Manila - Knowledge

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society, even becoming tulisanes "bandits" who in the late 18th century "infested" Cavite and led peasant revolts (Medina 2002: 66). Meanwhile, in the Spanish garrisons, Spanish was used among administrators and priests. Nonetheless, there is not enough historical information on the social role of these men. In fact some of the few references point to a quick integration into the local society: "los hombres del pueblo, los soldados y marinos, anónimos, olvidados, absorbidos en su totalidad por la población Filipina." (Bernal 1964: 188). In addition to the Manila-Acapulco galleon, a complex commercial maritime system circulated European and Asian commodities including slaves. During the 17th century, Portuguese vessels traded with the ports of Manila and Cavite, even after the prohibition of 1644 (Seijas 2008: 21). Crucially, the commercial activities included the smuggling and trade of slaves: "from the Moluccas, and Malacca, and India... with the monsoon winds" carrying "clove spice, cinnamon, and pepper and black slaves, and Kafir " (Antonio de Morga cf Seijas 2008: 21)." Though there is no data on the numbers of slaves in Cavite, the numbers in Manila suggest a significant fraction of the population had been brought in as slaves by the Portuguese vessels. By 1621, slaves in Manila numbered 1,970 out of a population of 6,110. This influx of slaves continued until late in the 17th century; according to contemporary cargo records in 1690, 200 slaves departed from Malacca to Manila (Seijas 2008: 21). Different ethnicities were favored for different labor; Africans were brought to work on the agricultural production, and skilled slaves from India served as caulkers and carpenters.

5489:) at 7.3%, African at 4.5%, and European at 2.7%. Between the 1860s and 1890s, in urban areas of the Philippines – especially Manila – according to burial statistics, as much as 3.3% of the population were pure European Spaniards and pure Chinese composed 9.9% of the city's populace. The Spanish-Filipino and Chinese-Filipino Mestizo populations also fluctuated, with the mixed Spanish-Filipinos composing 19% of Manila's population. Eventually, these non-native categories diminished because they were assimilated into the majority Austronesian Filipino population. During the Philippine Revolution, the term "Filipino" included people of any race born in the Philippines. This explains the abrupt drop of the proportion of Chinese, Spanish, and Mestizo peoples across the country by the time of the first American census in 1903, as the foreign and mixed descended peoples identified solely as pure Filipinos. Manila's population dramatically increased since the 1903 census because people tended to move from rural areas to towns and cities. In the 1960 census, Manila became the first Philippine city to exceed one million people – more than five times of its 1903 population. The city continued to grow until the population stabilized at 1.6 million and experienced alternating increases and decreases starting in the 1990 census year. This phenomenon may be attributed to the higher growth experienced by suburbs and the already-very-high population density of the city. As such, Manila exhibited a decreasing percentage share of the metropolitan population from 63% in the 1950s to 27.5% in 1980, and 13.8% in 2015. The much-larger 14421:

profile are appropriate when applied to these peoples. Here we analyze the classification trends of a modern Filipino sample (n = 110) when using the Fordisc 3.1 (FD3) software. We hypothesize that Filipinos represent an admixed population drawn largely from Asian and marginally from European parental gene pools, such that FD3 will classify these individuals morphometrically into reference samples that reflect a range of European admixture, in quantities from small to large. Our results show the greatest classification into Asian reference groups (72.7%), followed by Hispanic (12.7%), Indigenous American (7.3%), African (4.5%), and European (2.7%) groups included in FD3. This general pattern did not change between males and females. Moreover, replacing the raw craniometric values with their shape variables did not significantly alter the trends already observed. These classification trends for Filipino crania provide useful information for casework interpretation in forensic laboratory practice. Our findings can help biological anthropologists to better understand the evolutionary, population historical, and statistical reasons for FD3-generated classifications. The results of our studyindicate that ancestry estimation in forensic anthropology would benefit from population-focused research that gives consideration to histories of colonialism and periods of admixture.

7727: 4957: 2145: 27432: 5837: 27369: 5857: 7600: 6513: 7337: 6434: 7475: 6577: 201: 3366: 2161: 5879: 6070: 23206: 2627: 5972: 5547: 3292: 5014: 6979: 4891: 2750: 2672: 7258:, the revenue of the City of Manila was ₱16.534 billion. It is one of the cities with the highest tax collection and internal revenue allotment. For the 2019 fiscal year, the tax revenue collected by the city was ₱8.4 billion. The city's Internal Revenue Allotment (IRA) from the National Treasury was ₱2.94 billion, and the city's total assets were worth ₱63.4 billion in 2019. The City of Manila has the highest budget allocation for healthcare of all the cities and municipalities in the Philippines; the city maintains the six district hospitals, 59 health centers and lying-in clinics, and healthcare programs. 5422: 23196: 187: 3307:. Moreno has served as the vice mayor under both Lim and Estrada. Estrada's defeat was seen as the end of their reign as a political clan, whose other family members run for national and local positions. After assuming office, Moreno initiated a city-wide cleanup of illegal vendors, signed an executive order promoting open governance, and vowed to stop bribery and corruption in the city. Under his administration, several ordinances were signed, giving additional perks and privileges to Manila's elderly people, and monthly allowances for Grade 12 Manileño students in all public schools in the city, including students of 6310: 2698: 324: 27422: 5092: 7272: 6968: 6866: 3192:, who served as his vice mayor, and was known for his campaign and slogun "Buhayin ang Maynila" (Revive Manila), which saw the establishment of several parks, and the repair and rehabilitation of the city's deteriorating facilities. He was the city's mayor for nine years before being termed out of office. Lim once again ran for mayor and defeated Atienza's son Ali in the 2007 city election, and immediately reversed all of Atienza's projects, which he said made little contribution to the improvements of the city. The relationship of both parties turned bitter, with them both contesting the 23259: 5894: 8051: 7943: 7917: 7878: 2417: 24478: 8038: 8233: 157: 2612: 1570: 28241: 5818: 96: 7070: 141: 7999: 8369: 8356: 2901:, to join the ranks of the radicals. In the aftermath of the bombing, Marcos lumped all of the opposition together and referred to them as communists, and many former moderates fled to the mountain encampments of the radical opposition to avoid being arrested by Marcos' forces. Those who became disenchanted with the excesses of the Marcos administration and wanted to join the opposition after 1971 often joined the ranks of the radicals, simply because they represented the only group vocally offering opposition to the Marcos government. 127: 4143: 8278: 2855:, which economists trace to his first term tactic of using foreign loans to fund massive government projects in an effort to curry votes. In protest, protest groups led mostly by students decided to picket Marcos' 1970 State of the Nation Address at the legislative building on January 26. The protesters were initially bickering amongst themselves because both moderate reformist and radical activist groups were present and fighting to gain control of the stage. But all of them, regardless of advocacy, were violently dispersed by the 26912: 24438: 8155: 27379: 7109: 3446: 299: 7711: 171: 8443: 8304: 24485: 1353:, with 71,263 inhabitants per square kilometer (184,570/sq mi) and a population of 1,846,513 people in 2020; it is also the historic core of a built-up area that extends well beyond its administrative limits. Manila was the first chartered city in the country, designated by Philippine Commission Act No. 183 on July 31, 1901. It became autonomous with the passage of Republic Act No. 409, "The Revised Charter of the City of Manila", on June 18, 1949. Manila is considered to be part of the world's original set of 8168: 8090: 5077: 1781: 8194: 8430: 8077: 23611: 8395: 5414: 2647: 8249: 8181: 28253: 2344: 396: 28315: 8012: 3355: 2808:, Metro Manila was created as an integrated unit with the enactment of Presidential Decree No. 824 on November 7, 1975. The area encompassed four cities and thirteen adjoining towns as a separate regional unit of government. On June 24, 1976, the 405th anniversary of the city's founding, President Marcos reinstated Manila as the capital of the Philippines for its historical significance as the seat of government since the Spanish Period. At the same time, Marcos designated his wife 3377: 27005: 19628:

Shishi and Naya City, Shandong and Ilocos Norte Province, Zibo and Mandaue City, Anhui and Nueva Ecija Province, Hubei and Leyte Province, Liuzhou and Muntinlupa City, Hezhou and San Fernando City, Harbin and Cagayan de Oro City, Laibin and Laoag City, Beijing and Manila City, Jiangxi and Bohol Province, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region and Davao City, Lanzhou and Albay Province, Beihai and Puerto Princessa City, Fujian Province and Laguna Province, Wuxi and Puerto Princessa City.

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Center, which provides free services for the poor, has been cited by the United Nations Committee on Innovation, Competitiveness and Public-Private Partnerships as a model for public-private partnership (PPP) projects. The dialysis facility was named Flora V. Valisno de Siojo Dialysis Center in 2019, and was inaugurated as the largest free dialysis facility in the Philippines. It has 91 dialysis machines, which can be expanded up to 100, matching the capabilities of the

6097:; the major players in the country's petroleum industry. The oil depot has been a subject of various concerns, including its environmental and health impact on the residents of Manila. The Supreme Court ordered the oil depot to be relocated outside the city by July 2015, but it failed to meet this deadline. Most of the oil depot facility inside the 33-hectare (82-acre) compound were demolished, and plans have been made to convert it into a transport hub or food park. 7355: 8064: 113: 26381: 3208: 20986: 22258: 21234: 7930: 20461: 8116: 2488: 8265: 7326: 223: 8408: 8330: 8216: 6322: 8317: 7986: 7973: 7904: 8142: 8129: 28298: 7960: 20814: 8291: 6023: 9827:"In 1591 there arrived in Manila a secular priest named Juan Fernandez de Leon. He had led a hermit's life in Mexico and planned to continue it in the Philippines. For this purpose he built himself a retreat near a wayside shrine just outside the city walls which was dedicated to Our Lady of Guidance, Nuestra Sehora de Guia. His hermitage later gave its name to the entire district, which is called Ermita to this day." 20605: 7283:

were opened for relocation. Among these were Projects 1–8 in Quezon City and the Vitas tenement houses in Tondo. In 1947, the government implemented a public housing policy that established the People's Homesite and Housing Corporation (PHHC). A few years later, it established a Slum Clearance Committee which, with the help of the PHHC, relocated thousands of families from Manila and Quezon City to Sapang Palay in

28197: 20835: 20806: 1020: 20787: 5147: 28281: 21269: 7891: 4176:). Together with the rest of the Philippines, Manila lies entirely within the tropics. Its proximity to the equator means temperatures are high year-round especially during the daytime, rarely going below 19 °C (66.2 °F) or above 39 °C (102.2 °F). Temperature extremes have ranged from 14.5 °C (58.1 °F) on January 11, 1914, to 38.6 °C (101.5 °F) on May 7, 1915. 5210:, which churches and government buildings during the Spanish colonial period adopted. As a result, succeeding earthquakes of the 18th and 19th centuries barely affected Manila, although they periodically leveled the surrounding area. Modern buildings in and around Manila are designed or have been retrofitted to withstand an 8.2 magnitude quake in accordance with the country's building code. 2285:, one of monopolizers of the growing of spice, the Spanish deported the ruler Sultan Said Din Burkat of Ternate, along with his clan and his entourage to Manila, where they were initially enslaved and eventually converted to Christianity. About 200 families of mixed Spanish-Mexican-Filipino and Moluccan-Indonesian-Portuguese descent from Ternate and Tidor followed him there at a later date. 331: 7549:; the proposed LRT Line 2 West Extension Project from Recto Avenue to Pier 4 of Manila North Harbor; the proposed construction of the PNR east–west line through España Boulevard to Quezon City; and the expansion and widening of several national and local roads. These projects, however, had yet to make any meaningful impact by 2014, and the traffic jams and congestion continue. 2408:

others brought by the Portuguese . There is an African Moor with his turban here. There are Javanese from Java, Japanese and Bengalese from Bengal. Among all these people are the Chinese whose numbers here are untold and who outnumber everyone else. From China there are peoples so different from each other, and from provinces as distant, as Italy is from Spain. Finally, of the

9315: 28229: 7105:. A new government center was to be built on the hills northeast of Manila, in what is now Quezon City. Several government agencies have set up their headquarters in Quezon City but several key government offices are still based in Manila. Many of the plans were substantially altered after the devastation of Manila during World War II and by subsequent administrations. 5457:, while exhuming cranial bones in several Philippine cemeteries, researcher Matthew C. Go estimated that 7% of the mean amount, among the samples exhumed, have attribution to European descent. Research work published in the Journal of Forensic Anthropology, collating contemporary Anthropological data show that the percentage of Filipino bodies who were sampled from the 5232: 3465:, which are grouped into 100 zones for statistical convenience. Manila has the most barangays of any metropolis in the Philippines. Due to a failure to hold a plebiscite, attempts at reducing its number have not succeeded despite local legislation—Ordinance 7907, passed on April 23, 1996—reducing the number from 896 to 150 by merging existing barangays. 4925:. Metro Manila is home to urban parks, nature parks, plazas, nature reserves, and an arboretum. However, according to the Asian Green City Index, in 2007 Manila contained only an average of 4.5 square meters (48 sq ft) of green space per person, well below the index average of 39 square meters (420 sq ft) and below the 2403:. A Spanish Jesuit priest commented due to the confluence of many foreign languages in Manila, the confessional in Manila was "the most difficult in the world". Juan de Cobo, another Spanish missionary of the 1600s, was so astonished by the commerce, cultural complexity, and ethnic diversity in Manila he wrote to his brethren in Mexico: 3419:. Manila's land has been substantially altered by human intervention; there has been considerable land reclamation along the waterfronts since the early-to-mid twentieth century. Some of the city's natural variations in topography have been leveled. As of 2013, Manila had a total area of 42.88 square kilometres (16.56 sq mi). 5577:(MPD) reported a 38.7% decrease in index crimes from 5,474 cases in 2016 to 3,393 in 2017. MPD's crime-solution efficiency also improved; six-to-seven of every ten crimes were solved by the city police force. MPD was cited as the Best Police District in Metro Manila in 2017 for registering the highest crime-solution efficiency. 3093:, announcing a civil disobedience campaign and calling for her supporters to boycott publications and companies which were associated with Marcos or any of his cronies. The event was attended by a crowd of about two million people. Aquino's camp began making preparations for more rallies, and Aquino herself went to 4998:

producing metropolis in the country with 1,151.79 tons (7,500.07 cubic meters (264,862 cu ft)) per day, after Quezon City, which produces 1,386.84 tons (12,730.59 cubic meters (449,577 cu ft)) per day. Both cities were cited as having poor management in garbage collection and disposal.

