3379: 3374: 3366: 3361: 3356: 3351: 3346: 3345: 3344: 3334: 3329: 3324: 3319: 3314: 3309: 3304: 3299: 3294: 3289: 3284: 3279: 3274: 3269: 3264: 3259: 3254: 3249: 3243: 3239: 3234: 3233: 3230: 3229: 3225: 3224: 3223: 3222: 3212: 3211: 3210: 3203:United Kingdom 3200: 3195: 3190: 3185: 3180: 3175: 3170: 3165: 3160: 3155: 3150: 3145: 3140: 3135: 3130: 3125: 3120: 3115: 3110: 3105: 3099: 3098: 3095: 3094: 3091: 3090: 3086: 3085: 3080: 3075: 3070: 3065: 3060: 3055: 3054: 3053: 3048: 3043: 3033: 3032: 3031: 3026: 3021: 3016: 3011: 3003: 3002: 3001: 2990: 2989: 2986: 2985: 2982: 2981: 2973: 2972: 2966: 2965: 2953: 2952: 2950: 2949: 2942: 2935: 2927: 2924: 2923: 2917: 2916: 2911: 2910: 2909: 2899: 2894: 2889: 2888: 2887: 2882: 2877: 2867: 2862: 2857: 2852: 2847: 2842: 2841: 2840: 2838:Reverse racism 2830: 2825: 2820: 2815: 2810: 2808:Prisoner abuse 2805: 2800: 2798:Power distance 2795: 2790: 2785: 2780: 2775: 2770: 2765: 2764: 2763: 2753: 2748: 2743: 2738: 2733: 2728: 2723: 2718: 2716:Ethnic penalty 2713: 2712: 2711: 2709:Neurodiversity 2706: 2696: 2694:Dehumanization 2691: 2686: 2684:Cisnormativity 2681: 2676: 2671: 2665: 2664: 2663: 2662: 2660:Related topics 2659: 2658: 2655: 2654: 2648: 2647: 2642: 2637: 2632: 2627: 2622: 2617: 2612: 2607: 2602: 2597: 2592: 2587: 2582: 2577: 2576: 2575: 2565: 2560: 2555: 2550: 2545: 2540: 2534: 2533: 2532: 2531: 2528: 2527: 2524: 2523: 2517: 2516: 2511: 2506: 2504:State religion 2501: 2496: 2491: 2486: 2485: 2484: 2479: 2474: 2469: 2459: 2454: 2449: 2444: 2443: 2442: 2440:Nuremberg Laws 2437: 2427: 2422: 2417: 2409: 2404: 2399: 2394: 2389: 2384: 2382:Ghetto benches 2379: 2377:Gerrymandering 2374: 2369: 2364: 2362:Gender pay gap 2359: 2358: 2357: 2352: 2342: 2337: 2332: 2327: 2321: 2320: 2319: 2318: 2315: 2314: 2311: 2310: 2304: 2303: 2298: 2293: 2288: 2283: 2278: 2273: 2268: 2263: 2258: 2253: 2248: 2243: 2238: 2233: 2228: 2223: 2218: 2213: 2208: 2203: 2198: 2193: 2188: 2187: 2186: 2181: 2176: 2166: 2161: 2156: 2151: 2146: 2141: 2139:Lavender scare 2136: 2134:Kill Haole Day 2131: 2129:Indian rolling 2126: 2121: 2116: 2111: 2106: 2105: 2104: 2094: 2089: 2088: 2087: 2077: 2072: 2067: 2062: 2057: 2052: 2047: 2042: 2037: 2032: 2027: 2022: 2017: 2015:Eliminationism 2012: 2007: 2002: 1997: 1992: 1987: 1982: 1977: 1972: 1967: 1962: 1957: 1952: 1950:Cancel culture 1947: 1942: 1937: 1936: 1935: 1924: 1923: 1922: 1921: 1919:Manifestations 1918: 1917: 1914: 1913: 1907: 1906: 1901: 1896: 1891: 1886: 1881: 1876: 1871: 1866: 1861: 1856: 1851: 1846: 1841: 1836: 1831: 1826: 1821: 1816: 1811: 1806: 1801: 1799:Middle Eastern 1796: 1791: 1786: 1781: 1776: 1771: 1766: 1765: 1764: 1754: 1749: 1744: 1739: 1738: 1737: 1732: 1727: 1719: 1714: 1709: 1704: 1699: 1694: 1689: 1684: 1679: 1674: 1669: 1664: 1659: 1654: 1649: 1644: 1639: 1634: 1633: 1632: 1627: 1622: 1612: 1607: 1602: 1601: 1600: 1595: 1590: 1580: 1575: 1570: 1565: 1560: 1555: 1549: 1548: 1547: 1546: 1540: 1539: 1536: 1535: 1529: 1528: 1526:Zoroastrianism 1523: 1518: 1513: 1508: 1503: 1502: 1501: 1491: 1490: 1489: 1488: 1487: 1482: 1477: 1472: 1467: 1452: 1451: 1450: 1448:Untouchability 1445: 1435: 1430: 1429: 1428: 1423: 1418: 1413: 1408: 1398: 1393: 1388: 1383: 1377: 1376: 1375: 1374: 1369: 1368: 1365: 1364: 1358: 1357: 1352: 1347: 1346: 1345: 1340: 1335: 1325: 1324: 1323: 1318: 1308: 1303: 1298: 1293: 1288: 1283: 1278: 1273: 1268: 1263: 1261:Leprosy stigma 1258: 1253: 1248: 1243: 1238: 1233: 1228: 1223: 1218: 1213: 1208: 1203: 1198: 1193: 1188: 1183: 1178: 1173: 1168: 1163: 1158: 1153: 1148: 1143: 1138: 1133: 1127: 1126: 1125: 1124: 1121: 1120: 1117: 1116: 1110: 1109: 1104: 1099: 1094: 1089: 1084: 1079: 1078: 1077: 1072: 1062: 1057: 1052: 1047: 1042: 1037: 1032: 1027: 1022: 1017: 1012: 1006: 1005: 1004: 1003: 1000: 999: 996: 995: 989: 988: 983: 978: 973: 967: 966: 965: 964: 961: 960: 957: 956: 948: 947: 945:Discrimination 941: 940: 894: 891: 871: 870: 867: 836:naturalisation 818: 817:The Amendments 815: 764:17th Lok Sabha 757:16th Lok Sabha 715: 712: 645: 642: 612: 609: 605:Manmohan Singh 561:Assam movement 547: 544: 542: 539: 433:naturalisation 340: 339: 332: 331: 325: 324: 320: 319: 309: 303: 302: 292: 290:Second reading 286: 285: 275: 269: 268: 255: 251: 250: 240: 236: 235: 230: 226: 225: 222: 215: 214: 207: 206: 202: 201: 198: 194: 193: 189: 188: 175: 169: 168: 158: 154: 153: 143: 142:Signed by 139: 138: 128: 124: 123: 113: 109: 108: 103: 102:Passed by 99: 98: 88: 84: 83: 78: 77:Passed by 74: 73: 68: 64: 63: 61: 60: 57: 47: 46: 45: 42: 41: 35: 34: 26: 25: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 12863: 12852: 12849: 12847: 12844: 12842: 12839: 12837: 12834: 12832: 12829: 12827: 12824: 12822: 12819: 12817: 12814: 12812: 12809: 12808: 12806: 12791: 12788: 12786: 12783: 12781: 12780:Sharjeel Imam 12778: 12777: 12775: 12771: 12765: 12762: 12760: 12757: 12755: 12752: 12750: 12747: 12745: 12742: 12740: 12737: 12736: 12734: 12730: 12722: 12719: 12717: 12714: 12712: 12709: 12708: 12707: 12704: 12702: 12699: 12698: 12696: 12692: 12688: 12683: 12674: 12669: 12667: 12662: 12660: 12655: 12654: 12651: 12632: 12628: 12621: 12617: 12602: 12598: 12591: 12587: 12573: 12569: 12562: 12558: 12543: 12539: 12532: 12528: 12523: 12516: 12512: 12497: 12493: 12486: 12482: 12467: 12463: 12456: 12452: 12448: 12447: 12439: 12435: 12434: 12424: 12420: 12416: 12412: 12408: 12404: 12403: 12398: 12393: 12389: 12385: 12381: 12377: 12376: 12371: 12367: 12366: 12356: 12352: 12348: 12344: 12340: 12336: 12331: 12328: 12324: 12320: 12316: 12312: 12308: 12303: 12300: 12296: 12292: 12288: 12284: 12280: 12275: 12272: 12266: 12263:, OUP India, 12262: 12261: 12255: 12252: 12246: 12242: 12241: 12235: 12232: 12226: 12222: 12221: 12215: 12212: 12206: 12202: 12201: 12195: 12192: 12186: 12183:, OUP India, 12182: 12181: 12175: 12171: 12167: 12163: 12158: 12155: 12149: 12146:, OUP India, 12145: 12144: 12138: 12135: 12131: 12127: 12123: 12119: 12115: 12110: 12107: 12103: 12099: 12095: 12091: 12087: 12082: 12079: 12075: 12071: 12067: 12062: 12058: 12054: 12050: 12046: 12042: 12038: 12033: 12029: 12025: 12020: 12017: 12013: 12009: 12005: 12000: 11995: 11991: 11987: 11982: 11979: 11973: 11969: 11968: 11962: 11959: 11955: 11951: 11947: 11943: 11939: 11935: 11931: 11926: 11923: 11917: 11910: 11909: 11903: 11896: 11895: 11890: 11889: 11876: 11865:. 