769:. Mrs. E. G. Willingham was chosen as chairman and Mrs. William B. Fowler served as vice chairman. In 1935, the Riverside Drive project was dedicated. Costing nearly $ 1,000,000 (largely WPA funds) the City Beautiful Commission landscaped the bluffs with crape myrtle, redbuds, magnolias, dogwoods and Paul Scarlet roses. White roses were planted at each guardrail post. In 1936, Mrs. William B. Fowler became chairman of the City Beautiful Commission and served for many years. City Beautiful grew under her leadership and soon had to relocate to larger headquarters. Through the efforts of City Beautiful, Memphis gained the title of cleanest city in Tennessee in 1940, 1941, 1942, 1943, 1944, 1945 and 1946. Memphis also received the Ernest T. Trigg "Nationâs Cleanest City" award in 1948, 1949, 1950 and 1951. During this time, volunteers were organized into Wards and Block Clubs with Ward Chairmen and Block Captains. The City Beautiful staff grew to include 30 inspectors by 1954 who worked through these organizations to identify and improve eyesores. Memphis participated with the
663:'s movement of beautification and improvement was one of the early and more successful urban reform movements in the U.S. It began when local minded residents became convinced that their city was unattractive, unhealthy, and filthy, and lacked the appearance and facilities appropriate to its status as Pennsylvania's state capital. The causes of the city's defects were well known: industrialization in the previous half century had left the city poorly planned with unpaved streets and undeveloped water management systems. Residents of Harrisburg suffered disease and illnesses caused by the lack of good filtration systems that could filter the sewage dumped by populations further up the Susquehanna River. A disastrous fire that consumed the state capitol in 1897 had spawned new conversation about the suitability of Harrisburg as a state capital.
675:, who was the president of the American Civic Association. With McFarland and Dock working together, they were able to push the process of municipal improvement in Harrisburg by convincing prominent community leaders to donate money, and by gathering the support of the majority of citizens. In April 1901, the Harrisburg Telegraph, a city newspaper, published a front-page article on the cityâs problems, which stressed Dockâs message of beautification and recreation, paved streets, clean water, a city hall, land for parks, and a covered sewer interceptor along the river. The following February 1901, the population voted in favor of a bond issue that funded $ 1.1 million in new constructions and city planning. These improvements, combined with a new state capitol building in 1906, quickly transformed Harrisburg into a proud modern city by 1915.
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541:, the associationâs attorney Sidney Adler of Loeb & Adler said, "As I saw the beautiful picture of the city beautiful we will have fountains in West Madison Street, with poets and poetesses walking along Clinton, and the simple minded residents of the west side, after work is done, will take their gondolas and row on the limpid bosom of the Chicago River idlely strumming guitars."
904:. Griffin was influenced by Washington, D.C., "with grand axes and vistas and a strong central focal point: with specialised centres and, being a landscape architect, used the landscape to complement this layout. John Sulman, however, was Australia's "leading proponent" of the City Beautiful movement and, in 1921, wrote the book
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determined that their cities be progressive and competitive. Adelaide was used as an
Australian example of the "benefits of comprehensive civic design" with its ring of parklands. Beautification of the city of Hobart, for example, was considered a way to increase the cityâs popularity as a tourist destination.