2304:, who acted as merchant intermediaries that made trade between Europe and Asia possible in this area. France was the first nation to try financing its Asian trade with a partnership in Manila through Armenian khojas. The largest trade volume was in iron, and 1,000 iron bars were traded in 1721. In 1762, 9740:

Within the walls, there were some six hundred houses of a private nature, most of them built of stone and tile, and an equal number outside in the suburbs, or "arrabales", all occupied by Spaniards ("todos son vivienda y poblacion de los Españoles"). This gives some twelve hundred Spanish families or

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The city government provides free immunization programs for children, who are specifically targeted against hepatitis B, hemophilus influenza B pneumonia, diphtheria, tetanus, polio, measles, mumps, and rubella. As of 2016, 31,115 children aged one and below have been fully immunized. Manila Dialysis

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reflects its, and the Philippines', turbulent history. During World War II, Manila was razed to the ground by Japanese forces and the shelling of American forces. After the war ended, rebuilding began and most of the historical buildings were reconstructed. Many of the historic churches and buildings

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There are 24 pairs of sister-cities or sister-provinces between China and the Philippines, namely: Hangzhou and Baguio City, Guangzhou and Manila City, Shanghai and Metro Manila, Xiamen and Cebu City, Shenyang and Quezon City, Fushun and Lipa City, Hainan and Cebu Province, Sanya and Lapu-Lapu City,

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of unknown origin; one theory is that it is from Portuguese-Macau, another is that it is a Tantric goddess and this was worshiped by the natives in a Pagan-Hindu manner and had survived Islamic iconoclasm by the Sultanate of Brunei. This image was interpreted to be of Marian nature, and it was found

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which was one of the first major open acts of resistance against the Marcos dictatorship which paved the way for similar protest actions elsewhere in the country. From then, Manila continued to be a center of resistance activity; youth and student demonstrators repeatedly clashed with the police and

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The cultural identity of the mestizos was challenged as they became increasingly aware that they were true members of neither the Indio nor the Chinese community. Increasingly powerful but adrift, they linked with the Spanish mestizos, who were also being challenged because after the Latin American

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The galleon activities also attracted a great number of Mexican men that arrived from the Mexican Pacific coast as ships' crewmembers (Grant 2009: 230). Mexicans were administrators, priests and soldiers (guachinangos or hombres de pueblo) (Bernal 1964: 188) many though, integrated into the peasant

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Development of public housing in Manila began in the 1930s under U.S. rule; Americans had to deal with the problem of sanitation and concentration of settlers around business areas. Business codes and sanitation laws were implemented in the 1930s. During this period until the 1950s, new communities

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is a popular mode of transportation for tourists in Intramuros and nearby places including Binondo, Ermita and Rizal Park. Binondo, the oldest Chinatown in the world, was established in 1521 and served as a hub of Chinese commerce before the Spaniards colonized the Philippines. Its main attractions

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In 2017, the City Government approved five reclamation projects; the New Manila Bay–City of Pearl (New Manila Bay International Community) (407.43 hectares (1,006.8 acres)), Solar City (148 hectares (370 acres)), Manila Harbour Center expansion (50 hectares (120 acres)), Manila Waterfront City (318

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included the development of a road system, the use of waterways for transportation, and the beautification of Manila with waterfront improvements and construction of parks, parkways, and buildings. The planned buildings included a government center occupying all of Wallace Field, which extends from

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Trolleys, hand-made human-powered metal handcarts operated by "trolley boys", transport people along sections of the PNR lines. This is a popular means of transportation because it is low-cost – roughly ₱10 or US$ .20 per trip – and avoids traffic. Many trolley boys are homeless and live

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are a popular tourist attraction and mode of transportation in Binondo and Intramuros. Manila will phase out all gasoline-run tricycles and pedicabs, and replace them with electric tricycles (e-trikes), and plans to distribute 10,000 e-trikes to qualified tricycle drivers from the city. By January

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have criticized the land reclamation projects, saying they are not sustainable and would put communities at risk of flooding. In line of the upcoming reclamation projects, the Philippines and the Netherlands agreed to a cooperation on the ₱250 million Manila Bay Sustainable Development Master

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was probably bestowed because of the indigo-yielding plants that grew in the area surrounding the settlement rather than because it was known as a settlement that traded in indigo dye. Indigo dye extraction only became an important economic activity in the area in the 18th century, several hundred

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Filipinos appear considerably admixed with respect to the other Asian population samples, carrying on average less Asian ancestry (71%) than our Korean (99%), Japanese (96%), Thai (93%), and Vietnamese (84%) reference samples. We also revealed substructure in our Filipino sample, showing that the

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Reforms under General Arandía.—The demoralization and misery with which Obando's rule closed were relieved somewhat by the capable government of Arandía, who succeeded him. Arandía was one of the few men of talent, energy, and integrity who stood at the head of affairs in these islands during two

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The National Competitiveness Council of the Philippines, which annually publishes the Cities and Municipalities Competitiveness Index (CMCI), ranks the country's cities, municipalities, and provinces according to their economic dynamism, government efficiency, and infrastructure. According to the

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Manila has been presumed to be the Philippines' largest city since the establishment of a permanent Spanish settlement, and eventually became the political, commercial, and ecclesiastical capital of the country. Since colonial times, Manila has been the destination of peoples whose origins are as

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architectural styles, many of which were designed by prominent Filipino architects during the American colonial period between the 1920s and the late 1930s. Many architects, artists, historians, and heritage advocacy groups are campaigning for the restoration of Escolta Street, which was once the

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ranked Manila in 34th position in its list of the 53 best cities in the world, citing it as "an underrated hub for art and culture, with unique customs and cuisine to boot". Manila was also voted the third-most-resilient and least-rude city for the year's index. In 2023, the search site Crossword

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The diversity here is immense such that I could go on forever trying to differentiate lands and peoples. There are Castilians from all provinces. There are Portuguese and Italians; Dutch, Greeks and Canary Islanders, and Mexican Indians. There are slaves from Africa brought by the Spaniards , and

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ABSTRACT: Filipinos represent a significant contemporary demographic group globally, yet they are underrepresented in the forensic anthropological literature. Given the complex population history of the Philippines, it is important to ensure that traditional methods for assessing the biological

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Manila is known for its eclectic mix of architecture that includes a wide range of styles spanning the city's historical and cultural periods. Its architectural styles reflect American, Spanish, Chinese, and Malay influences. Prominent Filipino architects including Antonio Toledo, Felipe Roxas,

2515:, who pledged allegiance to the U.S. on April 1, 1901. Upon drafting a new charter for Manila in June 1901, the U.S. officially recognized the city of Manila consisted of Intramuros and the surrounding areas. The new charter proclaimed Manila was composed of eleven municipal districts: Binondo, 7056:

since 2018, and is the second city in the Philippines to do so after Quezon City, which passed a similar ordinance in 2016. In 2017, the city government planned to revise the existing curfew ordinance since the Supreme Court declared it unconstitutional in August that year. Of the three cities

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on Balut Island was once known as the country's largest landfill where thousands of impoverished people lived in slums. After the closure of the landfill in 1995, mid-rise housing was built on the site. This district also contains the Manila North Harbor Center, Manila North Harbor, and Manila

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In 2016, the national government completed several medium-rise houses for 300 Manila residents whose slum community was destroyed by a fire in 2011. As of 2019, the city government plans to retrofit dilapidated tenements within the city, and will construct new housing buildings for the city's

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According to a report in 2003, the Pasig River is one of the most-polluted rivers in the world in which 150 metric tons (150 long tons; 170 short tons) of domestic waste and 75 metric tons (74 long tons; 83 short tons) of industrial waste are dumped daily. The city is the second-biggest waste

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for help, and Sin went on Radyo Veritas to invite Catholics to join in protecting Enrile and Ramos. Seeing what was happening, multiple units of the Armed Forces of the Philippines defected Marcos, with air units under the command of General Antonio Sotelo and Colonel Charles Hotchkiss, even

7776:(1859). Only Colegio de San Juan de Letran remains at Intramuros; the University of Santo Tomas transferred to a new campus at Sampaloc in 1927 and Ateneo de Manila University relocated to Loyola Heights, Quezon City, in 1952. In the 20th century, new non-sectarian schools were built; 17627:. Kyoto CSEAS series on Philippine studies / Center for Southeast Asian Studies, Kyoto University. Ateneo de Manila University Press, Kyōto Daigaku. Quezon City, Philippines: Ateneo de Manila University Press in association with Kyoto University Press, Kyoto, Japan. pp. 159–160. 12666: 5166:

by intensive bombardment by the United States Air Force. Reconstruction took place afterward, replacing the destroyed historic Spanish-era buildings with modern ones, erasing much of the city's character. Some of the destroyed buildings, such as the Old Legislative Building (now the

5041:, which favored broad streets and avenues radiating out from rectangles. Manila is made up of fourteen city districts, according to Republic Act No. 409—the Revised Charter of the City of Manila—the basis of which officially sets the present-day boundary of the city. The districts 2443:

in 1869 facilitated direct trade and communications with Spain. The city's growing wealth and education attracted indigenous peoples, Negritos, Malays, Africans, Chinese, Indians, Arabs, Europeans, Latinos and Papuans from the surrounding provinces, and facilitated the rise of an

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is responsible for the planning and implementation of healthcare programs provided by the city government. Manila Health Department operates 59 health centers and six city-run hospitals, which are free of charge for the city's constituents. The six public city-run hospitals are

20010: 3527:(2020 population: 220,029) covers Binondo, Quiapo, San Nicolas and Santa Cruz. It contains 123 barangays and includes "Downtown Manila", the historic business district of the city, and the oldest Chinatown in the world. The boundary of the 3rd District is the neighboring city 7033:. Both are national government agencies. The barangays that have jurisdictions over these places oversee the welfare of the city's constituents but cannot exercise their executive powers. Manila had a 12,971 personnel complement at the end of 2018. Under the proposed form of 7576:

took over the west zone, of which Manila is a part. As of 2001, Maynilad Water Services provides the supply and delivery of potable water, and sewerage system in Manila but does not serve the southeastern part of the city, which belongs to the east zone that is served by

1718:, and Blair and Robertson, repeated the claim. Today, this erroneous etymology continues to be perpetuated through casual repetition in literature and in popular use. Examples of popular adoption of this mistaken etymology include the name of a local utility company 1754:(Nilad is an average tree, very rare straight, leafy wood, and compact like Molavin, where Mangle abounds, the place is called Manglar, so where nilad (abounds), Maynilad, whence the corruption Manila), making this an earlier account of the change in this name. 6061:

Manufacturers within the city produce industrial-related products such as chemicals, textiles, clothing, electronic goods, food, beverages, and tobacco products. Local businesses process primary commodities for export, including rope, plywood, refined sugar,

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Bartolome Juan Leonardy y de Argensola, Conquistas de las islas Molucas (Madrid: Alonso Martin, 1909) pp. 351-8; Cesar Majul, Muslims in the Philippines (Quezon City: University of the Philippines Press, 1973) pp. 119-20; Hal, History of Southeast Asia, pp.

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establishments, exclusive of the religious, who in Manila numbered at least one hundred and fifty, the garrison, at certain times, about four hundred trained Spanish soldiers who had seen service in Holland and the Low Countries, and the official classes.

8646: 9605: 6608:. Most barangays have a basketball court or a makeshift one, and court markings are frequently drawn on the streets. Larger barangays have covered courts where inter-barangay leagues are held every April to May. Manila's major sports venues include 14371:

patterns of ancestry vary within the Philippines—that is, between the four differently sourced Filipino samples. Mean estimates of Asian (76%) and European (7%) ancestry are greatest for the cemetery sample of forensic signifĳicance from Manila.

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in the world, with 41,515 inhabitants per km in 2015. District 6 is listed as the densest with 68,266 inhabitants per km, followed by District 1 with 64,936 and District 2 with 64,710. District 5 is the least-densely populated area with 19,235.

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alongside the railroad line, which is actively used by passenger trains, making collisions with passenger trains a consistent danger, although casualties are rare. The trolley rides are unofficial and unregulated but tolerated by authorities.

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informal settlers such as the 14-story Tondominium 1 and Tondomium 2 buildings, containing 42-square-meter (450 sq ft), two-bedroom units. The construction of these new in-city vertical housing projects was funded by a loan from the

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in 1549, this resulted in the ban of all Japanese people from entering China and of Chinese ships from sailing to Japan. Manila became the only place where the Japanese and Chinese could openly trade. In 1606, upon the Spanish conquest of the

20014: 12679: 6050:, is one of the top-five major maritime terminal operators in the world, and has its headquarters and main operations at the Port of Manila. Another port operator, Asian Terminal Incorporated, has its corporate office and main operations at 2372:, which was thus-named because of a Mexican hermit who lived there. The Hermit-Priest's name was Juan Fernandez de Leon who was a Hermit in Mexico before relocating to Manila. Priests weren't usually alone too since they often brought along 6881:

Manila celebrates civic and national holidays. Because most of the city's residents are Roman Catholic, most of the festivals are religious in nature. Araw ng Maynila, which celebrates the city's founding on June 24, 1571 by the Spanish

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in the world, was the center of commerce and business activities in the city. Numerous residential and office skyscrapers occupy its medieval streets. As of 2013, plans by the city government of Manila to turn the Chinatown area into a

3284:. Some of these sites were saved after the intervention of governmental cultural agencies and heritage advocate groups. In May 2019, Estrada said Manila was debt-free; two months later, however, the Commission on Audit said Manila was 6342:

in Tondo has been locally described as a "shopping mecca" of Manila. Shopping malls sell goods at bargain prices. Small vendors occupy several roads, causing pedestrian and vehicular traffic. A well-known landmark in Divisoria is the

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and perpetrated the mass rape of women in February. At the end of the war, Manila had suffered from heavy bombardment and became the second-most-destroyed city of World War II. Manila was recaptured by American and Philippine troops.

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marginally surpassed the population of Manila in 1990 and by the 2015 census it already has 1.1 million more people. Nationally, the population of Manila was expected to be overtaken by cities with larger territories such as

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Despite Marcos' declaration of martial law, poverty and other social issues persisted, so even with the military in his control, Marcos could not hold back the unrest. A major turning point was reached in Tondo in the form of the

11336: 6918:), which is held every January 9 and draws millions of Catholic followers. Other religious festivities held in Manila are the Feast of Santo Niño in Tondo and Pandacan, which is held on the third Sunday of January; the Feast of 7443:. Development of the light rail system began in the 1970s during the presidency of Ferdinand Marcos, when the LRT Line 1 was built, making it the first light-rail system in Southeast Asia. Despite its name, LRT-1 operates as a 11134: 6707:

and Araneta Coliseum in Quezon City. Other collegiate sports are still held at Rizal Memorial Sports Complex. Professional basketball, which has been mostly organized by corporate teams, also used to play at the city but the

6903:, and has always been declared by the national government as a special, non-working holiday through presidential proclamations. Each of the city's 896 barangays also have their own festivities, which are guided by their own 2355:

The Chinese minority were punished for supporting the British, and the fortress city Intramuros, which was initially populated by 1,200 pure Spanish families and garrisoned by 400 Spanish troops, kept its cannons pointed at

10167: 13220: 2594:. The Philippine capitol was to rise at the Taft Avenue end of the field, facing the sea. Along with buildings for government bureaus and departments, it would form a quadrangle with a central lagoon and a monument to 2271:

that was mined in Mexico and Peru was exchanged for Chinese silk, Indian gems, and spices from Indonesia and Malaysia. Wine and olives grown in Europe and North Africa were shipped via Mexico to Manila. Because of the

14525:

revolutions broke the Spanish Empire, many of the settlers from the New World, Caucasian Creoles born in Mexico or Peru, became suspect in the eyes of the Iberian Spanish. The Spanish Empire had lost its universality.