15 May 2024 11864: 11860: 11854: 11839: 11835: 11831: 11827: 11821: 11806:. 27 May 2016 11805: 11801: 11795: 11780: 11776: 11772: 11768: 11762: 11760: 11744: 11743:MorungExpress 11740: 11734: 11719: 11713: 11698: 11697:Nagaland Post 11694: 11688: 11672: 11668: 11662: 11647: 11643: 11637: 11622: 11618: 11612: 11596: 11592: 11586: 11570: 11566: 11560: 11552: 11548: 11542: 11526: 11522: 11516: 11500: 11496: 11490: 11475: 11471: 11465: 11450: 11446: 11440: 11425: 11421: 11417: 11413: 11406: 11391: 11390: 11385: 11378: 11363: 11359: 11355: 11351: 11345: 11330: 11326: 11320: 11304: 11300: 11294: 11279: 11275: 11271: 11267: 11260: 11244: 11240: 11234: 11218: 11212: 11197: 11193: 11187: 11171: 11167: 11161: 11159: 11142: 11138: 11132: 11116: 11112: 11106: 11090: 11086: 11080: 11064: 11060: 11056: 11050: 11034: 11030: 11024: 11008: 11004: 11000: 10994: 10979: 10975: 10968: 10952: 10948: 10942: 10934: 10930: 10926: 10922: 10916: 10900: 10896: 10892: 10885: 10877: 10873: 10867: 10859: 10855: 10849: 10841: 10837: 10831: 10823: 10819: 10813: 10805: 10801: 10795: 10779: 10775: 10771: 10765: 10749: 10745: 10739: 10724: 10720: 10713: 10705: 10701: 10694: 10679: 10675: 10669: 10662: 10658: 10654: 10651: 10646: 10638: 10634: 10628: 10620: 10616: 10609: 10603: 10599: 10595: 10592: 10587: 10571: 10570:Gulf Business 10567: 10561: 10553: 10549: 10543: 10528: 10524: 10517: 10509: 10505: 10499: 10483: 10479: 10475: 10469: 10454: 10450: 10444: 10429: 10425: 10418: 10403: 10399: 10392: 10377: 10376: 10371: 10364: 10349: 10348: 10343: 10336: 10321: 10317: 10311: 10296: 10292: 10285: 10270: 10269: 10268:The Telegraph 10264: 10257: 10249: 10248:Outlook India 10245: 10239: 10231: 10230: 10225: 10219: 10211: 10207: 10201: 10199: 10189: 10188:Outlook India 10185: 10179: 10171: 10167: 10163: 10162: 10157: 10151: 10143: 10142: 10137: 10131: 10115: 10111: 10105: 10089: 10085: 10079: 10063: 10059: 10053: 10051: 10035: 10031: 10024: 10016: 10012: 10006: 9990: 9986: 9980: 9964: 9960: 9954: 9952: 9936: 9932: 9926: 9911: 9907: 9900: 9884: 9880: 9874: 9858: 9854: 9848: 9840: 9836: 9829: 9821: 9817: 9810: 9802: 9796: 9788: 9784: 9777: 9769: 9765: 9759: 9751: 9747: 9743: 9739: 9733: 9725: 9721: 9715: 9707: 9703: 9697: 9689: 9685: 9678: 9670: 9669:The Telegraph 9666: 9660: 9652: 9646: 9638: 9632: 9624: 9620: 9614: 9606: 9602: 9596: 9588: 9584: 9578: 9570: 9566: 9560: 9552: 9548: 9542: 9534: 9530: 9526: 9522: 9516: 9509: 9505: 9502: 9497: 9490: 9486: 9483: 9478: 9471: 9467: 9464: 9459: 9452: 9448: 9445: 9440: 9432: 9428: 9422: 9414: 9410: 9404: 9396: 9390: 9374: 9370: 9366: 9360: 9352: 9346: 9330: 9326: 9320: 9304: 9300: 9299:@narendramodi 9296: 9289: 9281: 9277: 9271: 9263: 9259: 9253: 9238: 9234: 9228: 9212: 9208: 9204: 9198: 9182: 9178: 9174: 9170: 9166: 9160: 9144: 9140: 9136: 9129: 9113: 9109: 9105: 9099: 9092: 9088: 9085: 9082:Hilal Ahmed, 9079: 9071: 9067: 9061: 9053: 9049: 9045: 9039: 9023: 9019: 9013: 8997: 8993: 8987: 8971: 8967: 8961: 8945: 8944: 8939: 8933: 8917: 8913: 8907: 8891: 8887: 8881: 8866: 8862: 8856: 8841: 8837: 8833: 8829: 8823: 8814: 8809: 8801: 8799: 8797: 8781: 8777: 8771: 8755: 8749: 8741: 8737: 8730: 8722: 8718: 8712: 8704: 8700: 8696: 8692: 8685: 8677: 8673: 8666: 8664: 8655: 8651: 8647: 8643: 8637: 8621: 8617: 8611: 8603: 8599: 8593: 8591: 8589: 8587: 8578: 8577:Saudi Gazette 8574: 8568: 8560: 8556: 8552: 8548: 8541: 8534: 8530: 8527: 8521: 8514: 8510: 8507: 8501: 8494: 8490: 8486: 8483: 8477: 8470: 8466: 8463: 8457: 8450: 8446: 8443: 8437: 8430: 8426: 8423: 8417: 8410: 8406: 8403: 8398: 8390: 8384: 8376: 8372: 8366: 8358: 8354: 8347: 8331: 8327: 8323: 8319: 8315: 8309: 8294: 8290: 8286: 8282: 8275: 8259: 8255: 8249: 8241: 8237: 8231: 8223: 8222:Deccan Herald 8219: 8213: 8198: 8194: 8188: 8186: 8177: 8173: 8166: 8164: 8147: 8143: 8142: 8137: 8131: 8129: 8120: 8116: 8109: 8101: 8097: 8090: 8083: 8079: 8076: 8074: 8068: 8052: 8046: 8038: 8037: 8029: 8023: 8021: 8019: 8017: 8015: 8013: 8004: 8003: 7998: 7992: 7984: 7983: 7978: 7972: 7970: 7961: 7957: 7953: 7949: 7942: 7940: 7938: 7929: 7925: 7918: 7910: 7906: 7900: 7892: 7888: 7882: 7874: 7873: 7868: 7862: 7847: 7843: 7837: 7821: 7817: 7811: 7804: 7799: 7795: 7791: 7787: 7786:The Economist 7783: 7777: 7769: 7765: 7758: 7756: 7748: 7744: 7741: 7736: 7729: 7725: 7722: 7717: 7701: 7697: 7691: 7684: 7680: 7677: 7671: 7664: 7660: 7656: 7653: 7648: 7632: 7628: 7622: 7615: 7611: 7608: 7603: 7595: 7591: 7584: 7577: 7572: 7565: 7561: 7558: 7553: 7547:, p. 29. 7546: 7541: 7534: 7529: 7527: 7525: 7508: 7504: 7498: 7496: 7487: 7483: 7477: 7475: 7473: 7471: 7469: 7467: 7451: 7447: 7441: 7439: 7431: 7427: 7424: 7419: 7417: 7415: 7407: 7403: 7400: 7395: 7387: 7383: 7377: 7371:, p. 28. 7370: 7365: 7358: 7353: 7346: 7341: 7333: 7329: 7323: 7321: 7313: 7309: 7306: 7301: 7285: 7281: 7280:The Statesman 7277: 7271: 7263: 7259: 7255: 7251: 7244: 7242: 7233: 7232:Fair Observer 7229: 7222: 7220: 7211: 7210: 7202: 7195: 7190: 7183: 7179: 7176: 7170: 7163: 7159: 7156: 7151: 7144: 7138: 7134: 7133: 7125: 7118: 7117:Gillan (2007) 7113: 7106: 7102: 7099: 7093: 7086: 7082: 7079: 7074: 7072: 7063: 7059: 7053: 7046: 7040: 7034: 7030: 7029: 7021: 7014: 7009: 7002: 6996: 6989: 6988: 6980: 6973: 6969: 6966: 6960: 6958: 6950: 6946: 6943: 6938: 6934: 6931: 6926: 6922: 6919: 6914: 6907: 6903: 6900: 6895: 6888: 6884: 6881: 6876: 6869: 6865: 6862: 6856: 6849: 6845: 6842: 6837: 6829: 6825: 6819: 6811: 6807: 6803: 6799: 6795: 6791: 6787: 6783: 6779: 6772: 6765: 6760: 6753: 6748: 6740: 6736: 6729: 6723: 6719: 6715: 6709: 6702: 6698: 6694: 6690: 6684: 6682: 6675:, p. 522 6674: 6673:Sharma (2019) 6669: 6667: 6658: 6652: 6648: 6647: 6639: 6632: 6628: 6624: 6620: 6614: 6607: 6602: 6595: 6590: 6583: 6578: 6571: 6566: 6558: 6554: 6550: 6543: 6541: 6524: 6520: 6514: 6510: 6506: 6499: 6492: 6481:. 16 May 2024 6480: 6476: 6470: 6468: 6460: 6448:. 16 May 2024 6447: 6443: 6437: 6435: 6419:. 15 May 2024 6418: 6414: 6408: 6406: 6390:. 15 May 2024 6389: 6385: 6379: 6377: 6375: 6359:. 