536:
In 1913, the City of
Chicago appointed a commission with a mandate to "make Chicago Beautiful." As part of the plan, the Pennsylvania Union Railroad Depot was to be moved to the west side of the city and replaced with a new modern depot. The West Side Property Ownerâs Association was among those that
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to be Chief of Design. Within three years he designed the following fair buildings in the prevailing Beaux Arts: the Palace of
Agriculture; the cascades and colonnades; the Palace of Forestry, Fish, and Game; the Palace of Horticulture; and the Palace of Transportation. All these were widely emulated
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to the
Harrisburg Board of Trade on December 20, 1900. Dock wanted to publicly challenge the horrific conditions in Harrisburg, and she set out to gain public sentiment in support of changing them. Dockâs speech was titled "The City Beautiful" or "Improvement Work at Home and Abroad", and this was
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However, City
Beautiful was not solely concerned with aesthetics. The term âbeautilityâ derived from the American city beautiful philosophy, which meant that the beautification of a city must also be functional. Beautility, including the proven economic value of improvements, influenced Australian
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districts, a consequence of high birth rates, increased immigration and internal migration of rural populations into cities. The movement flourished for several decades, and in addition to the construction of monuments, it also achieved great influence in urban planning that endured throughout the
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Orange County sent a group of agricultural exhibitors to the 1893 Worldâs
Columbian Exposition in Chicago. This greatly influenced city officials and planners at the turn of the century in incorporating diverse trees (such as oak trees, Palm trees, and azaleas) and other natural fixtures into the
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in civic projects across the United States. Shortly after the fair opened in 1904, Masqueray resigned, having accepted an invitation from
Archbishop John Ireland in St. Paul, Minnesota to design a cathedral there in the Beaux-Arts style. Other celebrated architects of the fair's buildingsânotably
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Melbourneâs grid plan was considered dull and monotonous by some people, and so the architect
William Campbell designed a blueprint for the city. The main principle behind this were diagonal streets, providing sites for new and comprehensive architecture and for special buildings. The designs of
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With the arrival of the middle-aged couple
William S. and Jessie Branch from Parker, South Dakota, in 1903, led to the creation of brochures extolling the virtues of Florida and its climate, highlighting from the Orlando area. Five years later, the city sponsored a contest to replace Orlandoâs
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There were no formal city beautiful organisations that led this movement in
Australia; rather it was influenced by communications among professionals and bureaucrats, in particular architect-planners and local government reformers. In the early Federation era some influential Australians were
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was developed entirely upon the City Beautiful movement, with obelisks, fountains, and monuments seen in street roundabouts, parks, city buildings and around the city. Today, Coral Gables is one of Miami's most expensive suburban communities, long known for its strict zoning regulations which
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is considered one of principal documents of the City Beautiful movement. The plan featured a dynamic new civic center, axial streets, and a lush strip of parkland for recreation alongside the city's lakefront. Of these, only the lakefront park was implemented to any significant degree.
302:. They hoped to make Washington, D.C., monumental and green like the European capitals of the era; they believed that state-organized beautification could lend legitimacy to government during a time of social disturbance in the United States. The essence of the plan surrounded the
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philosophies were represented by Sulmanâs "geometric or contour controlled" designs of the circulatory road systems in Canberra. The widths of pavements were also reduced and vegetated areas were increased, such as planted road verges.
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across its front; inside it featured open shelves, an art gallery and a children's room. Monuments and vistas were an essential feature of City Beautiful urban planning: in Denver, Paris-trained American sculptor
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and the University of Louisville Brandeis School of Law. Each of these areas of Louisville display the features of beautification and monumental grandeur that typified the City Beautiful movement of the 1890s.
761:, the City Beautiful Commission was officially established by a city ordinance on July 1, 1930, making it the first and oldest beautification commission in the nation. It was the brainchild of the mayor,
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Utopian city plans were another influence on the Australian City Beautiful movement. A better Brisbane, for example, was described by Louis Esson and illustrated by Lloyd Rees with a Parisian influence.
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nickname which was previously âPhenomenal Cityâ, in response to the city's beautifications efforts. Out of the many suggestions, the proposed nickname âThe City Beautifulâ was chosen and adopted.
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The lack of architectural features, and extensive street advertising, were also concerns. This was attributed to "materialism, apathy, short-sightedness, political interference and indifference".
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headquartered in Washington, D.C. In 1978, the Commission was reorganized, eliminating the field inspectors. In February 1989, the Commission moved to its present location at The Massey House in
1498:
Stelter GA (2000) Rethinking the significance of the City Beautiful idea. In; Freestone R, Urban planning in a changing world: The twentieth century experience. Taylor & Francis, pp. 98â117.
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Freestone R (2000) From city improvement to the city beautiful; chapter 2. In: Hamnett S and Freestone R (eds) The Australian Metropolis: A Planning History. Allen & Unwin, Sydney.
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undertook the installation of parkways and parks under the influence of the movement. The City Beautiful philosophy was also heavily incorporated into Florida cities, such as in
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It was thought that Australia, being a country that was relatively newly settled by Europeans, had wasted an opportunity to design cities comprehensively and aesthetically.
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systems and no poverty visible. The exposition is credited with resulting in the large-scale adoption of monumentalism for American architecture for the next 15 years.
853:
Both European and North American cities provided models for the Australian City Beautiful movement. A combination of elements about 1900 also influenced the movement:
631:. The plan was partly realized, on a reduced scale, with the Greek amphitheater, Voorhies Memorial and the Colonnade of Civic Benefactors, completed in 1919. The
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956:, where more memorials were erected than in any other country. Although City Beautiful, or artistic planning, became a part of comprehensive town planning, the
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Gates THE PALOS VERDES RANCH PROJECT: Olmsted Brothers' Design Development For A Picturesque Los Angeles Suburban Community Of The 1920s Available at
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Banks JCG, Bracks CL (2003) Canberraâs urban forest: evolution and planning for future landscapes. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening 1(3), 151-160.
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131:, and there was cross-influence between the two aesthetics, one based in formal garden plans and urbanization schemes and the other, with its "
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The community was designed as a "City Beautiful." Among its early structures were the buildings comprising Malaga Cove Plaza, designed in a
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396:(with the axis along State Street from the Ohio State Capitol building east to the Metropolitan Library and west to the Scioto River),
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the starting point for Harrisburgâs city improvements. Dockâs contemporary and closest ally in her drive for urban beautification was
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1567:
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66:, which was concerned with poor living conditions in all major cities. The movement, which was originally associated mainly with
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Ward A (2000) Assessment of Garden City planning principles in the ACT. Environment ACT, Heritage Unit, Canberra. Available at
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Advocates of the philosophy believed that such beautification could promote a harmonious social order that would increase the
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The city has since continued in their preservation and revitalization of its natural habitat in its city design, notably at
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sits in the middle of Old Louisville and is home to an annual free public Shakespeare festival. Adjacent to the park is the
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developed a plan for Yale University that eliminated substandard housing and relocated the urban poor to the peripheries.
1910:
20:
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584:
97:, while critics would complain that the movement was overly concerned with aesthetics at the expense of social reform;
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endorsed City Beautiful planning, with a plan for a Civic Center, disposed along a grand esplanade that led to the
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funded the Denver Public Library (1910), which was designed as a three-story Greek Revival temple with a colossal
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An early use of the City Beautiful ideal with the intent of creating social order through beautification was the
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2012:
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every October. South of St. James Court is the University of Louisville's Belknap Campus which is home to
424:(with the axis from the capitol building through State Street and to the University of Wisconsin campus),
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765:. The first Commission was appointed and had operating expenses of $ 1,500. A small office was set up in
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height. The exposition displayed a model city of grand scale, known as the "White City", with modern
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648:. The bronze Indian guide he envisaged was vetoed by the committee and replaced with an equestrian
376:, is credited with influencing subsequent plans for beautification of many other cities, including
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of 1904, held in St. Louis. Its commissioner of architects selected Franco-American architect
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1546:(1). Edmonton: The Canadian Historical Association/La SociĂ©tĂ© historique du Canada: 191â210.
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930:
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279:, to commemorate the city's centennial and to fulfill unrealized aspects of the city plan of
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79:
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Marter, Joan M. The Grove Encyclopedia of American Art, Vol. 1. pp. 602-03. Oxford UP, 2011.
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1982:
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8:
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1987:
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The particular architectural style of the movement borrowed mainly from the contemporary
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style, which is prevalent throughout the city. Coral Gables has many parks and a heavy
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837:, was established as a master planned community by noted American landscape architect
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1977:
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189:, to build large-scale Beaux-Arts monuments that were vaguely classical with uniform
127:" movement in Britain influenced the contemporary planning of some newer suburbs of
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2406:
2117:
2070:
2017:
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Freestone R (2007) Designing Australiaâs cities. UNSW Press, Kensington, pp. 45â79.