2466:

but the revolt itself was led by demoted Latin-American military officers stationed in the city from the newly independent nations of Mexico, Colombia, Venezuela, Peru, Chile, Argentina, and Costa Rica. Following the

15913: 13827: 6529:, one of Manila's prominent museums, documents the lives of Chinese people and their contributions to the history of the Philippines. Intramuros Light and Sound Museum chronicles Filipinos' desire for freedom during 20185: 12991:

Rimando, Rolly; Rolly E. Rimando; Peter L.K. Knuepfer (February 10, 2004). "Neotectonics of the Marikina Valley fault system (MVFS) and tectonic framework of structures in northern and central Luzon, Philippines".

7088:

Manila, being the seat of political power in the Philippines, has the headquarters of several national government offices. Planning for the city's role as the center of government started during the early years of

5999:

in the Philippines. Manila held the title of the country's most-competitive city in 2015, and since then has been in the top three, denoting Manila is consistently one of the best place to live in and do business.

7218:

Congress, the House of Representatives stayed at the Batasang Pambansa Complex and the Senate remained at the Old Congress Building. In May 1997, the Senate transferred to a new building, which it shares with the

12312: 6301:, which is estimated to annually generate $ 1 billion in revenue. Lack of a progressive health system, inadequate infrastructure, and the unstable political environment are seen as hindrances to its growth. 2931:- most of them arrested without warrants, which is why they were called detainees rather than prisoners. At least 11,103 of them have since been officially recognized by the Philippine government as having been 2115:

and converted to Islam, had invaded the area. The Bruneians wanted to take advantage of Tondo's strategic position in direct trade with China and subsequently attacked the region and established the rajahnate of

5561:

Crime in Manila is concentrated in areas that are associated with poverty, drug abuse, and gangs. Crime in the city is also directly related to its changing demographics and unique criminal justice system. The

2920:. At the same time, it saw the arrest of many students, journalists, academics, and politicians who were considered political threats to Marcos, many of them residents of the City of Manila. The first one was 18863: 7093:, when the U.S. envisioned a well-designed city outside the walls of Intramuros, and chose Bagumbayan, a former town that is now Rizal Park to become the center of government. A design commission was given to 2196:, he took advantage of a territorial conflict between Hindu Tondo and Islamic Manila to justify expelling or converting Bruneian Muslim colonists who supported their Manila vassals while his Mexican grandson 7532:

and high densities. The government has undertaken several projects to alleviate the traffic in the city, some of which include the proposed construction of a new viaduct or underpass at the intersection of

5836: 13922: 9251:"A Suggestion to the Tagalistas to Elucidate the Origin of the Name of the Capital City of the Philippines: Manila. Which of these Three Terms or Names Is the More Accurate: Maynilad, Manilad, or Manila?" 5057:

in Intramuros, Manila's historic core, however, had been damaged beyond repair. Manila's current urban landscape is one of modern and contemporary architecture. Manila's historic sites under the entry of

7846:. The division oversees 71 public elementary schools and 32 public high schools, all located within the city's territory, except for Rafael Palma Elementary School, which is situated in Barangay La Paz, 7302:

Since 2019, the Manila City Government has initiated six housing projects: Tondominium 1 & 2, Binondominium, Basecommunity, San Lazaro Residences, Pedro Gil Residences, and San Sebastian Residences.

4810: 10183:

Imperialism and Expansionism in American History: A Social, Political, and Cultural Encyclopedia and Document Collection [4 volumes]: A Social, Political, and Cultural Encyclopedia and Document

9839:

AGI, México, leg. 25, núm. 62; AGI, Filipinas, leg. 8, ramo 3, núm. 50; leg. 10, ramo 1, núm. 6; leg. 22, ramo 1, núm. 1, fos. 408 r –428 v; núm. 21; leg. 32, núm. 30; leg. 285, núm. 1, fos. 30 r –41 v

3431:

in December 2019 and was scheduled for construction in 2021. Another reclamation project is possible and when built, it will include in-city housing relocation projects. Environmental activists and the

15515: 9783:"In 1787 the garrison at Manila consisted of one regiment of Mexicans comprising one thousand three hundred men, two artillery companies of eighty men each, three cavalry companies of fifty men each." 16161: 8574:

Manila, modernized and elevated to the status of a metropolis by American engineering skill, was before Pearl Harbor a city of 623,000 population, contained in an area of 14 square miles (36 km).

7831:, the oldest of the constituent universities of the University of the Philippines System, and the center of health-sciences education in the country. Manila is also the site of the main campus of the 6254:

Rizal Park, also known as Luneta Park, is a national park and the largest urban park in Asia. with an area of 58 hectares (140 acres), The park was constructed to honor of the country's national hero

2439:

in 1821, the Spanish crown began to directly govern Manila. Under direct Spanish rule, banking, industry, and education flourished more than they had in the previous two centuries. The opening of the

7827:(1908), the country's main state university, was established in Ermita, Manila. It moved its central administrative offices from Manila to Diliman in 1949 and eventually made the original campus the 3563:(2020 population: 395,065) covers Ermita, Malate, Port Area, Intramuros, San Andres Bukid, and a portion of Paco. It is made up of 184 barangays. The historic Walled City is located here, along with 2598:

at the other end of the field. Of Burnham's proposed government center, only three units—the Legislative Building, and the buildings of the Finance and Agricultural Departments—were completed before

13719: 7447:, running on dedicated rights-of-way. LRT 2 operates as a full-metro, heavy rail system. As of 2015, these systems were undergoing a multi-billion-dollar expansion. The LRT runs along the length of 7037:, Manila may no longer be the capital and Metro Manila may no longer be the seat of government; the committee has not yet decided on the federal capital and states they are open to other proposals. 20217: 16694: 13858: 6366:

Binondo, the oldest Chinatown in the world, is the city's center of commerce and trade for all types of businesses run by Filipino-Chinese merchants, with a wide variety of shops and restaurants.

16642: 12871: 8765: 3276:, Estrada narrowly won over Lim. Throughout Estrada's term, numerous Filipino heritage sites were demolished, gutted, or approved for demolition; these include the post-war Santa Cruz Building, 2364:. The population of native Spaniards was concentrated in the southern part of Manila and in 1787, La Pérouse recorded one regiment of 1,300 Spaniards garrisoned at Manila, and they were also at 13354: 15327: 11900: 5684:

Manila is the seat of prominent Catholic churches and institutions. There are 113 Catholic churches within the city limits; 63 of which are considered major shrines, basilicas, or cathedrals.

2412:, the mixed-race people here, I cannot even write because in Manila there is no limit to combinations of peoples with peoples. This is in the city where all the buzz is. (Remesal, 1629: 680–1) 18122: 3050:

the year before in 1983. International pressure had forced Marcos to give the press more freedom, so coverage exposed Filipinos to how opposition figures including 80-year-old former Senator

9850: 7726: 24427: 4842:

ranked Manila as the second-riskiest capital city to live in, citing its exposure to natural hazards such as earthquakes, tsunamis, typhoons, floods, and landslides. The seismically active

1966:

as a result of direct trade relations with China. Tondo district was the traditional capital of the empire and its rulers were sovereign kings rather than chieftains. Tondo was named using

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in 1952, before which all mayors were appointed, Manila underwent a "Golden Age", regaining its pre-war moniker "Pearl of the Orient". After Lacson's term in the 1950s, Manila was led by

15173: 3128:, and were about to be overrun by Marcos loyalist forces. Discovering what was happening, the forces which had been organizing Aquino's civil disobedience campaign went to the stretch of 18802: 5893: 18604: 11801: 11344: 17135: 5856: 11219: 10686: 3428: 11144: 23599: 16359: 14319:. He also formed a corps of artillerists composed of Filipinos. These were regular troops, who received from Arandía sufficient pay to enable them to live decently and like an army. 10083: 20938: 18745: 6762:, reaching the Northern Division Finals in 2019. Both teams played in the San Andres Sports Complex. Other teams that represented Manila but did not host games in the city are the 3539:(2020 population: 277,013) covers Sampaloc and some parts of Santa Mesa. It contains 192 barangays and has numerous colleges and universities, which were located along the city's " 2828:

in January 1970 until his ouster in February 1986 took place within the city of Manila. The first, the January 26, 1970, State of the Nation Address Protest which kicked off the "

15435: 13576: 2324:

but they were unable to extend their occupation past Manila proper. Frustrated by their inability to take the rest of the archipelago, the British withdrew in accordance with the

2063:). Manila regained independence. In the 13th century, Manila consisted of a fortified settlement and trading quarter on the shore of the Pasig River. It was then conquered by the 11166: 10478: 9798: 3602:(2020 population: 300,186) covers Pandacan, San Miguel, Santa Ana, Santa Mesa, and a portion of Paco. It contains 139 barangays. Santa Ana district is known for its 18th Century 3132:(EDSA) between the two camps, beginning to form a human barricade to keep Marcos loyalist forces from attacking. The crowd grew even larger when Ramos telephoned Manila Cardinal 19318: 17414: 16894: 26543: 21779: 18003: 16864: 11605: 10931: 2626: 2495:

of Manila recommended improving the city's transit systems by creating diagonal arteries radiating from the new central civic district into areas at the outskirts of the city.

7741:

Manila has been a center of education since the colonial period. The city has several Philippine universities and colleges, some of which are the county's oldest. The city's

7556:

aims to address these urban transport problems. The plan is a list of short-term priority projects and medium-to-long-term infrastructure projects that will last up to 2030.

7501:, lies within Manila. Within Metro Manila, one commuter railway is in operation. The line runs in a general north–south direction from Tutuban (Tondo) toward the province of 6336:

Manila is regarded as one of the best shopping destinations in Asia. Major shopping malls, department stores, markets, supermarkets, and bazaars are located within the city.

21784: 15921: 13835: 12351: 23577: 20192: 20062: 14125: 21604: 16130: 14871: 12079: 3474:(2020 population: 441,282) covers the western part of Tondo and is made up of 136 barangays. It is the most-densely populated Congressional District and was also known as 16578: 15228: 14840: 7757:

districts, while other clusters colleges lie along the southern bank of the Pasig River – mostly in Intramuros and Ermita districts; and at the southernmost part of

23125: 12323: 9186: 1614:. This plant species, however, was only recently introduced into the Philippines from South America and therefore could not be the source of the toponym for old Manila. 1487:

ranks Manila 79th in the world. Manila is also the world's second most natural disaster-exposed city, yet is also among the fastest-developing cities in Southeast Asia.

20106: 14001: 13796: 12758: 25256: 6506: 5573:

From 2010 to 2015, Manila had the second-highest index crime rates in the Philippines, with 54,689 cases or an average of about 9,100 cases per year. By October 2017,

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that covers the remaining period with slightly cooler daytime temperatures. In the wet season, rain rarely falls all day but rainfall is very heavy for short periods.

1082: 18871: 11722: 1752:

Nilad arbor mediocris, rarissimi recta, ligno folido, et compacto ut Molavin, ubi abundant Mangle, locum vocant Manglar, ita ubi nilad, Maynilad, unde corrupte Manila

25146: 24420: 5878: 3408:

of the city's central, built-up areas is relatively consistent with the natural flatness of the natural geography, generally exhibiting only slight differentiation.

19461: 16982: 16223: 14723: 12352:"Enhancing Risk Analysis Capacities for Flood, Tropical Cyclone Severe Wind and Earthquake for the Greater Metro Manila Area Component 5 – Earthquake Risk Analysis" 17570: 15048: 17803: 15079: 13930: 4872:), and caused 448 deaths in Metro Manila alone. Following the aftermath of Typhoon Ketsana, the city began to dredge its rivers and improve its drainage network. 2927:

About 400 prominent critics of the Marcos administration were jailed in the first few hours of September 23 alone, and eventually about 70,000 individuals became

21774: 20367: 19640: 17773: 17012: 16538: 15668: 11579: 11052: 3148:

eventually decided to offer Marcos a chance to flee into exile. Shortly after midnight on February 26, 1986, the Marcos Family fled Malacañang and were taken to

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against Ferdinand and Imelda Marcos. Enrile and RAM's coup was quickly uncovered, which prompted Enrile to ask for the support of Philippine Constabulary chief

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and Sisters. The years: 1603, 1636, 1644, 1654, 1655, 1670, and 1672; saw the deployment of 900, 446, 407, 821, 799, 708, and 667 Latin-American soldiers from

17105: 6746:, which does not have stations in the city – participated in its first three seasons and won the 1999 championship. The Metrostars later merged with the 27431: 23592: 17513: 16169: 15150: 13118: 12028: 6248: 555: 19112: 15523: 13362: 9759: 8558:"'Pearl of Orient' Stripped of Food; Manila, Before Pearl Harbor, Had Been Prosperous—Its Harbor One, of Best Focus for Two Attacks Osmeña Succeeded Quezon" 5538:

community. According to data provided by the Bureau of Immigration, 3.12 million Chinese citizens arrived in the Philippines from January 2016 to May 2018.

4865:

struck the Philippines, leading to one of the worst floods in Metro Manila and several provinces in Luzon with an estimated damages worth ₱11 billion (

26901: 25097: 24413: 18508: 17357: 13061: 7832: 4956: 2917: 2391:

The rise of Spanish Manila marked the first time all hemispheres and continents were interconnected in a worldwide trade network, making Manila, alongside

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has a high concentration of colleges and universities, which are a short walking distance of each other. The University Belt is at the boundaries between

28385: 25115: 22294: 16030: 15408: 12201: 5817: 3113: 2400: 2297: 17165: 12447: 12227: 6843:

in July 2011. The stadium, which was previously unfit for international matches, had been renovated before the match. The stadium also hosted its first

26536: 22058: 22048: 17278: 16650: 16262: 15725: 12878: 12358: 12319: 10839:

Daroy, Petronilo Bn. (1988). "On the Eve of Dictatorship and Revolution". In Javate -de Dios, Aurora; Daroy, Petronilo Bn.; Kalaw-Tirol, Lorna (eds.).