15 May 2024 6358: 6354: 6348: 6346: 6344: 6342: 6325: 6321: 6315: 6307: 6303: 6297: 6295: 6286: 6282: 6275: 6267: 6260: 6252: 6248: 6244: 6240: 6233: 6225: 6221: 6217: 6210: 6208: 6199: 6192: 6190: 6181: 6177: 6170: 6168: 6159: 6155: 6148: 6146: 6137: 6133: 6126: 6118: 6112: 6104: 6100: 6096: 6092: 6088: 6082: 6080: 6071: 6067: 6063: 6059: 6058:The Economist 6055: 6049: 6047: 6039: 6032: 6026: 6024: 6022: 6020: 6004: 6000: 5993: 5985: 5981: 5974: 5972: 5970: 5968: 5966: 5957: 5953: 5946: 5944: 5942: 5934: 5930: 5927: 5922: 5915: 5911: 5908: 5903: 5901: 5892: 5888: 5881: 5873: 5869: 5863: 5848: 5844: 5837: 5817: 5813: 5806: 5800: 5793: 5788: 5784: 5777: 5775: 5773: 5765: 5761: 5758: 5753: 5737: 5733: 5727: 5711: 5707: 5703: 5696: 5694: 5685: 5678: 5676: 5674: 5666: 5662: 5655: 5653: 5651: 5649: 5633: 5629: 5623: 5621: 5613: 5609: 5606: 5601: 5593: 5589: 5583: 5567: 5566: 5558: 5552: 5550: 5545: 5532: 5526: 5517: 5508: 5498: 5488: 5479: 5471: 5465: 5458: 5453: 5446: 5441: 5434: 5433:Sharma (2019) 5429: 5425: 5411: 5408: 5406: 5403: 5401: 5398: 5395: 5392: 5390: 5387: 5385: 5382: 5380: 5377: 5375: 5372: 5370: 5367: 5365: 5362: 5361: 5355: 5353: 5349: 5345: 5340: 5337: 5326: 5324: 5320: 5315: 5314:Home Ministry 5311: 5307: 5303: 5299: 5295: 5291: 5287: 5283: 5279: 5275: 5271: 5267: 5266:Karbi Anglong 5263: 5259: 5255: 5251: 5247: 5243: 5239: 5235: 5231: 5227: 5222: 5220: 5215: 5213: 5209: 5204: 5200: 5198: 5193: 5191: 5185: 5182: 5172: 5169: 5164: 5161:Afghanistan. 5153: 5151: 5147: 5142: 5140: 5135: 5133: 5129: 5125: 5120: 5116: 5108: 5105: 5101: 5097: 5082: 5078: 5074: 5073: 5070: 5066: 5055: 5052: 5048: 5044: 5033: 5030: 5026: 5015: 5014: 5011:Organisations 5005: 5001: 4997: 4996: 4992: 4988: 4984: 4980: 4975: 4971: 4967: 4963: 4959: 4958:United States 4948: 4945: 4934: 4930: 4927: 4923: 4912: 4909: 4898: 4895: 4891: 4887: 4882: 4878: 4874: 4863: 4860: 4856: 4845: 4842: 4838: 4834: 4823: 4820: 4809: 4806: 4795: 4791: 4790:Sheikh Hasina 4787: 4786: 4781: 4777: 4766: 4763: 4752: 4749: 4745: 4741: 4738:: Australian 4737: 4726: 4723: 4719: 4718: 4713: 4709: 4698: 4697: 4691: 4689: 4688: 4683: 4682: 4677: 4676: 4671: 4667: 4661: 4657: 4655: 4650: 4645: 4643: 4639: 4635: 4631: 4627: 4625: 4622: 4618: 4614: 4604: 4601: 4597: 4593: 4588: 4585: 4582: 4578: 4574: 4570: 4568: 4564: 4560: 4556: 4552: 4548: 4544: 4540: 4536: 4532: 4528: 4518: 4515: 4512: 4507: 4498: 4496: 4492: 4488: 4484: 4478: 4468: 4466: 4462: 4458: 4454: 4450: 4446: 4441: 4437: 4436:Uttar Pradesh 4433: 4428: 4426: 4422: 4421:Narendra Modi 4417: 4416:Narendra Modi 4407: 4405: 4401: 4397: 4393: 4389: 4386: 4382: 4377: 4374: 4357: 4348: 4339: 4327: 4323: 4319: 4318: 4315: 4311: 4307: 4306:United States 4303: 4300: 4297: 4293: 4289: 4285: 4284:San Francisco 4281: 4277: 4273: 4269: 4265: 4261: 4257: 4252: 4250: 4246: 4242: 4238: 4234: 4230: 4226: 4222: 4218: 4214: 4209: 4205: 4203: 4199: 4195: 4191: 4187: 4183: 4179: 4172: 4159: 4154: 4146: 4139: 4135: 4131: 4128: 4124: 4120: 4111: 4109: 4105: 4104: 4099: 4098: 4092: 4088: 4085: 4081: 4071: 4069: 4065: 4060: 4058: 4054: 4049: 4047: 4043: 4039: 4034: 4032: 4028: 4018: 4016: 4012: 4008: 4004: 4003:The Economist 4000: 3991: 3989: 3984: 3982: 3978: 3974: 3970: 3966: 3962: 3958: 3954: 3942: 3937: 3935: 3930: 3928: 3923: 3922: 3920: 3919: 3911: 3908: 3906: 3903: 3901: 3898: 3896: 3893: 3891: 3888: 3886: 3883: 3881: 3878: 3876: 3873: 3871: 3868: 3867: 3860: 3859: 3851: 3848: 3846: 3843: 3841: 3838: 3836: 3833: 3831: 3828: 3826: 3825: 3821: 3819: 3816: 3814: 3811: 3809: 3808: 3804: 3802: 3799: 3798: 3794: 3789: 3788: 3780: 3777: 3775: 3772: 3770: 3767: 3765: 3762: 3760: 3759: 3758:Serbia Strong 3755: 3751: 3748: 3746: 3743: 3741: 3738: 3736: 3733: 3732: 3730: 3728: 3727: 3723: 3721: 3718: 3716: 3714: 3710: 3708: 3707: 3703: 3701: 3700: 3696: 3694: 3691: 3689: 3686: 3682: 3679: 3678: 3677: 3674: 3672: 3669: 3667: 3664: 3662: 3658: 3655: 3653: 3650: 3648: 3645: 3644: 3642: 3641: 3634: 3631: 3629: 3626: 3624: 3623:Sohmor (1984) 3621: 3619: 3616: 3614: 3611: 3609: 3606: 3604: 3601: 3599: 3596: 3594: 3591: 3589: 3588:Norway (2011) 3586: 3584: 3581: 3579: 3578:Nellie (1983) 3576: 3574: 3571: 3569: 3566: 3564: 3561: 3559: 3556: 3554: 3551: 3549: 3546: 3544: 3541: 3539: 3536: 3534: 3531: 3529: 3526: 3524: 3521: 3519: 3516: 3514: 3511: 3509: 3506: 3504: 3501: 3499: 3496: 3494: 3493:Beirut (1975) 3491: 3489: 3486: 3484: 3481: 3479: 3476: 3474: 3471: 3469: 3466: 3464: 3461: 3459: 3456: 3454: 3451: 3450: 3448: 3447: 3440: 3437: 3435: 3432: 3430: 3427: 3425: 3422: 3420: 3417: 3415: 3411: 3408: 3404: 3401: 3399: 3396: 3395: 3394: 3391: 3390: 3388: 3387: 3378: 3375: 3373: 3370: 3369: 3367: 3365: 3362: 3360: 3359:Sweden (2014) 3357: 3355: 3352: 3350: 3347: 3343: 3340: 3339: 3338: 3335: 3333: 3330: 3328: 3325: 3323: 3320: 3318: 3315: 3313: 3310: 3308: 3305: 3303: 3300: 3298: 3295: 3293: 3290: 3288: 3285: 3283: 3280: 3278: 3275: 3273: 3270: 3268: 3265: 3263: 3260: 3258: 3255: 3253: 3250: 3248: 3245: 3244: 3242: 3237: 3232: 3231: 3221: 3218: 3217: 3216: 3215:United States 3213: 3209: 3206: 3205: 3204: 3201: 3199: 3196: 3194: 3191: 3189: 3186: 3184: 3181: 3179: 3176: 3174: 3171: 3169: 3166: 3164: 3161: 3159: 3156: 3154: 3151: 3149: 3146: 3144: 3141: 3139: 3136: 3134: 3131: 3129: 3126: 3124: 3121: 3119: 3116: 3114: 3111: 3109: 3106: 3104: 3101: 3100: 3093: 3092: 3084: 3081: 3079: 3076: 3074: 3071: 3069: 3066: 3064: 3061: 3059: 3056: 3052: 3049: 3047: 3044: 3042: 3039: 3038: 3037: 3034: 3030: 3027: 3025: 3024:Halal-related 3022: 3020: 3017: 3015: 3012: 3010: 3009:Counter-jihad 3007: 3006: 3004: 3000: 2999:United States 2997: 2996: 2995: 2992: 2991: 2984: 2983: 2979: 2975: 2974: 2971: 2968: 2967: 2963: 2959: 2958: 2948: 2943: 2941: 2936: 2934: 2929: 2928: 2926: 2925: 2915: 2912: 2908: 2905: 2904: 2903: 2900: 2898: 2895: 2893: 2892:Social stigma 2890: 2886: 2883: 2881: 2878: 2876: 2873: 2872: 2871: 2868: 2866: 2863: 2861: 2858: 2856: 2853: 2851: 2848: 2846: 2843: 2839: 2836: 2835: 2834: 2831: 2829: 2826: 2824: 2821: 2819: 2816: 2814: 2811: 2809: 2806: 2804: 2801: 2799: 2796: 2794: 2791: 2789: 2786: 2784: 2781: 2779: 2776: 2774: 2771: 2769: 2766: 2762: 2759: 2758: 2757: 2754: 2752: 2749: 2747: 2744: 2742: 2739: 2737: 2734: 2732: 2729: 2727: 2724: 2722: 2719: 2717: 2714: 2710: 2707: 2705: 2702: 2701: 2700: 2697: 2695: 2692: 2690: 2687: 2685: 2682: 2680: 2677: 2675: 2672: 2670: 2667: 2666: 2657: 2656: 2646: 2643: 2641: 2638: 2636: 2633: 2631: 2628: 2626: 2623: 2621: 2618: 2616: 2613: 2611: 2608: 2606: 2603: 2601: 2598: 2596: 2593: 2591: 2588: 2586: 2583: 