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Encyclopedia of Consumption and Waste: Encyc Consumption and Waste - Google Books
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The popularization begun by the World Columbian Exposition was increased by the
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185:, who hired architects from the eastern United States, as well as the sculptor
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architectures, which emphasized the necessity of order, dignity, and harmony.
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The improvement campaign was sparked by a riveting speech of conservationist
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249:, applied City Beautiful ideas from the exposition throughout their careers.
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2007:
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http://www.tams.act.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0019/13177/gardencity.pdf
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592:
437:
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242:
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1253:"Perfecting Space: J. Horace McFarland and the American Civic Association"
86:, promoted beauty not only for its own sake, but also to create moral and
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that flourished during the 1890s and 1900s with the intent of introducing
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https://www.coralgables.com/sites/default/files/2022-05/CityBeautiful.pdf
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335:
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The Washington, D.C., planners, which included Burnham, Saint-Gaudens,
1600:
Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture - City Beautiful Movement
38:
in 1893 is often credited with ushering in the City Beautiful movement
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953:
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385:
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322:, but resumed after the war, culminating in the construction of the
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The first large-scale elaboration of the City Beautiful occurred in
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1707:
1702:
1230:. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 126â146.
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891:
425:
115:
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The movement began in the United States in response to crowding in
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University of Illinois at Chicago, City Beautiful Movement Chicago
2247:
1609:
485:
405:
377:
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communities". At the heart of the design was the creation of the
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67:
35:
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in the image of the City Beautiful movement, became the largest
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2233:
1697:
1536:"The Fate of City Beautiful Thought in Canada, 1893–1930"
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509:
401:
299:
128:
1207:
Arnstein & Lehr, The First 120 Years (Amazon), pp. 11, 12.
860:
Australian cities were seen as lacking beauty and civic pride.
791:
1992:
980:
Mira Lloyd Dock and the Progressive Era Conservation Movement
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of 1883â1887, Louisville grew rapidly with the advent of the
644:
was commissioned to design a monument marking the end of the
567:
213:
135:
1013:
Daniel M. Bluestone, Columbia University, (September 1988).
941:
Paris and Washington were major inspirations for this plan.
101:
referred to the movement as an "architectural design cult."
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307:
306:
with monumental government buildings to replace "notorious
181:. The planning of the exposition was directed by architect
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http://corbu2.caed.kent.edu/architronic/v6n1/v6n1.03a.html
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incorporated City Beautiful principles for his design for
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1920s fountain with statue of Neptune at Malaga Cove Plaza
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1492:
275:
Park Commission's redesigning of the monumental core of
58:
and monumental grandeur in cities. It was a part of the
1257:
Pennsylvania History: A Journal of Mid-Atlantic Studies
16:
Architectural and urban planning movement (1890sâ1900s)
1489:
484:, and the University of Washington's Rainier Vista in
119:
20th century, particularly in regard to United States
1590:
Thomas Mawson's plan for the City of Calgary, Canada
1015:
Detroit's City Beautiful and the Problem of Commerce
944:
583:
preserve the City Beautiful elements along with its
318:. The implementation of the plan was interrupted by
1568:
University of Virginia: The City Beautiful movement
464:neighborhood of parks, museums, and universities),
1383:"American Paint and Oil Dealer ... - Google Books"
1018:Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians
245:who designed the Palace of the Fine Arts, now the
1578:Denver Public Library: Denver, The City Beautiful
1431:, December 17, 2017. Accessed September 14, 2024.
1198:, December 17, 2017. Accessed September 14, 2024.
1038:(New York: Random House, 1961), p.375; quoted in
2819:
372:The success of the City Beautiful philosophy in
208:
805:According to the author Even Bacon in his book
716:neighborhood, that was planned and designed by
168:
1540:Historical Papers / Communications Historiques
1410:, March 24, 2023. Accessed September 14, 2024.
480:), and the Washington State Capitol Campus in
1625:
1482:
1480:
1478:
1476:
1466:
1464:
1462:
1460:
1458:
1456:
1404:"Why is Orlando Called âThe City Beautifulâ?"
1169:"Coral Gables: A Guide to The City Beautiful"
62:in North America under the leadership of the
1149:City Life: Urban Expectations in a New World
1044:City Life: Urban Expectations in a New World
329:
1035:The Death and Life of Great American Cities
906:An Introduction to Australian City Planning
1632:
1618:
1473:
1453:
845:popular with the City Beautiful movement.
46:was a reform philosophy of North American
1551:
1268:
1250:
960:of the 1930s largely ended this fashion.
952:prolonged the City Beautiful movement in
205:is one expression of this initial phase.
1840:Regional Planning Association of America
920:
882:
790:
748:
688:
608:
554:
496:and the surrounding civic buildings. In
357:
343:
212:
145:
25:
1533:
1348:
828:
351:prior to the 1920 establishment of the
141:
2820:
1225:
298:, visited many of the great cities of
150:The movement is often associated with
1613:
1428:Orange County Regional History Center
1195:Orange County Regional History Center
998:
730:St. JamesâBelgravia Historic District
109:
2828:Defunct American political movements
2800:
1911:Professional transportation planner
1287:. November 27, 2009. Archived from
1177:, n.d. Accessed September 14, 2024.
1118:
724:neighborhood in the United States.
267:(1902), named for Michigan Senator
138:" evoking a more rural atmosphere.
13:
1639:
1527:
1151:New York: Scribner, 1995. p. 135.
908:. Both the City Beautiful and the
585:Mediterranean Revival architecture
314:and eventually included Burnham's
60:progressive social reform movement
14:
2844:
1561:
945:City Beautiful in Australia today
2799:
2778:
2777:
2765:
1422:The Road to âThe City Beautifulâ
1189:The Road to âThe City Beautifulâ
1046:New York: Scribner, 1995. p.27.
1020:, Vol. XLVII, No. 3, pp. 245-62.
835:Palos Verdes Estates, California
807:âOrlando: A Centennial History,â
559:A typical residential street in
252:
2308:Transferable development rights
1863:Environmental impact assessment
1510:
1501:
1434:
1413:
1396:
1375:
1349:Zimring, Carl A. (2012-02-27).
1342:
1328:
1303:
1277:
1244:
1219:
1210:
1201:
1180:
848:
544:
1934:Community economic development
1713:Planning and zoning commission
1162:
1138:
1112:
1086:
1066:
1057:
1023:
1007:
992:
595:planted largely in the 1920s.
576:Florida land boom of the 1920s
492:, it inspired the creation of
1:
1270:10.5325/pennhistory.77.4.0486
1216:Chicago Tribune, May 29, 1913
1074:"Context â Engaging Columbus"
985:
771:American Coatings Association
678:
655:
537:objected. As reported by the
234:Louisiana Purchase Exposition
209:Louisiana Purchase Exposition
2547:Planning Accreditation Board
1906:Transit-oriented development
1868:Recreation resource planning
916:
434:Manhattan Municipal Building
271:. The plan emerged from the
179:World's Columbian Exposition
169:World's Columbian Exposition
32:World's Columbian Exposition
7:
1595:Fulton Heights Neighborhood
1228:The City Beautiful Movement
1226:Wilson, William H. (1989).
963:
878:
843:Mediterranean Revival style
767:The Nineteenth Century Club
566:Planned out as a suburb of
10:
2849:
2559:Professional organizations
1916:Urban freight distribution
1891:Transportation forecasting
1251:Chambliss, Julian (2010).
784:
780:
775:Victorian Village, Memphis
744:
682:
633:Andrew Carnegie Foundation
602:
548:
523:
450:Philadelphia Museum of Art
340:Olmsted Portland park plan
333:
256:
104:
18:
2795:List of planning journals
2759:
2681:
2646:
2620:
2574:
2567:
2534:
2494:
2370:
2363:
2176:
2084:
2031:
1955:
1946:
1924:
1881:
1848:
1830:
1798:
1764:History of urban planning
1745:
1736:
1675:
1647:
1285:"What is Old Louisville?"
1003:. Routledge. p. 103.
839:Frederick Law Olmsted Jr.
598:
442:Benjamin Franklin Parkway
363:Benjamin Franklin Parkway
330:Influence in other cities
296:Frederick Law Olmsted Jr.
90:among urban populations.
2731:Marine spatial planning
2243:Healthy community design
1821:Village design statement
1811:Preservation development
1806:Conservation development
1311:"Old Louisville History"
1121:"History of the mystery"
1001:Encyclopedia of the City
734:St. James Court Art Show
444:museum district between
316:Washington Union Station
238:Emmanuel Louis Masqueray
2746:Real estate development
2477:List of urban theorists
1973:City Beautiful movement
1901:Rational planning model
1883:Transportation planning
1873:Sustainable development
1520:(verified 18 May 2009).
732:which hosts the annual
281:Pierre Charles L'Enfant
152:Beaux-Arts architecture
44:City Beautiful movement
2790:List of planned cities
2726:Landscape architecture
2482:List of urban planners
2204:Conservation community
2041:Collaborative planning
1850:Environmental planning
1758:Comprehensive planning
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570:in the early 1920s by
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292:McKim, Mead, and White
247:Saint Louis Art Museum
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187:Augustus Saint-Gaudens
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2701:Development economics
2552:Real estate education
2512:James Howard Kunstler
2437:Konstantinos Doxiadis
2318:Urban growth boundary
2258:Mixed-use development
2153:Intentional community
1408:Florida Travel + Life
1355:. SAGE Publications.
1315:www.oldlouisville.com
999:Caves, R. W. (2004).
931:Shrine of Remembrance
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888:Marion Burley Griffin
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710:Industrial Revolution
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506:Kansas City, Missouri
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226:United States Capitol
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2253:Leapfrog development
2199:Complete Communities
2056:Intelligent urbanism
1983:Garden city movement
1926:Economic development
1858:Environmental design
1534:Van Nus, W. (1975).
975:Garden city movement
829:Palos Verdes Estates
712:. Specifically, the
685:Louisville, Kentucky
642:Frederick MacMonnies
572:George Edgar Merrick
530:1909 Plan of Chicago
490:Wilmington, Delaware
142:Architectural idioms
19:For other uses, see
2659:Communist countries
2283:Planning Permission
2220:Filtering (housing)
2194:Cluster development
2003:Settlement movement
1988:Indigenous planning
1291:on 27 November 2009
1125:Detroit Metro Times
706:Southern Exposition
673:J. Horace McFarland
614:Denver Civic Center
605:Denver Civic Center
476:(manifested by its
283:a century earlier.
2542:Planning education
2502:Elizabeth Farrelly
2346:High-rise urbanism
2184:Affordable housing
1723:World Urbanism Day
1583:2005-08-28 at the
1447:2009-05-28 at the
1145:Rybczynski, Witold
1040:Rybczynski, Witold
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2147:Planned community
1978:Dark-sky movement
1968:Car-free movement
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1896:Trip distribution
1832:Regional planning
1785:Urban green space
1753:Land-use planning
1728:Labor market area
1718:Growth management
1693:Metropolitan area
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470:San Antonio River
228:in the background
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621:Denver, Colorado
460:district in the
374:Washington, D.C.
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2763:
2691:Architecture
2664:Nazi Germany
2472:Thomas Adams
2452:Loretta Lees
2447:Le Corbusier
2417:Edmund Bacon
2382:Andrés Duany
2337:Urbanization
2323:Urban sprawl
2288:Rural flight
2268:Permeability
2263:Model cities
2135:Logging camp
2094:Company town
2008:Smart growth
1998:New Urbanism
1972:
1780:Urban design
1543:
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1387:. Retrieved
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1289:the original
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1068:
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1030:Jacobs, Jane
1025:
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935:Kings Domain
905:
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890:'s plan for
873:
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849:In Australia
832:
816:
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726:Central Park
703:
695:Louisville's
665:
659:
618:
593:urban forest
580:Coral Gables
565:
545:Coral Gables
538:
535:
527:
514:Coral Gables
478:Civic Center
438:Philadelphia
371:
367:Philadelphia
285:
262:
243:Cass Gilbert
231:
177:at the 1893
172:
163:neoclassical
156:
113:
92:
88:civic virtue
48:architecture
43:
41:
2684:disciplines
2507:Jane Jacobs
2432:James Rouse
2313:Urban decay
2298:Third place
2273:Placemaking
2123:Pit village
2113:Global city
1336:"About ACA"
950:World War I
910:Garden City
823:Leu Gardens
763:E. H. Crump
589:tree canopy
574:during the
466:San Antonio
418:Outer Drive
349:San Antonio
320:World War I
273:U.S. Senate
224:, with the
125:Garden City
99:Jane Jacobs
80:Kansas City
2822:Categories
2427:Ian McHarg
2372:Theorists/
2149:(New town)
2108:Ghost town
1947:Concepts/
1683:Urban area
1389:2022-09-14
1368:2022-09-14
1237:0801837588
1079:2020-11-07
986:References
704:After the
679:Louisville
661:Harrisburg
656:Harrisburg
650:Kit Carson
454:Pittsburgh
414:Belle Isle
398:Des Moines
336:Group Plan
334:See also:
159:Beaux-Arts
2716:Geography
2628:Barcelona
2607:Singapore
2582:Australia
2575:Countries
2189:Cityscape
1956:Movements
1320:March 17,
1295:March 17,
954:Australia
927:Melbourne
917:Melbourne
796:Lake Eola
722:Victorian
386:Cleveland
382:Baltimore
353:Riverwalk
326:in 1922.
195:transport
72:Cleveland
2784:Category
2633:Shanghai
2535:Training
2177:Concepts
2168:Boomtown
2158:Arcology
2130:Man camp
2098:Monotown
2051:Ekistics
2033:Theories
1949:theories
1790:Urbanism
1739:branches
1708:Planning
1703:Land use
1657:Theories
1581:Archived
1445:Archived
1130:April 6,
1104:April 6,
964:See also
929:and the
902:Canberra
892:Canberra
879:Canberra
623:, Mayor
591:with an
448:and the
426:Montreal
394:Columbus
390:The Mall
218:The Mall
116:tenement
2806:Commons
2682:Related
2495:Critics
2248:LEED-ND
1746:General
1676:General
1667:Outline
1652:History
821:and at
781:Orlando
745:Memphis
524:Chicago
518:Orlando
486:Seattle
482:Olympia
462:Oakland
422:Madison
406:Detroit
378:Chicago
191:cornice
175:Chicago
105:History
76:Detroit
68:Chicago
36:Chicago
2654:Africa
2638:Sydney
2621:Cities
2602:Serbia
2597:Russia
2568:Places
2364:People
2351:Zoning
2234:Infill
1698:Suburb
1385:. 1917
1359:
1234:
1155:
1050:
599:Denver
510:Dallas
508:, and
402:Denver
300:Europe
294:, and
136:villas
129:London
2647:Other
2587:China
2023:YIMBY
1993:NIMBY
1799:Rural
1771:(Eur)
1737:Major
1662:Index
568:Miami
488:. In
456:(the
440:(the
408:(the
2216:(US)
1823:(UK)
1760:(US)
1688:City
1419:N.A.
1357:ISBN
1322:2019
1297:2019
1232:ISBN
1186:N.A.
1153:ISBN
1132:2018
1106:2018
1048:ISBN
516:and
416:and
338:and
308:slum
161:and
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1548:doi
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290:of
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