6692: 2144: 20133: 19615:"Overview of China-Philippines Bilateral Relations: III. Exchanges and Cooperation in the Fields of Culture, Education, Science and the Military, etc" 12703: 2897:

and then suspending of the writ of Habeas Corpus. The suspension is noted for forcing many members of the moderate opposition, including figures like

28380: 27291: 26093: 21960: 19533: 18325: 16955: 9779:"In 1637 the military force maintained in the islands consisted of one thousand seven hundred and two Spaniards and one hundred and forty Indians." ~ 6486: 5738: 3239: 2928: 18083: 11908: 6015:(BPO) hub were in progress; thirty unoccupied buildings had been already identified for conversion into BPO offices. Most of these buildings are on 2924:

who was arrested just before midnight on September 22 while at a hotel on UN Avenue preparing for a senate committee session the following morning.

26968: 25203: 23585: 22053: 18220: 11831: 11038: 9854: 8557: 7161: 6613: 3043: 2713:, American soldiers were ordered to withdraw from Manila and all military installations were removed by December 24, 1941. Two days later, General 19797: 15356: 12573: 7505:. The Port of Manila, which is located in the western section of the city on Manila Bay, is the largest and chief seaport of the Philippines. The 5520:

is the language most widely used in education and business, and is in heavy everyday use throughout Metro Manila and the rest of the Philippines.

2908:

in September 1972 saw the immediate shutdown of all media not approved by Marcos, including Quezon City media outlets, including the Manila-based

28360: 28355: 23185: 23170: 23165: 23150: 23118: 22026: 21883: 12846: 8464:

and Vietnam. Honorary consulates of Belize, Burkina Faso, Jordan, Nepal, Poland, Iceland, Paraguay, Thailand, and Tunisia are based in the city.

6725: 5758: 5002: 4850:

of between 6 and 7, and as high as 7.6 to Metro Manila and nearby provinces. Manila has experienced several deadly earthquakes, notably those of

2388:, which was named after their former homeland. In 1603, Manila was also home to 25,000 Chinese and housed 3,528 mixed Spanish-Filipino families. 1476: 20273: 15943: 15181: 6106:, the Philippines' largest broadsheet newspaper by circulation, is headquartered in Intramuros. Other major publishing companies in the country 2721:

to prevent further death and destruction but Japanese warplanes continued bombing the city. Japanese forces occupied Manila on January 2, 1942.

25249: 22150: 21485: 20745: 18810: 18776: 17733: 16448: 13545: 11976: 11849: 11009: 6043: 5183:), have been reconstructed. There are plans to refurbish and restore several neglected historic buildings and places such as Plaza Del Carmen, 2936: 27368: 18612: 16725: 15605: 14616: 12940:

Nelson, Alan R.; Personius, Stephen F.; Rimando, Rolly E.; Punongbayan, Raymundo S.; Tungol, Norman; Mirabueno, Hannah; Rasdas, Ariel (2000).

11809: 11639: 9351: 2646: 28365: 26529: 25156: 23607: 21975: 18379: 17143: 12257: 12109: 10708: 6665: 6247:. Both the historic Walled City of Intramuros and Rizal Park were designated as flagship destinations and as tourism enterprise zones in the 2092:. Selurong, together with Sulot, was able to regain independence afterward, and Sulu attacked and looted the then-Majapahit-invaded province 18635: 18483: 17649: 14135: 14103: 11546: 11211: 10678: 9262:

Blair and Robertson, The Philippine Islands, 1493–1898, Vol. VIII, p. 96-141. The Arthur H. Clarke Company.; Census of the Philippines, 1903

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have shown, in every early document, that the place name Maynilà was always written without a final /d/. This documentation shows that the

988: 19851: 18832: 18683: 16872: 15973: 15631: 13264: 10087: 3340:, including those in the City of Manila. However, the city has no objections and is willing to pursue the suspended reclamation projects. 2228:

and of the Philippines, which their empire would control for the next three centuries. In 1574, Manila was besieged by the Chinese pirate

358: 24442: 22182: 22021: 21919: 18753: 18058: 17543: 15258: 14931: 12551: 11366:

Schock, Kurt (1999). "People Power and Political Opportunities: Social Movement Mobilization and Outcomes in the Philippines and Burma".

11314: 10803: 7701: 7642: 7565: 7185: 7052:. The mayor and the vice mayor are limited to up-to three terms, each term lasting for three years. The city has an ordinance penalizing 6516: 6461: 5445: 1911: 1452:. It is the most populous region in the country, one of the most populous urban areas in the world, and one of the wealthiest regions in 1350: 547: 17982: 15867: 15443: 13584: 13291: 5991:, advertising, legal services, accounting, insurance, theater, fashion, and the arts. Around 60,000 establishments operate in the city. 25177: 23111: 22101: 21553: 21543: 19983: 19220: 17482: 17305: 15468: 13029: 10475: 7568:(MWSS), which served 30% of the city; most other sewage was directly dumped into storm drains, septic tanks, and open canals. MWSS was 7121: 7090: 6224: 3551:, the oldest-existing university in Asia, which was established in 1611. The boundaries of the 4th District are the neighboring cities 3137:

performed calculated operations which included strafing the grounds of Malacañang palace with bullets and disabling gunships at nearby

3086:. The elections were held on February 7, 1986, an exercise marred by widespread reports of violence and tampering of election results. 2663: 20389: 20159: 20088: 18298: 17043: 16387: 11174: 10970: 10824:

Talitha Espiritu Passionate Revolutions: The Media and the Rise and Fall of the Marcos Regime Athens, OH: Ohio University Press, 2017.

6130:, the Philippines' oldest existing Chinese-language newspaper, and the country's third-oldest newspaper, is headquartered in Binondo. 2511:

fought against the Americans for control of the city. The Americans defeated the First Philippine Republic and captured its president

1647:

is unlikely to have developed from this term. It is unlikely native Tagalog speakers would completely drop the final consonant /d/ in

25242: 22106: 22063: 21888: 21599: 20960: 18983: 18246: 17422: 16902: 15236: 6828: 6621: 22143: 19903: 19077: 18011: 15698: 11613: 6793:. Baseball was previously a widely played sport in the city but in 2022, Manila had the Philippines' only sizable baseball stadium, 4179:

Humidity levels are usually very high all year round, making the air feel hotter than its actual temperature. Manila has a distinct

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have designed significant buildings in Manila such as churches, government offices, theaters, mansions, schools, and universities.

3400:, 1,300 km (810 mi) from mainland Asia. The protected harbor on which Manila lies is regarded as the finest in Asia. The 3250:, causing Japan to express regret about the statue's erection despite the healthy relationship between Japan and the Philippines. 2671: 19326: 16508: 16191: 16099: 15819: 15756: 14754: 12496: 12188: 11665: 11626:

Environment Secretary Jose "Lito" Atienza will get to tangle again with incumbent Manila Alfredo Lim in the coming 2010 elections.

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Memorial de D. Juan Grau y Monfalcon, Procurador General de las Islas Filipinas, Docs. Inéditos del Archivo de Indias, vi, p. 425.

7646: 28370: 25279: 22287: 20066: 19935:. Singapore: Japan Council of Local Authorities for International Relations (CLAIR, Singapore). February 29, 2012. Archived from 19877: 18034: 15382: 14180: 13411: 11778: 11752: 10084:"Filipinos In Mexico's History 4 (The Mexican Connection – The Cultural Cargo Of The Manila-Acapulco Galleons) By Carlos Quirino" 7165: 6356: 19824: 16750: 16138: 16078: 14879: 12941: 12547: 12087: 10621:

Lico, Gerard. Edifice Complex: Power, Myth, and Marcos State Architecture. Quezon City: Ateneo de Manila University Press, 2003.

9931: 9533:: The Asian Waters as Conduits of Knowledge, People, Cargoes, and Technologies Page 107 (Citing:"Wang 1953; Tanaka Takeo 1961.") 5001:

Rehabilitation efforts have resulted in the creation of parks along the riverside and stricter pollution controls. In 2019, the

2777:, a new capital in the suburbs and fields northeast of Manila, which was created in 1939 during the administration of President 26046: 22251: 22121: 22080: 22031: 21352: 21209: 21204: 21199: 21194: 21189: 21184: 20541: 19958: 18953: 18515: 16588: 15545: 14848: 9430: 6699:

basketball games held at Rizal Memorial Coliseum and Ninoy Aquino Stadium, although basketball events have been transferred to

4834: 3598: 3559: 3535: 3523: 3499: 3470: 2710: 18646:. Diliman, Quezon City 1101, Philippines: University of the Philippines, College of Business Administration: 2. Archived from 18571: 18537: 16776: 12788: 11108: 9557:

Journal, Memorials and Letters of Cornelis Matelieff de Jonge. Security, Diplomacy and Commerce in 17th-Century Southeast Asia

9192: 8724: 7668:(DOH) has its main office in Manila and operates San Lazaro Hospital, a special referral tertiary hospital. DOH also operates 2475:, the Philippine revolution began; Manila was among the first eight provinces to rebel and their role was commemorated on the 27284: 26086: 24626: 22218: 21939: 21909: 20950: 20110: 19264: 19195: 19024: 18197: 17956: 17632: 17459: 15796: 14998: 14517: 14475: 14009: 13899: 13772: 13696: 13658: 13620: 13522: 12766: 12397: 11556: 11308: 11281: 11252: 11091: 10993: 10560: 10522: 10453: 10419: 10359: 10321: 10270: 10196: 10159: 10124: 10035: 9696: 9515: 9082: 7863: 7843: 7673: 7654: 6759: 6453: 6438: 5563: 5168: 2859:. This was followed by six more major protests which were violently dispersed, from the end of January until March 17, 1970. 2833: 2762: 2633: 2463: 2377: 323: 298: 18893: 14207: 13978: 12053: 10030:(in Spanish). Vol. 3: La educación en la España contemporánea (1789–1975). Madrid: Fundación Santa María. p. 508. 9876:

Colonial Latin Asia? The case for incorporating the Philippines and the Spanish Pacific into colonial Latin American studies

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Housing Project was built on a former landfill. Continuous development of housing buildings continues up to the present day.

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centuries. He reformed the greatly disorganized military force, establishing what was known as the "Regiment of the King,"

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Globalization, democratization and Asian leadership: power sharing, foreign policy and society in the Philippines and Japan

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marker for distances to locations across the country. The park is managed by the National Parks and Development Committee.

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of 61 different native tree varieties and 8,000 ornamental plants providing a habitat for about 10 different bird species.

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On the other hand, in a rather first account of importance on the Philippine flora that appeared in 1704 as an Appendix to

1173: 1131: 24477: 20299: 16478: 14961: 14149: 13321: 6485:, a repository of the country's printed and recorded cultural heritage, and other literary and information resources. The 3035: 2866:

caused nine deaths and injured 95 others, including many prominent Liberal Party politicians including incumbent Senators

2611: 76: 28269: 26915: 26887: 21924: 20040: 19932: 19469: 17388: 16990: 16236: 16231: 15638: 14844: 14782: 14731: 13385: 12813: 11696: 7839: 7705: 7569: 7528:'s 2015 "Global Driver Satisfaction Index", Manila has the worst traffic worldwide. Manila is notorious for its frequent 7388:. All types of public road transportation in Manila are privately owned and operated under government-issued franchises. 7316: 7292: 7220: 7157: 7149: 7145: 7006:, who are elected as representatives of the six councilor districts within the city, and the municipal presidents of the 6735: 6498: 6482: 6355:. It attracts 1 million people every month and is expected to add another 400,000 people upon the completion of the 6274: 5804: 5734: 2954:

In 1975, Marcos formalized the creation of a region called Metropolitan Manila, incorporating the four cities of Manila,

2571: 2380:. The Philippines hosts the only Latin-American-established districts in Asia. The Spanish evacuated Ternate and settled 792: 22491: 22311: 19169: 19047: 17829: 17574: 16052: 15203: 15056: 13433: 13175: 12522: 8678: 1346: 26717: 22280: 22138: 22133: 22016: 22001: 20738: 18404: 16583: 15890: 15089: 13953: 11882: 11196: 10848: 10147: 9384: 9334:

Historia plantarum : species hactenus editas aliasque insuper multas noviter inventas & descriptas complectens

8917: 7734: 7669: 7665: 7658: 7510: 7189: 7169: 7153: 6860: 6840: 6836: 6449: 5658: 5486: 4994:

10 lb/cu yd), which is classed as "Good" according to recommendations made by the World Health Organization.

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trade, which lasted for more than two centuries and brought goods from Europe, Africa, and Hispanic America across the

1590:

According to an antiquated, inaccurate, and now debunked etymological theory, the city's name originated from the word

448: 19720: 19644: 18453: 17020: 16553: 15676: 14333:"An Admixture Approach to Trihybrid Ancestry Variation in the Philippines with Implications for Forensic Anthropology" 11060: 11024: 9824: 6433: 3164:. Because the victory had been won by the civilians on the streets rather than the military, the event was dubbed the 27358: 27348: 27343: 27338: 27328: 27323: 27198: 25089: 25079: 23615: 23175: 23155: 22303: 21980: 21944: 21904: 21756: 21741: 21480: 19349: 18722: 18152: 17257: 16925: 16418: 16292: 15120: 14576: 12577: 10945: 10658: 9903: 9583:

Zamboangueño Chavacano: Philippine Spanish Creole or Filipinized Spanish Creole? By Tyron Judes D. Casumpang (Page 3)

9470: 9299: 9227: 8840: 8824: 7793: 7788:(1965) – which is owned and operated by the Manila city government. The four schools in the district formed the 7615: 7594: 7255: 7196: 6709: 5843: 5701: 5441: 1286: 798: 23205: 18126: 17253: 17202: 14696: 11931: 9593:

The Silver Way: China, Spanish America and the birth of globalisation 1565-1815 By Morales, Juan Jose; Gordon, Peter

8776: 7336: 6995: 6219:

Manila welcomes over one million tourists each year. Major tourist destinations include the historic Walled City of

4854:

and 1677, which destroyed the stone-and-brick medieval city. Architects during the Spanish colonial period used the

3168:. Ferdinand Marcos' 21 years as President - and his 14 years as authoritarian leader - of the Philippines was over. 27277: 27151: 26079: 25208: 24606: 24493: 22213: 22160: 22155: 21804: 21563: 20886: 17113: 14092: 13239: 8477: 7785: 7715: 7474: 7440: 7396: 7228: 7129: 7113: 6445: 6408:. The building of the former Manila Royal Hotel in Quiapo, which is known for its revolving restaurant, is now the 6240: 5723: 3333: 3312: 3105: 2940: 2136:

in Tondo. Islam was further strengthened by the arrival of Muslim traders from the Middle East and Southeast Asia.