2581: 2578: 2574: 2571: 2570: 2569: 2566: 2564: 2561: 2559: 2556: 2554: 2551: 2549: 2546: 2544: 2541: 2539: 2536: 2535: 2526: 2525: 2515: 2512: 2510: 2507: 2505: 2502: 2500: 2499:State atheism 2497: 2495: 2492: 2490: 2487: 2483: 2480: 2478: 2475: 2473: 2470: 2468: 2465: 2464: 2463: 2460: 2458: 2455: 2453: 2450: 2448: 2445: 2441: 2438: 2436: 2435:Jim Crow laws 2433: 2432: 2431: 2428: 2426: 2423: 2421: 2420:One-drop rule 2418: 2416: 2414: 2410: 2408: 2405: 2403: 2400: 2398: 2395: 2393: 2390: 2388: 2385: 2383: 2380: 2378: 2375: 2373: 2370: 2368: 2365: 2363: 2360: 2356: 2353: 2351: 2348: 2347: 2346: 2343: 2341: 2338: 2336: 2335:Blood quantum 2333: 2331: 2328: 2326: 2323: 2322: 2313: 2312: 2302: 2299: 2297: 2294: 2292: 2289: 2287: 2284: 2282: 2279: 2277: 2276:Victimisation 2274: 2272: 2271:Trans bashing 2269: 2267: 2264: 2262: 2259: 2257: 2254: 2252: 2249: 2247: 2244: 2242: 2241:Religious war 2239: 2237: 2234: 2232: 2229: 2227: 2224: 2222: 2221:Racialization 2219: 2217: 2214: 2212: 2209: 2207: 2204: 2202: 2199: 2197: 2194: 2192: 2189: 2185: 2182: 2180: 2177: 2175: 2172: 2171: 2170: 2167: 2165: 2162: 2160: 2157: 2155: 2152: 2150: 2147: 2145: 2142: 2140: 2137: 2135: 2132: 2130: 2127: 2125: 2122: 2120: 2117: 2115: 2112: 2110: 2107: 2103: 2100: 2099: 2098: 2095: 2093: 2092:Glass ceiling 2090: 2086: 2083: 2082: 2081: 2078: 2076: 2073: 2071: 2068: 2066: 2063: 2061: 2058: 2056: 2053: 2051: 2048: 2046: 2043: 2041: 2038: 2036: 2035:Ethnic hatred 2033: 2031: 2028: 2026: 2023: 2021: 2018: 2016: 2013: 2011: 2008: 2006: 2003: 2001: 1998: 1996: 1993: 1991: 1988: 1986: 1983: 1981: 1978: 1976: 1973: 1971: 1970:Counter-jihad 1968: 1966: 1963: 1961: 1958: 1956: 1953: 1951: 1948: 1946: 1943: 1941: 1938: 1934: 1931: 1930: 1929: 1926: 1925: 1916: 1915: 1905: 1902: 1900: 1897: 1895: 1892: 1890: 1887: 1885: 1882: 1880: 1877: 1875: 1872: 1870: 1867: 1865: 1862: 1860: 1857: 1855: 1852: 1850: 1847: 1845: 1842: 1840: 1837: 1835: 1832: 1830: 1827: 1825: 1822: 1820: 1817: 1815: 1812: 1810: 1807: 1805: 1802: 1800: 1797: 1795: 1792: 1790: 1787: 1785: 1782: 1780: 1777: 1775: 1772: 1770: 1767: 1763: 1760: 1759: 1758: 1755: 1753: 1750: 1748: 1745: 1743: 1740: 1736: 1735:United States 1733: 1731: 1728: 1726: 1723: 1722: 1720: 1718: 1715: 1713: 1710: 1708: 1705: 1703: 1700: 1698: 1695: 1693: 1690: 1688: 1685: 1683: 1680: 1678: 1675: 1673: 1670: 1668: 1665: 1663: 1660: 1658: 1655: 1653: 1650: 1648: 1645: 1643: 1640: 1638: 1635: 1631: 1628: 1626: 1623: 1621: 1618: 1617: 1616: 1613: 1611: 1608: 1606: 1603: 1599: 1598:United States 1596: 1594: 1591: 1589: 1586: 1585: 1584: 1581: 1579: 1576: 1574: 1571: 1569: 1566: 1564: 1561: 1559: 1556: 1554: 1551: 1550: 1544: 1538: 1537: 1527: 1524: 1522: 1519: 1517: 1514: 1512: 1511:Protestantism 1509: 1507: 1504: 1500: 1497: 1496: 1495: 1492: 1486: 1483: 1481: 1478: 1476: 1473: 1471: 1468: 1466: 1463: 1462: 1461: 1458: 1457: 1456: 1453: 1449: 1446: 1444: 1441: 1440: 1439: 1436: 1434: 1431: 1427: 1424: 1422: 1421:LDS or Mormon 1419: 1417: 1414: 1412: 1409: 1407: 1404: 1403: 1402: 1399: 1397: 1394: 1392: 1389: 1387: 1384: 1382: 1379: 1378: 1372: 1367: 1366: 1356: 1353: 1351: 1348: 1344: 1341: 1339: 1338:Transmisogyny 1336: 1334: 1331: 1330: 1329: 1326: 1322: 1319: 1317: 1314: 1313: 1312: 1309: 1307: 1304: 1302: 1299: 1297: 1294: 1292: 1289: 1287: 1284: 1282: 1279: 1277: 1274: 1272: 1269: 1267: 1264: 1262: 1259: 1257: 1254: 1252: 1249: 1247: 1244: 1242: 1241:Gerontophobia 1239: 1237: 1234: 1232: 1229: 1227: 1224: 1222: 1219: 1217: 1214: 1212: 1209: 1207: 1204: 1202: 1199: 1197: 1194: 1192: 1189: 1187: 1184: 1182: 1179: 1177: 1174: 1172: 1171:Anti-intersex 1169: 1167: 1164: 1162: 1159: 1157: 1154: 1152: 1149: 1147: 1146:Anti-albinism 1144: 1142: 1139: 1137: 1134: 1132: 1129: 1128: 1119: 1118: 1108: 1105: 1103: 1100: 1098: 1095: 1093: 1090: 1088: 1085: 1083: 1080: 1076: 1073: 1071: 1068: 1067: 1066: 1063: 1061: 1058: 1056: 1053: 1051: 1048: 1046: 1043: 1041: 1038: 1036: 1033: 1031: 1028: 1026: 1023: 1021: 1018: 1016: 1013: 1011: 1008: 1007: 998: 997: 987: 984: 982: 979: 977: 974: 972: 971:Institutional 969: 968: 959: 958: 954: 950: 949: 946: 943: 942: 938: 934: 933: 930: 928: 924: 920: 916: 912: 908: 905:According to 903: 900: 889: 885: 882: 878: 876: 868: 865: 861: 860: 859: 857: 851: 849: 843: 839: 837: 831: 826: 824: 814: 812: 806: 804: 800: 796: 792: 788: 784: 779: 777: 773: 769: 768:Union Cabinet 765: 760: 758: 754: 750: 745: 741: 736: 732: 730: 726: 722: 711: 709: 705: 702: 701:Home Minister 697: 693: 689: 684: 682: 678: 672: 670: 666: 662: 657: 655: 651: 641: 639: 634: 630: 629:1967 Protocol 626: 621: 619: 608: 606: 602: 598: 594: 589: 586: 582: 578: 573: 570: 566: 562: 558: 553: 538: 536: 532: 528: 523: 521: 517: 513: 509: 504: 500: 496: 491: 489: 485: 481: 477: 473: 469: 465: 461: 457: 453: 449: 445: 440: 438: 434: 430: 426: 422: 418: 413: 411: 407: 403: 399: 395: 391: 387: 383: 379: 375: 371: 367: 363: 359: 355: 351: 347: 337: 333: 330: 326: 321: 310: 308: 307:Third reading 304: 293: 291: 287: 276: 274: 273:First reading 270: 256: 252: 249: 244: 241: 239:Introduced by 237: 234: 231: 229:Bill citation 227: 223: 220: 216: 213: 208: 203: 199: 195: 190: 176: 174: 170: 159: 155: 152: 147: 144: 140: 129: 125: 114: 110: 107: 104: 100: 89: 85: 82: 79: 75: 72: 69: 65: 56: 55: 52: 51: 43: 40: 36: 32: 27: 22: 19: 12700: 12638:, retrieved 12631:the original 12626: 12608:, retrieved 12601:the original 12596: 12579:, retrieved 12572:the original 12567: 12549:, retrieved 12542:the original 12537: 12521: 12503:, retrieved 12496:the original 12491: 12473:, retrieved 12466:the original 12461: 12444: 12406: 12400: 12387: 12373: 12338: 12334: 12310: 12306: 12282: 12278: 12259: 12239: 12223:, Springer, 12219: 12199: 12179: 12169: 12165: 12142: 12117: 12113: 12089: 12085: 12069: 12065: 12043:(1): 24–39. 