1449: 1066: 20247: 13125: 6576: 4170: 4159: 4151: 3503:(2020 population: 212,938) covers the eastern part of Tondo and contains 122 barangays. It is also referred to as 3070:

In late 1985, in the face of escalating public discontent and under pressure from foreign allies, Marcos called a

200: 28350: 27114: 26934: 26583: 22011: 22006: 21970: 21176: 20566: 20359: 19120: 18573:

Public-Private-Community Partnerships in Management and Delivery of Water to Urban Poor: The Case of Metro Manila

17908: 17074: 14186: 14070: 14040: 13456: 12731: 12674: 10971:"They were tortured under Philippine dictator Ferdinand Marcos SNR. Now they fear their stories are being erased" 9756: 8652: 7243: 7211: 6794: 6625: 6552:

houses. Ecclesiastical museums located in the city are the Parish of the Our Lady of the Abandoned in Santa Ana;

6502: 5792:

denominations also thrive. The headquarters of the Philippine Bible Society is in Manila. The main campus of the

5654: 5405: 5155: 4818: 3507:. It includes Gagalangin, a prominent place in Tondo, and Divisoria, a popular shopping area and the site of the 3109: 2852: 2781:. The move ended any implementation of the Burnham Plan's intent for the government center to be at Luneta. When 2160: 1904: 1468: 425: 21292: 18519: 17365: 14901: 6604:

Sports in Manila have a long and distinguished history. The city's, and in general the country's, main sport is

2232:, who was thwarted by local inhabitants. Upon Spanish settlement, Manila was immediately made, by papal decree, 1380:

existed on the site of modern Manila. On June 24, 1571, after the defeat of the polity's last indigenous ruler,

26436: 25474: 23195: 22090: 21868: 21609: 20975: 20329: 19698: 19379: 18497:. Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA), National Economic Development Authority (NEDA). June 10, 2014. 17227: 14594: 12904: 12736: 12470: 10907: 10445:

Teacher Unions, Social Movements and the Politics of Education in Asia: South Korea, Taiwan and the Philippines

9996:

Bartolomé de Letona, La perfecta religiosa (Puebla, 1662), as quoted in Irving, Colonial Counterpoint, page 245

7312: 7181: 6680: 5797: 5744: 1967: 1785: 1484: 17: 26827: 19746: 19506: 19287: 16807: 13733: 10986:

Dark Memories of Torture, Incarceration, Disappeareance, and Death under Ferdinand E. Marcos Sr.'s Martial Law

9606:"Making money at the blessed place of Manila: Armenians in the Madras–Manila trade in the eighteenth century*" 3365: 1998:'Eastern Capital', due to its chief position southeast of China. The kings of Tondo were addressed as 1598:

is found"). There are two versions of this false etymology. One popular incorrect notion is that the old word

1365:. This marked the first time an uninterrupted chain of trade routes circling the planet had been established. 26954: 26852: 26837: 24249: 22919: 22794: 22724: 22128: 21996: 21674: 21548: 21528: 20731: 18923: 17173: 15868:"Manila 11th most attractive shopping destination in Asia Pacific –study – Yahoo! News Philippines" 15142: 13060: 12667:"TABLE 1 Population of Legislative Districts by Province and Selected Highly Urbanized/ Component City: 2020" 12630: 12235: 11337:"Speech of President Aquino at the anniversary of Tagumpay ng Bayan, February 16, 2012 (English translation)" 10609: 7824: 7809: 7769: 7034: 6609: 6585: 6534: 6465: 6258:, who was executed by the Spaniards on charges of subversion. The flagpole west of the Rizal Monument is the 6058:. Manila is classified as a Medium-Port Megacity, using the Southampton system for port-city classification. 6051: 5983:

Manila is a major center for commerce, banking and finance, retailing, transportation, tourism, real estate,

5458: 5184: 5005:

launched a rehabilitation program for Manila Bay that will be administered by different government agencies.

4885: 1884: 146: 20137: 19405: 19143: 16270: 15733: 13482: 9420:

Brunei Rediscovered: A Survey of Early Times By Robert Nicholl Page 12, citing: "Groenveldt, Notes Page 112"

8536:. Buildings and structures in CCP that falls under the jurisdiction of Manila includes the National Theater. 7384:, once directly competed with jeepneys and followed fixed routes for a set price. They were replaced by the 6066:, and coconut oil. The food-processing industry is one of the most-stable manufacturing sector in the city. 2824:

Many of the key events of the historical period from the first major protests against the administration of

1357:

because its commercial networks were the first to extend across the Pacific Ocean and connect Asia with the

26799: 25185: 24648: 22729: 22116: 22111: 21679: 21533: 19016:

Development Sustainability Through Community Participation: Mixed Results from the Philippine Health Sector

18669: 18431: 16354: 16322: 15334: 15084: 7498: 7358: 7296: 7081: 6721: 6669: 6348: 6012: 4843: 3512: 3380:

Map showing the territorial extent and assets or properties of the city, including its territorial exclave

3193: 2812:

as the first governor of Metro Manila. She started the rejuvenation of the city and re-branded Manila the "

2317: 1186: 1164: 24484: 19541: 18336: 16959: 8517:

during the Miguel de Legazpi expedition and eventually, a Mexican hermit built a chapel around that image.

6038:

is the largest seaport in the Philippines and the main international shipping route into the country. The

2204:, a princess of Tondo. López de Legazpi had the local royalty executed or exiled after the failure of the 2084:. Selurong (षेलुरोङ्), a historical name for Manila, is listed in Canto 14 alongside Sulot – which is now 1463:

flows through the middle of the city, dividing it into northern and southern sections. The city comprises

27421: 26660: 21863: 21848: 21644: 20945: 18091: 17781: 16020: 15632:"Republic Act No. 9593 otherwise known as Tourism Act of 2009 and Its Implementing Rules and Regulations" 14129: 11464: 10873: 9896:

Atlas of Languages of Intercultural Communication in the Pacific, Asia, and the Americas: Texts, Volume 2

9141: 7773: 7650: 7623: 7619: 7603: 7320: 7284: 7173: 7137: 7133: 6775: 6636:; the latter two are indoor arenas. The Rizal complex had hosted several multi-sport events, such as the 6597: 6565: 6553: 6282: 6162: 6154: 6143: 6074: 5941: 5176: 5119: 5081: 3568: 3304: 3273: 3254: 3235: 2436: 2192:, a war in mainland Spain to re-Christianize and reclaim parts of the country that had been ruled by the 2117: 1937: 1527: 1472: 1377: 452: 23258: 17933: 12581: 6978: 6548:, a children's museum; and Plaza San Luis, an outdoor heritage public museum that includes nine Spanish 28219: 27353: 27333: 26857: 26645: 26597: 26062: 24521: 24454: 24345: 23180: 23160: 23024: 22036: 21523: 21378: 21370: 21345: 20904: 20657: 20630: 20621: 20586: 20548: 20518: 20487: 19801: 19465: 18718: 17451: 14467:

Philippine Politics and Society in the Twentieth Century: Colonial Legacies, Post-Colonial Trajectories

11805: 11533: 9507: 8473: 7851: 7637:

Private corporations also provide healthcare in Manila. Private hospitals that operate in the city are

7631: 7030: 6649: 6538: 6208: 6069: 6039: 5870: 5862: 5705: 2766: 1971: 1897: 1631: 1326: 980: 408: 206: 72: 18358: 15842: 12942:"Multiple Large Earthquakes in the Past 1500 Years on a Fault in Metropolitan Manila, the Philippines" 9837:

Convicts or Conquistadores? Spanish Soldiers in the Seventeenth-Century Pacific By Stephanie J. Mawson

6888: 4890: 2175: 1394: 28345: 27301: 26862: 26779: 26635: 26578: 25555: 25071: 22531: 22175: 21843: 21838: 21649: 20277: 20186:"Declaración de Hermanamiento múltiple y solidario de todas las Capitales de Iberoamérica (12–10–82)" 19085: 16549: 15951: 15232: 13553: 11867: 11441: 9965: 9875: 7765: 7681: 7506: 7436: 7432: 7362: 7344: 7207: 7168:. Manila also hosts important national institutions such as the National Library, National Archives, 7026: 6743: 6561: 6494: 6270: 5762: 5188: 5135: 5013: 4926: 3548: 2637: 2504: 1959: 1789: 1575: 232: 24435: 20454: 16456: 13091: 11436: 10148:

José Roca de Togores y Saravia; Remigio Garcia; National Historical Institute (Philippines) (2003),

9337:. Vol. 3 ( ed.). Londini: Typis Mariæ Clark, prostant apud Henricum Faithorne p. 86. 9105: 5421: 3427:(419 hectares (1,040 acres)). Of the five planned projects, only Horizon Manila was approved by the 1154: 27770: 27616: 26670: 26058: 24171: 24147: 23711: 23234: 22909: 22634: 22476: 22075: 21873: 21616: 21475: 19432: 17932: 16837: 15609: 10716: 9348: 7610: 6844: 6166: 5971: 5933: 5516:

of the Philippines, having spread throughout the archipelago through mass media and entertainment.

4166: 4155: 3291: 3277: 3180:

was mayor of Manila, first due to presidential designation, before being elected in 1988. In 1992,

3027: 2862:

Instability continued the following year, with the most significant incident being the August 1971

2309: 1691: 1123: 14244: 14131:

Table 1. Population Enumerated in Various Censuses by Province/Highly Urbanized City: 1903 to 2007

12265: 9486: 8532:

The city limits was at Vicente Sotto Street. The rest of the place south of the street belongs to

6374:, markets, boutique shops, music and electronics stores are common. Many department stores are on 6294:, Filipino-Chinese Friendship Arch, Seng Guan Buddhist Temple, and authentic Chinese restaurants. 5203:

are also planned to be restored as a part of a movement to restore the city to its pre-war state.

2749: 1428:

In modern times, the name "Manila" is commonly used to refer to the entire metropolitan area, the

27193: 26949: 26784: 26503: 26490: 26479: 26464: 26453: 26442: 26431: 26420: 26409: 26398: 25724: 25161: 24081: 22554: 22246: 22223: 22187: 21934: 21858: 21731: 21714: 21699: 20970: 18647: 18479: 17691: 17663: 14814: 14301: 9727: 7638: 7573: 7553: 7538: 7424:

2018, the city has distributed e-trikes to a number of drivers and operators in Binondo, Ermita,

6962: 6937: 6629: 6363:. There are almost 1 million shoppers in Divisoria according to the Manila Police District. 6352: 6198: 6126: 5546: 5163: 5139: 5099: 5038: 4945: 3272:'s administration progress, the city became the most-competitive city in the Philippines. In the 3165: 3015: 2856: 2798: 2725: 2697: 2688: 2500: 2305: 1845: 1840: 1835: 1830: 1820: 1815: 1810: 1719: 1580: 1100: 1013: 35: 27378: 26521: 17625:

A Capital City at the Margins: Quezon City and Urbanization in the Twentieth-century Philippines

14990:

Handbook of Religion and the Asian City: Aspiration and Urbanization in the Twenty-First Century

13268: 12604: 12287: 12135: 11410: 10630:

Lacaba, Jose F. (February 7, 1970) The January 26 Confrontation: A Highly Personal Account. The

9973: 9925:"ESTADISMO DE LAS ISLAS FILIPINAS TOMO PRIMERO By Joaquín Martínez de Zúñiga (Original Spanish)" 8891: 8797:

China and the Birth of Globalization in the 16th Century, by Dennis O. Flynn and Arturo Giráldez

4944:. Considered as the "last lung of Manila", the park was professionally planned in 1993 with its 3325:

Solm utilizing internet geotagging, showed that Manila is the world's most loving capital city.

3234:

of Rizal Park. The tower became known as "Terror de Manila" and the "national photobomber", and

26944: 26817: 26769: 26553: 24303: 24273: 24267: 24052: 23890: 22934: 22929: 22924: 22914: 22461: 22228: 21709: 21684: 21568: 21465: 21137: 20820: 20578: 19855: 18840: 18495:

JICAChannel02: The Official Global Channel of the Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA)

15998: 15642: 14667: 13612: 10631: 7813: 7805: 7730: 7546: 7271: 6822: 6818: 6700: 6661: 6641: 6581: 6490: 6381: 6047: 5574: 5550: 5437: 5172: 4847: 3552: 3281: 3007: 2913: 2582: 2325: 2164: 513: 20432: 20423:

Hancock, Rose (April 2000). "April Was a Cruel Month for the Greatest Manila Mayor Ever Had".

19256: 19014: 18062: 18052: 15788: 14939: 13889: 13764: 13688: 13514: 13508: 12877:. Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration. Archived from 12845:. Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration. Archived from 11298: 11269: 10795: 10552: 10514: 10508: 10443: 10411: 10262: 10188: 10116: 10110: 10025: 9072: 6309: 3089:

On February 16, 1986, Corazon Aquino held the "Tagumpay ng Bayan" (People's Victory) rally at

27269: 27026: 25836: 24881: 24165: 23998: 22964: 22939: 22559: 22261: 21821: 21558: 21338: 21166: 19617:. Embassy of the People's Republic of China in the Republic of the Philippines. March 5, 2009 18663: 18189: 17719: 17602: 15474: 14988: 14465: 13923:"Escolta Street tour shows retro architecture and why it's worth reviving as a gimmick place" 13299: 12389: 12313:"An Update on the Earthquake Hazards and Risk Assessment of Greater Metropolitan Manila Area" 11242: 10589: 10583: 10351: 10311: 7789: 7719: 7232: 6704: 6657: 6653: 6645: 6530: 6182: 6174: 6120: 5996: 5952: 5808: 5789: 5781: 5754: 5750: 5454: 4933: 4895: 4851: 3587: 3508: 3405: 3381: 3369: 3308: 3145: 2948: 2863: 2455: 2237: 2233: 2027:

During the 12th century, then-Hindu Brunei called "Pon-i", as reported in the Chinese annals

1788:

is the oldest historical record in the Philippines. It has the first historical reference to

1237: 26909: 26380: 22864: 20218:"SF Mayor London Breed Fetes San Francisco-Manila Sister City Committee on 60th Anniversary" 17490: 13650: 13026: 10900:

U.G. an underground tale: the journey of Edgar Jopson and the first quarter storm generation

8648:

Table B - Population and Annual Growth Rates by Province, City, and Municipality - By Region

5206:

Because Manila is prone to earthquakes, Spanish colonial architects invented a style called

5091: 534: 186: 28287: 27244: 26680: 25747: 24616: 24189: 24183: 23498: 23248: 23074: 22854: 22539: 21736: 21694: 21639: 20879: 20397: 20163: 17659: 17051: 16672: 16539:"2021 Implementing Rules and Regulations (IRR) of Presidential Decree No. 1616, as Amended" 16395: 16224:"Other Executive Offices (OEOs); National Library of the Philippines; Strategic Objectives" 14539:"Tracing the Decline of the Mestizo Categories in Philippine Life in the Late 19th Century" 14435:"Tracing the Decline of the Mestizo Categories in Philippine Life in the Late 19th Century" 13001: 12953: 12362: 10407:

Economies under Occupation: The hegemony of Nazi Germany and Imperial Japan in World War II

9955:

The Age of Trade: The Manila Galleons and the Dawn of the Global Economy by Arturo Giraldez

9643: 8971: 7677: 7011: 7007: 6798: 6633: 5811:

celebrate their anniversaries at Quirino Grandstand, which is an open space in Rizal Park.