12040: 12036: 12027: 11992:(1): 33–50, 11989: 11985: 11966: 11936:(1): 73–95, 11933: 11929: 11907: 11893: 11885:Bibliography 11874: 11867:. Retrieved 11862: 11853: 11841:. Retrieved 11829: 11820: 11808:. Retrieved 11803: 11794: 11782:. Retrieved 11770: 11746:. Retrieved 11742: 11733: 11721:. Retrieved 11712: 11700:. Retrieved 11696: 11687: 11675:. Retrieved 11670: 11661: 11649:. Retrieved 11645: 11636: 11624:. Retrieved 11620: 11611: 11599:. Retrieved 11594: 11585: 11573:. Retrieved 11568: 11559: 11550: 11541: 11529:. Retrieved 11524: 11515: 11503:. Retrieved 11498: 11489: 11477:. Retrieved 11473: 11464: 11452:. Retrieved 11448: 11439: 11427:. Retrieved 11415: 11405: 11393:. Retrieved 11387: 11377: 11365:. Retrieved 11353: 11344: 11332:. Retrieved 11328: 11319: 11307:. Retrieved 11302: 11293: 11281:. Retrieved 11269: 11259: 11247:. Retrieved 11242: 11233: 11221:. Retrieved 11211: 11199:. Retrieved 11195: 11186: 11174:. Retrieved 11169: 11145:. Retrieved 11141:Moneycontrol 11140: 11131: 11119:. Retrieved 11114: 11105: 11093:. Retrieved 11088: 11079: 11067:. Retrieved 11063:the original 11058: 11049: 11037:. Retrieved 11032: 11023: 11011:. Retrieved 11007:the original 11002: 10993: 10981:. Retrieved 10977: 10967: 10955:. Retrieved 10950: 10941: 10924: 10915: 10903:. Retrieved 10899:the original 10894: 10884: 10875: 10866: 10857: 10848: 10839: 10830: 10821: 10812: 10803: 10794: 10782:. Retrieved 10778:the original 10773: 10764: 10752:. Retrieved 10747: 10738: 10726:. Retrieved 10722: 10712: 10703: 10693: 10681:. Retrieved 10677: 10668: 10660: 10645: 10636: 10627: 10618: 10608: 10586: 10574:. Retrieved 10569: 10560: 10551: 10542: 10530:. Retrieved 10526: 10516: 10507: 10498: 10486:. Retrieved 10482:the original 10478:Gulf Insider 10477: 10468: 10456:. Retrieved 10452: 10443: 10431:. Retrieved 10427: 10417: 10405:. Retrieved 10401: 10391: 10379:. Retrieved 10373: 10363: 10351:. Retrieved 10345: 10335: 10323:. Retrieved 10319: 10310: 10298:. Retrieved 10294: 10284: 10272:. Retrieved 10266: 10261:Mudur, G.S. 10256: 10247: 10238: 10227: 10218: 10209: 10187: 10178: 10159: 10150: 10139: 10130: 10118:. Retrieved 10113: 10104: 10092:. Retrieved 10087: 10078: 10066:. Retrieved 10061: 10037:. Retrieved 10033: 10023: 10014: 10005: 9993:. Retrieved 9988: 9979: 9967:. Retrieved 9962: 9938:. Retrieved 9934: 9925: 9913:. Retrieved 9909: 9899: 9887:. Retrieved 9882: 9873: 9861:. Retrieved 9856: 9847: 9838: 9828: 9820:livemint.com 9819: 9809: 9795: 9786: 9776: 9767: 9758: 9741: 9732: 9723: 9714: 9705: 9696: 9688:The National 9687: 9677: 9668: 9659: 9645: 9631: 9622: 9613: 9604: 9595: 9586: 9577: 9568: 9559: 9550: 9541: 9524: 9515: 9496: 9477: 9458: 9439: 9430: 9421: 9412: 9403: 9389: 9377:. Retrieved 9373:the original 9368: 9359: 9345: 9333:. Retrieved 9328: 9319: 9307:. Retrieved 9303:the original 9298: 9288: 9279: 9270: 9261: 9252: 9240:. Retrieved 9236: 9227: 9215:. Retrieved 9206: 9197: 9185:. Retrieved 9168: 9159: 9147:. Retrieved 9138: 9128: 9116:. Retrieved 9107: 9098: 9078: 9069: 9060: 9052:the original 9047: 9038: 9026:. Retrieved 9021: 9012: 9000:. Retrieved 8995: 8986: 8974:. Retrieved 8969: 8960: 8948:. Retrieved 8941: 8932: 8920:. Retrieved 8915: 8906: 8894:. Retrieved 8889: 8880: 8868:. Retrieved 8864: 8855: 8843:. Retrieved 8831: 8822: 8783:. Retrieved 8779: 8770: 8758:. Retrieved 8756:. Al Jazeera 8748: 8739: 8729: 8720: 8711: 8694: 8684: 8675: 8645: 8636: 8624:. Retrieved 8619: 8610: 8601: 8576: 8567: 8550: 8540: 8520: 8500: 8492: 8476: 8456: 8436: 8416: 8397: 8383: 8374: 8365: 8356: 8346: 8334:. Retrieved 8330:the original 8317: 8308: 8296:. Retrieved 8284: 8274: 8262:. Retrieved 8257: 8248: 8239: 8230: 8221: 8212: 8200:. Retrieved 8196: 8175: 8150:. Retrieved 8146:the original 8139: 8118: 8108: 8099: 8089: 8072: 8067: 8055:. Retrieved 8045: 8034: 8000: 7991: 7980: 7951: 7927: 7917: 7908: 7899: 7890: 7881: 7870: 7861: 7849:. Retrieved 7845: 7836: 7824:. Retrieved 7819: 7810: 7803:citizenship. 7801: 7798:the original 7785: 7776: 7767: 7735: 7716: 7704:. Retrieved 7699: 7690: 7670: 7662: 7647: 7635:. Retrieved 7630: 7621: 7602: 7593: 7583: 7571: 7552: 7540: 7511:. Retrieved 7506: 7485: 7453:. Retrieved 7449: 7394: 7385: 7376: 7364: 7352: 7340: 7331: 7300: 7288:. Retrieved 7284:the original 7279: 7270: 7253: 7231: 7208: 7201: 7189: 7169: 7150: 7131: 7124: 7112: 7092: 7061: 7052: 7044: 7027: 7020: 7015:, p. 4. 7008: 6986: 6979: 6963:M. K. Venu, 6913: 6894: 6875: 6855: 6836: 6827: 6818: 6785: 6781: 6771: 6766:, p. 2. 6759: 6747: 6738: 6728: 6713: 6708: 6700: 6688: 6645: 6638: 6630: 6618: 6613: 6601: 6589: 6577: 6565: 6557:the original 6552: 6527:. Retrieved 6523:the original 6508: 6498: 6490: 6483:. Retrieved 6478: 6457: 6450:. Retrieved 6445: 6421:. Retrieved 6416: 6392:. Retrieved 6387: 6361:. Retrieved 6356: 6328:. Retrieved 6324:Moneycontrol 6323: 6314: 6305: 6284: 6274: 6259: 6243:The Guardian 6242: 6232: 6224:the original 6219: 6179: 6157: 6135: 6125: 6111: 6090: 6070:the original 6057: 6034: 6006:. Retrieved 6002: 5992: 5983: 5955: 5921: 5890: 5880: 5871: 5862: 5850:. Retrieved 5846: 5836: 5823:. Retrieved 5816:the original 5811: 5799: 5790: 5786: 5752: 5740:. Retrieved 5735: 5726: 5714:. Retrieved 5705: 5664: 5635:. Retrieved 5631: 5600: 5591: 5582: 5570:. Retrieved 5563: 5525: 5516: 5507: 5502:Afghanistan. 5497: 5492:citizenship. 5487: 5478: 5464: 5457:Jayal (2019) 5452: 5440: 5428: 5394:Assam Accord 5341: 5332: 5223: 5216: 5205: 5201: 5194: 5190:6th schedule 5186: 5178: 5171:amendments. 5159: 5150:Indian Union 5143: 5136: 5128:land tenancy 5121: 5117: 5114: 5093: 5056: 5034: 5016: 4991:Donald Trump 4949: 4935: 4913: 4899: 4864: 4846: 4824: 4810: 4796: 4783: 4767: 4753: 4727: 4715: 4712:Hamid Karzai 4699: 4685: 4679: 4673: 4666:Harsh Mander 4662: 4658: 4646: 4630:Harish Salve 4628: 4611:The foreign 4610: 4589: 4571: 4539:Chhattisgarh 4524: 4516: 4508: 4504: 4480: 4429: 4413: 4392:Shaheen Bagh 4378: 4369: 4317: 4302: 4299: 4253: 4210: 4206: 4178:Assam Accord 4174: 4107: 4101: 4095: 4093: 4089: 4077: 4061: 4050: 4035: 4024: 4002: 4001: 3997: 3985: 3950: 3822: 3805: 3756: 3724: 3712: 3704: 3697: 3693:Hindutva pop 3665: 3659: / 3639: 3638: 3593:Paris (1961) 3563:Mecca (600s) 3463:Assam (2014) 3445: 3444: 3412: / 3385: 3384: 3287:Christchurch 3262:Babri Masjid 3240: 3036:Hijabophobia 2970:Islamophobia 2726:Gender-blind 2605:Human rights 2425:Racial quota 2412: 2392:Jewish quota 2372:Gerontocracy 2367:Gender roles 2345:Disabilities 2330:Blood purity 2296:Wife selling 2286:White flight 2266:Slut-shaming 2246:Scapegoating 2164:Murder music 1819:Palestinians 1762:Anti-Zionism 1630:South Africa 1615:Black people 1593:South Africa 1401:Christianity 1391:Baháʼí Faith 1306:Sectarianism 1246:Heterosexism 1211:Ephebiphobia 1181:Anti-Masonry 1040:Hair texture 904: 896: 887: 883: 880: 874: 872: 863: 855: 853: 845: 841: 835: 833: 828: 820: 807: 780: 761: 737: 733: 717: 696:Assam Accord 685: 673: 668: 664: 658: 647: 622: 614: 590: 574: 569:Rajiv Gandhi 565:Assam Accord 549: 524: 492: 441: 414: 349: 345: 343: 335: 192:Codification 48: 18: 12785:Bilkis Dadi 12739:Delhi riots 12640:21 December 12610:11 December 12581:21 December 12551:21 December 12505:18 December 12120:(3): 1–17, 11804:India Today 11069:17 December 11039:31 December 10905:17 December 10804:India Today 10784:10 December 10754:27 February 10723:India Today 10637:India Today 10576:23 February 10488:23 February 10458:3 September 10375:The Caravan 10210:India Today 10094:16 December 10039:18 December 9995:17 December 9863:23 December 9857:India Today 9839:India Today 9706:India Today 9379:19 December 9335:29 December 9309:16 December 9242:25 February 9070:India Today 9028:16 December 9002:28 December 8976:28 December 8922:25 December 8896:3 September 8870:3 September 8845:24 December 8785:29 December 8760:30 December 8676:India Today 8626:14 December 8493:India Today 8336:13 December 8318:Japan Times 8197:India Today 8152:10 December 8057:21 December 7891:India Today 7826:14 February 7706:22 December 7700:India Today 7637:16 December 7513:14 February 7450:India Today 7345:Sarker 2017 7290:22 December 7194:Sarker 2017 7013:Ranjan 2019 6529:16 December 6388:India Today 6285:India Today 6200:. CBC News. 6008:18 December 5852:11 December 5825:11 December 5787:India Today 5716:18 December 5637:18 December 4708:Afghanistan 4681:The Caravan 4543:West Bengal 4457:Umar Khalid 4432:section 144 4310:Middle East 4156:Locals and 4097:India Today 3813:Jihad Watch 3801:Document.no 3699:Holy Terror 3681:Jerry Klein 3661:Sulli Deals 3498:Boyo (2021) 3354:Quebec City 3282:Bloomington 3267:Banya Bashi 3220:Stereotypes 3198:Switzerland 3173:Netherlands 3078:Persecution 3073:Orientalism 3041:Netherlands 2620:Nonviolence 2615:LGBT rights 2580:Empowerment 2548:Anti-racism 2462:Segregation 2407:No kid zone 2201:Persecution 2114:Hate speech 2065:Gay bashing 2040:Ethnic joke 1995:Dog whistle 1940:Blood libel 1610:Azerbaijani 1506:Neopaganism 1499:Persecution 1460:Persecution 1443:Persecution 1406:Catholicism 1386:Exclusivism 1328:Transphobia 1311:Supremacism 1266:Lesbophobia 1186:Aporophobia 1151:Anti-autism 986:Taste-based 981:Statistical 753:dissolution 749:Rajya Sabha 725:Rajya Sabha 366:Afghanistan 106:Rajya Sabha 12805:Categories 12749:JNU attack 12744:JMI attack 11702:30 January 11646:Al Jazeera 11531:30 January 10602:Al Jazeera 10532:19 January 10433:20 January 10407:5 November 10381:5 November 10353:5 November 10325:5 November 10320:Onmanorama 10300:2 November 10274:2 November 9217:13 January 9187:13 January 9149:13 January 9118:13 January 8970:The Scroll 8813:2102.10531 8202:26 January 7851:8 December 7576:Gupta 2019 7533:Jayal 2019 7455:26 January 7357:Gupta 2019 6553:EPW Engage 5632:pib.gov.in 5540:References 5445:Sen (2018) 5286:Tea tribes 5230:Dima Hasao 5197:Bangladesh 5188:under the 4877:Imran Khan 4776:Bangladesh 4649:Bangladesh 4638:Article 14 4615:of India, 4563:Puducherry 4475:See also: 4301:especially 4182:Shinzō Abe 4046:Tamil Nadu 4007:Ahmadiyyas 3863:Opposition 3835:Stormfront 3830:Rebel News 3419:Circassian 3403:Srebrenica 3317:Kattankudy 3277:Beit Lahia 3029:Love jihad 2902:Stereotype 2897:Speciesism 2778:Oppression 2773:Oikophobia 2669:Allophilia 2645:Toleration 2494:Sodomy law 2387:Internment 2301:Witch-hunt 2179:Blackhawks 2109:Hate group 2097:Hate crime 2070:Gendercide 2060:Freak show 2050:Excellence 2010:Employment 1980:Defamation 1899:Vietnamese 1894:Venezuelan 1779:Lithuanian 1433:Falun Gong 1355:Xenophobia 1350:Vegaphobia 1333:Non-binary 1291:Pedophobia 1256:Homophobia 1070:Skin color 1030:Disability 1001:Attributes 976:Structural 776:filibuster 681:Bangladesh 567:signed by 541:Background 501:and other 497:in India. 410:Indian law 398:Christians 370:Bangladesh 362:persecuted 315:2019-12-11 298:2019-12-10 281:2019-12-09 264:2019-12-09 254:Introduced 184:2020-01-10 164:2019-12-12 134:2019-12-12 119:2019-12-11 94:2019-12-10 50:Long title 12716:NRC Assam 12415:2455-2437 12327:150566285 12299:150837053 12134:198727392 12106:158325181 12057:0129-7619 12016:151037291 12008:0085-6401 11958:146522066 11950:1035-7823 11838:0971-8257 11779:0971-8257 11424:0971-751X 11416:The Hindu 11362:0971-8257 11278:0013-0389 11089:The Hindu 11013:9 January 10978:Aljazeera 10933:0971-751X 10925:The Hindu 10527:The Hindu 10428:The Hindu 10170:0971-751X 10161:The Hindu 10120:3 January 10114:The Hindu 9750:0971-751X 9742:The Hindu 9533:0971-751X 9525:The Hindu 9177:0971-751X 9169:The Hindu 8950:5 January 8916:The Quint 8840:0971-751X 8832:The Hindu 8703:0971-751X 8695:The Hindu 8654:0971-751X 8646:The Hindu 8559:0971-751X 8551:The Hindu 8326:0447-5763 8293:0971-751X 8285:The Hindu 8258:Firstpost 8119:The Hindu 8100:The Hindu 7960:0971-751X 7952:The Hindu 7794:0013-0613 7262:0971-751X 7254:The Hindu 7062:The Hindu 6810:150566285 6802:0085-6401 6739:CNBC–TV18 6446:The Hindu 6251:0261-3077 6099:0362-4331 6066:0013-0613 5872:Firstpost 5812:PRS India 5742:2 January 5262:Kokrajhar 5124:passports 5004:Cambridge 4970:Amit Shah 4966:sanctions 4922:Sri Lanka 4785:Gulf News 4736:Australia 4717:The Hindu 4632:, former 4555:Rajasthan 4425:Amit Shah 4396:New Delhi 4296:Amsterdam 4280:Barcelona 4264:Melbourne 4241:Karnataka 4229:Hyderabad 4225:Bengaluru 4114:Reception 4027:Sri Lanka 3957:Meghalaya 3910:Tell MAMA 3840:WikiIslam 3666:CAA, 2019 3386:Genocide: 3377:Singapore 3349:Palimbang 3307:Hyderabad 3297:Escondido 3252:Al-Nurayn 3247:Al-Hidaya 3153:Indonesia 3103:Australia 2875:Christian 2803:Prejudice 2751:Masculism 2699:Diversity 2477:religious 2452:Redlining 2045:Ethnocide 2005:Education 1884:Ukrainian 1814:Pakistani 1804:Mongolian 1725:Australia 1707:Hungarian 1662:Colombian 1642:Bulgarian 1516:Rastafari 1465:Ahmadiyya 1371:Religious 1343:Trans men 1301:Pregnancy 1236:Gayphobia 1231:Fatphobia 1136:Acephobia 1131:Arophobia 1107:Viewpoint 785:included 772:Amit Shah 740:Lok Sabha 721:Lok Sabha 704:Amit Shah 468:Sri Lanka 460:stateless 386:Buddhists 243:Amit Shah 212:Lok Sabha 173:Effective 81:Lok Sabha 12475:19 April 11843:22 April 11810:22 April 11784:22 