4867: 3047: 2428: 2282: 2249: 2221: 1861: 1700: 1546: 776: 27094: 26640: 18991: 17447:

Cities and Nationhood: American Imperialism and Urban Design in the Philippines, 1898–1916

14642:"More than 3 million Chinese allowed entry into Philippines since 2016 – Immigration data" 14271:"Being Indian in Post-colonial Metro Manila: Ethnic Identities, Class, Race and the Media" 14062: 7125: 7073: 6865: 5956: 5162:

Almost all of Manila's pre-war and Spanish colonial architecture was destroyed during the

3062:(later Chancellor of the University of the Philippines Diliman) was shot nearly to death. 2883: 2845: 1483:, and ranked it seventh in economic performance globally and second regionally, while the 8: 27763: 26976: 26693: 26622: 26602: 26054: 25830: 25583: 25275: 25051: 24886: 24581: 24034: 23414: 22511: 22208: 21578: 21495: 21086: 21005: 20923: 20522: 20491: 19907: 19089: 15702: 13228:. The Alliance for Safe, Sustainable & Resilient Environments (ASSURE). pp. 2–3. 12140: 10286: 9836: 8488: 8269: 7797: 7460: 7199:. In 1972, due to declaration of martial law, Congress was dissolved; its successor, the 7003: 6983: 6892: 6763: 6557: 6359:

West Extension, making it Manila's busiest transfer station. Another "lifestyle mall" is

6114: 6086: 5793: 5719: 5712: 5510:

of the city and its surroundings, and this Manilan form of spoken Tagalog has become the

5200: 5180: 5065: 5053: 3987: 3591: 3575: 3349: 3320: 3023: 2837: 2829: 2574: 2472: 2321: 2313: 2225: 2093: 2040: 1878: 1496: 1406: 1385: 620: 251: 27167: 19614: 19589: 17651:

Slum Upgrading Revisited: An Evaluation of the Tondo Foreshore Urban Development Project

15288:"The Southampton system: A new universal standard approach for port-city classification" 14032: 13150: 13005: 12957: 7777: 7534: 6967: 2705:

dropping a bomb over the Pasig River in Manila targeting the dockyard, November 14, 1944

1569: 222: 28257: 27407: 27188: 26612: 26573: 26389: 25934: 24941: 24901: 24851: 24846: 24681: 24004: 23830: 23741: 23425: 23079: 22959: 22944: 21878: 21769: 21746: 21689: 21573: 21096: 21081: 21076: 21015: 20965: 20933: 17727: 16516: 16201: 16196: 15891:"Manila outperforms 15 Asian cities in "shopping" index – Yahoo! News Philippines" 15309: 14558: 14446: 14404: 14282: 13183:. Munich, Germany: Economist Intelligence Unit, sponsored by Siemens. 2011. p. 80. 11673: 11391: 11084:

Cesar Virata: life and times ; through four decades of Philippine economic history

11003: 10754: 10291: 10287:"Japanese Bombs Fire Open City Of Manila; Civilian Toll Heavy; In=vaders Gain In Luzon" 10146:

The text of the amended version published by General Otis is quoted in its entirety in

10007:"Connecting the Indies: the hispano-asian Pacific world in early Modern Global History" 9499: 9137: 9027: 8493: 7817: 7746: 7618:, Ospital ng Sampaloc, Gat Andres Bonifacio Memorial Medical Center, Ospital ng Tondo, 7483: 7077: 6417: 6405: 6404:, while SM City San Lazaro is built on the site of the former San Lazaro Hippodrome in 6393: 6094: 6082: 6055: 5960: 5523: 5517: 5207: 5046: 4855: 4043: 3959: 3931: 2567: 2560: 2544: 2536: 2277: 2241: 2201: 2153: 1925: 1769: 1676: 1373: 19881: 19563: 18545:, Makati, Philippines: Journal of Environmental Science and Management, archived from 18115:

Sustainable Port Development and Improving Port Productivity in ESCAP Member Countries

18038: 13419: 10061: 9349:

The Early Austronesian Migration To Luzon: Perspectives From The Peñablanca Cave Sites

8816: 7524:

ranked Manila as the second world's most-traffic-congested city in 2019. According to

6994:

of the Philippines and is classified as a special city according to its income, and a

6501:

and by educational institutions such asDLS-CSB Museum of Contemporary Art and Design,

2947:

became the first of these detainees to be killed while in prison - one of 3,257 known

2416: 1983: 28304: 27219: 26939: 26707: 26447: 25988: 25468: 25061: 25056: 25026: 24916: 24911: 24861: 24691: 24586: 24177: 23944: 23908: 23550: 23029: 22954: 22949: 22521: 21664: 21627: 21283: 21130: 21091: 21061: 20928: 20708: 20680: 20558: 20427:. 35. Vol. II. Manila: Asia Pacific Communications Network, Inc. pp. 15–20. 19988: 19260: 19020: 18193: 18032: 17628: 17455: 15792: 15313: 14994: 14550: 14513: 14471: 14408: 14354: 14332: 13895: 13768: 13692: 13654: 13616: 13518: 12969: 12393: 11669: 11552: 11496: 11469: 11383: 11304: 11277: 11248: 11087: 11032: 10989: 10913: 10903: 10854: 10844: 10654: 10556: 10518: 10449: 10415: 10383: 10355: 10317: 10266: 10192: 10168:

s:Letter from E.S. Otis to the inhabitants of the Philippine Islands, January 4, 1899

10155: 10120: 10031: 10006: 9924: 9899: 9692: 9625: 9530: 9511: 9466: 9456: 9380: 9295: 9223: 9078: 8820: 8709: 7634:

patients, and to establish the first children's surgical hospital in Southeast Asia.

7502: 7203: 7069: 7053: 6933: 6923: 6739: 6731: 6688: 6617: 6329: 6228: 6090: 5771: 5664: 5607: 5503: 5037:

was commissioned to design the new capital. His design for the city was based on the

4763: 4715: 4015: 3847: 3161: 3138: 3101: 2875: 2714: 2540: 2424: 2329: 2224:

recruits and Visayan allies. The victorious Spaniards made Manila the capital of the

2193: 2044: 1763: 1747: 1505: 1296: 999: 900: 61: 22272: 18961: 18272: 15555: 13195: 9434: 8589: 6135: 5776:

has several locales (akin to parishes) in the city, including its first chapel, now

3051: 2851:

The beginning weeks of Ferdinand Marcos' second term as president was marked by the

2769:

were rebuilt, and roads and other infrastructures were repaired. In 1948, President

28233: 28043: 27254: 27229: 27021: 26982: 26363: 26350: 26333: 26322: 26307: 26296: 26285: 26274: 26263: 26252: 26241: 26230: 26219: 26208: 26197: 26186: 26175: 26164: 26153: 26142: 26131: 26120: 25622: 25616: 25221: 24986: 24976: 24946: 24906: 24876: 24801: 24661: 24261: 24195: 22774: 22684: 22639: 21704: 21071: 21010: 19829: 19288:"List of PACU Member Schools – Philippine Association of Colleges and Universities" 18580: 18579:, Makati, Philippines: Philippine Institute for Development Studies, archived from 18546: 16784: 15299: 14505: 14396: 14344: 13009: 12961: 12080:"Moreno signs ordinance granting monthly allowance for qualified PLM, UdM students" 11901:"Estrada declares Manila City government "debt-free" after paying off GSIS arrears" 11516: 11375: 10932:"Ricky Lee, martial law detainee, on historical revisionism: 'Para akong binubura'" 9969: 9617: 9314:

Rolfe, R.A. (1886) On the flora of Philippine Islands and its probable derivation.

9160:

Parish of Santo Niño de Molino – Bacoor, Cavite – 1984–1994: The Making of a Parish

8081: 7977: 7754: 7710: 7684:'s Regional Office for the Western Pacific and Country Office for the Philippines. 7468: 7108: 7102: 7098: 6971: 6900: 6713: 6673: 6637: 6397: 6278: 6212: 6108: 5929: 5925: 5823: 5685: 5650: 5535: 5507: 5430: 5112: 5108: 5085: 3903: 3819: 3603: 3564: 3445: 3231: 3201: 3188:

to hold the office. He was known for his anti-crime crusades. Lim was succeeded by

3185: 3075: 2825: 2805: 2790: 2778: 2758: 2532: 2512: 2420: 2205: 2129: 2017: 2003: 1975: 1744:

Herbarium aliarumque Stirpium in Insula Luzone Philippinarum primaria nascentium...

1723: 1663:("elevated piece of land"), even in old Spanish renderings of the placename (e.g., 1618: 1358: 1321: 1308: 1257: 20248:"Winnipeg's Sister Cities: Manila (Maynila), Philippines (Republika ng Pilipinas)" 17279:"Manila may no longer be the PH capital under federal gov't: Cha-cha panel member" 16056: 15304: 15287: 14349: 12448:"4 Manila Bay reclamation projects get greenlight as gov't dispels flooding fears" 9886: 9332: 7630:. The city is planning to build an education, research, and hospital facility for 7419:), which are popular In some areas, especially Divisoria. Spanish-era horse-drawn 1417:, and other islands, and was controlled and administered for the Spanish crown by 156: 140: 28340: 28240: 27530: 27249: 27234: 27119: 26993: 26987: 26960: 25918: 25031: 24921: 24866: 24811: 24791: 24746: 24656: 24576: 24571: 24566: 24375: 24357: 23920: 23765: 23561: 23448: 22674: 22644: 22564: 22451: 22203: 21965: 21751: 21719: 21237: 21000: 20955: 20872: 19250: 18901: 18183: 17713: 17685: 17596: 17445: 16612:"Catch a Lenten exhibit at the reopened San Agustin Museum in Intramuros, Manila" 16025: 15782: 14499: 14214: 13758: 13682: 13644: 13606: 13096: 13033: 12704:

Pintakasi Chronicles of Philippine Popular Piety and Local Ecclesiastical History

12383: 11139: 10546: 10482: 10405: 10345: 10256: 10181: 10149: 9763: 9686: 9592: 9460: 9355: 9273: 9217: 9158: 9049: 8399: 7742: 7494: 7487: 7275: 6999: 6790: 6747: 6385: 6360: 6298: 6158: 6102: 5976: 5937: 5595: 5474: 5018: 4918: 4910: 4862: 3540: 3479: 3329: 3268:

in city debts and increased the city's revenues. In 2015, in line with President

3263: 3247: 3227: 3120:. Ramos agreed to join Enrile but even so, their combined forces were trapped in 3083: 2887: 2794: 2786: 2770: 2737: 2692: 2476: 2385: 2260: 2217: 2197: 2128:. It created a new dynasty under the local leader, who accepted Islam and became 2125: 2108: 2073: 1780: 1554: 1401:

on the ruins of an older settlement from whose name the Spanish and English name

1199: 521: 192: 30:

This article is about the city proper. For the region and metropolitan area, see

20465: 17548: 15021: 13013: 9408: 3404:

flows through the middle of city, dividing it into north and south. The overall

2479:, on which Manila was represented by one of the eight rays of the symbolic sun. 28121: 27224: 27084: 27050: 27046: 26759: 26050: 25841: 25479: 25016: 25011: 25006: 24926: 24806: 24666: 24541: 24291: 24022: 24010: 23854: 23782: 23723: 23705: 23681: 23545: 23409: 23323: 23064: 22994: 22819: 22809: 22481: 22376: 22361: 22341: 22170: 21831: 21816: 21669: 21513: 21123: 21066: 21046: 20918: 20307: 19147: 18780: 18777:"Manila mayor eyes founding of PHL's first "world-class" cleft-palate facility" 16486: 15550: 13979:"Let's bring back the glory days of Manila with the rehabilitation of the Met!" 13331: 12497:"Estrada approves building 3 islands at Manila Bay for new commercial district" 11053:"3,257: Fact checking the Marcos killings, 1975–1985 – The Manila Times Online" 8866: 8747: 7758: 7750: 7542: 7479: 7425: 7416: 7340: 7094: 7022: 6928: 6911: 6870: 6832: 6770:. The city's government acknowledged Jeepney as Manila's representative in the 6751: 6444:

As the cultural center of the Philippines, Manila has a number of museums. The

6401: 6367: 6344: 6314: 6291: 6259: 6232: 6139: 6035: 6027: 6016: 5903: 5884: 5847: 5697: 5478: 5196: 5131: 5076: 5034: 4964: 4142: 3875: 3763: 3707: 3484: 3424: 3299:

Estrada, who was seeking for re-election for his third and final term, lost to

3258: 3212: 3149: 3125: 3079: 2867: 2782: 2733: 2659: 2578: 2520: 2492: 2459: 2256: 1825: 1603: 1453: 1441: 1381: 1369: 1362: 237: 170: 118: 20134:"Manila-Montreal Sister City Agreement Holds Potential for Better Cooperation" 19936: 18488: 14789: 13048: 12817: 11529: 9621: 7606:, established in 1910, is the largest modern tertiary hospital in the country. 7373: 6817:

are also popular in Manila; billiard halls are present in most barangays. The

4929:(WHO) recommended minimum of 9 square meters (97 sq ft) per person. 3376: 28334: 28201: 28147: 27666: 27603: 27412: 27140: 26655: 26617: 26071: 26011: 25912: 24936: 24871: 24816: 24796: 24751: 24546: 24536: 24105: 23956: 23914: 23896: 23812: 23430: 23019: 22979: 22899: 22739: 22579: 22501: 21518: 21307: 21294: 21248: 21106: 20469: 19055: 15914:"Divisoria shopping guide: Where to shop for what in Manila's shopping mecca" 14554: 13065: 12261: 11387: 9712: 9629: 9377:

Raiding, Trading, and Feasting: The Political Economy of Philippine Chiefdoms

8809: 8513: 8386: 8347: 8016: 7463:

Boulevard (N180/R-6) from Santa Cruz, through Quezon City, and to Masinag in

7400: 7381: 7045: 6941: 6549: 6545: 6389: 5899: 5730: 5726: 5693: 5670: 5619: 5570:

alone, 92% of the barangays were affected by illegal drugs in February 2015.