April 11748:22 April 11723:22 April 11677:14 March 11651:12 March 11626:23 March 11601:14 March 11595:ThePrint 11575:12 March 11505:14 March 11479:12 March 11449:The Week 11429:22 April 11395:22 April 11367:22 April 11334:22 April 11309:22 April 11283:22 April 11249:22 April 11223:22 April 11201:22 April 11176:12 March 11147:12 March 11121:12 March 11095:21 March 11003:The Wire 10876:NDTV.com 10683:21 March 10678:The Week 10653:Archived 10594:Archived 10453:The Wire 10088:The Wire 10068:19 April 9969:19 April 9940:11 March 9935:NDTV.com 9915:11 March 9889:11 March 9504:Archived 9485:Archived 9466:Archived 9447:Archived 9237:NDTV.com 9211:Archived 9207:The Wire 9181:Archived 9143:Archived 9139:Livemint 9112:Archived 9087:Archived 8996:The Wire 8780:The Wire 8529:Archived 8509:Archived 8485:Archived 8465:Archived 8445:Archived 8425:Archived 8405:Archived 8375:Refworld 8298:22 April 8264:22 April 8078:Archived 7928:Livemint 7846:The Wire 7743:Archived 7724:Archived 7679:Archived 7655:Archived 7610:Archived 7560:Archived 7545:Roy 2019 7426:Archived 7402:Archived 7369:Roy 2019 7308:Archived 7178:Archived 7158:Archived 7101:Archived 7081:Archived 6968:Archived 6945:Archived 6933:Archived 6921:Archived 6902:Archived 6883:Archived 6864:Archived 6844:Archived 6828:BBC News 6752:Roy 2010 6594:Roy 2010 6570:Roy 2010 6330:11 March 6180:NDTV.com 6103:Archived 5929:Archived 5910:Archived 5760:Archived 5710:Archived 5608:Archived 5572:11 March 5358:See also 5352:Pakistan 5346:camp in 5298:Chutiyas 5163:Refugees 5146:refugees 4968:against 4873:Pakistan 4855:Maldives 4833:Malaysia 4617:R&AW 4511:Rohingya 4501:Refugees 4385:peaceful 4292:Helsinki 4256:New York 4245:Facebook 4165:Protests 4132:2020 by 4108:identify 4042:refugees 3977:Nagaland 3715:cartoons 3439:Rohingya 3332:Malegaon 3236:Examples 2962:a series 2960:Part of 2914:The talk 2850:Snobbery 2768:Net bias 2590:Feminism 2509:Ugly law 2350:Catholic 2316:Policies 2159:Mortgage 2154:Lynching 2085:examples 2080:Genocide 2000:Economic 1985:Democide 1945:Bullying 1849:Scottish 1844:Romanian 1809:Nigerian 1752:Japanese 1687:Georgian 1672:Filipino 1605:Assyrian 1578:Armenian 1568:American 1563:Albanian 1543:national 1521:Yazidism 1438:Hinduism 1396:Buddhism 1286:Nepotism 1281:Misogyny 1276:Misandry 1201:Clannism 1196:Biphobia 1141:Adultism 1050:Language 937:a series 935:Part of 893:Analysis 667:and the 535:refugees 514:alleged 478:(mostly 374:Pakistan 338:In force 67:Citation 12773:Related 12423:3665733 12355:1973053 11454:6 April 11059:UN News 10957:4 March 10728:4 March 9724:Reuters 9022:Reuters 6306:Outlook 5663:. CNN. 5416:Sources 5344:refugee 5000:Seattle 4762:Bahrain 4440:Chennai 4388:protest 4304:in the 4249:Twitter 4213:Kolkata 4127:Calicut 4068:Myanmar 4015:Taliban 4011:Hazaras 3981:Manipur 3973:Mizoram 3961:Tripura 3818:OpIndia 3750:2019–23 3393:Bosnian 3342:2009–10 3312:Ibrahim 3292:Corsica 3272:Bayonne 3168:Myanmar 3143:Iceland 3138:Germany 3113:Belgium 3108:Austria 3014:Eurabia 2721:Figleaf 2124:Housing 1879:Turkish 1824:Pashtun 1794:Mexican 1774:Kurdish 1747:Italian 1697:Haitian 1682:Finnish 1657:Chinese 1652:Chechen 1647:Catalan 1637:Bengali 1558:African 1541:Ethnic/ 1494:Judaism 1480:Sunnism 1470:Shi'ism 1381:Atheism 1206:Elitism 1097:Species 1035:Genetic 1025:Dialect 627:or the 484:Ahmadis 476:Hazaras 472:Myanmar 402:Muslims 336:Status: 313: ( 296: ( 279: ( 262: ( 182: ( 162: ( 132: ( 117: ( 92: ( 12732:Events 12694:Causes 12449:, 2019 12421: 12413: 12353: 12325: 12297: 12267: 12247: 12227: 12207: 12187: 12150: 12132: 12104: 12055: 12014: 12006: 11974: 11956: 11948: 11918: 11869:15 May 11836: 11777: 11422: 11360: 11276: 10931: 10168: 9748: 9531: 9175: 8838: 8701: 8652: 8557: 8324: 8291: 7958: 7792: 7260: 7139: 7045:Quote: 7035: 6997: 6808: 6800: 6701:Quote: 6653: 6631:Quote: 6515: 6485:16 May 6452:16 May 6423:15 May 6394:15 May 6363:15 May 6249: 6097: 6064: 5686:. NPR. 5531:USCIRF 5396:(1985) 5312:. The 5296:, and 5294:Motaks 5290:Morans 5258:Kamrup 5254:Nagaon 5067:: The 5063: 5041: 5023: 4960:: The 4956: 4942: 4920: 4908:Russia 4906: 4892:, and 4871: 4853: 4835:: The 4831: 4819:Kuwait 4817: 4805:France 4803: 4774: 4760: 4740:Greens 4734: 4706: 4573:Kerala 4551:Kerala 4547:Punjab 4465:D Raja 4398:using 4314:Europe 4312:, and 4294:, and 4276:Geneva 4272:Berlin 4237:Kerala 4233:Jaipur 4231:, and 4221:Mumbai 4202:Canada 4198:Israel 4194:France 4130:Kerala 3959:, and 3424:Libyan 3364:Zürich 3327:Manili 3322:Kosovo 3302:Gondar 3193:Sweden 3188:Russia 3183:Poland 3178:Norway 3158:Israel 3133:France 3123:Canada 3046:France 2987:Issues 2907:threat 2761:autism 2482:sexual 2472:racial 2355:Jewish 2206:Pogrom 2184:Chiefs 2174:Braves 1889:Uyghur 1864:Somali 1859:Slavic 1839:Romani 1834:Quebec 1829:Polish 1769:Korean 1730:Canada 1717:Indian 1702:Hazara 1677:Fulani 1588:France 1553:Afghan 1475:Sufism 1191:Audism 1122:Social 1045:Height 791:AIADMK 766:, the 482:) and 452:asylum 394:Parsis 378:Hindus 323:Amends 157:Signed 112:Passed 87:Passed 12634:(PDF) 12623:(PDF) 12604:(PDF) 12593:(PDF) 12575:(PDF) 12564:(PDF) 12545:(PDF) 12534:(PDF) 12518:(PDF) 12499:(PDF) 12488:(PDF) 12469:(PDF) 12458:(PDF) 12441:(PDF) 12409:(4). 12351:JSTOR 12323:S2CID 12295:S2CID 12130:S2CID 12102:S2CID 12012:S2CID 11954:S2CID 11912:(PDF) 11898:(PDF) 10983:5 May 8808:arXiv 8031:(PDF) 7305:India 6991:(PDF) 6806:S2CID 6459:Tila. 6037:' 5819:(PDF) 5808:(PDF) 5560:(PDF) 5421:Notes 5348:Delhi 5302:Assam 5278:Ahoms 4509:Some 4288:Tokyo 4268:Paris 4217:Delhi 4031:Tibet 3953:Assam 3793:Media 3337:Malmö 3257:Bærum 3163:Italy 3148:India 3128:China 3058:Media 2885:white 2216:Purge 1904:Welsh 1869:Tatar 1789:Māori 1784:Malay 1742:Irish 1692:Greek 1667:Croat 1625:China 1583:Asian 1455:Islam 1316:White 1055:Looks 1020:Class 1015:Caste 962:Forms 803:YSRCP 787:JD(U) 692:Assam 654:Assam 638:UNHCR 499:Assam 480:Shias 464:Tibet 425:India 390:Jains 382:Sikhs 221:title 12642:2019 12612:2019 12583:2019 12553:2019 12507:2019 12477:2020 12419:SSRN 12411:ISSN 12265:ISBN 12245:ISBN 12225:ISBN 12205:ISBN 12185:ISBN 12172:(49) 12148:ISBN 12070:2000 12053:ISSN 12004:ISSN 11972:ISBN 11946:ISSN 11916:ISBN 11871:2024 11845:2024 11834:ISSN 11812:2024 11786:2024 11775:ISSN 11750:2024 11725:2024 11704:2024 11679:2024 11653:2024 11628:2024 11603:2024 11577:2024 11533:2024 11507:2024 