5512: 5127: 4975: 4906: 4099: 3269: 3243: 3071: 3059: 3019: 2944: 2886:, Manila 2nd District Councilor Ambrosio "King" Lorenzo Jr., and Congressman 2879: 2841: 2809: 2555:

recognized five parishes as parts of Manila; Gagalangin, Trozo, Balic-Balic,

2548: 2468: 2381: 2337: 2064: 1672: 1354: 591: 373: 360: 176: 132: 126: 27650: 27172: 23717: 23289: 22704: 20723: 19772: 18803:"First children's surgical hospital in Southeast Asia to be built in Manila" 15259:"Asia's 200 Best Under A Billion: International Container Terminal Services" 14385:"Classification Trends among Contemporary Filipino Crania Using Fordisc 3.1" 11500: 10917: 10858: 10740:"IMF Stabilization Program and Economic Growth: The Case of the Philippines" 9807: 8703: 8615: 7128:. It also houses important government agencies and institutions such as the 7002:

is the chief executive, and is assisted by the vice mayor and the 38-member

6255: 5413: 2595: 2288:

The city attained great wealth due to its location at the confluence of the

1932:, the aboriginal inhabitants of the Philippines, lived across the island of 1924:

The earliest evidence of human life around present-day Manila is the nearby

95: 28168: 28053: 27805: 27739: 27705: 27689: 27637: 27621: 27598: 27587: 27519: 27501: 27485: 27467: 27451: 27396: 27203: 26698: 25950: 25656: 25319: 25265: 24831: 24786: 24611: 24596: 24591: 24561: 24466: 24369: 24123: 24040: 23794: 23532: 23516: 23464: 23380: 23362: 23346: 23328: 23312: 23278: 23239: 23223: 23059: 22984: 22849: 22321: 22041: 21929: 21809: 21361: 21222: 21161: 21051: 19724: 19676: 19408:. Polytechnic University of the Philippines. March 30, 2011. Archived from 17228:"Position Classification and Compensation Scheme in Local Government Units" 14358: 13066:"Frequently Asked Questions: What are the upcoming tropical cyclone names?" 12990: 12029:"Recto: Isko's efforts to fix Manila show charter change not sole solution" 9964: 9888: 8237: 8198: 7578: 7456: 7452: 7041: 6991: 6904: 6896: 6884: 6786: 6782: 6755: 6592: 6537:

houses modern and contemporary visual arts, and exhibits Filipino arts and

6526: 6384:

is Manila's largest shopping mall. The mall was the second and the largest

6375: 6328:

is a popular flea market for locals and tourists. Shown is the interior of

6203: 6178: 5567: 5531: 5151: 5095: 4902: 3791: 3415:

deposits built by the waters of the Pasig River and on land reclaimed from

3261:

succeeded Lim as the city's mayor. During his term, Estrada allegedly paid

3197: 3189: 2921: 2909: 2898: 2871: 2617: 2599: 2524: 2343: 2172: 1963: 1952: 1948: 1715: 1437: 1390: 1106: 609: 526: 413: 31: 28126: 27684: 27462: 27004: 23747: 23729: 23459: 23357: 22436: 22381: 21440: 21400: 19658: 19357: 18160: 17882: 17856: 17330: 16933: 16426: 16300: 14962:"Religious group na MCGI, namigay ng food packs sa Manila Police District" 14509: 14498:

Steinberg, David Joel (2018). "Chapter – 3 A SINGULAR AND A PLURAL FOLK".

12163: 10510:

Sikhs in Asia Pacific: Travels Among the Sikh Diaspora from Yangon to Kobe

7061:, and Quezon City; only the curfew ordinance of Quezon City was approved. 5098:

was redeveloped in 2019 to "restore" it to its near-original design using

3453: 3078:

as his running mate. The opposition to Marcos united behind Ninoy's widow

2995: 2967: 1144: 28245: 28178: 28142: 27734: 27391: 27373: 26746: 26111: 26103: 25862: 25672: 25516: 25433: 25403: 25392: 24931: 24766: 24446: 24387: 24159: 23842: 23824: 23800: 23629: 23610: 23218: 23200: 23049: 22694: 22689: 22456: 22401: 22371: 21853: 21726: 21583: 21508: 21460: 21415: 21261: 21227: 20824: 20776: 20650: 20640: 20532: 20480: 18330: 16115: 14400: 13812: 13684:

The Philippine Island World: A Physical, Cultural, and Regional Geography

12110:"Students of PLM, UdM start receiving P1,000 allowance from Manila gov't" 11977:"Ex-scavenger beats ex-president: Moreno in, Estrada out as Manila mayor" 11666:"Mayor Lim charged anew with graft over rehabilitation of public schools" 11492: 8447: 8360: 8308: 7801: 7529: 7448: 7444: 7354: 6767: 6147: 5785: 5490: 5470: 5123: 4941: 4937: 4183:

lasting from late December through early April, and a relatively lengthy

3611: 3555:

and Quezon City. The Institution was home to at least 30 Catholic Saints.

3528: 3401: 3300: 3181: 3117: 3090: 3055: 2979: 2955: 2813: 2774: 2729: 2702: 2591: 2392: 2373: 2365: 2293: 2188: 2081: 1941: 1706: 1611: 1480: 1460: 1445: 1433: 1429: 1418: 1334: 1330: 1055: 401: 344: 43:

Capital and highly urbanized city in National Capital Region, Philippines

27074: 17983:"Manila will say goodbye to old school tricycles and pedicabs on Oct 15" 17804:"Manila gov't working on vertical housing projects for illegal settlers" 17774:"Mayor Isko wants to improve Manila's old tenements, relocate residents" 14562: 14538: 14450: 14434: 14286: 14270: 11868:"Almost already gone: Santa Cruz Bldg. in Escolta saved from demolition" 11850:"NHCP stops Erap's demolition of postwar Santa Cruz Building in Escolta" 9409:

Reading Song-Ming Records on the Pre-colonial History of the Philippines

9031: 8679:"Philippine Population Density (Based on the 2015 Census of Population)" 7835:, the largest university in the country in terms of student population. 3610:. The boundaries of the 6th District are the neighboring cities Makati, 3354: 3207: 3196:, which Lim won. Lim was sued by councilor Dennis Alcoreza on 2008 over 3100:

In the aftermath of the election and the revelations of irregularities,

1405:

derives. Manila was used as the capital of the captaincy general of the

28321: 27986: 27723: 27671: 27655: 27569: 27553: 27535: 27496: 27031: 26722: 26005: 25791: 25689: 25610: 25494: 25363: 25352: 25341: 25330: 24961: 24891: 24836: 24634: 24551: 24381: 24363: 24351: 24309: 24243: 24135: 24111: 24087: 24058: 23992: 23902: 23759: 23652: 23566: 23527: 23482: 23396: 23307: 23294: 23253: 23069: 23009: 22904: 22869: 22859: 22834: 22779: 22754: 22749: 22679: 22624: 22619: 22609: 22421: 22356: 22233: 21659: 21503: 21430: 21101: 21041: 20797: 20609: 20251: 19933:"List of Sister City Affiliations with Japan (by country): Philippines" 18746:"World-class hospital to rise in Manila for cleft lip, palate patients" 18185:

Private Solutions for Infrastructure: Opportunities for the Philippines

18033:

Republic of the Philippines. Office of the President. (July 21, 2005).

16327: 12965: 12574:"2015 Annual Financial Reports for Local Government Units (Volume III)" 11395: 9648: 8373: 8321: 7385: 7377: 7348: 7200: 7018: 6814: 6802: 6605: 6520: 6470: 6266: 6244: 6236: 6220: 5866: 5554: 5499: 5466: 5042: 5022: 4922: 4881: 4861:

Manila experiences between five and seven typhoons each year. In 2009,

4184: 4180: 4071: 3735: 3416: 3393: 3358: 3337: 3223: 3216: 3157: 3121: 3046:

at the border of Manila and Quezon City, which came in the wake of the

2987: 2587: 2556: 2487: 2451: 2440: 2348: 2245: 2183: 2149: 2133: 2104: 1728: 1537: 1533: 1398: 1338: 881: 769: 463: 162: 18864:"Chinese General Hospital's Dr. James Dy: Fulfilling a vow of service" 18123:

United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific

17514:"SC picks PHL flag-inspired design for new "green" building in Taguig" 17082: 14909: 13036:. The Frequency of Earthquakes in Manila. Retrieved November 22, 2013. 11489:

People Power: The Philippine Revolution of 1986: An Eyewitness History

11167:"'They are scared,' Martial law victim says of surprise Marcos burial" 10651:

The Quartet of the Tiger Moon: Scenes from the People-Power Apocalypse

9504:

Hawaiʻi Chronicles: Island History from the Pages of Honolulu Magazine

8601: 7325: 5940:. Members of the Indian expatriate community can worship at the large 3022:, who had been angered by the revelation of his dalliances during the 2654: 2328:

signed in 1763, which brought an end to the war. An unknown number of

27934: 27919: 27903: 27863: 27853: 27239: 27134: 26789: 26764: 26588: 26458: 26316: 26290: 26246: 26213: 26125: 25848: 25742: 25729: 25707: 25700: 25678: 25650: 25627: 25560: 25544: 25522: 25500: 25387: 25120: 25041: 24991: 24237: 24141: 24075: 23932: 23687: 23443: 23084: 22874: 22829: 22789: 22784: 22719: 22351: 17042:

Luci-Atienza, Charissa; Cahiles-Magkilat, Bernie (January 20, 2019).

11297:

Zunes, Stephen; Asher, Sarah Beth; Kurtz, Lester (November 5, 1999).

10218:

Joaquin, Nick (1990). Manila My Manila. Vera-Reyes, Inc. p. 137, 178.

9562: 9331:

Ray, John; Camel, Georg Joseph; Tournefort, Joseph Pitton de (1686).

8241: 8120: 7951: 7947: 7215: 7049: 6945: 6813:

at the stadium during their tour of the country on December 2, 1934.

6806: 6672:

was held at the coliseum although the latter stages were held in the

6475: 6413: 6409: 6396:. SM City Manila is located on the former site of YMCA Manila beside 6339: 6325: 6321: 6007: 5988: 5984: 5462: 4940:

situated in the heart of downtown Manila along the south bank of the

3177: 3133: 2718: 2446: 2361: 2289: 2179: 2124:). The rajahnate was ruled under Brunei and gave yearly tribute as a 2112: 2068: 2012: 1793: 1690:

as the source of the toponym probably originated in an 1887 essay by

1422: 1114: 919: 539: 112: 28163: 20337: 19383: 18182:

Facility, Public-Private Infrastructure Advisory (January 1, 2000).

17196:"Income Classification Per DOF Order No. 23-08, dated July 29, 2008" 14617:"Philippine cities with over 1M population to nearly triple by 2025" 14384: 12915: 12385:

Guidelines for Settlement Planning In Areas Prone To Flood Disasters

11379: 9800:

Cavite Chabacano Philippine Creole Spanish: Description and Typology

9379:. Quezon City: Ateneo de Manila University Press. pp. 184–192. 8172: 2320:

for twenty months from 1762 to 1764 in their attempt to capture the

28083: 28048: 27970: 27898: 27878: 27873: 27868: 27858: 27843: 27810: 27786: 27632: 27548: 27480: 27426: 27124: 27109: 27064: 27057: 27041: 26847: 26804: 26774: 26742: 26732: 26702: 26675: 26607: 26327: 25973: 25928: 25808: 25694: 25661: 25599: 25538: 25505: 25438: 25358: 25347: 25314: 25234: 25107: 25046: 25001: 24996: 24956: 24856: 24821: 24781: 24756: 24731: 24711: 24556: 24511: 24339: 24099: 24016: 23974: 23968: 23806: 23693: 23658: 23477: 23341: 23263: 23004: 22999: 22884: 22654: 22614: 22544: 22466: 22431: 22416: 22346: 21425: 21395: 21056: 20770: 20700: 20690: 19798:"Business Partner Cities (BPC), the official website of Osaka city" 19750: 19510: 19295: 19249:

Ricklefs, M. C.; Lockhart, Bruce; Lau, Albert (November 19, 2010).

18490:(The Philippines) Mega Manila Infrastructure Roadmap (Long Version) 18221:"The "trolley boys" who dance with death on Manila's railway carts" 17306:"Roque: No problem if Manila no longer capital under federal gov't" 16815: 13954:"Culture agency moves to restore "Manila, Paris of the East" image" 10796:"Debt, deprivation and spoils of dictatorship: 31 years of amnesia" 9554: 9018:

Baumgartner, Joseph (March 1975). "Manila – Maynilad or Maynila?".

8841:"Highlights of the Philippine Population 2015 Census of Population" 8434: 8412: 8334: 8257: 8224: 8220: 8098: 8094: 8055: 7464: 6810: 6170: 5948: 5674: 5629: 5495: 5030: 4839: 4198:

Climate data for Port Area, Manila (1991–2024, extremes 1885–2024)

3642: 3516: 3492: 3478:. The district includes one of the biggest urban-poor communities. 3462: 3412: 3385: 3153: 2983: 2959: 2528: 2229: 2078: 2060: 2052: 1929: 1736: 1640: 1517: 1410: 489: 23836: 22599: 18931: 17415:"Manila city council planning to revise existing curfew ordinance" 16865:"All systems go for Azkals' World Cup qualifier at Rizal Memorial" 13681:

Wernstedt, Frederick L.; Spencer, Joseph Earle (January 1, 1967).

12202:"Marcos suspends all Manila Bay reclamation projects under review" 10779:

Cororaton, Cesar B. "Exchange Rate Movements in the Philippines".

10548:

Mega-urban Regions in Pacific Asia: Urban Dynamics in a Global Era

10112:

The War of 1898 and U.S. Interventions, 1898T1934: An Encyclopedia

9465:(8th ed.). Quezon City: Garotech Publishing Inc. p. 22. 9272:

Velasquez-Ty, Catalina; García, Tomas; Maceda, Antonio J. (1955).

8725:"PSA Releases the 2021 City and Municipal Level Poverty Estimates" 7101:

but the plans were abandoned under the Commonwealth Government of

5681:

and other religions make up the remaining 1.4% of the population.