11481:2024 11456:2024 11431:2024 11420:ISSN 11397:2024 11369:2024 11358:ISSN 11336:2024 11311:2024 11285:2024 11274:ISSN 11251:2024 11225:2024 11203:2024 11178:2024 11170:WION 11149:2024 11123:2024 11097:2020 11071:2019 11041:2019 11015:2020 10985:2021 10959:2020 10929:ISSN 10907:2019 10786:2019 10756:2020 10730:2020 10685:2020 10661:Dawn 10578:2020 10534:2020 10490:2020 10460:2020 10435:2020 10409:2020 10383:2020 10355:2020 10327:2020 10302:2020 10276:2020 10166:ISSN 10122:2020 10096:2019 10070:2020 10041:2019 9997:2019 9971:2020 9942:2024 9917:2024 9891:2024 9865:2019 9746:ISSN 9529:ISSN 9381:2019 9337:2019 9311:2019 9244:2020 9219:2020 9189:2020 9173:ISSN 9151:2020 9120:2020 9030:2019 9004:2019 8978:2019 8952:2020 8924:2019 8898:2020 8872:2020 8847:2019 8836:ISSN 8787:2019 8762:2019 8699:ISSN 8650:ISSN 8628:2019 8555:ISSN 8338:2019 8322:ISSN 8300:2024 8289:ISSN 8266:2024 8204:2019 8154:2019 8059:2019 7956:ISSN 7853:2019 7828:2019 7790:ISSN 7708:2019 7639:2019 7515:2019 7457:2019 7292:2019 7258:ISSN 7137:ISBN 7033:ISBN 6995:ISBN 6798:ISSN 6651:ISBN 6531:2019 6513:ISBN 6487:2024 6454:2024 6425:2024 6396:2024 6365:2024 6357:NDTV 6332:2024 6247:ISSN 6095:ISSN 6062:ISSN 6010:2019 5854:2019 5827:2019 5744:2020 5718:2019 5639:2019 5574:2024 5529:The 5473:Act. 5264:and 5256:and 5236:and 5075:The 5002:and 4678:and 4590:The 4557:and 4553:and 4495:Pune 4247:and 4239:and 4200:and 4078:The 3979:and 3875:CAIR 3745:2011 3740:2010 3735:2005 2880:male 2679:Bias 2102:LGBT 1874:Thai 1854:Serb 1712:Igbo 1573:Arab 1321:Male 1102:Size 1082:Rank 866:; or 854:3A. 801:and 550:The 510:and 470:and 415:The 372:and 344:The 219:Bill 12343:doi 12315:doi 12287:doi 12122:doi 12094:doi 12074:doi 12045:doi 12028:Orf 11994:doi 11938:doi 10015:BBC 9989:BBC 9280:BBC 9108:BBC 8602:BBC 7631:BBC 6790:doi 6718:doi 6693:doi 6623:doi 6136:Vox 5104:BJP 5047:OIC 4742:MP 4561:of 4262:., 4190:USA 4125:in 4044:in 2467:age 1087:Sex 1010:Age 850:): 799:TDP 795:BJD 755:of 396:or 350:CAA 12807:: 12625:, 12595:, 12566:, 12536:, 12520:, 12490:, 12460:, 12443:, 12417:. 12405:. 12399:. 12386:. 12372:. 12349:, 12337:, 12321:, 12311:42 12309:, 12293:, 12283:20 12281:, 12170:54 12168:, 12164:, 12128:, 12118:22 12116:, 12100:, 12088:, 12068:, 12051:. 12041:17 12039:. 12026:, 12010:, 12002:, 11990:42 11988:, 11952:, 11944:, 11934:26 11932:, 11873:. 11861:. 11828:. 11802:. 11769:. 11758:^ 11741:. 11695:. 11669:. 11644:. 11619:. 11593:. 11567:. 11549:. 11523:. 11497:. 11472:. 11447:. 11418:. 11414:. 11386:. 11352:. 11327:. 11301:. 11272:. 11268:. 11241:. 11194:. 11168:. 11157:^ 11139:. 11113:. 11087:. 11057:. 11031:. 11001:. 10976:. 10949:. 10923:. 10893:. 10874:. 10856:. 10838:. 10820:. 10802:. 10772:. 10746:. 10721:. 10702:. 10676:. 10659:, 10635:. 10617:. 10600:, 10568:. 10550:. 10525:. 10506:. 10476:. 10451:. 10426:. 10400:. 10372:. 10344:. 10318:. 10293:. 10265:. 10246:. 10226:. 10208:. 10197:^ 10186:. 10158:. 10138:. 10112:. 10086:. 10060:. 10049:^ 10032:. 10013:. 9987:. 9961:. 9950:^ 9933:. 9908:. 9881:. 9855:. 9837:. 9818:. 9785:. 9766:. 9740:. 9722:. 9704:. 9686:. 9667:. 9621:. 9603:. 9585:. 9567:. 9549:. 9523:. 9429:. 9411:. 9367:. 9327:. 9297:. 9278:. 9260:. 9235:. 9205:. 9179:. 9167:. 9141:. 9137:. 9106:. 9068:. 9046:. 9020:. 8994:. 8968:. 8940:. 8914:. 8888:. 8863:. 8830:. 8795:^ 8778:. 8738:. 8719:. 8697:. 8693:. 8674:. 8662:^ 8644:. 8618:. 8600:. 8585:^ 8575:. 8553:. 8549:. 8491:, 8373:. 8355:. 8316:. 8287:. 8283:. 8256:. 8238:. 8220:. 8195:. 8184:^ 8174:. 8162:^ 8138:. 8127:^ 8117:. 8098:. 8033:. 8011:^ 7999:. 7979:. 7968:^ 7954:. 7950:. 7936:^ 7926:. 7907:. 7889:. 7869:. 7844:. 7818:. 7784:. 7766:. 7754:^ 7698:. 7661:, 7629:. 7592:. 7523:^ 7505:. 7494:^ 7484:. 7465:^ 7448:. 7437:^ 7413:^ 7384:. 7330:. 7319:^ 7278:. 7256:. 7252:. 7240:^ 7230:. 7218:^ 7070:^ 7060:. 7043:, 6956:^ 6826:. 6804:. 6796:. 6786:42 6784:. 6780:. 6737:, 6699:, 6680:^ 6665:^ 6629:, 6551:, 6539:^ 6489:. 6477:. 6466:^ 6456:. 6444:. 6433:^ 6415:. 6404:^ 6386:. 6373:^ 6355:. 6340:^ 6322:. 6304:. 6293:^ 6283:. 6245:. 6241:. 6218:. 6206:^ 6188:^ 6178:. 6166:^ 6156:. 6144:^ 6134:. 6101:. 6089:. 6078:^ 6060:. 6056:. 6045:^ 6018:^ 6001:. 5982:. 5964:^ 5954:. 5940:^ 5899:^ 5889:. 5870:. 5845:. 5810:. 5789:. 5785:. 5771:^ 5734:. 5708:. 5704:. 5692:^ 5672:^ 5647:^ 5630:. 5619:^ 5590:. 5562:. 5548:^ 5292:, 5288:, 5284:, 5280:, 5232:, 5228:, 5199:. 5045:: 4989:, 4924:: 4839:, 4684:. 4668:, 4644:. 4549:, 4545:, 4541:, 4537:, 4467:. 4459:, 4455:, 4451:, 4447:, 4308:, 4290:, 4286:, 4282:, 4278:, 4274:, 4270:, 4266:, 4258:, 4227:, 4223:, 4219:, 4215:, 4196:, 4192:, 4188:, 4186:UK 4070:. 4033:. 3975:, 3971:, 3955:, 2964:on 939:on 805:. 797:, 793:, 789:, 731:. 466:, 392:, 388:, 384:, 380:, 368:, 12672:e 12665:t 12658:v 12645:. 12615:. 12556:. 12526:. 12510:. 12480:. 12425:. 12407:6 12378:. 12345:: 12339:9 12317:: 12289:: 12124:: 12096:: 12090:2 12076:: 12059:. 12047:: 11996:: 11940:: 11847:. 11814:. 11788:. 11752:. 11727:. 11706:. 11681:. 11655:. 11630:. 11605:. 11579:. 11535:. 11509:. 11483:. 11458:. 11433:. 11399:. 11371:. 11338:. 11313:. 11287:. 11253:. 11227:. 11205:. 11180:. 11151:. 11125:. 11099:. 11073:. 11043:. 11017:. 10987:. 10961:. 10935:. 10909:. 10878:. 10788:. 10758:. 10732:. 10706:. 10687:. 10621:. 10580:. 10536:. 10492:. 10462:. 10437:. 10411:. 10385:. 10357:. 10329:. 10304:. 10278:. 10192:. 10190:. 10172:. 10124:. 10098:. 10072:. 10043:. 9999:. 9973:. 9944:. 9919:. 9893:. 9867:. 9841:. 9822:. 9789:. 9752:. 9690:. 9639:. 9535:. 9433:. 9415:. 9383:. 9339:. 9313:. 9246:. 9221:. 9191:. 9153:. 9122:. 9032:. 9006:. 8980:. 8954:. 8926:. 8900:. 8874:. 8849:. 8816:. 8810:: 8789:. 8764:. 8742:. 8705:. 8678:. 8656:. 8630:. 8561:. 8377:. 8359:. 8340:. 8302:. 8268:. 8206:. 8178:. 8156:. 8121:. 8102:. 8061:. 7962:. 7930:. 7855:. 7830:. 7770:. 7710:. 7641:. 7596:. 7578:. 7535:. 7517:. 7459:. 7294:. 7264:. 7234:. 7041:. 6812:. 6792:: 6720:: 6695:: 6659:. 6625:: 6533:. 6427:. 6398:. 6367:. 6334:. 6287:. 6268:. 6253:. 6182:. 6160:. 6138:. 6012:. 5986:. 5958:. 5893:. 5874:. 5856:. 5829:. 5746:. 5720:. 5641:. 5576:. 5053:. 4140:) 3940:e 3933:t 3926:v 2946:e 2939:t 2932:v 348:( 317:) 300:) 283:) 266:) 245:, 186:) 166:) 148:, 136:) 121:) 96:)

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Knowledge

Citizenship (Amendment) Act, 2019

Index