2031:, invaded Malilu 麻裏蘆 (present-day Manila) as it also administered 28033: 28012: 27965: 27960: 27939: 27924: 27883: 27848: 27838: 27079: 27069: 26832: 26712: 26665: 26650: 26551: 26509: 26484: 26414: 26403: 26312: 26301: 26257: 26235: 26202: 26180: 26169: 26158: 26026: 26021: 25983: 25967: 25901: 25878: 25802: 25775: 25683: 25645: 25639: 25594: 25566: 25376: 25336: 24981: 24971: 24951: 24896: 24741: 24736: 24721: 24716: 24706: 24696: 24506: 24393: 24321: 24285: 24225: 24219: 24201: 24129: 24117: 23980: 23962: 23884: 23872: 23848: 23753: 23493: 23054: 22974: 22889: 22839: 22799: 22744: 22714: 22699: 22664: 22649: 22629: 22594: 22584: 22569: 22506: 22426: 22406: 22396: 22326: 21914: 21826: 21654: 21455: 21435: 21410: 21031: 20864: 20765: 20511: 20501: 20109:(in Spanish). Intendencia Municipal de Montevideo. Archived from 19409: 19350:"PLM, UDM students to get P1-K monthly allowance from Manila LGU" 18691: 18636:"Efficiency Analysis of Electric Cooperatives in the Philippines" 18004:"City of Manila to remove old, rusty tricycles from city streets" 14675: 14231: 14182:

Highlights of the Philippine Population 2015 Census of Population

12939: 11951:"Isko Moreno is new Manila mayor, defeats "Goliaths" in politics" 10588:. Philippines Bureau of the Census and Statistics. 1994. p. 8947:"Metro Manila is world's second riskiest capital to live in–poll" 8003: 7990: 7921: 7908: 7582: 7572:, which split the water concession into the east and west zones. 7513:, the country's main international airport and domestic air hub. 7399:" – motorcycles with sidecars—the Philippine version of the 7392: 7369: 7329: 7058: 6789:

trains at Rizal Park and plays matches at Southern Plains Field,

6371: 6022: 6003: 5945: 5482: 5426: 5192: 4978:

in Manila is due to industrial waste and automobiles. Swiss firm

4968: 4914: 4188: 3679: 3488: 3003: 2991: 2975: 2508: 2357: 2301: 2100: 2032: 1088: 1033: 929: 102: 25533: 16364: 16332: 14090: 13222:

Public Parks and Open Spaces: A Planning & Development Guide

11435:

Vitug, Marites Dañguilan; Almonte, Jose T. (February 23, 2015).

9074:

World Without End: Spain, Philip II, and the First Global Empire

7626:, a tertiary state-owned hospital in Manila, is operated by the 6990:

Manila, which is officially known as the City of Manila, is the

6265:

The 0.67-square-kilometer (0.26 sq mi) Walled City of

5049:, which was partitioned off from Santa Ana, were later created. 3578:. The boundaries of the 5th District are the neighboring cities 3487:. The boundaries of the 1st District are the neighboring cities 1617:

Another incorrect etymology arose from the observation that, in

28093: 28088: 28063: 28017: 27991: 27944: 27893: 27718: 27514: 27436: 27089: 26794: 26737: 26592: 26496: 26473: 26469: 26425: 26369: 26343: 26191: 25994: 25945: 25906: 25890: 25873: 25867: 25853: 25797: 25769: 25764: 25758: 25588: 25571: 25456: 25451: 25415: 25409: 25325: 25036: 24966: 24841: 24826: 24771: 24701: 24686: 24601: 24327: 24231: 24213: 24207: 24153: 24046: 24028: 23950: 23938: 23878: 23866: 23860: 23735: 23664: 23391: 23375: 23044: 23039: 23034: 22989: 22894: 22879: 22844: 22824: 22759: 22669: 22659: 22604: 22589: 22549: 22471: 22391: 22386: 22366: 22336: 22331: 21470: 21405: 21330: 21036: 20851: 20598: 19501: 19499: 19497: 19495: 19493: 19491: 19489: 19487: 17711: 15757:"Intramuros cocheros: Hooves, history and hope for a fare hike" 15263: 14577:"Population estimates for Metro Manila, Philippines, 1950–2015" 12840:"Port Area Manila (MCO) Climatological Normal Values 1991–2020" 10612:. Chan C. Robles Virtual Law Library. Retrieved April 22, 2013. 10050:

John Bowring, "Travels in the Philippines", p. 18, London, 1875

8282: 8185: 8159: 8146: 8133: 8068: 8042: 7895: 7882: 7847: 7521: 7420: 7368:

One of the best-known modes of transportation in Manila is the

7236: 6286: 6186: 5921: 5737:' Diocese of Central Philippines, while on Taft Avenue are the 5709: 5146: 5062: 3579: 3572: 3011: 2971: 2516: 2396: 2369: 2368:, where ships from Spain's American colonies docked at, and at 2268: 2220:

would band together to execute the Spaniards, along with their

1656: 1233: 1119: 1044: 27299: 21268: 19641:"Sisterhood Agreement With Democratic Republic Of Timor Leste" 17389:"SC okays curfew for minors in QC, but not in Manila, Navotas" 16695:"Five times the Philippines reigned as FIBA Asia Cup champion" 15591: 15436:"SMC wants to turn Pandacan oil depot into bus, food terminal" 15383:"Pandacan oil depot "decontamination" pushed after Big 3 exit" 15080:"Manila tour promotes closer Muslim-Christian ties - UCA News" 14932:"House Honors Iglesia Ni Cristo on 108th Founding Anniversary" 14841:"Wow Philippines: Manila-Cosmopolitan City of the Philippines" 14123: 11753:"Duterte says "comfort woman" statue a "constitutional right"" 9851:"West Coast of the Island Of Luzon | Tourist Attractions" 7509:

is another form of transportation. The city is also served by

7332:

are one of the most popular modes of transportation in Manila.

6895:

on June 24, 1962. It has been annually commemorated under the

6679:

Manila has several other well-known sports facilities such as

6533:

under Rizal's leadership and other revolutionary leaders. The

6297:

Manila is designated as the country's leading destination for

6042:

oversees the operation and management of the country's ports.

5688:, the country's oldest established church, is the seat of the 3372:

during the International Coastal Cleanup Day in September 2020

2757:

After the war, reconstruction efforts started. Buildings like

28263: 28098: 28058: 28038: 27996: 27929: 27888: 27815: 27800: 27755: 27700: 27582: 27099: 27036: 26929: 26822: 26727: 26339: 26268: 26224: 26147: 25961: 25956: 25824: 25813: 25753: 25634: 25549: 25527: 25511: 25489: 25427: 25422: 25398: 25381: 25141: 25136: 24761: 24726: 24676: 24671: 24635:

BARMM – Bangsamoro Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao

24501: 24333: 24315: 24297: 24279: 24255: 24093: 23986: 23926: 23818: 23699: 23511: 23089: 23014: 22969: 22814: 22804: 22769: 22734: 22709: 22574: 22516: 22446: 22441: 21450: 21445: 20846: 20613: 20604: 19449:

NO one should be deprived of a sound education for being poor

17392: 16162:"National Museum of Natural History: A focus on biodiversity" 15974:"Tutuban Center may become Manila's busiest transfer station" 14100:

Total Population by Province, City, Municipality and Barangay

14067:

Total Population by Province, City, Municipality and Barangay

14037:

Total Population by Province, City, Municipality and Barangay

13926: 13326: 12548:"Philippines, Netherlands Sign MOU on Manila Bay Development" 10384:"Death Tolls for the Man-made Megadeaths of the 20th Century" 8533: 8029: 7964: 7224: 7048:. Lacuna is the city's first female mayor. The vice mayor is 6717: 6063: 5963:

is headquartered near Manila's eastern boundary with Makati.

5807:, Iglesia ni Cristo, Jesus Is Lord Church Worldwide, and the 5678: 5440:, Manila has a population of 1,846,513 people, making it the 5175:(now the Bureau of the Treasury), and the under-construction 5061:

is currently being proposed to the tentative list for future

4983: 4979: 4846:

poses a threat of a large-scale earthquake with an estimated

3583: 3397: 3058:

were waterhosed despite their frailty and how student leader

2999: 2963: 2333: 2089: 2036: 2021: 1933: 1342: 19484: 18837:

Pharmaceutical and Healthcare Association of the Philippines

17041: 14383:

Go MC, Jones AR, Algee-Hewitt B, Dudzik B, Hughes C (2019).

13646:

Surface Collection: Archaeological Travels in Southeast Asia

12914:(in Danish). Danish Meteorological Institute. Archived from 12661: 12659: 12657: 12655: 12653: 12651: 12422:"Waterfront Manila to develop man-made island in Manila Bay" 11779:"Japan voices regret to Duterte over "comfort women" statue" 11086:. Diliman, Quezon City: The Univ. of the Philippines Press. 8940: 8938: 6778:

and designated Rizal Memorial Stadium as their home ground.

6269:

is the historic center of Manila. It is administered by the

6085:

houses the storage facilities and distribution terminals of

3437:

Plan to oversee future decisions on projects on Manila Bay.

2336:, who came with the British, deserted and settled in nearby 1714:

in Tagalog.). Early 20th century writings, such as those of

28173: 27564: 27129: 26356: 26279: 25999: 25895: 25819: 25786: 25780: 25712: 25605: 25021: 24776: 23788: 22764: 20382: 20360:"Vietnam Visa For Filipino; Vietnam Embassy in Philippines" 19790: 18605:"Manila Water completes individualization project in Rizal" 13828:"Juan Arellano and the Bulacan Provincial Capitol Building" 13069: 11274:

Crime's power: anthropologists and the ethnography of crime

11082:

Sicat, Gerardo P.; Virata, Cesar Enrique Aguinaldo (2014).

9887:

John. M. Lipski, with P. Mühlhaüsler and F. Duthin (1996).

9433:(in Malay). Government of Brunei Darussalam. Archived from 8295: 8253: 7934: 7525: 7242:

In Congress, Manila has six representatives, one each from

6131: 4960: 3515:. The boundary of the 2nd District is the neighboring city 3129: 3094: 2893:

Marcos reacted to the bombing by blaming the still nascent

2273: 2213: 2209: 2167:

served as the City Hall during the Spanish Colonial Period.

2085: 2056: 2048: 1414: 1278: 1263: 1145: 19959:"How the Filipino hero found his samurai wife in Yokohama" 16726:"Remembering that grand slam-winning Stag team in the PBL" 11482: 11480: 11270:"Criminalizing Colonialism: Democracy Meets Law in Manila" 10841:

Dictatorship and revolution : roots of people's power

8512:

This was spurred by a locally found sacred image, i.e., a

6687:, both of which are private venues owned by a university; 17909:"LIST: The many housing projects in Isko Moreno's Manila" 15577: 14382: 12648: 10865: 10485:. Quezon City Official Website. Retrieved April 22, 2013. 9894:. In Stephen Adolphe Wurm & Peter Mühlhäusler (ed.). 9806:(PhD). University of California, Berkeley. Archived from 9156: 9143:

A Dictionary of the Plant Names of the Philippine Islands

8935: 6489:

maintains two history museums in the city, which are the

2724:

From February 3 to March 3, 1945, Manila was the site of

2132:. He established a trading challenge to the already rich 1272: 1211: 20447: 18359:"Waze – Official Blog: Global Driver Satisfaction Index" 18326:"Manila Ranks 2nd Worst Traffic Congestion in the World" 16643:"Filipino faith and artistry at the Museo de Intramuros" 16419:"Visita Intramuros: Reintroducing Manila's tourism belt" 15496: 14668:"A look at the state of crime, drugs in the Philippines" 9271: 6648:, most of the events are held at the complex but in the 6560:, which houses the ecclesiastical art collection of the 6317:

built in 1892, which is now converted to a shopping mall

6100:

Manila is a major publishing center of the Philippines.

4982:

reported in December 2020 Manila experienced an average

2244:, Manila was put under the spiritual patronage of Saint 19927: 19925: 19773:"Sister cities, towns and villages of Kyoto Prefecture" 19436: 19196:"Manila opens country's largest free dialysis facility" 18061:, National Census and Statistics Office. 1979. p. 16079:"Miss Earth candidates visits 100 Revolving Restaurant" 13720:"Pending Philippine UNESCO Nominations or Applications" 13386:"Quezon City, Manila, Caloocan biggest waste producers" 12419: 11932:"Erap leaves Manila in debt by P4.4 billion – COA" 11477: 11300:

Nonviolent Social Movements: A Geographical Perspective

11045: 10180:

Magoc, Chris J.; Bernstein, David (December 14, 2015).

5765:, one of two operating LDS temples in the Philippines. 3392:

The City of Manila is situated on the eastern shore of

2732:

of World War II. Under orders of Japanese Rear Admiral

2454:

ideas, which became the ideological foundations of the

1540:

from which this natural dye can be extracted. The name

1475:

and the election of city council members. In 2018, the

19382:. University of the Philippines Manila. Archived from 19280: 18539:

Socio-Economic Study of Two Major Metro Manila Esteros

15285: 14872:"8 beautiful Metro Manila churches for Visita Iglesia" 14724:"Crime rate in Manila drops by 38% for past 12 months" 11832:"10 Heritage Sites in Manila That Need Your Attention" 11697:"Pia Cayetano to look into Torre de Manila violations" 11640:"Councilor files raps vs Lim, Manila execs before CHR" 11240: 9324: 9050:"Philippine Studies: V. The Origin of the Name Manila" 7850:, near the border with Manila. The city also contains 7376:

and have been in use since the mid-to-late 1940s. The

7239:, in 2019 but the move was postponed to a later year. 7176:.. Other notable institutions based in Manila are the 5979:, the central business district of the city of Manila. 3384:, and Manila Boystown Complex, which is a property in 28217: 22302: 20089:"Manila eyes sister city agreement with Buenos Aires" 18800: 17748:"Aquino admin winds down with Manila housing project" 16131:"The Museum of the Filipino People reopens its doors" 15516:"Lino Brocka, 3 others installed on remembrance wall" 13049:"The City of God: Churches, Convents and Monasteries" 11511: 11509: 10701: 9423: 9294:. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 19. 8815:. Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 7415:"; bicycles with sidecars, the Philippine version of 7097:

to create a master plan for the city patterned after

5453:

wide-ranging as India and Latin America. Practicing

4858:

style to adapt to the region's frequent earthquakes.

2182:(Mexico), establishing a city council in what is now 1643:

swamps. Linguistic analysis, however, shows the word

1287: 1269: 25098:

List of cities and municipalities in the Philippines

19922: 19193: 19170:"Dialysis center for Manila's poor cited by UN body" 18743: 18454:"Manila's traffic jams cost $ 57 million a day" 17201:. Bureau of Local Government Finance. Archived from 16100:"Sanso mural hails 70-year friendship with Henry Sy" 15286:

Roberts, Toby; Williams, Ian; Preston, John (2021).

15174:"Manila is Philippines' most competitive city – NCC" 14178: 14142: 14060: 14030: 14002:"Living on a Fault Line: Manila in a 7.2 Earthquake" 13292:"Metro Manila Air Polluted Beyond Acceptable Levels" 13062:

Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory

12003:"End of an era for Estrada-Ejercito political clan?" 11487:

Paul Sagmayao, Mercado; Tatad, Francisco S. (1986),

11272:. In Parnell, Philip C.; Kane, Stephanie C. (eds.). 11135:"Philippine Police Arrest Hundreds To Block Protest" 11109:"10 anniversaries Filipinos should remember in 2015" 10404:

Boldorf, Marcel; Okazaki, Tetsuji (March 24, 2015).

8644: 7585:, the sole electricity distributor in Metro Manila. 3665: 3457:

District map of Manila showing its sixteen districts

2458:, which sought independence from Spain. A revolt by 1659:

retains the final consonant of the old Tagalog word

1275: 19844: 19609: 19607: 19292:

Philippine Association of Colleges and Universities

19248: 19141: 17954: 17487: