Civil Rights Act of 1964

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legislation authorized to be adopted by Congress for enforcing it is not direct legislation on the matters respecting which the States are prohibited from making or enforcing certain laws, or doing certain acts, but is corrective legislation, such as may be necessary or proper for counteracting and .redressing tho effect of such laws or acts. 3. The XIIIth Amendment relates only to slavery and involuntary servitude (which it abolishes) ; and although, by its reflex action, it establishes universal freedom in the United States, and Congress may probably pass laws directly enforcing its provisions; yet such legislative power extends only to the subject of slavery and its incidents; and the denial of equal accommodations in inns, public conveyances and places of public amusement (which is forbidden by the sections in question), imposes no badge of slavery or involuntary servitude upon the party, but at most, infringes rights which are protected from State aggression by the XIVth Amendment. 4. Whether the accommodations and privileges sought to be protected by the 1st and 2d sections of the Civil Rights Act, are, or are not, rights constitutionally demandable; and if they are, in what form they are to be protected, is not now decided. 5. Nor is it decided whether the law as it stands is operative in the Territories and District of Columbia : the decision only relating to its validity as applied to the States. 6. Nor is it decided whether Congress, under the commercial power, may or may not pass a law securing to all persons equal accommodations on lines of public conveyance between two or more States.

5362:—which has been called "the most important piece of federal legislation since the Civil Rights Act of 1964"—was influenced both by the structure and substance of the previous Civil Rights Act of 1964. The act was arguably of equal importance, and "draws substantially from the structure of that landmark legislation ". The Americans with Disabilities Act paralleled its landmark predecessor structurally, drawing upon many of the same titles and statutes. For example, "Title I of the ADA, which bans employment discrimination by private employers on the basis of disability, parallels Title VII of the Act". Similarly, Title III of the Americans with Disabilities Act, "which proscribes discrimination on the basis of disability in public accommodations, tracks Title II of the 1964 Act while expanding upon the list of public accommodations covered." The Americans with Disabilities Act extended "the principle of nondiscrimination to people with disabilities", an idea unsought in the United States before the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. The Act also influenced later civil rights legislation, such as the 4229: 5185:, the Supreme Court held that White's reassignment to from forklift operator to less desirable duties as a track laborer as well as her suspension without pay after complaining about workplace sexual harassment constituted retaliatory discrimination. This was a landmark case because it clarified that Title VII’s retaliation provision is not confined to harmful acts occurring at the workplace or are related to employment. Title VII’s anti-discrimination provision prevents actions including a hire, a discharge, a change in compensation, conditions, privileges, opportunities, or status of employment. However, Title VII’s retaliation provision contains no such limiting language. The definition of retaliation against a complainant of sexual harassment was changed to encompass any unfavorable job decision or treatment that might deter a "reasonable worker" from filing a discrimination claim or from supporting one. 5902:

registered to vote. For example, in Mississippi only five per cent are registered; in Alabama only fourteen per cent are registered; in South Carolina, sixteen per cent are registered; in Georgia, twenty-six per cent are registered; and in Louisiana, twenty-nine per cent are registered. Registration among adult whites invariably exceeds fifty per cent in the same areas, and Negroes are in the majority in ninety-one per cent of the counties where Negroes are in the majority. In ninety-seven counties fewer than three per cent of the adult Negroes are on the rolls. Indeed, in thirteen counties with sizable Negro populations the Negro voter rolls are significantly below the statewide percentage of eligible Negroes registered and in fifteen Negroes approaches the white voter percentage.

3996: 3705: 739: 970: 851: 71: 4398:). The section also states explicitly that in the latter situation such agency action shall not be deemed committed to unreviewable agency discretion within the meaning of section 10. The purpose of this provision is to obviate the possible argument that although section 603 provides for review in accordance with section 10, section 10 itself has an exception for action "committed to agency discretion," which might otherwise be carried over into section 603. It is not the purpose of this provision of section 603, however, otherwise to alter the scope of judicial review as presently provided in section 10(e) of the Administrative Procedure Act. 834:. After a series of hearings on the bill, Celler's committee strengthened the act, adding provisions to ban racial discrimination in employment, providing greater protection to black voters, eliminating segregation in all publicly owned facilities (not just schools), and strengthening the anti-segregation clauses regarding public facilities such as lunch counters. They also added authorization for the Attorney General to file lawsuits to protect individuals against the deprivation of any rights secured by the Constitution or U.S. law. In essence, this was the controversial "Title III" that had been removed from the 4386:

the objectives of the statute authorizing the assistance. In seeking the effect compliance with its requirements imposed under this section, an agency is authorized to terminate or to refuse to grant or to continue assistance under a program to any recipient as to whom there has been an express finding pursuant to a hearing of a failure to comply with the requirements under that program, and it may also employ any other means authorized by law. However, each agency is directed first to seek compliance with its requirements by voluntary means.

3778: 951: 3762: 12937: 4120: 4050:, who had been a leading figure in winning the right to vote for women in 1920, co-authored the first Equal Rights Amendment, and had been a chief supporter of equal rights proposals since then. She and other feminists had worked with Smith since 1945 to find a way to include sex as a protected civil rights category, and felt now was the moment. Griffiths argued that the new law would protect black women but not white women, and that that was unfair to white women. Black feminist lawyer 16413: 4305:, which acted as one barrier for black voters, other racial minorities, and poor whites in the South or address economic retaliation, police repression, or physical violence against nonwhite voters. While the Act did require that voting rules and procedures be applied equally to all races, it did not abolish the concept of voter "qualification". It accepted the idea that citizens do not have an automatic right to vote but would have to meet standards beyond citizenship. The 4096:, said it would not authorize such measures. Leading sponsor Hubert Humphrey wrote two amendments specifically designed to outlaw busing. Humphrey said, "if the bill were to compel it, it would be a violation , because it would be handling the matter on the basis of race and we would be transporting children because of race." Javits said any government official who sought to use the bill for busing purposes "would be making a fool of himself," but two years later the 12823: 12303: 4664:, a lawyer with Lambda Legal who previously served in the Civil Rights division of DOJ, rejected that argument, saying "his memo is not actually a reflection of the law as it is – it's a reflection of what the DOJ wishes the law were" and "The Justice Department is actually getting back in the business of making anti-transgender law in court." But the EEOC did not change its stance, putting it at odds with the DOJ in certain cases. 4291: 4649:(DOJ) took a position aligned with the EEOC's, namely that the prohibition of sex discrimination under Title VII encompassed the prohibition of discrimination based on gender identity or transgender status. DOJ had already stopped opposing claims of discrimination brought by federal transgender employees. The EEOC in 2015 reissued another non-binding memo, reaffirming its stance that sexual orientation was protected under Title VII. 4382:

agencies to take action to carry out this policy. This title is not intended to apply to foreign assistance programs. Section 601 – This section states the general principle that no person in the United States shall be excluded from participation in or otherwise discriminated against on the ground of race, color, or national origin under any program or activity receiving Federal financial assistance.

3783: 3782: 3779: 11169: 3784: 4058:. Griffiths also argued that the laws "protecting" women from unpleasant jobs were actually designed to enable men to monopolize those jobs, and that that was unfair to women who were not allowed to try out for those jobs. The amendment passed with the votes of Republicans and Southern Democrats. The final law passed with the votes of Republicans and Northern Democrats. Thus, as Justice 4498:(BFOQ) reasonably necessary to the normal operation of that particular business or enterprise. To make a BFOQ defense, an employer must prove three elements: a direct relationship between the trait and the ability to perform the job; the BFOQ's relation to the "essence" or "central mission of the employer's business", and that there is no less restrictive or reasonable alternative ( 3781: 4660:, he stated that Title VII should be narrowly interpreted to cover discrimination between "men and women". Sessions stated that as a matter of law, "Title VII does not prohibit discrimination based on gender identity per se." Devin O'Malley, on behalf of the DOJ, said, "the last administration abandoned that fundamental principle , which necessitated today's action." 4606:). Title VII also provides that an individual can bring a private lawsuit. They must file a complaint of discrimination with the EEOC within 180 days of learning of the discrimination or they may lose the right to file suit. Title VII applies only to employers who employ 15 or more employees for 20 or more weeks in the current or preceding calendar year ( 4390:

because of a finding of a failure of the recipient to comply with the agency's requirements imposed under section 602, and the agency action would not otherwise be subject to judicial review under existing law, judicial review shall nevertheless be available to any person aggrieved as provided in section 10 of the Administrative Procedure Act (

645:, the majority of the Supreme Court justices gradually shifted their legal theory to allow for greater government regulation of the private sector under the Commerce Clause, thus paving the way for the federal government to enact civil rights laws prohibiting both public and private sector discrimination on the basis of the commerce clause. 4476:. Title VII also prohibits discrimination against an individual because of their association with another individual of a particular race, color, religion, sex, or national origin, such as by an interracial marriage. The EEO Title VII has also been supplemented with legislation prohibiting pregnancy, age, and disability discrimination ( 1081:

that time to end the debate and the filibuster. With six wavering senators providing a four-vote victory margin, the final tally stood at 71 to 29. Never before in its entire history had the Senate been able to muster enough votes to defeat a filibuster on a civil rights bill, and only once in the 37 years since 1927 had it agreed to

1049:, who was still a Democrat at the time: "This so-called Civil Rights Proposals , which the President has sent to Capitol Hill for enactment into law, are unconstitutional, unnecessary, unwise and extend beyond the realm of reason. This is the worst civil-rights package ever presented to the Congress and is reminiscent of the 4068:, "The prohibition against discrimination based on sex was added to Title VII at the last minute on the floor of the House of Representatives the bill quickly passed as amended, and we are left with little legislative history to guide us in interpreting the Act's prohibition against discrimination based on 'sex. 4740:

Between 1965 and 1972, Title VII lacked any strong enforcement provisions. Instead, the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission was authorized only to investigate external claims of discrimination. The EEOC could then refer cases to the Justice Department for litigation if reasonable cause was found.

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outlawed discrimination based on race, color, religion, or national origin in hotels, motels, restaurants, theaters, and all other public accommodations engaged in interstate commerce; Title II defined "public accommodations" as establishments that serve the public. It exempted private clubs, without

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to join lawsuits against state governments that operated segregated school systems, among other provisions. But it did not include a number of provisions civil rights leaders deemed essential, including protection against police brutality, ending discrimination in private employment, and granting the

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Section 602 directs each Federal agency administering a program of Federal financial assistance by way of grant, contract, or loan to take action pursuant to rule, regulation, or order of general applicability to effectuate the principle of section 601 in a manner consistent with the achievement of

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There were white business owners who claimed that Congress did not have the constitutional authority to ban segregation in public accommodations. For example, Moreton Rolleston, the owner of a motel in Atlanta, Georgia, said he should not be forced to serve black travelers, saying, "the fundamental

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the bill from the Rules Committee; it required the support of a majority of House members to move the bill to the floor. Initially, Celler had a difficult time acquiring the signatures necessary, with many Representatives who supported the civil rights bill itself remaining cautious about violating

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Seconds before his name was called, Senator Clair Engle, of California, was pushed into the chamber in a wheel chair. He was smiling slightly. "Mr. Engle," the clerk called. There was a long silence. Senator Engle, recuperating from two brain operations, tried to speak. He could not. Finally, he

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introduced a substitute bill that they hoped would overcome it by combining a sufficient number of Republicans as well as core liberal Democrats. The compromise bill was weaker than the House version as to the government's power in regulating the conduct of private business, but not weak enough to

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After the return of Congress from its winter recess, however, it was apparent that public opinion in the North favored the bill and that the petition would acquire the necessary signatures. To avert the humiliation of a successful discharge petition, Chairman Smith relented and allowed the bill to

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An Act to enforce the constitutional right to vote, to confer jurisdiction upon the district courts of the United States of America to provide injunctive relief against discrimination in public accommodations, to authorize the Attorney General to institute suits to protect constitutional rights in

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ended his filibuster in opposition to the bill on the morning of June 10, 1964, after 14 hours and 13 minutes. Up to then, the measure had occupied the Senate for 60 working days, including six Saturdays. The day before, Humphrey, the bill's manager, concluded that he had the 67 votes required at

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on combating antisemitism states: "While Title VI does not cover discrimination based on religion, individuals who face discrimination on the basis of race, color, or national origin do not lose protection under Title VI for also being a member of a group that shares common religious practices.

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took a novel approach to prevent the Judiciary Committee from keeping the bill in limbo: initially waiving a second reading immediately after the first reading, which would have sent it to the Judiciary Committee, he took the unprecedented step of giving the bill a second reading on February 26,

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wrote that a business that discriminates against homosexual or transgender individuals is discriminating "for traits or actions it would not have questioned in members of a different sex." Thus discrimination against homosexual and transgender employees is a form of sex discrimination, which is

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Section 603 provides that any agency action taken pursuant to section 602 shall be subject to such judicial review as would be available for similar actions by that agency on other grounds. Where the agency action consists of terminating or refusing to grant or to continue financial assistance

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This title declares it to be the policy of the United States that discrimination on the ground of race, color, or national origin shall not occur in connection with programs and activities receiving Federal financial assistance and authorizes and directs the appropriate Federal departments and

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both voiced support for the president's bill, except for provisions guaranteeing equal access to places of public accommodations. This led to several Republican Representatives drafting a compromise bill to be considered. On June 19, the president sent his bill to Congress as it was originally

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In the late 19th and early 20th century, the legal justification for voiding the Civil Rights Act of 1875 was part of a larger trend by members of the United States Supreme Court to invalidate most government regulations of the private sector, except when dealing with laws designed to protect

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Despite these long-standing guarantees, the United States Commission on Civil Rights has found that racial denials of the right to vote occur in sections of eight states. In five of those states Negroes constitute more than a quarter of the adult population, but very few of these Negroes are

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status is prohibited under Title VII. The decision held that discrimination on the basis of gender identity qualified as discrimination on the basis of sex whether the discrimination was due to sex stereotyping, discomfort with a transition, or discrimination due to a perceived change in the

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Resistance to the public accommodation clause continued for years on the ground, especially in the South. When local college students in Orangeburg, South Carolina, attempted to desegregate a bowling alley in 1968, they were violently attacked, leading to rioting and what became known as the

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1. The 1st and 2d sections of the Civil Rights Act passed March 1st, 1875, are unconstitutional enactments as applied to the several States, not being authorized either by the XIllth or XTVth Amendments of the Constitution. 2. The XIVth Amendment is prohibitory upon the States only, and the

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raised his left arm, as though trying to point toward his eyes. He nodded his head, signaling that he was voting "aye." He was wheeled out of the chamber minutes later and taken by ambulance back to his home here. It was Senator Engle's first appearance on the Senate floor since April 13.

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The bill divided both major American political parties and engendered a long-term change in the demographics of the support for each. President Kennedy realized that supporting this bill would risk losing the South's overwhelming support of the Democratic Party. Both Attorney General

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gives a defendant accused of certain categories of criminal contempt in a matter arising under title II, III, IV, V, VI, or VII of the Act the right to a jury trial. If convicted, the defendant can be fined an amount not to exceed $ 1,000 or imprisoned for not more than six months.

714:" against desegregation, and even the few moderate white leaders shifted to openly racist positions. Partly in an effort to defuse calls for more far-reaching reforms, Eisenhower proposed a civil rights bill that would increase the protection of African American voting rights. 4956:, a 1971 Supreme Court case about the Act's gender provisions, the Court ruled that a company could not discriminate against a potential female employee because she had a preschool-age child unless it did the same with potential male employees. A federal court overruled an 769:

on June 11, 1963. He sought legislation "giving all Americans the right to be served in facilities which are open to the public—hotels, restaurants, theaters, retail stores, and similar establishments"—as well as "greater protection for the right to vote". In late July,

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Despite having a limited impact on African-American voter participation, at a time when black voter registration from 0% (in 11 counties) to less than 5% (in 97 counties) despite being majority-Black counties, the Civil Rights Act of 1957 did establish the

3780: 754:, Kennedy took 70% of the African American vote. But due to his somewhat narrow victory and Democrats' narrow majorities in Congress, he was wary to push hard for civil rights legislation for fear of losing southern support. Moreover, according to the 4602:). The EEOC and state FEPAs investigate, mediate, and may file lawsuits on employees' behalf. Where a state law contradicts federal law, it is overridden. Every state except Arkansas and Mississippi maintains a state FEPA (see EEOC and state FEPA 4228: 4188:

question is whether or not Congress has the power to take away the liberty of an individual to run his business as he sees fit in the selection and choice of his customers". Rolleston claimed that the Civil Rights Act of 1964 was a breach of the

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may give rise to a Title VI violation when the discrimination is based on an individual’s race, color, or national origin. It shall be the policy of the executive branch to enforce Title VI against prohibited forms of discrimination rooted in

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in their party's platform since 1944, would probably vote for the amendment. Historians speculate that Smith was trying to embarrass northern Democrats who opposed civil rights for women because labor unions opposed the clause. Representative

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of Alabama later said, "Smith didn't give a damn about women's rights", as "he was trying to knock off votes either then or down the line because there was always a hard core of men who didn't favor women's rights", and according to the

4472:). Title VII applies to and covers an employer "who has fifteen (15) or more employees for each working day in each of twenty or more calendar weeks in the current or preceding calendar year" as written in the Definitions section under 606:

on June 19, 1964. The final vote was 290–130 in the House of Representatives and 73–27 in the Senate. After the House agreed to a subsequent Senate amendment, the Civil Rights Act of 1964 was signed into law by President Johnson at the

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stated that in addition to LGBTQ employment discrimination, "he court's ruling is likely to have a sweeping impact on federal civil rights laws barring sex discrimination in education, health care, housing and financial credit."

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on November 27, 1963, Johnson told the legislators, "No memorial oration or eulogy could more eloquently honor President Kennedy's memory than the earliest possible passage of the civil rights bill for which he fought so long."

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Kennedy called the congressional leaders to the White House in late October 1963 to line up the necessary votes in the House for passage. The bill was reported out of the Judiciary Committee in November 1963 and referred to the

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individual's sex. In 2014, the EEOC initiated two lawsuits against private companies for discrimination on the basis of gender identity, with additional litigation under consideration. As of November 2014, Commissioner

4214:." Resistance by school boards continued into the next decade, with the most significant declines in black-white school segregation only occurring at the end of the 1960s and the start of the 1970s in the aftermath of the 82:

public facilities and public education, to extend the Commission on Civil Rights, to prevent discrimination in federally assisted programs, to establish a Commission on Equal Employment Opportunity, and for other purposes.

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After the Civil Rights Act of 1964 was passed, the Supreme Court upheld the law's application to the private sector, on the grounds that Congress has the power to regulate commerce between the States. The landmark case

889:, and Walter Reuther attempted to persuade him to support a provision establishing a Fair Employment Practices Commission that would ban discriminatory practices by all federal agencies, unions, and private companies. 5319: 4258: 12603: 13389: 4693:

made it easier to move civil rights cases from U.S. state courts to federal court. This was of crucial importance to civil rights activists who contended that they could not get fair trials in state courts.

8379: 3807: 6731:, Prologue Magazine, The National Archives, Summer 2004, Vol. 36, No. 2 ("Certainly Smith hoped that such a divisive issue would torpedo the civil rights bill, if not in the House, then in the Senate.") 15785: 15780: 5802: 8281: 4011:, a powerful Virginia Democrat who chaired the House Rules Committee and strongly opposed the legislation. Smith's amendment was passed by a teller vote of 168 to 133. Historians debate whether Smith 4591: 8317: 4420:

as vigorously as against all other forms of discrimination prohibited by Title VI." The order specifies that agencies responsible for Title VI enforcement shall "consider" the (non-legally binding)

7936: 5239: 4429: 842:. Civil rights organizations pressed hard for this provision because it could be used to protect peaceful protesters and black voters from police brutality and suppression of free speech rights. 7322: 4748:. The Act amended Title VII and gave EEOC authority to initiate its own enforcement litigation. The EEOC now played a major role in guiding judicial interpretations of civil rights legislation. 15792: 4555: 15533: 13476: 13218: 4373:

prevents discrimination by programs and activities that receive federal funds. If a recipient of federal funds is found in violation of Title VI, that recipient may lose its federal funding.

7506: 5039: 758:, he wanted to wait until his second term to send Congress a civil rights bill. But with elevated racial tensions and a wave of African-American protests in the spring of 1963, such as the 13788: 6218: 4015:

because he opposed civil rights for Black people and women or attempted to support their rights by broadening the bill to include women. Smith expected that Republicans, who had included

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of Arizona, voted against the bill, remarking, "You can't legislate morality." Goldwater had supported previous attempts to pass civil rights legislation in 1957 and 1960 as well as the

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later warned President Johnson that his strong support for the civil rights bill "will not only cost you the South, it will cost you the election". Johnson, however, went on to win the

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Title VII allows any employer, labor organization, joint labor-management committee, or employment agency to bypass the "unlawful employment practice" for any person involved with the

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Initially, powers given to enforce the act were weak, but these were supplemented during later years. Congress asserted its authority to legislate under several different parts of the

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school district was violating non-English speaking students' rights under the 1964 act by placing them in regular classes rather than providing some sort of accommodation for them.

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or of any other organization required to register as a Communist-action or Communist-front organization by final order of the Subversive Activities Control Board pursuant to the

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Pedriana, Nicholas, and Stryker, Robin. "The Strength of a Weak Agency: Enforcement of Title VII of the 1964 Civil Rights Act and the Expansion of State Capacity, 1965–1971,"

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by one of the biggest landslides in American history. The South, which had five states swing Republican in 1964, became a stronghold of the Republican Party by the 1990s.

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Rodriguez, Daniel B. and Weingast, Barry R. "The Positive Political Theory of Legislative History: New Perspectives on the 1964 Civil Rights Act and Its Interpretation",

13349: 11884: 6247:

Wilkins, Roy; Mitchell, Clarence; King, Martin Luther Jr; Lewis, John; Humphrey, Hubert; Parks, Gordon; Ellison, Ralph; Rustin, Bayard; Warren, Earl (October 10, 2014).

6457: 7902: 7382:"Civil Rights Movement History 1964 Jan–June. Here: Sections "Civil Rights Bill Passes in the House (Feb)" and "Civil Rights Bill – Battle in the Senate (March–June)"" 6836: 13902: 13842: 11954: 11924: 10927: 9212: 6628: 6219:"History of The Leadership Conference on Civil and Human Rights & The Leadership Conference Education Fund – The Leadership Conference on Civil and Human Rights" 5225: 4156: 3999:

Engrossing copy of H.R. 7152, which added sex to the categories of persons against whom the bill prohibited discrimination, as passed by the House of Representatives

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On June 11, 1963, President Kennedy met with Republican leaders to discuss the legislation before his television address to the nation that evening. Two days later,

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is making an active effort to increase awareness of Title VII remedies for individuals discriminated against on the basis of sexual orientation or gender identity.

13936: 13847: 13837: 13317: 11245: 6495: 476: 10907: 4262:) that Title VII of the Civil Rights Act, which barred employers from discriminating on the basis of sex, precluded employers from discriminating on the basis of 13827: 11302: 8371: 7863: 6724: 5659: 16318: 16313: 15862: 14594: 14451: 13832: 13805: 13532: 13075: 13025: 11857: 10951: 7743: 5176: 4197: 4189: 8242: 5794: 16458: 16125: 15997: 14582: 13822: 13111: 12556: 12551: 12546: 12541: 12536: 11656: 11651: 11646: 10705: 8271: 7769: 6943: 6413: 5404: 5154: 5095: 5062: 4522: 4505: 573: 5942: 5634: 4583:. It says an employer can "differentiate upon the basis of sex" when it compensates employees "if such differentiation is authorized by" the Equal Pay Act. 14221: 13720: 13715: 13634: 11345: 8875: 8693: 8307: 6063: 7608: 16493: 14150: 13941: 12508: 12061: 11867: 11667: 11662: 11542: 11290: 10999: 10847: 7184: 5131: 4500: 7925: 4554:

Federal government; (the proscriptions against employment discrimination under Title VII are now applicable to certain federal government offices under

14692: 14246: 13492: 13452: 13234: 11395: 11154: 8522:

Brauer, Carl M., "Women Activists, Southern Conservatives, and the Prohibition of Sexual Discrimination in Title VII of the 1964 Civil Rights Act", 49

7330: 4449: 7712: 7667: 5824: 630:, the United States Supreme Court had ruled that Congress did not have the power to prohibit discrimination in the private sector, thus stripping the 16503: 15281: 14416: 13800: 13186: 12081: 12051: 11862: 11237: 7985: 7582: 7407: 7356:"Civil Rights Movement History 1964 July-Dec. Here: Sections "Civil Rights Act of 1964 Signed into Law (July)" and "Effects of the Civil Rights Act"" 6291: 4193: 14241: 4966:, the Supreme Court decided that printing separate job listings for men and women is illegal, ending that practice at the country's newspapers. The 4960:

state law that barred women from obtaining jobs that required the ability to lift 25 pounds and required women but not men to take lunch breaks. In

4532: (1977) 97 S. Ct. 2720). An employer or customer's preference for an individual of a particular religion is not sufficient to establish a BFOQ ( 16498: 15775: 14275: 14008: 13751: 13566: 13412: 13162: 13104: 12388: 7510: 337: 6081: 16323: 15563: 13644: 13250: 11912: 9458: 9349: 8769: 7687: 7083: 6256: 5947: 4216: 4055: 992: 863: 6222: 16478: 16392: 16367: 14211: 14140: 14074: 12021: 11716: 11512: 11249: 11004: 6349: 5603:"H.R. 7152. Civil Rights Act of 1964. Adoption of a Resolution (H. RES. 789) Providing for House Approval of the Bill As Amended by the Senate" 823: 216: 8340: 5284:, the Supreme Court ruled 6–3 that Title VII protections against workplace discrimination on the basis of sex apply to discrimination against 16377: 16372: 15304: 14752: 14216: 13783: 12576: 12216: 11989: 11852: 11586: 10912: 9250: 9169: 7664:

U.S. Department of Labor Employment and Training Administration. (1999) "Chapter 2: Laws and Regulations with Implications for Assessments".

6513: 4770: 4515: (1991), 111 S. Ct. 1196). BFOQ is an extremely narrow exception to the general prohibition of discrimination based on protected traits ( 4332:

prohibited state and municipal governments from denying access to public facilities on grounds of race, color, religion, or national origin.

4202: 3800: 766: 743: 569: 411: 11507: 11285: 7223: 7049: 4167:. Democrats and Republicans from the Southern states opposed the bill and led an unsuccessful 60 working day filibuster, including Senators 16473: 16093: 15929: 15638: 15628: 15286: 15276: 12598: 12591: 12586: 12581: 12369: 11672: 6035: 4425: 1112:, which adopted the Senate version of the bill, then was passed by both houses of Congress and signed into law by Johnson on July 2, 1964. 463: 5742: 3720:. "Northern" refers to members from the other 39 states, regardless of their geographic location including Southern states like Kentucky. 1034:

to prevent its passage. Russell proclaimed, "We will resist to the bitter end any measure or any movement which would tend to bring about

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normal House procedure with the rare use of a discharge petition. By the time of the 1963 winter recess, 50 signatures were still needed.

16135: 15907: 14313: 13951: 13924: 13744: 12340: 11615: 10882: 10877: 10665: 10647: 9379: 9288: 7960: 7649: 5145: 4097: 1109: 926: 5002: 16468: 16355: 15299: 15294: 14175: 13301: 12503: 12488: 12006: 11677: 11569: 11275: 11266: 9428: 9130: 8669: 7105: 6104: 5197: 5105: (1989) established that discrimination related to non-conformity of gender stereotypical behavior is unallowable under Title VII. 4206:(1964), the Supreme Court held that Congress drew its authority from the Constitution's Commerce Clause, rejecting Rolleston's claims. 8206: 7291: 5914: 16463: 16014: 15518: 14627: 14353: 14145: 13549: 12561: 12380: 11205: 10984: 9535: 9237: 7818: 7467: 7445: 5884: 4081: 396: 391: 8564:

Loevy, Robert D. "The Presidency and Domestic Policy: The Civil Rights Act of 1964," in David C. Kozak and Kenneth N. Ciboski, ed.,

7249: 866:, a coalition of 70 liberal and labor organizations. The principal lobbyists for the Leadership Conference were civil rights lawyer 16483: 16362: 15992: 15513: 14735: 14567: 14135: 13897: 13544: 13080: 12630: 12625: 12478: 11693: 11295: 11019: 10974: 10642: 9525: 9453: 9179: 9059: 4735: 4355: 4237: 4163:. He stated that the reason for his opposition to the 1964 bill was Title II, which in his opinion violated individual liberty and 4141: 878: 858:

on August 28, 1963, civil rights leaders met with President Kennedy and Vice President Johnson to discuss civil rights legislation.

855: 751: 719: 673: 416: 262: 4494:

In very narrowly defined situations, an employer is permitted to discriminate on the basis of a protected trait if the trait is a

16328: 16288: 16130: 16034: 15963: 15568: 14028: 13958: 13258: 13127: 11939: 11698: 11226: 10933: 9321: 8921: 6301: 5689: 5610: 5571: 5532: 5379: 5359: 4914: 4820: 4587: 4488: 1050: 7550: 6900: 6689: 6379: 6149: 4480: 16387: 16382: 16350: 16120: 16024: 15987: 15934: 15768: 14079: 12890: 12531: 12523: 12465: 12392: 12091: 11964: 11605: 9299: 4967: 4007:, which prohibited wage differentials based on sex. The prohibition on sex discrimination was added to the Civil Rights Act by 894: 819: 599: 6831:

A Tale of Two Amendments: The Reasons Congress Added Sex to Title VII and Their Implication for the Issue of Comparable Worth.

5795:"Gillman on Klarman, 'From Jim Crow to Civil Rights: The Supreme Court and the Struggle for Racial Equality' | H-Law | H-Ne t" 16345: 16303: 16115: 14663: 14529: 14524: 14409: 14343: 14296: 13009: 12031: 10670: 8790: 8401:

Dinerstein, Robert D. (Summer 2004). "The Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990: Progeny of the Civil Rights Act of 1964".

6476: 6454: 6206: 6114: 5984: 5867: 4886: 4147:

Although majorities in both parties voted for the bill, there were notable exceptions. Though he opposed forced segregation,

545:, and employment discrimination. The act "remains one of the most significant legislative achievements in American history". 13468: 7892: 6834: 4675:

required compilation of voter-registration and voting data in geographic areas specified by the Commission on Civil Rights.

16453: 16293: 16278: 16142: 16051: 16046: 15980: 14441: 14190: 14049: 13484: 13325: 13242: 13226: 12860: 12648: 12483: 11969: 11637: 11457: 11390: 11056: 9520: 9468: 9414: 8816: 4540: 4495: 4484: 3995: 330: 287: 272: 8737: 8727: 6786: 6620: 16268: 16105: 16075: 15857: 15436: 14648: 14270: 14160: 14100: 13865: 13436: 12620: 12615: 12610: 12571: 12566: 12372: 12041: 11688: 11683: 11358: 11034: 9463: 9399: 8762: 8715: 7708: 5303:. Before the Supreme Court's intervention, there was a split in the circuit courts, including these two cases as well as 4646: 4343:

enforced the desegregation of public schools and authorized the U.S. Attorney General to file suits to enforce said act.

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Discrimination, Jobs and Politics: The Struggle for Equal Employment Opportunity in the United States since the New Deal

6492: 4741:

The EEOC documented the nature and magnitude of discriminatory employment practices, the first study of this kind done.

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Dierenfield, Bruce J (1981). "Conservative Outrage: the Defeat in 1966 of Representative Howard W. Smith of Virginia".

6389: 4607: 4595: 4465: 4460: 4421: 4123:

United States President Lyndon B. Johnson speaks to a television camera at the signing of the Civil Rights Act in 1964.

1797: 701: 297: 179: 34: 5770:"Executive Orders 9980 and 9981: Ending segregation in the Armed Forces and the Federal workforce – Pieces of History" 4132:

and Vice President Johnson had pushed for the introduction of the civil rights legislation. Johnson told Kennedy aide

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that "I know the risks are great and we might lose the South, but those sorts of states may be lost anyway." Senator

3841: 3704: 553: 4464:, prohibits discrimination by covered employers on the basis of race, color, religion, sex, or national origin (see 16448: 16333: 16298: 16283: 16041: 15643: 14887: 14857: 14673: 14402: 14301: 13594: 13365: 13357: 12056: 12046: 12026: 11874: 11847: 11014: 10756: 9227: 9114: 8232: 5117: 4842: 4745: 4148: 1144: 1139: 1000: 914: 738: 591: 202: 12640: 11778: 7765: 4564:

Religious groups performing work connected to the group's activities, including associated education institutions;

16340: 16263: 16058: 15902: 15633: 15498: 15203: 14842: 14338: 14064: 13815: 13574: 13444: 12361: 12333: 12076: 11907: 11726: 11625: 11620: 11363: 11280: 11041: 11029: 9505: 9443: 8685: 5631: 5275: 4806: 4252: 755: 506: 323: 139: 131: 8690: 7604: 4042:(with no linkage to racial issues) in the House because he believed in it. For decades he had been close to the 785:, Kennedy's civil rights bill included provisions to ban discrimination in public accommodations and enable the 778:, warned that if Congress failed to pass Kennedy's civil rights bill, the country would face another civil war. 16110: 16004: 15919: 15523: 14333: 14105: 13973: 13654: 12493: 12473: 11229: 8755: 8056: 7381: 6938: 5464: 5053: 4639: 4064: 3712:

Note that "Southern", as used here, only refers to members of Congress from the 11 states that had made up the

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is a form of discrimination on the basis of sex and is therefore also outlawed by the Civil Rights Act. See

984:

Johnson, who wanted the bill passed as soon as possible, ensured that it would be quickly considered by the

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Jeong, Gyung-Ho, Gary J. Miller, and Itai Sened, "Closing the Deal: Negotiating Civil Rights Legislation",

7665: 7572: 5832: 653: 537:, religion, sex, and national origin. It prohibits unequal application of voter registration requirements, 267: 54:

This article is about the 1964 Civil Rights Act. For other American laws called the Civil Rights Acts, see

8576:

The Walls of Jericho: Lyndon Johnson, Hubert Humphrey, Richard Russell, and the Struggle for Civil Rights.

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1964, thereby bypassing the Judiciary Committee, and sending it to the Senate floor for immediate debate.

680:, providing for fair employment and desegregation throughout the federal government and the armed forces. 124: 16235: 16227: 16170: 16085: 15573: 15478: 15334: 15316: 15218: 14877: 14847: 14572: 14492: 14471: 14265: 14170: 12724: 12667: 12453: 12114: 11749: 11580: 11462: 10946: 10680: 10441: 9438: 9404: 9384: 9268: 9147: 8854: 5090: 5084: 4706: 4100:

said that Southern school districts would be required to meet mathematical ratios of students by busing.

706: 530: 406: 91: 8108: 969: 676:, proposed the 20th century's first comprehensive Civil Rights Act, and issued Executive Order 9980 and 16488: 16253: 16190: 16180: 15730: 15488: 15448: 14805: 14499: 14130: 14095: 12826: 12326: 12150: 12086: 11742: 11574: 11024: 10892: 10862: 9846: 9601: 9490: 9420: 8891: 8681: 8267: 8228: 6296: 4034:

Smith asserted that he was not joking and sincerely supported the amendment. Along with Representative

549: 493: 7682: 7075: 6248: 6077: 16162: 15975: 15807: 15368: 14867: 14705: 14512: 14231: 13919: 12904: 12885: 12498: 12071: 11761: 11532: 10690: 10521: 10491: 10426: 9911: 9550: 9530: 9500: 9409: 9343: 9316: 9282: 9025: 8806: 7507:"Civil Rights Act of 1964 – CRA – Title VII – Equal Employment Opportunities – 42 US Code Chapter 21" 6010: 5494: 5363: 5271: 4683:

For the prohibition of sex discrimination in federally funded education programs and activities, see

4306: 4246: 4043: 450: 440: 366: 30: 11400: 8569: 5484:

Three Supreme Court rulings in June 2020 interpreted that employment discrimination on the basis of

4780:

established the law's constitutionality, but did not settle all the legal questions surrounding it.

4236:

speaks at an event celebrating the 60th Anniversary of the Civil Rights Act on 29 July 2024, at the

15852: 15416: 15329: 14973: 14762: 14577: 14517: 14433: 13909: 13892: 13523: 13277: 13170: 12853: 12774: 12426: 12421: 12306: 12228: 11917: 11527: 11191: 10591: 10551: 10076: 9981: 9389: 9338: 9331: 9304: 9125: 9035: 8959: 8657: 8410: 7796:"ICYMI – EEOC helping LGBT people get protection from discrimination under sex discrimination laws" 7573:"Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, Plaintiff-appellant, v. Kamehameha Schools/bishop Estate" 5439: 5434: 5429: 5367: 5230: 4933: 4359: 4160: 2781: 839: 835: 782: 727: 697: 689: 631: 445: 401: 386: 282: 277: 166: 161: 8661: 4080:

One of the bill's opponents' most damaging arguments was that once passed, the bill would require

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On June 19, the compromise bill passed the Senate by a vote of 73–27, quickly passed through the

565: 522: 8450:

Freeman, Jo. "How 'Sex' Got Into Title VII: Persistent Opportunism as a Maker of Public Policy"

8147: 7010:

Judgment Days: Lyndon Baines Johnson, Martin Luther King, Jr., and the Laws that Changed America

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on March 26, 1964, listening to the Senate debate on the bill. The two met for only one minute.

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If It Takes All Summer: Martin Luther King, the KKK, and States' Rights in St. Augustine, 1964

8019: 7646: 6982: 6874:, p. 187 notes that Smith had been working for years with two Virginia feminists on the issue. 6758: 6752: 5258: 16175: 15688: 15553: 15508: 15324: 15043: 15008: 14827: 14810: 14617: 14534: 14155: 13968: 13604: 13554: 13538: 12653: 12204: 12192: 11754: 11482: 11477: 11472: 11467: 11429: 11353: 10989: 10526: 10341: 9971: 9876: 9856: 9826: 9515: 9510: 9257: 9222: 9120: 9084: 8778: 8716:

110 Congressional Record (Bound) – Volume 110, Part 2 (January 30, 1964 to February 10, 1964)

7957: 7136:"Travelers, Strangers, and Jim Crow: Law, Public Accommodations, and Civil Rights in America" 6947: 6653:

Excerpt of the Engrossing Copy of H.R. 7152, the Civil Rights Act of 1964, Showing Amendments

5399: 5158: 5099: 5066: 4900: 4792: 4580: 4526: 4509: 4114: 4004: 962: 871: 542: 347: 7893:"Jeff Sessions Just Reversed A Policy That Protects Transgender Workers From Discrimination" 6325: 6319: 4301:

barred unequal application of voter registration requirements. This title did not eliminate

1007:, whose firm opposition made it seem impossible that the bill would reach the Senate floor. 818:

written, saying legislative action was "imperative". The president's bill went first to the

70: 16417: 15825: 15588: 15399: 15351: 15223: 15113: 15018: 14785: 14775: 14747: 14612: 14466: 13202: 13030: 12768: 12285: 11944: 11731: 11592: 11416: 11406: 11009: 10897: 10695: 10576: 10481: 10291: 9921: 9079: 8811: 8720: 8198: 7799: 6833:

Faculty Publications – Collective Bargaining, Labor Law, and Labor History. Cornell, 1981

5449: 5025: 4575:

is a U.S. labor law provision in Title VII that limits sex discrimination claims regarding

4534:

Equal Employment Opportunity Commission v. Kamehameha School – Bishop Estate

4517: 4172: 4027: 3881: 3525: 3416: 3309: 3213: 3200: 1965: 985: 693: 677: 661: 603: 371: 315: 13096: 7437: 6249:"Civil Rights Era (1950–1963) – The Civil Rights Act of 1964: A Long Struggle for Freedom" 6150:"Civil Rights Movement History 1964 Jan-June: Civil Rights Bill Passes in the House (Feb)" 4432:, "to the extent that any examples might be useful as evidence of discriminatory intent". 8: 16200: 15558: 15473: 14953: 14742: 14632: 14562: 13461:

Northeastern Fla. Chapter, Associated Gen. Contractors of America v. City of Jacksonville

13420: 13154: 13085: 12846: 12756: 12744: 12180: 12162: 11974: 11816: 11537: 11385: 10772: 10733: 10281: 10241: 10191: 10101: 10061: 10036: 9991: 9796: 9751: 9596: 9576: 9545: 9540: 9483: 9394: 9189: 9142: 9092: 9053: 7931: 5072: (1986) determined that sexual harassment is considered discrimination based on sex. 4982: 4576: 4211: 4137: 3958: 3189: 3165: 2709: 1845: 1653: 1629: 1054: 1027: 917:

on November 22, 1963, changed the political situation. Kennedy's successor as president,

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110 Congressional Record (Bound) – Volume 110, Part 12 (June 29, 1964 to July 21, 1964)

8728:

110 Congressional Record (Bound) – Volume 110, Part 11 (June 17, 1964 to June 26, 1964)

8510: 8422: 8237: 8045: 7858: 7795: 7157: 6867: 6704: 6435: 5856: 5485: 5211: 5102: 4656:

withdrew the Holder memorandum. According to a copy of Sessions' directive reviewed by

4529: 4512: 4263: 4012: 3877: 3717: 3477: 2685: 2552: 2288: 1365: 934: 886: 881:, on August 28, 1963, the organizers visited Kennedy to discuss the civil rights bill. 867: 711: 657: 626: 538: 8122: 7265: 6950: 6650:

U.S. House of Representatives. Office of the Clerk of the House (September 25, 1964).

6562: 5681: 5602: 5563: 5524: 5164: (1998) further ruled that same-sex harassment is discrimination under Title VII. 5161: 5069: 15720: 15441: 15103: 15073: 14668: 14425: 14110: 13736: 13710: 13675: 13285: 13049: 12968: 12732: 12443: 12349: 12292: 12270: 12234: 11806: 11547: 11370: 10957: 10872: 10867: 10827: 10700: 10471: 10456: 10421: 10201: 10121: 10066: 9851: 9015: 9010: 8882: 8868: 8861: 8822: 8594: 8588: 8471: 8465: 8455: 8414: 8095: 8062: 8052: 8023: 8012: 7926:"US Attorney General Jefferson Sessions Issues New Guidance On Transgender Employees" 7819:"Justice Department Will Now Support Transgender Discrimination Claims In Litigation" 7213: 6986: 6975: 6888: 6762: 6686: 6588: 6418: 6385: 6375: 6329: 6202: 6179: 6153: 6110: 6057: 5964: 5863: 5389: 4611: 4599: 4572: 4469: 4441: 4164: 4129: 4059: 4016: 3853: 3791: 3117: 3069: 2973: 2613: 2373: 2349: 1869: 1773: 1097: 996: 974: 918: 595: 470: 243: 8747: 8706: 7209:

Race, Riots, and Roller Coasters: The Struggle over Segregated Recreation in America

6681:"How 'Sex' Got Into Title VII: Persistent Opportunism as a Maker of Public Policy," 6473: 5325:

R.G. & G.R. Harris Funeral Homes Inc. v. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission

5320:

R.G. & G.R. Harris Funeral Homes Inc. v. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission

5312:

R.G. & G.R. Harris Funeral Homes Inc. v. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission

4259:

R.G. & G.R. Harris Funeral Homes Inc. v. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission

15876: 15847: 15842: 15740: 15708: 15681: 15406: 15023: 14993: 14983: 14978: 14545: 14348: 14318: 14236: 13885: 13870: 13178: 12909: 12210: 12186: 12174: 12156: 11959: 11773: 11721: 11375: 11134: 11119: 11109: 11079: 10820: 10767: 10616: 10601: 10566: 10431: 10376: 10366: 10261: 10136: 10071: 9946: 9861: 9821: 9811: 9801: 9786: 9781: 9756: 9646: 9030: 8945: 8908: 8559:

To End All Segregation: The Politics of the Passage of The Civil Rights Act of 1964

8538:

Delaying the Dream: Southern Senators and the Fight Against Civil Rights, 1938–1965

7630: 7323:"Supreme Court grants federal job protections to gay, lesbian, transgender workers" 7261: 7147: 7044: 6921: 5925: 5253: 5216: 5010: 4473: 4038:, he was the amendment's chief spokesperson. For 20 years, Smith had sponsored the 4035: 3909: 3742: 3597: 3549: 3381: 3141: 3093: 3021: 2408: 2325: 2312: 2277: 2181: 1581: 1269: 827: 790:

Justice Department power to initiate desegregation or job discrimination lawsuits.

602:

passed the bill on February 10, 1964, and after a 72-day filibuster, it passed the

502: 206: 55: 8500:

The Civil Rights Act of 1964: The Passage of the Law That Ended Racial Segregation

7766:"What You Should Know about EEOC and the Enforcement Protections for LGBT Workers" 6889:"How 'Sex' Got into Title VII: Persistent Opportunism as a Maker of Public Policy" 6414:"The Civil Rights Act: What JFK, LBJ, Martin Luther King and Malcolm X had to say" 6176:

The Civil Rights Act of 1964: The Passage of the Law that Ended Racial Segregation

4709:, tasked with assisting in community disputes involving claims of discrimination. 950: 15871: 15698: 15608: 15603: 15534:

Universal Negro Improvement Association and African Communities League (UNIA-ACL)

15384: 15339: 15193: 15183: 15163: 15148: 15048: 14923: 14913: 14552: 14023: 13998: 13695: 13514: 13509: 12978: 12963: 12813: 12795: 12711: 12673: 12433: 11214: 11129: 11114: 11099: 10917: 10546: 10536: 10496: 10476: 10436: 10311: 10301: 10266: 10226: 10211: 10146: 10011: 9961: 9891: 9776: 9726: 9711: 9701: 9696: 9676: 9661: 9656: 9631: 9571: 9495: 9098: 9069: 9064: 9020: 9000: 8979: 8951: 8697: 8665: 8308:"Supreme Court Will Hear Cases On LGBTQ Discrimination Protections For Employees" 7964: 7691: 7671: 7653: 7350: 7348: 7071: 6840: 6728: 6693: 6499: 6480: 6461: 5921: 5638: 5489: 5167: 4996: 4623: 4550:

There are partial and whole exceptions to Title VII for four types of employers:

4407: 4395: 4309:

directly addressed and eliminated most voting qualifications beyond citizenship.

4267: 4168: 4152: 4008: 3974: 3966: 3950: 3405: 3357: 3285: 3261: 2733: 2661: 2589: 2541: 2493: 2397: 2229: 2037: 2013: 1989: 1725: 1461: 1437: 1065: 1061: 1035: 898: 807: 583: 557: 534: 8272:"Supreme Court rules existing civil rights law protects gay and lesbian workers" 16308: 15713: 15676: 15666: 15426: 15421: 15363: 15198: 15128: 15058: 15053: 14557: 14481: 14260: 14226: 14180: 13705: 13584: 12896: 12448: 12142: 11996: 11492: 11335: 11168: 11149: 10738: 10586: 10571: 10501: 10451: 10416: 10401: 10386: 10346: 10326: 10316: 10271: 10256: 10236: 10006: 9976: 9966: 9936: 9926: 9836: 9806: 9606: 9232: 9184: 9074: 7888: 7642: 7472: 7035: 6782: 6518: 6315: 5343: 4861: 4661: 4089: 3861: 3440: 3429: 3045: 2949: 2565: 2517: 2384: 2336: 2157: 1928: 1821: 1749: 1413: 1341: 1046: 1011: 831: 814: 771: 696:

on September 9, 1957, was the first federal civil rights legislation since the

526: 422: 198: 12936: 8467:

JFK: Day by Day: A Chronicle of the 1,036 Days of John F. Kennedy's Presidency

7345: 7152: 7135: 4365: 4200:

Amendments by depriving him of "liberty and property without due process". In

16432: 15266: 15248: 15238: 15208: 15153: 15108: 15093: 15038: 15028: 15013: 14963: 14958: 14928: 14725: 14653: 14476: 14368: 14363: 14291: 14059: 13690: 12983: 12802: 12252: 12101: 11949: 11487: 11439: 11411: 11327: 11144: 11074: 10922: 10788: 10611: 10541: 10446: 10296: 10231: 10216: 10206: 10166: 10091: 10081: 10041: 10026: 9916: 9906: 9866: 9816: 9691: 9616: 9586: 8598: 8418: 8123:"Burlington Northern & Santa Fe Railway Co. v. White, 548 U.S. 53 (2006)" 7897: 7823: 7791: 7638: 6544: 5122: 4871: 4653: 4632: 4417: 4321:

defining the term "private", or other establishments not open to the public.

4302: 4119: 4085: 3946: 3942: 3935: 3869: 3333: 3224: 3128: 2925: 2805: 2696: 2637: 2469: 2445: 2432: 2253: 1688: 1677: 1557: 1533: 1520: 1485: 1245: 1069: 1039: 1018:

When the bill came before the full Senate for debate on March 30, 1964, the "

649: 8233:"Civil Rights Law Protects Gay and Transgender Workers, Supreme Court Rules" 8066: 15578: 15346: 15271: 15243: 15228: 15213: 15168: 15143: 15123: 15033: 15003: 14998: 14968: 14918: 14770: 14456: 14328: 14069: 14003: 12988: 12953: 12703: 12661: 12198: 11449: 11104: 11084: 10606: 10561: 10556: 10516: 10351: 10331: 10286: 10221: 10156: 10141: 10056: 10046: 10001: 9951: 9941: 9931: 9901: 9896: 9886: 9871: 9831: 9766: 9746: 9741: 9721: 9716: 9706: 9666: 9621: 9591: 8974: 8545:

The Civil Rights Era: Origins and Development of National Policy, 1960–1972

8461: 7704: 7245: 6194: 5289: 4970:

ended the practice of designating federal jobs "women only" or "men only."

4133: 4093: 4051: 4021: 3849: 3584: 3573: 3248: 3056: 3008: 2997: 2912: 2672: 2301: 2205: 2085: 1640: 1605: 1472: 1293: 1221: 1096:, unable to speak, he pointed to his left eye, signifying his affirmative " 1093: 925:

he wielded as president, in support of the bill. In his first address to a

922: 669: 518: 8341:"Supreme Court clashes over meaning of 'sex' in LGBT discrimination cases" 7958:

Milestones In The History of Equal Employment Opportunity Commission: 1972

7385: 6651: 4366:

Title VI – nondiscrimination in federally assisted programs

726:. By 1960, black voting had increased by only 3%, and Congress passed the 15598: 15583: 15431: 15394: 15233: 15188: 15173: 14938: 14933: 14780: 12681: 12246: 12132: 11380: 11322: 11124: 11094: 10721: 10685: 10626: 10621: 10581: 10531: 10466: 10461: 10371: 10321: 10251: 10246: 10186: 10171: 10021: 10016: 9881: 9761: 9731: 9671: 9636: 8897: 8080: 7736:"U.S. government lawsuits target transgender discrimination in workplace" 7384:. Civil Rights Movement Archive – SNCC, SCLC, CORE, NAACP. Archived from 7358:. Civil Rights Movement Archive – SNCC, SCLC, CORE, NAACP. Archived from 6851: 6011:"The Kennedys and the Civil Rights Movement (U.S. National Park Service)" 5328: 5240:

Equal Employment Opportunity Commission v. Abercrombie & Fitch Stores

5232:

Equal Employment Opportunity Commission v. Abercrombie & Fitch Stores

4642: 4627: 4176: 3931: 3368: 3152: 2829: 2757: 2421: 2109: 2061: 1893: 1832: 1760: 1701: 1509: 1089: 1077: 1019: 1004: 882: 608: 13259:

Students for Fair Admissions v. President and Fellows of Harvard College

8426: 7359: 7161: 5712: 15133: 15118: 15088: 15083: 14832: 14800: 14639: 14607: 13658: 13578: 12973: 12958: 12869: 12780: 10748: 10406: 10336: 10306: 10176: 10151: 10096: 9996: 9611: 9581: 8007: 6970: 6884: 6748: 6678: 4761: 4622:

In 2012, the EEOC ruled that employment discrimination on the basis of

4047: 3970: 3920: 3824: 3536: 3453: 3237: 2901: 2877: 2744: 2456: 1941: 1904: 1592: 1389: 1317: 1280: 1031: 1023: 587: 510: 143: 15469:

Association for the Study of African American Life and History (ASALH)

13219:

Parents Involved in Community Schools v. Seattle School District No. 1

8631:

The Longest Debate: A Legislative History of the 1964 Civil Rights Act

5005:, holding that employers may fire employees who refuse to work on the 15747: 15593: 15098: 14882: 14820: 14715: 13004: 12438: 11934: 10726: 10196: 10181: 8672: 7250:"60 Years After Brown: Trends and Consequences of School Segregation" 7005: 6856:

Freedom's Daughters: The Unsung Heroines of the Civil Rights Movement

5188: 5040:

Christiansburg Garment Co. v. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission

5032:

Christiansburg Garment Co. v. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission

4290: 4272: 4233: 3865: 3857: 3488: 3104: 2960: 2600: 2504: 2240: 2024: 1917: 1880: 958: 921:, made use of his experience in legislative politics, along with the 14394: 12318: 8552:

The Civil Rights Act and the Battle to End Workplace Discrimination.

6381:

Dred Scott's Revenge: A Legal History of Race and Freedom in America

6144: 6142: 6140: 6138: 5885:"Speeches and interviews: Federal Protection of Negro Voting Rights" 905:, indicated his intention to keep the bill bottled up indefinitely. 16220: 16215: 15725: 14373: 14323: 13964:

Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act of 1996

13638: 13618: 13608: 13598: 12264: 11317: 10086: 8643:

Zimmer, Michael J., Charles A. Sullivan & Richard F. Richards,

8276: 6595:

67th Annual Conference of the Midwest Political Science Association

5385:

Angelita C. et al. v. California Department of Pesticide Regulation

5006: 4684: 3512: 3392: 3176: 2864: 2816: 2720: 2624: 2528: 2216: 2072: 1976: 1856: 1808: 1784: 1736: 1712: 1664: 1496: 1448: 1424: 1352: 1256: 1088:

The most dramatic moment during the cloture vote came when Senator

977:

signs the Civil Rights Act of 1964. Among the guests behind him is

902: 664:, the first federal anti-discrimination order, and established the 642: 15484:

National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)

11183: 6080:. John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum. June 11, 1963. 5862:(Revised ed.). University Press of Kansas. pp. 145–146. 5710: 5003:

landmark United States Supreme Court case on religion and business

4667: 1060:

After the filibuster had gone on for 54 days, Senators Mansfield,

14837: 13725: 13628: 10675: 8701: 8507:

The Bill of the Century: The Epic Battle for the Civil Rights Act

7803: 6135: 5652:"U.S. Senate: Landmark Legislation: The Civil Rights Act of 1964" 4905: 4811: 4324: 3978: 3954: 3873: 3344: 3296: 3272: 3080: 2768: 2648: 2576: 2192: 2168: 2120: 2096: 2000: 1328: 1232: 1082: 862:

Lobbying support for the Civil Rights Act was coordinated by the

8615:

Rothstein, Mark A., Andria S. Knapp & Lance Liebman (1987).

8372:"U.S. high court turns away dispute over gay worker protections" 6587:

Jeong, Gyung-Ho; Miller, Gary J.; Sened, Itai (March 14, 2009).

4963:

Pittsburgh Press Co. v. Pittsburgh Commission on Human Relations

15671: 14383: 11421: 10743: 7577: 5136: 4877: 4678: 4335: 3032: 2984: 2840: 2264: 2048: 1952: 1568: 1544: 1400: 1304: 12532:

United States House of Representatives special elections, 1937

6044:. March 26, 2017. Archived from the original on March 26, 2017 4668:

Title VIII – registration and voting statistics

15483: 13057: 12838: 9478: 7709:"EEOC rules job protections also apply to transgender people" 7292:"Justices rule LGBT people protected from job discrimination" 6514:"Packed Senate Galleries Tense; 10-Minute Vote Makes History" 4325:

Title III – desegregation of public facilities

3924: 3913: 3837: 3836:

Southern Democrats: 8–83 (9–91%) – four Representatives from

3746: 3560: 3464: 3320: 2936: 2360: 1616: 1092:(D-CA) was wheeled into the chamber. Suffering from terminal 6926:

On Account of Sex: The Politics of Women's Issues, 1945–1968

6078:"Radio and television address on civil rights, 11 June 1963" 5327:

determined that Title VII covers gender identity, including

4603: 1100:" vote when his name was called. He died seven weeks later. 345: 15528: 13126: 8486:

On Account of Sex: The Politics of Women's Issues 1945–1968

8344: 7489: 5285: 4957: 4938: 4729: 4679:

Title IX – intervention and removal of cases

4435: 4412: 4336:

Title IV – desegregation of public education

4244:

In June 2020, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled in three cases (

4179:(D-WV), who personally filibustered for 14 hours straight. 4031:, laughter greeted Smith when he introduced the amendment. 3962: 3608: 2888: 2792: 2480: 2144: 1376: 730:, which eliminated certain loopholes left by the 1957 Act. 6594: 6321:

Martin & Malcolm & America: A Dream or a Nightmare

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Senate version, as voted on by the House: 289–126 (70–30%)

2850: 8312: 7854:"Justice Department Says Rights Law Doesn't Protect Gays" 6040: 5929:

at boston.com, 21 November 2007, accessed 28 October 2011

5226:

University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center v. Nassar

5218:

University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center v. Nassar

3927:, the only Southern Republican at the time, voted against 2130: 1022:" of 18 southern Democratic Senators and lone Republican 724:

United States Department of Justice Civil Rights Division

514: 13937:

Voting Accessibility for the Elderly and Handicapped Act

6246: 6036:"American Experience.Eyes on the Prize.Transcript | PBS" 5044: 4697: 915:

assassination of United States President John F. Kennedy

10928:

Spring Mobilization Committee to End the War in Vietnam

10706:"Woke Up This Morning (With My Mind Stayed On Freedom)" 8710: 8047:

Sexual Harassment and the Law: the Mechelle Vinson Case

5183:

Burlington Northern & Santa Fe Railway Co. v. White

5177:

Burlington Northern & Santa Fe Railway Co. v. White

5169:

Burlington Northern & Santa Fe Railway Co. v. White

4436:

Title VII – equal employment opportunity

4346: 3522: 3306: 3210: 1962: 656:, just before the U.S. entered World War II, President 13766: 13211:

Doe v. Kamehameha Schools/Bernice Pauahi Bishop Estate

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Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution

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African American founding fathers of the United States

9305:

Chicago Freedom Movement/Chicago open housing movement

9170:

John F. Kennedy's speech to the nation on Civil Rights

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Divided Lives: American Women in the Twentieth Century

6709:

Divided Lives: American Women in the Twentieth Century

6590:

Closing The Deal: Negotiating Civil Rights Legislation

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National Federation of Business and Professional Women

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was the only Southerner to vote in favor in the Senate

3186: 3162: 2706: 1842: 1650: 1626: 307: 12537:

1938 United States House of Representatives elections

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Goico, Allison L.; Geller, Hayley (October 6, 2017).

5713:"U.S. Reports: Civil Rights Cases, 109 U.S. 3 (1883)" 5370:, aiding not only African Americans, but also women. 5075: 3474: 2682: 1362: 1045:

Strong opposition to the bill also came from Senator

704:

ruled school segregation unconstitutional in 1954 in

8452:

Law and Inequality: A Journal of Theory and Practice

8177:

Burlington N. & S. F. R. Co. v. White (Syllabus)

6683:

Law and Inequality: A Journal of Theory and Practice

5915:"An inside look at Eisenhower's civil rights record" 5682:"HR. 7152. Passage. Senate Vote #409 – Jun 19, 1964" 5519: 5517: 5515: 4751: 4698:

Title X – Community Relations Service

4567:

Bona fide nonprofit private membership organizations

4428:(IHRA) on May 26, 2016, as well as the IHRA list of 3794:

of July 2, 1964, about the Civil Rights Act of 1964.

3114: 3066: 2970: 2610: 2370: 2346: 1866: 1770: 13942:

Uniformed and Overseas Citizens Absentee Voting Act

11543:

Consolidated Farm and Rural Development Act of 1961

11000:

Emmett Till and Mamie Till-Mobley National Monument

8744:

House July 2 amendment vote roll call p. 15897

8724:

House February 10 vote roll call pp. 2804–2805

7533:

Parr v. Woodmen of the World Life Insurance Company

5937: 5935: 5768:Johnson, Jennifer; Hussey, Michael (May 19, 2014). 5132:

United Automobile Workers v. Johnson Controls, Inc.

5124:

United Automobile Workers v. Johnson Controls, Inc.

4638:On December 15, 2014, under a memorandum issued by 4501:

United Automobile Workers v. Johnson Controls, Inc.

4347:

Title V – Commission on Civil Rights

4312: 4054:wrote a supportive memorandum at the behest of the 4003:One year earlier, the same Congress had passed the 3801:"Remarks upon Signing the Civil Rights Act of 1964" 3772:"Remarks upon Signing the Civil Rights Act of 1964" 3594: 3546: 3498: 3378: 3138: 3090: 3018: 2322: 2274: 2178: 1578: 1266: 991:Normally, the bill would have been referred to the 13235:Schuette v. Coalition to Defend Affirmative Action 8044: 8011: 7414:. The Dirksen Congressional Center. Archived from 6974: 6722:LBJ Champions the Civil Rights Act of 1964, Part 2 6668:– via US National Archives Research Catalog. 5855: 5558: 5556: 5554: 5552: 5550: 4924: 4797: 4450:Employment discrimination law in the United States 3402: 3354: 3282: 3258: 2730: 2658: 2586: 2538: 2490: 2394: 2226: 2034: 2010: 1986: 1722: 1458: 1434: 762:, Kennedy realized he had to act on civil rights. 619: 572:, and its duty to protect voting rights under the 494: 12082:John F. Kennedy Special Warfare Center and School 8502:, Albany, NY: State University of New York Press. 8445:Pillar of Fire: America in the King Years 1963–65 8262: 8260: 6422:. Archived from the original on February 24, 2016 5951:. Archived from the original on December 14, 2018 5512: 5422: 5405:Post–civil rights era in African-American history 4238:Lyndon B. Johnson Presidential Library and Museum 3426: 3042: 2946: 2562: 2514: 2154: 1818: 1746: 1410: 1338: 733: 16430: 15519:Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) 13903:U.S. Department of Justice Civil Rights Division 13163:Regents of the University of California v. Bakke 11955:U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development 9536:Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) 8645:Cases and Materials on Employment Discrimination 8568:(Chicago: Nelson Hall, 1985), pp. 411–419. 8199:"Bostock v. Clayton County, 590 U.S. ___ (2020)" 7408:"Major Features of the Civil Rights Act of 1964" 7133: 6586: 6511: 6455:1963 Year In Review – Part 1 – Civil Rights Bill 6062:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ( 5932: 4685:Title IX of the Education Amendments Act of 1972 3330: 2922: 2802: 2634: 2466: 2442: 2250: 1674: 1554: 1530: 1482: 1242: 634:of much of its ability to protect civil rights. 15564:Black players in professional American football 15514:Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) 13251:Coalition for TJ v. Fairfax County School Board 13026:Belmont–Paul Women's Equality National Monument 11913:John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum 9526:Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) 9459:Leadership Conference on Civil and Human Rights 9350:Green v. County School Board of New Kent County 8488:, Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. 8454:, Vol. 9, No. 2, March 1991, pp. 163–184. 7887: 6965: 6963: 6961: 6959: 6743: 6741: 6739: 6737: 6152:. Civil Rights Movement Archive. Archived from 5948:John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum 5882: 5547: 4891: 4783: 4362:with additional powers, rules, and procedures. 4313:Title II – public accommodations 4217:Green v. County School Board of New Kent County 3570: 2994: 2298: 2202: 2082: 1794: 1602: 1290: 1218: 908: 11005:Medgar and Myrlie Evers Home National Monument 8626:, Tuscaloosa, AL: University of Alabama Press. 8301: 8299: 8257: 8051:. Lawrence, Kan.: University Press of Kansas. 7816: 7547:"Age Discrimination in Employment Act of 1967" 6178:, State University of New York Press, p. 171. 5985:"The Civil Rights Act of 1964 | Miller Center" 5943:"Civil Rights Movement (The Election of 1960)" 5853: 5749:. Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History 5016: 4223: 2826: 2778: 2754: 2418: 2106: 2058: 1890: 1698: 1506: 14410: 14217:Disfranchisement after the Reconstruction era 13752: 13112: 12854: 12582:Democratic Party presidential primaries, 1960 12334: 12217:Kathleen Cavendish, Marchioness of Hartington 11587:Report to the American People on Civil Rights 11199: 10913:List of lynching victims in the United States 9251:Heart of Atlanta Motel, Inc. v. United States 8763: 8369: 7694:, EEOC Appeal No. 0120120821 (April 20, 2012) 5767: 4973: 4771:Heart of Atlanta Motel, Inc. v. United States 4763:Heart of Atlanta Motel, Inc. v. United States 3450: 3234: 2898: 2874: 1938: 1386: 1314: 901:, a Democrat and staunch segregationist from 767:Report to the American People on Civil Rights 331: 16459:Anti-discrimination law in the United States 15277:Historically black colleges and universities 13390:Charlton-Perkins v. University of Cincinnati 12562:United States Senate special elections, 1941 8629:Whalen, Charles and Whalen, Barbara (1985), 8000: 7883: 7881: 7501: 7499: 7468:"Executive Order on Combating Anti-Semitism" 7244: 7129: 7127: 7106:"U.S. Senate: Civil Rights Filibuster Ended" 6956: 6734: 6292:"1963 Year In Review: Transition to Johnson" 5202: 4617: 4561:Federally recognized Native American tribes; 4426:International Holocaust Remembrance Alliance 1914: 1123:Senate vote on the Civil Rights Act of 1964 933:Judiciary Committee chairman Celler filed a 765:Kennedy first proposed the 1964 bill in his 464:District of Columbia v. John R. Thompson Co. 230:on June 19, 1964 (73–27) with amendment 14314:Democratic backsliding in the United States 13952:Military and Overseas Voter Empowerment Act 9380:Alabama Christian Movement for Human Rights 8734:Senate June 19 vote roll call p. 14511 8296: 8148:"Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964" 7923: 7848: 7846: 7768:. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission. 6807: 6350:"A Case History: The 1964 Civil Rights Act" 5854:Pach, Chester J.; Richardson, Elmo (1991). 5711:Supreme Court of the United States (1883). 5198:Ledbetter v. Goodyear Tire & Rubber Co. 5190:Ledbetter v. Goodyear Tire & Rubber Co. 5151:Oncale v. Sundowner Offshore Services, Inc. 5146:Oncale v. Sundowner Offshore Services, Inc. 4712: 4098:Department of Health, Education and Welfare 4088:in schools. The bill's proponents, such as 3708:Senate vote on the Civil Rights Act of 1964 1040:intermingling and amalgamation of the races 798: 683: 15: 16494:United States federal criminal legislation 14417: 14403: 13759: 13745: 13302:Hazelwood School District v. United States 13119: 13105: 12861: 12847: 12504:Lyndon B. Johnson School of Public Affairs 12489:Lyndon B. Johnson National Historical Park 12341: 12327: 11206: 11192: 9429:Council for United Civil Rights Leadership 8770: 8756: 8561:, Lanham, MD: University Press of America. 8400: 7034: 6810:Virginia Magazine of History and Biography 6549:Lyndon B. Johnson: Portrait of a President 6374: 5597: 5595: 5593: 5591: 5589: 5244: 4294:First page of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 4285: 4108: 710:, Southern Democrats began a campaign of " 556:to regulate interstate commerce under the 338: 324: 16: 15494:National Black Chamber of Commerce (NBCC) 13550:Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 12927:Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 12027:John F. Kennedy Federal Building (Boston) 11645:U.S. House of Representatives elections: 11513:Status of Women (Presidential Commission) 10985:Birmingham Civil Rights National Monument 8593:. Congressional Quarterly Service. 1967. 7978:"Equal Employment Opportunity Commission" 7878: 7733: 7496: 7151: 7124: 6685:, Vol. 9, No. 2, March 1991, pp 163–184. 4987: 16504:Industrial and organizational psychology 13545:Title VI of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 13036:United States ten-dollar bill (proposed) 12626:1960 United States presidential election 12479:Lyndon Baines Johnson Library and Museum 11661:U.S. Senate elections in Massachusetts: 11020:King Center for Nonviolent Social Change 9060:University of Georgia desegregation riot 8584:, Nov 2004, Vol. 110 Issue 3, pp 709–760 8305: 8266: 7843: 7790: 7703: 7206:Wolcott, Victoria W. (August 16, 2012). 7070: 6109:. Marshall Cavendish. pp. 64, 129. 5334: 4852: 4825: 4736:Equal Employment Opportunity Act of 1972 4730:Equal Employment Opportunity Act of 1972 4592:state fair employment practices agencies 4289: 4227: 4118: 3994: 3930:Northern Democrats: 45–1 (98–2%) – only 3908:Southern Democrats: 1–20 (5–95%) – only 3703: 3637:Original House version: 290–130 (69–31%) 968: 949: 945: 879:March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom 849: 752:1960 United States presidential election 742:United States President John F. Kennedy 737: 720:United States Commission on Civil Rights 412:President Kennedy's civil rights address 308:§ United States Supreme Court cases 263:Equal Employment Opportunity Act of 1972 51:Landmark U.S. civil rights and labor law 24:This is an accepted version of this page 16499:United States federal labor legislation 13959:National Voter Registration Act of 1993 13915:Title I of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 13128:Affirmative action in the United States 11940:Equal Employment Opportunity Commission 10934:Beyond Vietnam: A Time to Break Silence 10671:"If You Miss Me at the Back of the Bus" 10666:"Ain't Gonna Let Nobody Turn Me 'Round" 8691:Narrative: The Civil Rights Act of 1964 8533:, Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 8338: 8042: 7205: 6883: 6825: 6823: 6672: 6660:from the original on September 25, 2017 6474:Civil Rights Act – Battle in the Senate 6411: 6242: 6240: 6084:from the original on September 30, 2018 5632:"Transcript of Civil Rights Act (1964)" 5613:from the original on September 10, 2019 5586: 5380:Affirmative action in the United States 5360:Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 5354:Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 4915:Students for Fair Admissions v. Harvard 4907:Students for Fair Admissions v. Harvard 4821:Newman v. Piggie Park Enterprises, Inc. 4813:Newman v. Piggie Park Enterprises, Inc. 4778:Heart of Atlanta Motel v. United States 4713:Title XI – miscellaneous 4588:Equal Employment Opportunity Commission 4489:Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 4203:Heart of Atlanta Motel v. United States 4182: 3688:Senate version, voted on by the House: 14: 16431: 16393:Topics related to the African diaspora 15499:National Council of Negro Women (NCNW) 14196:United States Virgin Islands residents 12891:Congressional Union for Woman Suffrage 12022:Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts 11606:Remarks at Amherst College on the Arts 10848:African-American women in the movement 9300:White House Conference on Civil Rights 9131:"Segregation now, segregation forever" 8460: 8382:from the original on December 11, 2017 8227: 8081:https://www.oyez.org/cases/2005/05-259 7715:from the original on December 20, 2014 7134:Sandoval-Strausz, A.K. (Spring 2005). 6656:. Series: General Records, 1789–2015. 6631:from the original on December 23, 2020 6543: 5907: 5858:The Presidency of Dwight D. Eisenhower 5498:, and also see below for more details. 4968:United States Civil Service Commission 4430:Contemporary Examples of Anti-Semitism 4286:Title I – voting rights 4013:cynically attempted to defeat the bill 3941:Northern Republicans: 27–5 (84–16%) – 3753: 793: 600:United States House of Representatives 180:Title 42—The Public Health and Welfare 16479:July 1964 events in the United States 16373:Landmark African-American legislation 14424: 14398: 13740: 13100: 13081:Women's suffrage in the United States 12842: 12348: 12322: 12032:John F. Kennedy International Airport 11187: 9289:Harper v. Virginia Board of Elections 8751: 8607:University of Pennsylvania Law Review 8284:from the original on January 22, 2021 8170: 8168: 7939:from the original on October 16, 2017 7772:from the original on November 8, 2014 7734:Rosenberg, Mica (September 9, 2014). 7480:from the original on January 25, 2021 7112:from the original on January 14, 2022 7086:from the original on October 20, 2012 6613: 6505: 5829:National Endowment for the Humanities 5692:from the original on December 6, 2020 5574:from the original on December 6, 2020 5535:from the original on December 6, 2020 5288:individuals. In the opinion, Justice 5138:Oncale v. Sundowner Offshore Services 4919: 4887:Regents of the Univ. of Cal. v. Bakke 4879:Regents of the Univ. of Cal. v. Bakke 4151:1964 presidential candidate, Senator 3919:Southern Republicans: 0–1 (0–100%) – 3897:Note that four Representatives voted 3893:Northern Republicans: 136–24 (85–15%) 864:Leadership Conference on Civil Rights 674:President's Committee on Civil Rights 564:, its duty to guarantee all citizens 319: 15504:National Pan-Hellenic Council (NPHC) 13789:House Electors Qualifications Clause 13485:Adarand Constructors, Inc. v. Mineta 13477:Adarand Constructors, Inc. v. Slater 13326:Wygant v. Jackson Board of Education 12649:Lyndon B. Johnson in popular culture 12484:Lyndon B. Johnson National Grassland 12087:John F. Kennedy University (defunct) 11391:Migration and Refugee Assistance Act 11057:St. Augustine Foot Soldiers Monument 9521:Regional Council of Negro Leadership 9469:Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party 9415:Committee on Appeal for Human Rights 8892:Sarah Keys v. Carolina Coach Company 8817:Murders of Harry and Harriette Moore 8633:, Cabin John, MD: Seven Locks Press. 8617:Employment Law: Cases and Materials. 8547:, New York: Oxford University Press. 8351:from the original on October 8, 2019 8006: 7905:from the original on October 5, 2017 7831:from the original on October 5, 2017 7817:Geidner, Chris (December 18, 2014). 7320: 7212:. University of Pennsylvania Press. 6969: 6820: 6747: 6352:. The Dirksen Congressional Center. 6314: 6259:from the original on January 9, 2020 6237: 6123:from the original on January 1, 2021 6102: 5743:"FDR on racial discrimination, 1942" 4847: 4756: 4541:Communist Party of the United States 4496:bona fide occupational qualification 4485:Age Discrimination in Employment Act 4481:Pregnancy Discrimination Act of 1978 586:in June 1963, but it was opposed by 288:Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Act of 2009 273:Civil Rights Restoration Act of 1987 16474:Events of the civil rights movement 15858:African-American Vernacular English 13437:City of Richmond v. J.A. Croson Co. 12611:Democratic National Convention 1956 12567:1948 United States Senate elections 12373:Vice President of the United States 12362:36th President of the United States 11359:Arms Control and Disarmament Agency 11213: 9464:Lowndes County Freedom Organization 9400:Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters 9070:Robert F. Kennedy's Law Day Address 8647:, Little, Brown and Company (1982). 8638:LBJ: Architect of American Ambition 8554:Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield. 8370:Chung, Andrew (December 11, 2017). 8339:Higgens, Tucker (October 8, 2019). 8320:from the original on April 23, 2019 7866:from the original on April 29, 2019 7611:from the original on March 16, 2016 7448:from the original on April 10, 2015 7438:"Civil Rights Act of 1964 Title II" 7226:from the original on April 18, 2021 6903:from the original on April 23, 2006 6279:President Kennedy: Profile of Power 5805:from the original on March 26, 2018 5662:from the original on April 16, 2019 4870:, the Supreme Court ruled that the 4724: 4647:United States Department of Justice 3887:Southern Republicans: 0–11 (0–100%) 845: 668:. Roosevelt's successor, President 666:Fair Employment Practices Committee 224:on February 10, 1964 (290–130) 48: 15776:U.S. cities with large populations 15479:Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) 14186:Northern Mariana Islands residents 13768:Voting rights in the United States 13469:Adarand Constructors, Inc. v. Peña 13010:Women's Social and Political Union 12733:Claudia "Lady Bird" Taylor Johnson 10908:African-American churches attacked 9474:Montgomery Improvement Association 9449:Georgia Council on Human Relations 9434:Council of Federated Organizations 9405:Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) 9163:16th Street Baptist Church bombing 9121:Meredith enrollment, Ole Miss riot 8927:1957 Prayer Pilgrimage for Freedom 8831:McLaurin v. Oklahoma State Regents 8516: 8245:from the original on June 17, 2020 8209:from the original on June 15, 2020 8165: 8036: 7746:from the original on March 7, 2016 7302:from the original on June 15, 2020 7272:from the original on June 18, 2020 7187:from the original on March 9, 2021 7174: 6789:from the original on June 24, 2016 6720:Gittinger, Ted and Fisher, Allen, 6601:from the original on July 29, 2016 6512:Hunter, Marjorie (June 11, 1964). 6356:from the original on July 29, 2020 5305:Evans v. Georgia Regional Hospital 4652:In October 2017, Attorney General 4461:Title 42 of the United States Code 4422:working definition of antisemitism 3823:Problems playing these files? See 3760: 942:pass through the Rules Committee. 525:in the United States that outlaws 499:Tooltip Public Law (United States) 477:23rd U.S. Constitutional Amendment 431:24th U.S. Constitutional Amendment 49: 16515: 16469:Civil rights in the United States 14649:Inauguration of Barack Obama 2013 14645:Inauguration of Barack Obama 2009 14452:African American founding fathers 13947:Federal Voting Assistance Program 13374:Piscataway School Board v. Taxman 13342:Firefighters v. City of Cleveland 11682:Democratic National Conventions: 11518:University of Alabama integration 10980:Birmingham Civil Rights Institute 10853:Jews in the civil rights movement 8651: 8493:American Political Science Review 8447:, New York: Simon & Schuster. 8306:Chappell, Bill (April 22, 2019). 7988:from the original on May 28, 2015 7982:LII / Legal Information Institute 7585:from the original on May 27, 2012 7266:10.1146/annurev-soc-071913-043152 7052:from the original on May 24, 2009 6783:"The American Presidency Project" 5445:Employment Non-Discrimination Act 5410:Jews in the civil rights movement 4954:Phillips v. Martin Marietta Corp. 4948:Phillips v. Martin Marietta Corp. 4940:Phillips v. Martin Marietta Corp. 4752:United States Supreme Court cases 4545:Subversive Activities Control Act 4536:, 990 F.2d 458 (9th Cir. 1993)). 3990: 3890:Northern Democrats: 145–8 (95–5%) 3695:Republican Party: 136–35 (80–20%) 3692:Democratic Party: 153–91 (63–37%) 3662:Republican Party: 138–34 (80–20%) 3659:Democratic Party: 152–96 (61–39%) 16464:Anti-racism in the United States 16411: 15529:United Negro College Fund (UNCF) 14674:Nadir of American race relations 14354:Ranked-choice voting in the U.S. 14271:Women's poll tax repeal movement 13366:Wards Cove Packing Co. v. Atonio 13358:Johnson v. Transportation Agency 13243:Fisher v. University of Texas II 12935: 12822: 12821: 12302: 12301: 11174:Civil rights movement portal 11167: 11015:Freedom Riders National Monument 10757:The Kingdom of God Is Within You 9269:1965 Selma to Montgomery marches 9228:1964 Monson Motor Lodge protests 9115:Second Emancipation Proclamation 8394: 8363: 7536:, 791 F.2d 888 (11th Cir. 1986). 6464:United Press International, 1963 5118:Wards Cove Packing Co. v. Atonio 5110:Wards Cove Packing Co. v. Atonio 4843:McDonnell Douglas Corp. v. Green 4835:McDonnell Douglas Corp. v. Green 4746:Equal Employment Opportunity Act 4594:(FEPAs), enforce Title VII (see 4075: 3805: 3776: 3681:Democratic Party: 46–21 (69–31%) 3670:Democratic Party: 44–23 (66–34%) 1103: 746:on civil rights on June 11, 1963 594:on November 22, 1963, President 579:The legislation was proposed by 234:House agreed to Senate amendment 69: 16484:Liberalism in the United States 14535:Civil rights movement 1954–1968 14525:Civil rights movement 1865–1896 13898:U.S. Commission on Civil Rights 13816:Privileges or Immunities Clause 13445:Metro Broadcasting, Inc. v. FCC 13227:Fisher v. University of Texas I 12077:John F. Kennedy Memorial Bridge 11694:U.S. presidential election 1960 11483:Federal housing segregation ban 11364:Partial Nuclear Test Ban Treaty 11238:U.S. Senator from Massachusetts 11042:Mississippi Civil Rights Museum 11030:Martin Luther King Jr. Memorial 9506:National Council of Negro Women 9444:Deacons for Defense and Justice 8673:Statute Compilations collection 8437: 8332: 8221: 8191: 8140: 8115: 8073: 7970: 7951: 7917: 7810: 7784: 7758: 7727: 7697: 7676: 7658: 7623: 7597: 7565: 7549:. Finduslaw.com. Archived from 7539: 7525: 7460: 7430: 7400: 7374: 7321:Wolf, Richard (June 15, 2020). 7314: 7284: 7248:; Owens, Ann (August 1, 2014). 7238: 7199: 7168: 7098: 7064: 7028: 7015: 6999: 6931: 6915: 6877: 6861: 6845: 6801: 6775: 6714: 6698: 6643: 6580: 6555: 6537: 6486: 6483:~ Civil Rights Movement Archive 6467: 6448: 6412:Remnick, Noah (June 28, 2014). 6405: 6368: 6342: 6308: 6284: 6271: 6211: 6188: 6168: 6096: 6070: 6028: 6003: 5977: 5891:. Duke University School of Law 5876: 5847: 5817: 5787: 5761: 5301:Altitude Express, Inc. v. Zarda 5276:Altitude Express, Inc. v. Zarda 5264:Altitude Express, Inc. v. Zarda 4807:United States v. Johnson (1968) 4459:Subchapter VI of Chapter 21 of 4253:Altitude Express, Inc. v. Zarda 3684:Republican Party: 27–6 (82–18%) 3673:Republican Party: 27–6 (82–18%) 822:, where it was referred to the 620:Reconstruction and New Deal era 15524:Thurgood Marshall College Fund 14530:Civil right movement 1896–1954 14176:District of Columbia residents 14106:Multiple non-transferable vote 14029:Voter registration in the U.S. 13974:Election Assistance Commission 13794:Congressional Elections Clause 12886:1913 Woman Suffrage Procession 12868: 12494:Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center 11230:President of the United States 8922:Mansfield school desegregation 8640:, New York: Free Press, ch 22. 7280:– via cepa.stanford.edu. 7040:"For GOP, A Southern Exposure" 6939:Meritor Savings Bank v. Vinson 6384:. Thomas Nelson. p. 188. 5735: 5704: 5674: 5644: 5625: 5478: 5465:Second Enforcement Act of 1871 5423:Other civil rights legislation 5059:Meritor Savings Bank v. Vinson 5054:Meritor Savings Bank v. Vinson 5046:Meritor Savings Bank v. Vinson 4065:Meritor Savings Bank v. Vinson 1115: 1073:make the House reconsider it. 734:1963 Kennedy civil rights bill 236:on July 2, 1964 (289–126) 13: 1: 15704:Cherokee freedmen controversy 14680:The Negro Motorist Green Book 14359:National Voting Rights Museum 13969:Help America Vote Act of 2002 12926: 12509:Memorial Grove on the Potomac 11791:John F. Kennedy document hoax 11785:Happy Birthday, Mr. President 11779:Coretta Scott King phone call 11717:Birthplace and childhood home 11600:A rising tide lifts all boats 11503:Presidential Medal of Freedom 11052:National Voting Rights Museum 10995:Civil Rights Movement Archive 10794:Lynching in the United States 10681:"Keep Your Eyes on the Prize" 9136:Stand in the Schoolhouse Door 9109:University of Chicago sit-ins 8876:Davis v. Prince Edward County 8582:American Journal of Sociology 8498:Loevy, Robert D. ed. (1997), 8043:Cochran, Augustus B. (2004). 6493:Civil Rights Filibuster Ended 5889:Law and Contemporary Problems 5505: 5460:First Enforcement Act of 1871 5416:The Negro Motorist Green Book 4744:In 1972, Congress passed the 3714:Confederate States of America 1053:proposals and actions of the 638:traditional public morality. 614: 598:pushed the bill forward. The 197:in the House as H.R. 7152 by 14222:Timeline of women's suffrage 13310:United Steelworkers v. Weber 11990:Lincoln–Kennedy coincidences 11458:Communications Satellite Act 11047:National Civil Rights Museum 10903:March on Washington Movement 10888:Dexter Avenue Baptist Church 9357:Jones v. Alfred H. Mayer Co. 8711:Civil Rights Digital Library 8550:Gregory, Raymond F. (2014). 7935:. Dinsmore & Shohl LLP. 7177:"1964: Civil Rights Battles" 6621:"Were Republicans Really..?" 6106:The Civil Rights Act of 1964 5348: 4103: 3699: 3640:Cloture in the Senate: 71–29 909:Johnson's appeal to Congress 654:March on Washington Movement 268:Pregnancy Discrimination Act 7: 16454:88th United States Congress 15574:Black players in ice hockey 15509:National Urban League (NUL) 15335:American Society of Muslims 14573:Selma to Montgomery marches 14493:Brown v. Board of Education 14276:History of direct democracy 14266:Selma to Montgomery marches 14009:Initiatives and referendums 13334:Sheet Metal Workers v. EEOC 12668:The Years of Lyndon Johnson 11892:Gravesite and Eternal Flame 11750:Biuku Gasa and Eroni Kumana 11673:1960 presidential primaries 11581:We choose to go to the Moon 11463:Community Mental Health Act 10691:"This Little Light of Mine" 9439:Dallas County Voters League 9385:Atlanta Negro Voters League 9148:Letter from Birmingham Jail 8855:Brown v. Board of Education 8524:Journal of Southern History 7635:Contemporary Employment Law 7509:. finduslaw. Archived from 6839:September 21, 2006, at the 6103:Gold, Susan Dudley (2011). 5373: 5293:forbidden under Title VII. 5091:Price Waterhouse v. Hopkins 5085:Price Waterhouse v. Hopkins 5077:Price Waterhouse v. Hopkins 4707:Community Relations Service 4590:(EEOC), as well as certain 4358:established by the earlier 4224:Later impact on LGBT rights 4175:(D-AR), as well as Senator 3650: 707:Brown v. Board of Education 648:Influenced in part by the " 298:United States Supreme Court 92:88th United States Congress 10: 16520: 15731:Great Dismal Swamp maroons 15489:Nashville Student Movement 14500:Children of the plantation 14096:First-past-the-post voting 13866:U.S. Department of Justice 12439:Texas Broadcasting Company 11678:1960 presidential campaign 11611:State of the Union Address 11575:American University speech 11478:Federal affirmative action 11308:Presidential Proclamations 11025:Martin Luther King Jr. Day 10893:Holt Street Baptist Church 10863:16th Street Baptist Church 9847:Annie Bell Robinson Devine 9491:Nashville Student Movement 9421:An Appeal for Human Rights 8696:February 17, 2020, at the 8636:Woods, Randall B. (2006), 8590:Revolution in Civil Rights 8484:Harrison, Cynthia (1988), 7963:November 12, 2018, at the 7690:December 31, 2014, at the 7670:November 30, 2012, at the 7254:Annual Review of Sociology 6479:December 25, 2012, at the 5641:. Retrieved July 28, 2012. 5341: 5317: 5269: 5251: 5237: 5223: 5209: 5195: 5174: 5143: 5129: 5115: 5082: 5051: 5037: 5023: 4994: 4980: 4945: 4931: 4912: 4898: 4884: 4859: 4840: 4818: 4804: 4790: 4768: 4733: 4682: 4556:42 U.S.C. Section 2000e-16 4439: 4112: 3985: 3832:House of Representatives: 3723:House of Representatives: 993:Senate Judiciary Committee 550:United States Constitution 53: 16444:1964 in American politics 16401: 16368:Index of related articles 16246: 16161: 15885: 15818: 15756: 15656: 15617: 15549: 15542: 15457: 15377: 15369:Doctrine of Father Divine 15315: 15257: 14906: 14761: 14753:Women's suffrage movement 14706:Reconstruction Amendments 14513:Voting Rights Act of 1965 14432: 14284: 14232:Woman Suffrage Procession 14204: 14123: 14088: 14042: 13991: 13984: 13920:Voting Rights Act of 1965 13856: 13774: 13668: 13564: 13507: 13400: 13350:United States v. Paradise 13269: 13146: 13134: 13068: 13018: 12997: 12944: 12933: 12876: 12790: 12723: 12639: 12522: 12499:Lyndon Baines Johnson Day 12462: 12403: 12356: 12280: 12141: 12072:John F. Kennedy Arboretum 12005: 11900: 11840: 11799: 11709: 11636: 11560: 11533:Oil Pollution Act of 1961 11448: 11435:Moscow–Washington hotline 11344: 11260: 11221: 11163: 11065: 10967: 10781: 10714: 10656: 10635: 10522:Ruby Doris Smith-Robinson 10492:Modjeska Monteith Simkins 9564: 9556:Women's Political Council 9551:Wednesdays in Mississippi 9546:United Auto Workers (UAW) 9531:Southern Regional Council 9501:Northern Student Movement 9410:Committee for Freedom Now 9370: 9317:Memphis sanitation strike 9283:Voting Rights Act of 1965 9205: 9026:Savannah Protest Movement 8988: 8846: 8807:Journey of Reconciliation 8799: 8786: 8557:Loevy, Robert D. (1990), 8540:, Baton Rouge: LSU Press. 8536:Finley, Keith M. (2008), 8014:How We Got Here: The '70s 7234:– via Google Books. 7153:10.1017/s0738248000000055 7076:"Conservatism as Phoenix" 6977:How We Got Here: The '70s 6754:How We Got Here: The '70s 6498:December 2, 2009, at the 6440:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 6201:, Running Press, p. 284. 5969:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 5495:Bostock v. Clayton County 5364:Voting Rights Act of 1965 5307:in the Eleventh Circuit. 5282:Bostock v. Clayton County 5272:Bostock v. Clayton County 5260:Bostock v. Clayton County 4618:Administrative precedents 4307:Voting Rights Act of 1965 4280: 4247:Bostock v. Clayton County 3741:Southern: 1–21 (5–95%) – 3727:Northern: 281–32 (90–10%) 1209: 1203: 1194: 1186: 1133: 1130: 1127: 1122: 927:joint session of Congress 700:to become law. After the 641:In the 1930s, during the 441:Voting Rights Act of 1965 382:Strom Thurmond filibuster 367:Journey of Reconciliation 359: 304: 296: 258: 253: 190: 185: 175: 154: 149: 130: 120: 115: 97: 86: 77: 68: 16418:United States portal 15853:African-American English 15282:Inventors and scientists 14974:George Washington Carver 14578:Chicago Freedom Movement 14171:American Samoa residents 13910:Civil Rights Act of 1960 13893:Civil Rights Act of 1957 13524:Civil Rights Act of 1866 13278:Griggs v. Duke Power Co. 13171:United States v. Fordice 12775:George Washington Baines 12427:Civil Rights Act of 1960 12422:Civil Rights Act of 1957 12229:Patricia Kennedy Lawford 11930:Civil Rights Act of 1964 11918:Profile in Courage Award 11528:All-Channel Receiver Act 11498:Pilot Food Stamp Program 9390:Atlanta Student Movement 9339:Civil Rights Act of 1968 9264:1964–1965 Scripto strike 9245:Civil Rights Act of 1964 9143:1963 Birmingham campaign 9036:Civil Rights Act of 1960 8960:Civil Rights Act of 1957 8707:Civil Rights Act of 1964 8678:Civil Rights Act of 1964 8658:Civil Rights Act of 1964 8411:American Bar Association 6981:. Basic Books. pp. 6757:. Basic Books. pp. 6727:August 31, 2017, at the 6277:Reeves, Richard (1993), 6197:and Krantz, Les (2010), 5883:Marshall, Burke (1962). 5471: 5440:Civil Rights Act of 1991 5435:Civil Rights Act of 1871 5430:Civil Rights Act of 1866 5368:Civil Rights Act of 1968 4934:Griggs v. Duke Power Co. 4926:Griggs v. Duke Power Co. 4799:United States v. Johnson 4457:of the Act, codified as 4360:Civil Rights Act of 1957 3655:Original House version: 973:United States President 820:House of Representatives 799:House of Representatives 783:Civil Rights Act of 1875 728:Civil Rights Act of 1960 698:Civil Rights Act of 1875 690:Civil Rights Act of 1957 684:Civil Rights Act of 1957 632:Civil Rights Act of 1875 592:Kennedy was assassinated 490:Civil Rights Act of 1964 446:Civil Rights Act of 1968 436:Civil Rights Act of 1964 402:Civil Rights Act of 1960 387:Civil Rights Act of 1957 283:No Child Left Behind Act 278:Civil Rights Act of 1991 167:Civil Rights Act of 1960 162:Civil Rights Act of 1957 64:Civil Rights Act of 1964 31:latest accepted revision 16449:1964 in labor relations 16341:African-American firsts 15390:Back-to-Africa movement 15359:Black Hebrew Israelites 15139:Adam Clayton Powell Jr. 14687:Partus sequitur ventrem 13876:Enforcement Act of 1870 13811:Equal Protection Clause 13529:Equal Protection Clause 12763:Samuel Ealy Johnson Sr. 12751:Samuel Ealy Johnson Jr. 12739:Lynda Bird Johnson Robb 12381:U.S. Senator from Texas 12169:Patrick Bouvier Kennedy 12092:John F. Kennedy Stadium 11925:Twenty-fourth Amendment 11523:Voter Education Project 10942:Voter Education Project 10696:"We Shall Not Be Moved" 10357:Adam Clayton Powell Jr. 9792:Josephine Dobbs Clement 9218:Chester school protests 9213:Twenty-fourth Amendment 9175:Detroit Walk to Freedom 8917:Tallahassee bus boycott 8838:Baton Rouge bus boycott 8622:Warren, Dan R. (2008), 8566:The American Presidency 8529:Burstein, Paul (1985), 8443:Branch, Taylor (1998), 8018:. Basic Books. p. 7652:March 30, 2019, at the 7021:Branch, Taylor (1998), 6692:April 23, 2006, at the 6324:. Orbis Books. p. 5637:April 18, 2021, at the 5455:Enforcement Act of 1870 4446:United States labor law 4411:Discrimination against 4406:The December 11, 2019, 4356:Civil Rights Commission 4220:(1968) court decision. 4109:Political repercussions 3901:while 13 did not vote. 3666:Cloture in the Senate: 2854:Thruston Ballard Morton 995:, which was chaired by 407:Baldwin–Kennedy meeting 213:Committee consideration 16309:Spingarn Medal winners 15798:States and territories 15569:Black NFL quarterbacks 15069:Martin Luther King Jr. 14601:Dred Scott v. Sandford 14540:Montgomery bus boycott 13881:Second Enforcement Act 13429:Fullilove v. Klutznick 13318:Firefighters v. Stotts 13294:Schlesinger v. Ballard 12922:Equal Rights Amendment 12905:National Woman's Party 12677:(1991 television film) 12411:Early years and career 12286:← Dwight D. Eisenhower 12223:Eunice Kennedy Shriver 12017:Harvard Kennedy School 11935:Apollo 11 Moon landing 11828:A Nation of Immigrants 11318:Presidential limousine 11155:Movement photographers 10397:Bernice Johnson Reagon 10117:Martin Luther King Sr. 10112:Martin Luther King Jr. 9682:William Holmes Borders 9454:Highlander Folk School 9344:Poor People's Campaign 9197:St. Augustine movement 9047:Gomillion v. Lightfoot 8970:Katz Drug Store sit-in 8941:Royal Ice Cream sit-in 8903:Montgomery bus boycott 7442:Wake Forest University 7140:Law and History Review 6502:– United States Senate 6174:Loevy, Robert (1997), 5825:"Racism to Redemption" 5395:Bourke B. Hickenlooper 5299:was consolidated with 4295: 4241: 4192:and also violated the 4124: 4044:National Woman's Party 4040:Equal Rights Amendment 4017:equal rights for women 4000: 3959:Bourke B. Hickenlooper 3765: 3738:Northern: 72–6 (92–8%) 3730:Southern: 8–94 (8–92%) 3709: 2134:Bourke B. Hickenlooper 1009:Senate Majority Leader 981: 979:Martin Luther King Jr. 966: 955:Martin Luther King Jr. 859: 812:Senate Majority Leader 805:Senate Minority Leader 747: 692:, signed by President 568:of the laws under the 451:Poor People's Campaign 103:; 60 years ago 15619:Athletic associations 15554:Negro league baseball 15325:African-American Jews 15044:Ketanji Brown Jackson 15009:Henry Highland Garnet 14868:Negro National Anthem 14618:George Floyd protests 14583:Post–civil rights era 14334:Elections in the U.S. 14191:Puerto Rico residents 13930:covered jurisdictions 13555:Executive Order 11246 13539:Executive Order 10925 13140:lower court decisions 12205:Joseph P. Kennedy Jr. 12193:Joseph P. Kennedy Sr. 11885:attending dignitaries 11473:Executive Order 11110 11354:Alliance for Progress 11291:Judicial appointments 10990:Civil Rights Memorial 10878:Bethel Baptist Church 10527:Charles Kenzie Steele 9972:Audrey Faye Hendricks 9877:Myrlie Evers-Williams 9857:Patricia Stephens Due 9827:Abraham Lincoln Davis 9762:Colia Lafayette Clark 9516:Operation Breadbasket 9511:National Urban League 9258:Katzenbach v. McClung 9126:Atlanta's Berlin Wall 8779:Civil rights movement 8574:Mann, Robert (1996). 8543:Graham, Hugh (1990), 7967:Accessed July 1, 2014 7711:. Los Angeles Times. 7629:Fields, C. K., & 6376:Napolitano, Andrew P. 5747:www.gilderlehrman.org 5719:. Library of Congress 5400:Civil Rights Movement 5280:On June 15, 2020, in 5181:On June 22, 2006, in 4901:Alexander v. Sandoval 4893:Alexander v. Sandoval 4793:Katzenbach v. McClung 4785:Katzenbach v. McClung 4581:Equal Pay Act of 1963 4293: 4231: 4122: 4115:Political realignment 4005:Equal Pay Act of 1963 3998: 3764: 3707: 3643:Senate version: 73–27 972: 963:United States Capitol 953: 946:Passage in the Senate 935:petition to discharge 872:Clarence Mitchell Jr. 853: 787:U.S. Attorney General 741: 624:In the 1883 landmark 590:in the Senate. After 543:public accommodations 348:Civil rights movement 16439:1964 in American law 15826:Afro-Seminole Creole 15352:Azusa Street Revival 15224:Booker T. Washington 14748:Underground Railroad 14613:Free people of color 14467:Atlantic slave trade 13533:Fourteenth Amendment 13522:Section 1981 of the 13203:Grutter v. Bollinger 13031:2012 ten-dollar coin 12769:Joseph Wilson Baines 11985:U.S. five cent stamp 11945:Kennedy Space Center 11593:Ich bin ein Berliner 11417:Cuban Missile Crisis 11407:Bay of Pigs Invasion 11313:Presidential pardons 11035:other King memorials 11010:Freedom Rides Museum 10947:1960s counterculture 10898:Edmund Pettus Bridge 10577:Walter Francis White 10482:Alexander D. Shimkin 8996:New Year's Day March 8965:Ministers' Manifesto 8812:Executive Order 9981 8742:Congressional Record 8732:Congressional Record 8721:Congressional Record 8686:US Statutes at Large 7794:(November 6, 2014). 7388:on December 15, 2020 7362:on December 15, 2020 6829:Gold, Michael Evan. 6460:May 2, 2010, at the 5835:on December 10, 2017 5525:"H.R. 7152. Passage" 5450:Equality Act of 2015 5026:Dothard v. Rawlinson 5018:Dothard v. Rawlinson 5009:in observation of a 4579:to the rules in the 4518:Dothard v. Rawlinson 4190:Fourteenth Amendment 4183:Continued resistance 4173:J. William Fulbright 4138:Richard Russell, Jr. 4028:Congressional Record 3790:Public statement by 3526:Harrison A. Williams 3310:Margaret Chase Smith 3214:Leverett Saltonstall 1966:J. William Fulbright 1110:conference committee 744:addresses the nation 694:Dwight D. Eisenhower 678:Executive Order 9981 662:Executive Order 8802 604:United States Senate 562:Article I, Section 8 457:District of Columbia 372:Executive Order 9981 16221:Trinidad and Tobago 15836:Black American Sign 15663:By African descent 15657:Ethnic subdivisions 15644:Southwestern (SWAC) 15559:Baseball color line 15474:Black Panther Party 15378:Political movements 15295:in computer science 14954:Carol Moseley Braun 14743:Tulsa race massacre 14736:Treatment of slaves 14568:March on Washington 14563:Birmingham movement 13421:Califano v. Webster 13155:DeFunis v. Odegaard 12777:(great-grandfather) 12757:Sam Houston Johnson 12745:Luci Baines Johnson 12389:U.S. Representative 12293:Lyndon B. Johnson → 12181:Tatiana Schlossberg 12163:John F. Kennedy Jr. 11980:U.S. postage stamps 11975:Kennedy half dollar 11965:Cultural depictions 11818:Profiles in Courage 11538:Revenue Act of 1962 11386:Trade Expansion Act 11246:U.S. Representative 10773:Mary McLeod Bethune 10734:Sermon on the Mount 10701:"We Shall Overcome" 10282:William Lewis Moore 10062:Frank Minis Johnson 10037:Richie Jean Jackson 9992:Donald L. Hollowell 9797:Charles E. Cobb Jr. 9602:Gwendolyn Armstrong 9597:William G. Anderson 9577:Victoria Gray Adams 9541:The Freedom Singers 9395:Black Panther Party 9180:March on Washington 9093:Garner v. Louisiana 9054:Boynton v. Virginia 8609:, Vol. 151. (2003) 7932:National Law Review 7891:(October 5, 2017). 7553:on December 8, 2011 7513:on October 21, 2010 7418:on December 6, 2014 6868:Rosenberg, Rosalind 6705:Rosenberg, Rosalind 6627:. August 28, 2013. 6563:"HR. 7152. PASSAGE" 6253:Library of Congress 5991:. December 27, 2016 5564:"HR. 7152. Passage" 4983:Washington v. Davis 4975:Washington v. Davis 4474:42 U.S.C. §2000e(b) 4212:Orangeburg massacre 4084:to achieve certain 3754:By party and region 3190:Richard Russell Jr. 3166:A. Willis Robertson 2710:Patrick V. McNamara 1846:J. Howard Edmondson 1654:John Sherman Cooper 1630:Joseph S. Clark Jr. 1030:(D-GA), launched a 856:March on Washington 824:Judiciary Committee 794:Legislative history 776:United Auto Workers 774:, president of the 760:Birmingham campaign 652:" advisors and the 417:March on Washington 186:Legislative history 65: 21:Page version status 16319:US representatives 16314:US cabinet members 16206:Dominican Republic 15793:Metropolitan areas 15634:Mid-Eastern (MEAC) 15459:Civic and economic 15437:Self-determination 15258:Education, science 15179:Fred Shuttlesworth 15159:A. Philip Randolph 15064:Coretta Scott King 14989:Frederick Douglass 14816:Harlem Renaissance 14721:Separate but equal 14711:Reconstruction era 14699:Plessy v. Ferguson 14590:Cornerstone Speech 14504:Civil Rights Acts 14487:Black Lives Matter 14462:American Civil War 14379:Voter registration 14255:Give Us the Ballot 14151:Transgender people 14055:Grandfather clause 14019:Provisional ballot 13721:Stephan Thermstrom 13716:Abigail Thermstrom 13701:Richard Kahlenberg 13635:State Question 759 13382:Ricci v. DeStefano 13195:Gratz v. Bollinger 13042:Jailed for Freedom 12514:U.S. Postage stamp 12417:Southern Manifesto 12259:John F. Fitzgerald 12241:Jean Kennedy Smith 12151:Jacqueline Bouvier 12097:Kennedy Expressway 12067:Runnymede memorial 11868:in popular culture 11769:Castle Hot Springs 11323:Presidential yacht 11090:Michael Eric Dyson 10975:In popular culture 10858:Fifth Circuit Four 10842:Loving v. Virginia 10835:Hernandez v. Texas 10814:Buchanan v. Warley 10806:Separate but equal 10800:Plessy v. Ferguson 10763:Frederick Douglass 10597:Robert F. Williams 10507:Kelly Miller Smith 10487:Fred Shuttlesworth 10412:Frederick D. Reese 10392:George Raymond Jr. 10382:A. Philip Randolph 10362:Fay Bellamy Powell 10277:Queen Mother Moore 10162:Z. Alexander Looby 10107:Coretta Scott King 10052:Barbara Rose Johns 10032:Jimmie Lee Jackson 9957:William E. Harbour 9737:Stokely Carmichael 9652:Randolph Blackwell 9322:King assassination 9311:Loving v. Virginia 9295:March Against Fear 9275:How Long, Not Long 9153:Children's Crusade 9104:Cambridge movement 9041:Ax Handle Saturday 9006:Greensboro sit-ins 8933:Give Us the Ballot 8709:– Provided by the 8702:The Dirksen Center 8238:The New York Times 7859:The New York Times 7707:(April 25, 2012). 7333:on October 7, 2020 7036:Brownstein, Ronald 6893:Law and Inequality 6304:on April 29, 2020. 5920:2012-01-07 at the 5799:networks.h-net.org 5486:sexual orientation 5212:Ricci v. DeStefano 5204:Ricci v. DeStefano 4920:Title VII case law 4296: 4264:sexual orientation 4242: 4240:in Austin, Texas. 4125: 4001: 3878:Charles L. Weltner 3766: 3718:American Civil War 3710: 3478:Herbert S. Walters 2686:Thomas J. McIntyre 1366:Wallace F. Bennett 1055:radical Republican 982: 967: 897:, whose chairman, 887:A. Philip Randolph 868:Joseph L. Rauh Jr. 860: 748: 712:massive resistance 658:Franklin Roosevelt 627:Civil Rights Cases 552:, principally its 539:racial segregation 209:) on June 20, 1963 63: 27: 16489:Civil Rights Acts 16426: 16425: 16254:African Americans 16126:Dallas–Fort Worth 15721:Black Southerners 15652: 15651: 15104:Thurgood Marshall 15074:Bernard Lafayette 14669:Million Man March 14426:African Americans 14392: 14391: 14339:Electoral College 14161:African Americans 14119: 14118: 14111:One man, one vote 14080:Voter suppression 13734: 13733: 13711:Stuart Taylor Jr. 13676:Peter Arcidiacono 13503: 13502: 13286:Morton v. Mancari 13094: 13093: 13050:Iron Jawed Angels 12969:Inez Haynes Irwin 12836: 12835: 12814:Hubert Humphrey → 12796:← John F. Kennedy 12444:Johnson Amendment 12350:Lyndon B. Johnson 12316: 12315: 12271:Billie and Debbie 12235:Robert F. Kennedy 12062:Portland memorial 12042:Brooklyn memorial 11832: 11822: 11812: 11808:Why England Slept 11570:Inaugural address 11556: 11555: 11548:Wetlands Loan Act 11371:Flexible response 11181: 11180: 10958:Eyes on the Prize 10873:A.G. Gaston Motel 10868:Kelly Ingram Park 10828:Sweatt v. Painter 10512:Mary Louise Smith 10472:Cleveland Sellers 10457:Michael Schwerner 10422:Gloria Richardson 10202:Thurgood Marshall 10122:Bernard Lafayette 9852:John Wesley Dobbs 9366: 9365: 9085:Birmingham attack 9065:Rock Hill sit-ins 9016:Sibley Commission 9011:Nashville sit-ins 8883:Gebhart v. Belton 8869:Briggs v. Elliott 8862:Bolling v. Sharpe 8823:Sweatt v. Painter 8619:Foundation Press. 8495:, 103 (Nov. 2009) 8470:. Running Press. 8270:(June 15, 2020). 8231:(June 15, 2020). 8103:Missing or empty 7862:. July 27, 2017. 7490:National Archives 7298:. June 15, 2020. 6922:Harrison, Cynthia 6419:Los Angeles Times 6207:978-0-7624-3742-9 6116:978-1-60870-040-0 5913:James A. Miller, 5869:978-0-7006-0437-1 5774:National Archives 5390:Bennett Amendment 4866:In the 1974 case 4848:Title VI case law 4757:Title II case law 4573:Bennett Amendment 4442:Bennett Amendment 4130:Robert F. Kennedy 4060:William Rehnquist 3810: 3792:Lyndon B. Johnson 3785: 3623: 3622: 3617: 3616: 3118:Jennings Randolph 3070:Winston L. Prouty 2974:Maurine Neuberger 2614:John L. McClellan 2374:B. Everett Jordan 2350:Leonard B. Jordan 1870:Allen J. Ellender 1774:Peter H. Dominick 1085:for any measure. 1042:in our states." 1026:of Texas, led by 997:James O. Eastland 975:Lyndon B. Johnson 919:Lyndon B. Johnson 611:on July 2, 1964. 596:Lyndon B. Johnson 485: 484: 471:Bolling v. Sharpe 377:Prayer Pilgrimage 362:National movement 314: 313: 244:Lyndon B. Johnson 228:Passed the Senate 133:Statutes at Large 101:July 2, 1964 39:24 September 2024 18: 16511: 16416: 16415: 16414: 16378:Lynching victims 15877:Louisiana Creole 15848:American English 15736:Louisiana Creole 15709:Choctaw freedmen 15547: 15546: 15084:Huddie Ledbetter 15024:Fannie Lou Hamer 14994:W. E. B. Du Bois 14984:Claudette Colvin 14979:Shirley Chisholm 14796:Family structure 14664:Military history 14546:Browder v. Gayle 14419: 14412: 14405: 14396: 14395: 14349:Electoral system 14344:Electoral reform 14319:Disfranchisement 14307:Native Americans 14297:Campaign finance 14242:U.S. suffragists 14237:Silent Sentinels 14166:Native Americans 13989: 13988: 13886:Ku Klux Klan Act 13871:Enforcement Acts 13761: 13754: 13747: 13738: 13737: 13493:Vitolo v. Guzman 13456:(D.C. Cir. 1992) 13453:Lamprecht v. FCC 13179:Hopwood v. Texas 13144: 13143: 13121: 13114: 13107: 13098: 13097: 13086:Women's suffrage 12939: 12910:Silent Sentinels 12863: 12856: 12849: 12840: 12839: 12825: 12824: 12396: 12384: 12376: 12365: 12343: 12336: 12329: 12320: 12319: 12305: 12304: 12211:Rosemary Kennedy 12187:Jack Schlossberg 12175:Rose Schlossberg 12157:Caroline Kennedy 12052:Hyannis memorial 11830: 11820: 11810: 11774:Hammersmith Farm 11722:Kennedy Compound 11488:Fifty-mile hikes 11376:Kennedy Doctrine 11342: 11341: 11303:Executive Orders 11253: 11241: 11233: 11208: 11201: 11194: 11185: 11184: 11172: 11171: 11135:Charles M. Payne 11120:Steven F. Lawson 11110:David Halberstam 11080:Clayborne Carson 10821:Hocutt v. Wilson 10768:W. E. B. Du Bois 10617:Sammy Younge Jr. 10602:Q. V. Williamson 10567:Wyatt Tee Walker 10432:Bernice Robinson 10377:Lincoln Ragsdale 10367:Rodney N. Powell 10262:Douglas E. Moore 10137:Sanford R. Leigh 10072:J. Charles Jones 9947:Fannie Lou Hamer 9862:Joseph Ellwanger 9822:Jonathan Daniels 9812:Claudette Colvin 9802:Annie Lee Cooper 9787:Kathleen Cleaver 9782:Eldridge Cleaver 9757:Shirley Chisholm 9647:Gloria Blackwell 9238:workers' murders 9185:"I Have a Dream" 9080:Anniston bombing 9031:Greenville Eight 8946:Little Rock Nine 8909:Browder v. Gayle 8797: 8796: 8772: 8765: 8758: 8749: 8748: 8602: 8526:, February 1983. 8481: 8431: 8430: 8398: 8392: 8391: 8389: 8387: 8367: 8361: 8360: 8358: 8356: 8336: 8330: 8329: 8327: 8325: 8303: 8294: 8293: 8291: 8289: 8264: 8255: 8254: 8252: 8250: 8225: 8219: 8218: 8216: 8214: 8195: 8189: 8188: 8187: 8185: 8172: 8163: 8162: 8160: 8158: 8144: 8138: 8137: 8135: 8133: 8119: 8113: 8112: 8106: 8101: 8099: 8091: 8089: 8087: 8077: 8071: 8070: 8050: 8040: 8034: 8033: 8017: 8004: 7998: 7997: 7995: 7993: 7974: 7968: 7955: 7949: 7948: 7946: 7944: 7921: 7915: 7914: 7912: 7910: 7885: 7876: 7875: 7873: 7871: 7850: 7841: 7840: 7838: 7836: 7814: 7808: 7807: 7788: 7782: 7781: 7779: 7777: 7762: 7756: 7755: 7753: 7751: 7731: 7725: 7724: 7722: 7720: 7701: 7695: 7680: 7674: 7662: 7656: 7631:Cheeseman, H. R. 7627: 7621: 7620: 7618: 7616: 7601: 7595: 7594: 7592: 7590: 7581:. May 10, 1993. 7569: 7563: 7562: 7560: 7558: 7543: 7537: 7529: 7523: 7522: 7520: 7518: 7503: 7494: 7493: 7487: 7485: 7464: 7458: 7457: 7455: 7453: 7434: 7428: 7427: 7425: 7423: 7404: 7398: 7397: 7395: 7393: 7378: 7372: 7371: 7369: 7367: 7352: 7343: 7342: 7340: 7338: 7329:. Archived from 7318: 7312: 7311: 7309: 7307: 7288: 7282: 7281: 7279: 7277: 7246:Reardon, Sean F. 7242: 7236: 7235: 7233: 7231: 7203: 7197: 7196: 7194: 7192: 7172: 7166: 7165: 7155: 7131: 7122: 7121: 7119: 7117: 7102: 7096: 7095: 7093: 7091: 7074:(May 25, 2001). 7072:Sherrill, Robert 7068: 7062: 7061: 7059: 7057: 7045:National Journal 7038:(May 23, 2009). 7032: 7026: 7019: 7013: 7003: 6997: 6996: 6980: 6967: 6954: 6935: 6929: 6919: 6913: 6912: 6910: 6908: 6881: 6875: 6865: 6859: 6849: 6843: 6827: 6818: 6817: 6805: 6799: 6798: 6796: 6794: 6779: 6773: 6772: 6745: 6732: 6718: 6712: 6702: 6696: 6676: 6670: 6669: 6667: 6665: 6647: 6641: 6640: 6638: 6636: 6617: 6611: 6610: 6608: 6606: 6584: 6578: 6577: 6575: 6573: 6559: 6553: 6552: 6541: 6535: 6534: 6528: 6526: 6509: 6503: 6490: 6484: 6471: 6465: 6452: 6446: 6445: 6439: 6431: 6429: 6427: 6409: 6403: 6402: 6400: 6398: 6372: 6366: 6365: 6363: 6361: 6346: 6340: 6339: 6312: 6306: 6305: 6300:. Archived from 6288: 6282: 6275: 6269: 6268: 6266: 6264: 6244: 6235: 6234: 6232: 6230: 6225:on June 29, 2017 6221:. Archived from 6215: 6209: 6192: 6186: 6172: 6166: 6165: 6163: 6161: 6146: 6133: 6132: 6130: 6128: 6100: 6094: 6093: 6091: 6089: 6074: 6068: 6067: 6061: 6053: 6051: 6049: 6032: 6026: 6025: 6023: 6021: 6007: 6001: 6000: 5998: 5996: 5981: 5975: 5974: 5968: 5960: 5958: 5956: 5939: 5930: 5926:The Boston Globe 5911: 5905: 5904: 5898: 5896: 5880: 5874: 5873: 5861: 5851: 5845: 5844: 5842: 5840: 5831:. Archived from 5821: 5815: 5814: 5812: 5810: 5791: 5785: 5784: 5782: 5780: 5765: 5759: 5758: 5756: 5754: 5739: 5733: 5732: 5726: 5724: 5708: 5702: 5701: 5699: 5697: 5678: 5672: 5671: 5669: 5667: 5648: 5642: 5629: 5623: 5622: 5620: 5618: 5599: 5584: 5583: 5581: 5579: 5560: 5545: 5544: 5542: 5540: 5521: 5499: 5482: 5254:Green v. Brennan 5246:Green v. Brennan 5011:biblical sabbath 4725:Major amendments 4705:established the 4640:Attorney General 4169:Albert Gore, Sr. 4071: 4036:Martha Griffiths 3910:Ralph Yarborough 3812: 3811: 3787: 3786: 3763: 3743:Ralph Yarborough 3677:Senate version: 3602: 3601: 3600: 3598:Stephen M. Young 3578: 3577: 3576: 3554: 3553: 3552: 3550:Ralph Yarborough 3530: 3529: 3528: 3506: 3505: 3504: 3502:John J. Williams 3482: 3481: 3480: 3458: 3457: 3456: 3434: 3433: 3432: 3410: 3409: 3408: 3386: 3385: 3384: 3382:Stuart Symington 3362: 3361: 3360: 3338: 3337: 3336: 3314: 3313: 3312: 3290: 3289: 3288: 3266: 3265: 3264: 3242: 3241: 3240: 3218: 3217: 3216: 3194: 3193: 3192: 3170: 3169: 3168: 3146: 3145: 3144: 3142:Abraham Ribicoff 3122: 3121: 3120: 3098: 3097: 3096: 3094:William Proxmire 3074: 3073: 3072: 3050: 3049: 3048: 3026: 3025: 3024: 3022:James B. Pearson 3002: 3001: 3000: 2978: 2977: 2976: 2954: 2953: 2952: 2930: 2929: 2928: 2906: 2905: 2904: 2882: 2881: 2880: 2858: 2857: 2856: 2834: 2833: 2832: 2810: 2809: 2808: 2786: 2785: 2784: 2762: 2761: 2760: 2738: 2737: 2736: 2714: 2713: 2712: 2690: 2689: 2688: 2666: 2665: 2664: 2642: 2641: 2640: 2618: 2617: 2616: 2594: 2593: 2592: 2570: 2569: 2568: 2546: 2545: 2544: 2522: 2521: 2520: 2498: 2497: 2496: 2474: 2473: 2472: 2450: 2449: 2448: 2426: 2425: 2424: 2402: 2401: 2400: 2378: 2377: 2376: 2354: 2353: 2352: 2330: 2329: 2328: 2326:Olin D. Johnston 2306: 2305: 2304: 2282: 2281: 2280: 2278:Henry M. Jackson 2258: 2257: 2256: 2234: 2233: 2232: 2210: 2209: 2208: 2186: 2185: 2184: 2182:Spessard Holland 2162: 2161: 2160: 2138: 2137: 2136: 2114: 2113: 2112: 2090: 2089: 2088: 2066: 2065: 2064: 2042: 2041: 2040: 2018: 2017: 2016: 1994: 1993: 1992: 1970: 1969: 1968: 1946: 1945: 1944: 1922: 1921: 1920: 1898: 1897: 1896: 1874: 1873: 1872: 1850: 1849: 1848: 1826: 1825: 1824: 1802: 1801: 1800: 1778: 1777: 1776: 1754: 1753: 1752: 1730: 1729: 1728: 1706: 1705: 1704: 1682: 1681: 1680: 1658: 1657: 1656: 1634: 1633: 1632: 1610: 1609: 1608: 1586: 1585: 1584: 1582:Clifford P. Case 1562: 1561: 1560: 1538: 1537: 1536: 1514: 1513: 1512: 1490: 1489: 1488: 1466: 1465: 1464: 1442: 1441: 1440: 1418: 1417: 1416: 1394: 1393: 1392: 1370: 1369: 1368: 1346: 1345: 1344: 1322: 1321: 1320: 1298: 1297: 1296: 1274: 1273: 1272: 1270:Clinton Anderson 1250: 1249: 1248: 1226: 1225: 1224: 1201: 1200: 1190: 1120: 1119: 846:Lobbying efforts 672:, appointed the 566:equal protection 554:enumerated power 517:) is a landmark 516: 500: 496: 354: 340: 333: 326: 317: 316: 254:Major amendments 222:Passed the House 134: 111: 109: 104: 73: 66: 62: 56:Civil Rights Act 16519: 16518: 16514: 16513: 16512: 16510: 16509: 16508: 16429: 16428: 16427: 16422: 16412: 16410: 16397: 16363:Historic places 16356:US state firsts 16242: 16157: 15881: 15814: 15786:2010 majorities 15781:2000 majorities 15752: 15699:Black Seminoles 15648: 15639:Southern (SIAC) 15622: 15621:and conferences 15620: 15613: 15609:Serena Williams 15604:Jackie Robinson 15538: 15462: 15460: 15453: 15373: 15340:Nation of Islam 15311: 15259: 15253: 15194:Sojourner Truth 15184:Clarence Thomas 15149:Gabriel Prosser 15049:Michael Jackson 14924:Crispus Attucks 14914:Ralph Abernathy 14902: 14858:Musical theater 14757: 14623:Great Migration 14595:COVID-19 impact 14553:Sit-in movement 14428: 14423: 14393: 14388: 14280: 14200: 14115: 14084: 14050:Electoral fraud 14038: 14034:Voting in space 14024:Recall election 13999:Absentee ballot 13980: 13858: 13852: 13776: 13770: 13765: 13735: 13730: 13696:Arthur Fletcher 13664: 13661:, 2020, failed) 13651:, 2019, failed) 13625:Proposition 107 13611:, 2008, failed) 13575:Proposition 209 13560: 13512: 13499: 13496:(6th Cir. 2021) 13404: 13402: 13396: 13393:(6th Cir. 2022) 13265: 13254:(4th Cir. 2023) 13214:(9th Cir. 2006) 13187:Texas v. Lesage 13182:(5th Cir. 1996) 13139: 13130: 13125: 13095: 13090: 13064: 13014: 12993: 12979:Inez Milholland 12964:Crystal Eastman 12946: 12940: 12931: 12915:Night of Terror 12878: 12872: 12867: 12837: 12832: 12810:← Richard Nixon 12803:Richard Nixon → 12786: 12719: 12635: 12518: 12464: 12458: 12434:Operation Texas 12399: 12387: 12379: 12368: 12360: 12352: 12347: 12317: 12312: 12276: 12199:Rose Fitzgerald 12183:(granddaughter) 12177:(granddaughter) 12137: 12126:John F. Kennedy 12117:John F. Kennedy 12109:John F. Kennedy 12057:London memorial 12047:Dallas memorial 12008: 12001: 11896: 11880:Riderless horse 11836: 11795: 11705: 11632: 11562: 11552: 11444: 11340: 11264: 11256: 11244: 11236: 11225: 11217: 11215:John F. Kennedy 11212: 11182: 11177: 11166: 11159: 11140:Thomas E. Ricks 11130:Diane McWhorter 11115:Vincent Harding 11100:Adam Fairclough 11067: 11061: 10963: 10918:Freedom Schools 10777: 10710: 10658: 10652: 10643:Omaha, Nebraska 10631: 10547:Hartman Turnbow 10537:Dorothy Tillman 10497:Glenn E. Smiley 10477:Charles Sherrod 10437:Jo Ann Robinson 10312:Charles Neblett 10302:Elijah Muhammad 10267:Harriette Moore 10227:Floyd McKissick 10212:Franklin McCain 10147:Stanley Levison 10012:T. R. M. Howard 9962:Vincent Harding 9892:Walter Fauntroy 9777:Xernona Clayton 9727:John H. Calhoun 9712:Aurelia Browder 9702:Stanley Branche 9697:Raylawni Branch 9677:Joseph E. Boone 9662:Ezell Blair Jr. 9657:Unita Blackwell 9632:Harry Belafonte 9572:Ralph Abernathy 9560: 9496:Nation of Islam 9372: 9362: 9201: 9158:Birmingham riot 9099:Albany Movement 9021:Atlanta sit-ins 9001:Sit-in movement 8984: 8980:Biloxi wade-ins 8952:Cooper v. Aaron 8842: 8788: 8782: 8776: 8698:Wayback Machine 8654: 8587: 8519: 8517:Further reading 8478: 8440: 8435: 8434: 8399: 8395: 8385: 8383: 8368: 8364: 8354: 8352: 8337: 8333: 8323: 8321: 8304: 8297: 8287: 8285: 8265: 8258: 8248: 8246: 8226: 8222: 8212: 8210: 8197: 8196: 8192: 8183: 8181: 8180:, June 22, 2006 8174: 8173: 8166: 8156: 8154: 8146: 8145: 8141: 8131: 8129: 8121: 8120: 8116: 8104: 8102: 8093: 8092: 8085: 8083: 8079: 8078: 8074: 8059: 8041: 8037: 8030: 8005: 8001: 7991: 7989: 7976: 7975: 7971: 7965:Wayback Machine 7956: 7952: 7942: 7940: 7922: 7918: 7908: 7906: 7889:Holden, Dominic 7886: 7879: 7869: 7867: 7852: 7851: 7844: 7834: 7832: 7815: 7811: 7792:Feldblum, Chai 7789: 7785: 7775: 7773: 7764: 7763: 7759: 7749: 7747: 7732: 7728: 7718: 7716: 7702: 7698: 7692:Wayback Machine 7681: 7677: 7672:Wayback Machine 7663: 7659: 7654:Wayback Machine 7628: 7624: 7614: 7612: 7603: 7602: 7598: 7588: 7586: 7571: 7570: 7566: 7556: 7554: 7545: 7544: 7540: 7530: 7526: 7516: 7514: 7505: 7504: 7497: 7483: 7481: 7466: 7465: 7461: 7451: 7449: 7436: 7435: 7431: 7421: 7419: 7406: 7405: 7401: 7391: 7389: 7380: 7379: 7375: 7365: 7363: 7354: 7353: 7346: 7336: 7334: 7319: 7315: 7305: 7303: 7296:Arkansas Online 7290: 7289: 7285: 7275: 7273: 7243: 7239: 7229: 7227: 7220: 7204: 7200: 7190: 7188: 7173: 7169: 7132: 7125: 7115: 7113: 7104: 7103: 7099: 7089: 7087: 7069: 7065: 7055: 7053: 7033: 7029: 7020: 7016: 7004: 7000: 6993: 6968: 6957: 6936: 6932: 6920: 6916: 6906: 6904: 6882: 6878: 6866: 6862: 6850: 6846: 6841:Wayback Machine 6828: 6821: 6806: 6802: 6792: 6790: 6781: 6780: 6776: 6769: 6746: 6735: 6729:Wayback Machine 6719: 6715: 6703: 6699: 6694:Wayback Machine 6677: 6673: 6663: 6661: 6648: 6644: 6634: 6632: 6619: 6618: 6614: 6604: 6602: 6585: 6581: 6571: 6569: 6561: 6560: 6556: 6542: 6538: 6524: 6522: 6510: 6506: 6500:Wayback Machine 6491: 6487: 6481:Wayback Machine 6472: 6468: 6462:Wayback Machine 6453: 6449: 6433: 6432: 6425: 6423: 6410: 6406: 6396: 6394: 6392: 6373: 6369: 6359: 6357: 6348: 6347: 6343: 6336: 6313: 6309: 6290: 6289: 6285: 6276: 6272: 6262: 6260: 6245: 6238: 6228: 6226: 6217: 6216: 6212: 6199:JFK: Day by Day 6193: 6189: 6173: 6169: 6159: 6157: 6156:on May 21, 2020 6148: 6147: 6136: 6126: 6124: 6117: 6101: 6097: 6087: 6085: 6076: 6075: 6071: 6055: 6054: 6047: 6045: 6034: 6033: 6029: 6019: 6017: 6009: 6008: 6004: 5994: 5992: 5983: 5982: 5978: 5962: 5961: 5954: 5952: 5941: 5940: 5933: 5922:Wayback Machine 5912: 5908: 5894: 5892: 5881: 5877: 5870: 5852: 5848: 5838: 5836: 5823: 5822: 5818: 5808: 5806: 5793: 5792: 5788: 5778: 5776: 5766: 5762: 5752: 5750: 5741: 5740: 5736: 5722: 5720: 5709: 5705: 5695: 5693: 5680: 5679: 5675: 5665: 5663: 5650: 5649: 5645: 5639:Wayback Machine 5630: 5626: 5616: 5614: 5601: 5600: 5587: 5577: 5575: 5562: 5561: 5548: 5538: 5536: 5523: 5522: 5513: 5508: 5503: 5502: 5490:gender identity 5483: 5479: 5474: 5469: 5425: 5376: 5356: 5351: 5346: 5340: 5322: 5316: 5278: 5270:Main articles: 5268: 5256: 5250: 5242: 5236: 5228: 5222: 5214: 5208: 5200: 5194: 5179: 5173: 5148: 5142: 5134: 5128: 5120: 5114: 5087: 5081: 5056: 5050: 5042: 5036: 5028: 5022: 4999: 4997:TWA v. Hardison 4993: 4989:TWA v. Hardison 4985: 4979: 4950: 4944: 4936: 4930: 4922: 4917: 4911: 4903: 4897: 4889: 4883: 4864: 4858: 4850: 4845: 4839: 4831: 4823: 4817: 4809: 4803: 4795: 4789: 4773: 4767: 4759: 4754: 4738: 4732: 4727: 4715: 4700: 4688: 4681: 4670: 4624:gender identity 4620: 4452: 4438: 4424:adopted by the 4408:executive order 4402:Executive Order 4368: 4349: 4338: 4327: 4315: 4288: 4283: 4268:gender identity 4226: 4185: 4153:Barry Goldwater 4117: 4111: 4106: 4078: 4069: 4046:and its leader 4009:Howard W. Smith 3993: 3988: 3981:) voted against 3975:Milward Simpson 3967:Edwin L. Mechem 3951:Barry Goldwater 3830: 3829: 3821: 3819: 3818: 3817: 3816: 3813: 3806: 3803: 3797: 3796: 3795: 3788: 3777: 3774: 3767: 3761: 3756: 3702: 3653: 3619: 3618: 3596: 3595: 3572: 3571: 3548: 3547: 3524: 3523: 3500: 3499: 3476: 3475: 3452: 3451: 3428: 3427: 3406:Herman Talmadge 3404: 3403: 3380: 3379: 3358:John C. Stennis 3356: 3355: 3332: 3331: 3308: 3307: 3286:George Smathers 3284: 3283: 3262:Milward Simpson 3260: 3259: 3236: 3235: 3212: 3211: 3188: 3187: 3164: 3163: 3140: 3139: 3116: 3115: 3092: 3091: 3068: 3067: 3044: 3043: 3020: 3019: 2996: 2995: 2972: 2971: 2948: 2947: 2924: 2923: 2900: 2899: 2876: 2875: 2852: 2851: 2828: 2827: 2804: 2803: 2780: 2779: 2756: 2755: 2734:Edwin L. Mechem 2732: 2731: 2708: 2707: 2684: 2683: 2662:George McGovern 2660: 2659: 2636: 2635: 2612: 2611: 2590:Eugene McCarthy 2588: 2587: 2564: 2563: 2542:Warren Magnuson 2540: 2539: 2516: 2515: 2494:Russell B. Long 2492: 2491: 2468: 2467: 2444: 2443: 2420: 2419: 2398:Kenneth Keating 2396: 2395: 2372: 2371: 2348: 2347: 2324: 2323: 2300: 2299: 2276: 2275: 2252: 2251: 2230:Hubert Humphrey 2228: 2227: 2204: 2203: 2180: 2179: 2156: 2155: 2132: 2131: 2108: 2107: 2084: 2083: 2060: 2059: 2038:Ernest Gruening 2036: 2035: 2014:Albert Gore Sr. 2012: 2011: 1990:Barry Goldwater 1988: 1987: 1964: 1963: 1940: 1939: 1916: 1915: 1892: 1891: 1868: 1867: 1844: 1843: 1820: 1819: 1796: 1795: 1772: 1771: 1748: 1747: 1726:Everett Dirksen 1724: 1723: 1700: 1699: 1676: 1675: 1652: 1651: 1628: 1627: 1604: 1603: 1580: 1579: 1556: 1555: 1532: 1531: 1508: 1507: 1484: 1483: 1462:Quentin Burdick 1460: 1459: 1438:Daniel Brewster 1436: 1435: 1412: 1411: 1388: 1387: 1364: 1363: 1340: 1339: 1316: 1315: 1292: 1291: 1268: 1267: 1244: 1243: 1220: 1219: 1198: 1188: 1118: 1106: 1066:Everett Dirksen 1062:Hubert Humphrey 1036:social equality 1028:Richard Russell 948: 911: 899:Howard W. Smith 895:Rules Committee 848: 808:Everett Dirksen 801: 796: 750:In winning the 736: 686: 622: 617: 584:John F. Kennedy 558:Commerce Clause 541:in schools and 498: 486: 481: 397:2nd Youth March 392:1st Youth March 355: 352:Washington D.C. 346: 344: 310: 292: 249: 246:on July 2, 1964 240:Signed into law 171: 132: 107: 105: 102: 87:Enacted by 59: 52: 47: 46: 45: 44: 43: 42: 26: 12: 11: 5: 16517: 16507: 16506: 16501: 16496: 16491: 16486: 16481: 16476: 16471: 16466: 16461: 16456: 16451: 16446: 16441: 16424: 16423: 16421: 16420: 16408: 16402: 16399: 16398: 16396: 16395: 16390: 16385: 16380: 16375: 16370: 16365: 16360: 16359: 16358: 16353: 16348: 16338: 16337: 16336: 16331: 16329:Visual artists 16326: 16321: 16316: 16311: 16306: 16301: 16296: 16291: 16289:Mathematicians 16286: 16281: 16276: 16271: 16266: 16261: 16250: 16248: 16244: 16243: 16241: 16240: 16239: 16238: 16230: 16225: 16224: 16223: 16218: 16213: 16208: 16203: 16195: 16194: 16193: 16188: 16183: 16178: 16167: 16165: 16159: 16158: 16156: 16155: 16150: 16145: 16140: 16139: 16138: 16133: 16128: 16123: 16113: 16108: 16106:South Carolina 16103: 16098: 16097: 16096: 16088: 16083: 16078: 16076:North Carolina 16073: 16072: 16071: 16061: 16056: 16055: 16054: 16044: 16039: 16038: 16037: 16029: 16028: 16027: 16021:Massachusetts 16019: 16018: 16017: 16007: 16002: 16001: 16000: 15990: 15985: 15984: 15983: 15973: 15968: 15967: 15966: 15956: 15951: 15950: 15949: 15939: 15938: 15937: 15932: 15922: 15917: 15916: 15915: 15910: 15900: 15895: 15889: 15887: 15883: 15882: 15880: 15879: 15874: 15869: 15868: 15867: 15866: 15865: 15863:social context 15860: 15850: 15840: 15839: 15838: 15828: 15822: 15820: 15816: 15815: 15813: 15812: 15811: 15810: 15805: 15795: 15790: 15789: 15788: 15783: 15773: 15772: 15771: 15760: 15758: 15754: 15753: 15751: 15750: 15745: 15744: 15743: 15733: 15728: 15723: 15718: 15717: 15716: 15714:Creek Freedmen 15711: 15706: 15701: 15691: 15689:Alabama Creole 15686: 15685: 15684: 15679: 15674: 15669: 15660: 15658: 15654: 15653: 15650: 15649: 15647: 15646: 15641: 15636: 15631: 15629:Central (CIAA) 15625: 15623: 15618: 15615: 15614: 15612: 15611: 15606: 15601: 15596: 15591: 15586: 15581: 15576: 15571: 15566: 15561: 15556: 15550: 15544: 15540: 15539: 15537: 15536: 15531: 15526: 15521: 15516: 15511: 15506: 15501: 15496: 15491: 15486: 15481: 15476: 15471: 15465: 15463: 15458: 15455: 15454: 15452: 15451: 15446: 15445: 15444: 15434: 15429: 15424: 15422:Pan-Africanism 15419: 15414: 15409: 15404: 15403: 15402: 15392: 15387: 15381: 15379: 15375: 15374: 15372: 15371: 15366: 15364:Black theology 15361: 15356: 15355: 15354: 15344: 15343: 15342: 15337: 15327: 15321: 15319: 15313: 15312: 15310: 15309: 15308: 15307: 15305:in STEM fields 15302: 15297: 15289: 15284: 15279: 15274: 15269: 15263: 15261: 15260:and technology 15255: 15254: 15252: 15251: 15246: 15241: 15236: 15231: 15226: 15221: 15216: 15211: 15206: 15201: 15199:Harriet Tubman 15196: 15191: 15186: 15181: 15176: 15171: 15166: 15161: 15156: 15151: 15146: 15141: 15136: 15131: 15129:Michelle Obama 15126: 15121: 15116: 15111: 15106: 15101: 15096: 15091: 15086: 15081: 15076: 15071: 15066: 15061: 15059:Barbara Jordan 15056: 15054:Harriet Jacobs 15051: 15046: 15041: 15036: 15031: 15026: 15021: 15016: 15011: 15006: 15001: 14996: 14991: 14986: 14981: 14976: 14971: 14966: 14961: 14956: 14951: 14946: 14944:Amelia Boynton 14941: 14936: 14931: 14926: 14921: 14916: 14910: 14908: 14907:Notable people 14904: 14903: 14901: 14900: 14895: 14890: 14885: 14880: 14875: 14870: 14865: 14860: 14855: 14850: 14845: 14843:LGBT community 14840: 14835: 14830: 14825: 14824: 14823: 14813: 14808: 14803: 14798: 14793: 14788: 14783: 14778: 14773: 14767: 14765: 14759: 14758: 14756: 14755: 14750: 14745: 14740: 14739: 14738: 14728: 14723: 14718: 14713: 14708: 14703: 14695: 14690: 14683: 14676: 14671: 14666: 14661: 14656: 14651: 14642: 14637: 14636: 14635: 14630: 14620: 14615: 14610: 14605: 14597: 14592: 14587: 14586: 14585: 14580: 14575: 14570: 14565: 14560: 14558:Freedom Riders 14555: 14550: 14542: 14532: 14527: 14522: 14521: 14520: 14515: 14510: 14502: 14497: 14489: 14484: 14482:Black genocide 14479: 14474: 14469: 14464: 14459: 14454: 14449: 14444: 14438: 14436: 14430: 14429: 14422: 14421: 14414: 14407: 14399: 14390: 14389: 14387: 14386: 14381: 14376: 14371: 14366: 14361: 14356: 14351: 14346: 14341: 14336: 14331: 14326: 14321: 14316: 14311: 14310: 14309: 14299: 14294: 14288: 14286: 14282: 14281: 14279: 14278: 14273: 14268: 14263: 14261:Freedom Summer 14258: 14251: 14250: 14249: 14239: 14234: 14229: 14227:Suffrage Hikes 14224: 14219: 14214: 14208: 14206: 14202: 14201: 14199: 14198: 14193: 14188: 14183: 14181:Guam residents 14178: 14173: 14168: 14163: 14158: 14153: 14148: 14143: 14138: 14133: 14127: 14125: 14121: 14120: 14117: 14116: 14114: 14113: 14108: 14103: 14101:Gerrymandering 14098: 14092: 14090: 14086: 14085: 14083: 14082: 14077: 14072: 14067: 14062: 14057: 14052: 14046: 14044: 14040: 14039: 14037: 14036: 14031: 14026: 14021: 14016: 14011: 14006: 14001: 13995: 13993: 13986: 13982: 13981: 13979: 13978: 13977: 13976: 13966: 13961: 13956: 13955: 13954: 13949: 13939: 13934: 13933: 13932: 13927: 13917: 13912: 13907: 13906: 13905: 13900: 13890: 13889: 13888: 13883: 13878: 13868: 13862: 13860: 13854: 13853: 13851: 13850: 13848:26th Amendment 13845: 13843:24th Amendment 13840: 13838:23rd Amendment 13835: 13833:19th Amendment 13830: 13828:17th Amendment 13825: 13823:15th Amendment 13820: 13819: 13818: 13813: 13806:14th Amendment 13803: 13798: 13797: 13796: 13791: 13780: 13778: 13775:Constitutional 13772: 13771: 13764: 13763: 13756: 13749: 13741: 13732: 13731: 13729: 13728: 13723: 13718: 13713: 13708: 13706:Richard Sander 13703: 13698: 13693: 13688: 13683: 13678: 13672: 13670: 13666: 13665: 13663: 13662: 13655:Proposition 16 13652: 13642: 13632: 13622: 13615:Initiative 424 13612: 13602: 13592: 13585:Initiative 200 13582: 13571: 13569: 13562: 13561: 13559: 13558: 13552: 13547: 13542: 13536: 13526: 13519: 13517: 13505: 13504: 13501: 13500: 13498: 13497: 13489: 13481: 13473: 13465: 13457: 13449: 13441: 13433: 13425: 13417: 13413:Kahn v. Shevin 13408: 13406: 13405:and Set-Asides 13398: 13397: 13395: 13394: 13386: 13378: 13377:(3d Cir. 1996) 13370: 13362: 13354: 13346: 13338: 13330: 13322: 13314: 13306: 13298: 13290: 13282: 13273: 13271: 13267: 13266: 13264: 13263: 13255: 13247: 13239: 13231: 13223: 13215: 13207: 13199: 13191: 13183: 13175: 13167: 13159: 13150: 13148: 13141: 13132: 13131: 13124: 13123: 13116: 13109: 13101: 13092: 13091: 13089: 13088: 13083: 13078: 13072: 13070: 13066: 13065: 13063: 13062: 13061:(2022 musical) 13054: 13046: 13038: 13033: 13028: 13022: 13020: 13016: 13015: 13013: 13012: 13007: 13001: 12999: 12995: 12994: 12992: 12991: 12986: 12981: 12976: 12971: 12966: 12961: 12956: 12950: 12948: 12942: 12941: 12934: 12932: 12930: 12929: 12924: 12919: 12918: 12917: 12907: 12902: 12901: 12900: 12897:The Suffragist 12888: 12882: 12880: 12879:co-strategized 12877:Initiated and 12874: 12873: 12866: 12865: 12858: 12851: 12843: 12834: 12833: 12831: 12830: 12817: 12816: 12811: 12807: 12806: 12799: 12791: 12788: 12787: 12785: 12784: 12778: 12772: 12766: 12760: 12754: 12748: 12742: 12736: 12729: 12727: 12721: 12720: 12718: 12717: 12709: 12701: 12687: 12679: 12671: 12664: 12659: 12651: 12645: 12643: 12637: 12636: 12634: 12633: 12628: 12623: 12618: 12613: 12608: 12607: 12606: 12596: 12595: 12594: 12584: 12579: 12574: 12569: 12564: 12559: 12554: 12549: 12544: 12539: 12534: 12528: 12526: 12520: 12519: 12517: 12516: 12511: 12506: 12501: 12496: 12491: 12486: 12481: 12476: 12470: 12468: 12460: 12459: 12457: 12456: 12451: 12449:Box 13 scandal 12446: 12441: 12436: 12431: 12430: 12429: 12424: 12419: 12407: 12405: 12401: 12400: 12398: 12397: 12385: 12377: 12366: 12357: 12354: 12353: 12346: 12345: 12338: 12331: 12323: 12314: 12313: 12311: 12310: 12297: 12296: 12289: 12281: 12278: 12277: 12275: 12274: 12268: 12262: 12256: 12250: 12244: 12238: 12232: 12226: 12220: 12214: 12208: 12202: 12196: 12190: 12184: 12178: 12172: 12166: 12160: 12154: 12147: 12145: 12139: 12138: 12136: 12135: 12130: 12128: (CVN-79) 12121: 12112: 12104: 12099: 12094: 12089: 12084: 12079: 12074: 12069: 12064: 12059: 12054: 12049: 12044: 12039: 12034: 12029: 12024: 12019: 12013: 12011: 12003: 12002: 12000: 11999: 11997:Operation Sail 11994: 11993: 11992: 11987: 11982: 11977: 11972: 11962: 11957: 11952: 11947: 11942: 11937: 11932: 11927: 11922: 11921: 11920: 11910: 11904: 11902: 11898: 11897: 11895: 11894: 11889: 11888: 11887: 11882: 11872: 11871: 11870: 11865: 11860: 11858:media coverage 11855: 11844: 11842: 11838: 11837: 11835: 11834: 11824: 11814: 11803: 11801: 11797: 11796: 11794: 11793: 11788: 11781: 11776: 11771: 11766: 11759: 11758: 11757: 11752: 11741:Navy service: 11739: 11734: 11729: 11724: 11719: 11713: 11711: 11707: 11706: 11704: 11703: 11702: 11701: 11691: 11686: 11680: 11675: 11670: 11665: 11659: 11654: 11649: 11642: 11640: 11634: 11633: 11631: 11630: 11629: 11628: 11623: 11618: 11608: 11603: 11596: 11589: 11584: 11577: 11572: 11566: 11564: 11558: 11557: 11554: 11553: 11551: 11550: 11545: 11540: 11535: 11530: 11525: 11520: 11515: 11510: 11505: 11500: 11495: 11493:Food for Peace 11490: 11485: 11480: 11475: 11470: 11465: 11460: 11454: 11452: 11446: 11445: 11443: 11442: 11437: 11432: 11428:Soviet Union: 11426: 11425: 11424: 11414: 11409: 11403: 11398: 11393: 11388: 11383: 11378: 11373: 11368: 11367: 11366: 11356: 11350: 11348: 11346:Foreign policy 11339: 11338: 11336:Situation Room 11333: 11325: 11320: 11315: 11310: 11305: 11300: 11299: 11298: 11288: 11283: 11278: 11272: 11270: 11258: 11257: 11255: 11254: 11242: 11234: 11222: 11219: 11218: 11211: 11210: 11203: 11196: 11188: 11179: 11178: 11164: 11161: 11160: 11158: 11157: 11152: 11150:Akinyele Umoja 11147: 11142: 11137: 11132: 11127: 11122: 11117: 11112: 11107: 11102: 11097: 11092: 11087: 11082: 11077: 11071: 11069: 11063: 11062: 11060: 11059: 11054: 11049: 11044: 11039: 11038: 11037: 11027: 11022: 11017: 11012: 11007: 11002: 10997: 10992: 10987: 10982: 10977: 10971: 10969: 10965: 10964: 10962: 10961: 10954: 10949: 10944: 10939: 10938: 10937: 10925: 10920: 10915: 10910: 10905: 10900: 10895: 10890: 10885: 10880: 10875: 10870: 10865: 10860: 10855: 10850: 10845: 10838: 10831: 10824: 10817: 10810: 10809: 10808: 10796: 10791: 10785: 10783: 10779: 10778: 10776: 10775: 10770: 10765: 10760: 10753: 10752: 10751: 10746: 10739:Mahatma Gandhi 10736: 10731: 10730: 10729: 10718: 10716: 10712: 10711: 10709: 10708: 10703: 10698: 10693: 10688: 10683: 10678: 10673: 10668: 10662: 10660: 10654: 10653: 10651: 10650: 10648:South Carolina 10645: 10639: 10637: 10633: 10632: 10630: 10629: 10624: 10619: 10614: 10609: 10604: 10599: 10594: 10589: 10587:Hosea Williams 10584: 10579: 10574: 10572:Hollis Watkins 10569: 10564: 10559: 10554: 10549: 10544: 10539: 10534: 10529: 10524: 10519: 10514: 10509: 10504: 10502:A. Maceo Smith 10499: 10494: 10489: 10484: 10479: 10474: 10469: 10464: 10459: 10454: 10452:Bernie Sanders 10449: 10444: 10442:Angela Russell 10439: 10434: 10429: 10427:David Richmond 10424: 10419: 10417:Walter Reuther 10414: 10409: 10404: 10402:Cordell Reagon 10399: 10394: 10389: 10387:George Raymond 10384: 10379: 10374: 10369: 10364: 10359: 10354: 10349: 10347:Charles Person 10344: 10339: 10334: 10329: 10324: 10319: 10317:Huey P. Newton 10314: 10309: 10304: 10299: 10294: 10289: 10284: 10279: 10274: 10272:Harry T. Moore 10269: 10264: 10259: 10257:Cecil B. Moore 10254: 10249: 10244: 10239: 10237:James Meredith 10234: 10229: 10224: 10219: 10214: 10209: 10204: 10199: 10194: 10189: 10184: 10179: 10174: 10169: 10164: 10159: 10154: 10149: 10144: 10139: 10134: 10129: 10124: 10119: 10114: 10109: 10104: 10099: 10094: 10089: 10084: 10079: 10074: 10069: 10067:Clarence Jones 10064: 10059: 10054: 10049: 10044: 10039: 10034: 10029: 10024: 10019: 10014: 10009: 10007:Zilphia Horton 10004: 9999: 9994: 9989: 9984: 9979: 9977:Lola Hendricks 9974: 9969: 9967:Dorothy Height 9964: 9959: 9954: 9949: 9944: 9939: 9937:Lawrence Guyot 9934: 9929: 9927:Jack Greenberg 9924: 9919: 9914: 9912:Andrew Goodman 9909: 9904: 9899: 9894: 9889: 9884: 9879: 9874: 9869: 9864: 9859: 9854: 9849: 9844: 9839: 9837:Joseph DeLaine 9834: 9829: 9824: 9819: 9814: 9809: 9807:Dorothy Cotton 9804: 9799: 9794: 9789: 9784: 9779: 9774: 9769: 9764: 9759: 9754: 9752:J. L. Chestnut 9749: 9744: 9739: 9734: 9729: 9724: 9719: 9714: 9709: 9704: 9699: 9694: 9689: 9687:Amelia Boynton 9684: 9679: 9674: 9669: 9664: 9659: 9654: 9649: 9644: 9639: 9634: 9629: 9624: 9619: 9614: 9609: 9607:Arnold Aronson 9604: 9599: 9594: 9589: 9584: 9579: 9574: 9568: 9566: 9562: 9561: 9559: 9558: 9553: 9548: 9543: 9538: 9533: 9528: 9523: 9518: 9513: 9508: 9503: 9498: 9493: 9488: 9487: 9486: 9476: 9471: 9466: 9461: 9456: 9451: 9446: 9441: 9436: 9431: 9426: 9425: 9424: 9412: 9407: 9402: 9397: 9392: 9387: 9382: 9376: 9374: 9368: 9367: 9364: 9363: 9361: 9360: 9353: 9346: 9341: 9336: 9335: 9334: 9329: 9319: 9314: 9307: 9302: 9297: 9292: 9285: 9280: 9279: 9278: 9266: 9261: 9254: 9247: 9242: 9241: 9240: 9233:Freedom Summer 9230: 9225: 9223:Bloody Tuesday 9220: 9215: 9209: 9207: 9203: 9202: 9200: 9199: 9194: 9193: 9192: 9187: 9177: 9172: 9167: 9166: 9165: 9160: 9155: 9150: 9140: 9139: 9138: 9128: 9123: 9118: 9111: 9106: 9101: 9096: 9089: 9088: 9087: 9082: 9072: 9067: 9062: 9057: 9050: 9043: 9038: 9033: 9028: 9023: 9018: 9013: 9008: 9003: 8998: 8992: 8990: 8986: 8985: 8983: 8982: 8977: 8972: 8967: 8962: 8957: 8956: 8955: 8943: 8938: 8937: 8936: 8924: 8919: 8914: 8913: 8912: 8900: 8895: 8888: 8887: 8886: 8879: 8872: 8865: 8850: 8848: 8844: 8843: 8841: 8840: 8835: 8827: 8819: 8814: 8809: 8803: 8801: 8794: 8784: 8783: 8775: 8774: 8767: 8760: 8752: 8746: 8745: 8735: 8725: 8713: 8704: 8700:– Provided by 8688: 8675: 8653: 8652:External links 8650: 8649: 8648: 8641: 8634: 8627: 8620: 8613: 8603: 8585: 8578: 8572: 8570:online version 8562: 8555: 8548: 8541: 8534: 8527: 8518: 8515: 8514: 8513: 8503: 8496: 8489: 8482: 8476: 8458: 8456:online version 8448: 8439: 8436: 8433: 8432: 8393: 8362: 8331: 8295: 8268:Williams, Pete 8256: 8220: 8190: 8164: 8139: 8114: 8072: 8057: 8035: 8029:978-0465041954 8028: 7999: 7969: 7950: 7916: 7877: 7842: 7809: 7802:) – via 7783: 7757: 7726: 7696: 7684:Macy v. Holder 7675: 7657: 7643:Wolters Kluwer 7622: 7605:"H.R. 7152–16" 7596: 7564: 7538: 7524: 7495: 7473:whitehouse.gov 7459: 7429: 7399: 7373: 7344: 7313: 7283: 7237: 7219:978-0812207590 7218: 7198: 7175:Taylor, Alan. 7167: 7123: 7108:. Senate.gov. 7097: 7063: 7027: 7023:Pillar of Fire 7014: 6998: 6991: 6955: 6930: 6914: 6899:(2): 163–184. 6887:(March 1991). 6876: 6860: 6844: 6819: 6800: 6774: 6767: 6733: 6713: 6697: 6687:online version 6671: 6642: 6612: 6597:. p. 29. 6579: 6554: 6551:. p. 169. 6545:Dallek, Robert 6536: 6519:New York Times 6504: 6485: 6466: 6447: 6404: 6391:978-1595552655 6390: 6367: 6341: 6334: 6316:Cone, James H. 6307: 6283: 6270: 6236: 6210: 6187: 6167: 6134: 6115: 6095: 6069: 6027: 6002: 5976: 5931: 5906: 5875: 5868: 5846: 5816: 5786: 5760: 5734: 5703: 5673: 5656:www.senate.gov 5643: 5624: 5585: 5546: 5510: 5509: 5507: 5504: 5501: 5500: 5476: 5475: 5473: 5470: 5468: 5467: 5462: 5457: 5452: 5447: 5442: 5437: 5432: 5426: 5424: 5421: 5420: 5419: 5412: 5407: 5402: 5397: 5392: 5387: 5382: 5375: 5372: 5355: 5352: 5350: 5347: 5344:Groff v. DeJoy 5342:Main article: 5339: 5336:Groff v. DeJoy 5333: 5318:Main article: 5315: 5309: 5267: 5257: 5252:Main article: 5249: 5243: 5238:Main article: 5235: 5229: 5224:Main article: 5221: 5215: 5210:Main article: 5207: 5201: 5196:Main article: 5193: 5187: 5175:Main article: 5172: 5166: 5144:Main article: 5141: 5135: 5130:Main article: 5127: 5121: 5116:Main article: 5113: 5107: 5083:Main article: 5080: 5074: 5052:Main article: 5049: 5043: 5038:Main article: 5035: 5029: 5024:Main article: 5021: 5015: 4995:Main article: 4992: 4986: 4981:Main article: 4978: 4972: 4946:Main article: 4943: 4937: 4932:Main article: 4929: 4923: 4921: 4918: 4913:Main article: 4910: 4904: 4899:Main article: 4896: 4890: 4885:Main article: 4882: 4876: 4868:Lau v. Nichols 4862:Lau v. Nichols 4860:Main article: 4857: 4854:Lau v. Nichols 4851: 4849: 4846: 4841:Main article: 4838: 4832: 4830: 4827:Daniel v. Paul 4824: 4819:Main article: 4816: 4810: 4805:Main article: 4802: 4796: 4791:Main article: 4788: 4782: 4769:Main article: 4766: 4760: 4758: 4755: 4753: 4750: 4734:Main article: 4731: 4728: 4726: 4723: 4714: 4711: 4699: 4696: 4680: 4677: 4669: 4666: 4662:Sharon McGowan 4619: 4616: 4612:§ 2000e#b 4608:42 U.S.C. 4600:§ 2000e-4 4596:42 U.S.C. 4569: 4568: 4565: 4562: 4559: 4470:§ 2000e-2 4466:42 U.S.C. 4437: 4434: 4367: 4364: 4348: 4345: 4337: 4334: 4326: 4323: 4314: 4311: 4303:literacy tests 4287: 4284: 4282: 4279: 4225: 4222: 4184: 4181: 4165:states' rights 4159:outlawing the 4157:24th Amendment 4110: 4107: 4105: 4102: 4090:Emanuel Celler 4077: 4074: 3992: 3991:Women's rights 3989: 3987: 3984: 3983: 3982: 3939: 3928: 3917: 3916:voted in favor 3895: 3894: 3891: 3888: 3885: 3884:voted in favor 3862:Richard Fulton 3854:Henry González 3820: 3814: 3804: 3799: 3798: 3789: 3775: 3770: 3769: 3768: 3759: 3758: 3757: 3755: 3752: 3751: 3750: 3739: 3732: 3731: 3728: 3701: 3698: 3697: 3696: 3693: 3686: 3685: 3682: 3675: 3674: 3671: 3664: 3663: 3660: 3652: 3649: 3648: 3647: 3644: 3641: 3638: 3625:Totals are in 3621: 3620: 3615: 3614: 3611: 3606: 3603: 3591: 3590: 3587: 3582: 3579: 3567: 3566: 3563: 3558: 3555: 3543: 3542: 3539: 3534: 3531: 3519: 3518: 3515: 3510: 3507: 3495: 3494: 3491: 3486: 3483: 3471: 3470: 3467: 3462: 3459: 3447: 3446: 3443: 3441:South Carolina 3438: 3435: 3430:Strom Thurmond 3423: 3422: 3419: 3414: 3411: 3399: 3398: 3395: 3390: 3387: 3375: 3374: 3371: 3366: 3363: 3351: 3350: 3347: 3342: 3339: 3327: 3326: 3323: 3318: 3315: 3303: 3302: 3299: 3294: 3291: 3279: 3278: 3275: 3270: 3267: 3255: 3254: 3251: 3246: 3243: 3231: 3230: 3227: 3222: 3219: 3207: 3206: 3203: 3198: 3195: 3183: 3182: 3179: 3174: 3171: 3159: 3158: 3155: 3150: 3147: 3135: 3134: 3131: 3126: 3123: 3111: 3110: 3107: 3102: 3099: 3087: 3086: 3083: 3078: 3075: 3063: 3062: 3059: 3054: 3051: 3046:Claiborne Pell 3039: 3038: 3035: 3030: 3027: 3015: 3014: 3011: 3006: 3003: 2991: 2990: 2987: 2982: 2979: 2967: 2966: 2963: 2958: 2955: 2950:Gaylord Nelson 2943: 2942: 2939: 2934: 2931: 2919: 2918: 2915: 2910: 2907: 2895: 2894: 2891: 2886: 2883: 2871: 2870: 2867: 2862: 2859: 2847: 2846: 2843: 2838: 2835: 2823: 2822: 2819: 2814: 2811: 2799: 2798: 2795: 2790: 2787: 2775: 2774: 2771: 2766: 2763: 2751: 2750: 2747: 2742: 2739: 2727: 2726: 2723: 2718: 2715: 2703: 2702: 2699: 2694: 2691: 2679: 2678: 2675: 2670: 2667: 2655: 2654: 2651: 2646: 2643: 2631: 2630: 2627: 2622: 2619: 2607: 2606: 2603: 2598: 2595: 2583: 2582: 2579: 2574: 2571: 2566:Mike Mansfield 2559: 2558: 2555: 2550: 2547: 2535: 2534: 2531: 2526: 2523: 2518:Edward V. Long 2511: 2510: 2507: 2502: 2499: 2487: 2486: 2483: 2478: 2475: 2463: 2462: 2459: 2454: 2451: 2439: 2438: 2435: 2430: 2427: 2415: 2414: 2411: 2406: 2403: 2391: 2390: 2387: 2385:North Carolina 2382: 2379: 2367: 2366: 2363: 2358: 2355: 2343: 2342: 2339: 2337:South Carolina 2334: 2331: 2319: 2318: 2315: 2310: 2307: 2295: 2294: 2291: 2286: 2283: 2271: 2270: 2267: 2262: 2259: 2247: 2246: 2243: 2238: 2235: 2223: 2222: 2219: 2214: 2211: 2199: 2198: 2195: 2190: 2187: 2175: 2174: 2171: 2166: 2163: 2158:J. Lister Hill 2151: 2150: 2147: 2142: 2139: 2127: 2126: 2123: 2118: 2115: 2103: 2102: 2099: 2094: 2091: 2079: 2078: 2075: 2070: 2067: 2055: 2054: 2051: 2046: 2043: 2031: 2030: 2027: 2022: 2019: 2007: 2006: 2003: 1998: 1995: 1983: 1982: 1979: 1974: 1971: 1959: 1958: 1955: 1950: 1947: 1935: 1934: 1931: 1929:North Carolina 1926: 1923: 1911: 1910: 1907: 1902: 1899: 1887: 1886: 1883: 1878: 1875: 1863: 1862: 1859: 1854: 1851: 1839: 1838: 1835: 1830: 1827: 1822:James Eastland 1815: 1814: 1811: 1806: 1803: 1791: 1790: 1787: 1782: 1779: 1767: 1766: 1763: 1758: 1755: 1750:Thomas J. Dodd 1743: 1742: 1739: 1734: 1731: 1719: 1718: 1715: 1710: 1707: 1695: 1694: 1691: 1686: 1683: 1671: 1670: 1667: 1662: 1659: 1647: 1646: 1643: 1638: 1635: 1623: 1622: 1619: 1614: 1611: 1599: 1598: 1595: 1590: 1587: 1575: 1574: 1571: 1566: 1563: 1551: 1550: 1547: 1542: 1539: 1527: 1526: 1523: 1518: 1515: 1503: 1502: 1499: 1494: 1491: 1479: 1478: 1475: 1470: 1467: 1455: 1454: 1451: 1446: 1443: 1431: 1430: 1427: 1422: 1419: 1414:J. Caleb Boggs 1407: 1406: 1403: 1398: 1395: 1383: 1382: 1379: 1374: 1371: 1359: 1358: 1355: 1350: 1347: 1342:J. Glenn Beall 1335: 1334: 1331: 1326: 1323: 1311: 1310: 1307: 1302: 1299: 1287: 1286: 1283: 1278: 1275: 1263: 1262: 1259: 1254: 1251: 1239: 1238: 1235: 1230: 1227: 1215: 1214: 1211: 1208: 1205: 1199: 1197:Roll call vote 1196: 1195: 1192: 1191: 1184: 1183: 1180: 1177: 1174: 1170: 1169: 1164: 1159: 1154: 1148: 1147: 1142: 1136: 1135: 1132: 1129: 1128:June 19, 1964 1125: 1124: 1117: 1114: 1105: 1102: 1051:Reconstruction 1047:Strom Thurmond 1012:Mike Mansfield 947: 944: 910: 907: 874:of the NAACP. 854:Following the 847: 844: 832:Emanuel Celler 815:Mike Mansfield 800: 797: 795: 792: 781:Emulating the 772:Walter Reuther 735: 732: 685: 682: 621: 618: 616: 613: 574:15th Amendment 570:14th Amendment 527:discrimination 483: 482: 480: 479: 474: 467: 454: 453: 448: 443: 438: 433: 428: 427: 426: 423:I Have a Dream 414: 409: 404: 399: 394: 389: 384: 379: 374: 369: 360: 357: 356: 343: 342: 335: 328: 320: 312: 311: 305: 302: 301: 294: 293: 291: 290: 285: 280: 275: 270: 265: 259: 256: 255: 251: 250: 248: 247: 237: 231: 225: 219: 210: 199:Emanuel Celler 191: 188: 187: 183: 182: 177: 176:Titles amended 173: 172: 170: 169: 164: 158: 156: 152: 151: 147: 146: 136: 128: 127: 122: 118: 117: 113: 112: 99: 95: 94: 88: 84: 83: 79: 75: 74: 50: 28: 22: 19: 17: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 16516: 16505: 16502: 16500: 16497: 16495: 16492: 16490: 16487: 16485: 16482: 16480: 16477: 16475: 16472: 16470: 16467: 16465: 16462: 16460: 16457: 16455: 16452: 16450: 16447: 16445: 16442: 16440: 16437: 16436: 16434: 16419: 16409: 16407: 16404: 16403: 16400: 16394: 16391: 16389: 16388:Neighborhoods 16386: 16384: 16381: 16379: 16376: 16374: 16371: 16369: 16366: 16364: 16361: 16357: 16354: 16352: 16351:Sports firsts 16349: 16347: 16344: 16343: 16342: 16339: 16335: 16332: 16330: 16327: 16325: 16322: 16320: 16317: 16315: 16312: 16310: 16307: 16305: 16302: 16300: 16297: 16295: 16292: 16290: 16287: 16285: 16282: 16280: 16277: 16275: 16272: 16270: 16267: 16265: 16262: 16260: 16257: 16256: 16255: 16252: 16251: 16249: 16245: 16237: 16234: 16233: 16231: 16229: 16226: 16222: 16219: 16217: 16214: 16212: 16209: 16207: 16204: 16202: 16199: 16198: 16196: 16192: 16189: 16187: 16184: 16182: 16179: 16177: 16174: 16173: 16172: 16169: 16168: 16166: 16164: 16160: 16154: 16153:West Virginia 16151: 16149: 16146: 16144: 16141: 16137: 16134: 16132: 16129: 16127: 16124: 16122: 16119: 16118: 16117: 16114: 16112: 16109: 16107: 16104: 16102: 16099: 16095: 16092: 16091: 16090:Pennsylvania 16089: 16087: 16084: 16082: 16079: 16077: 16074: 16070: 16069:New York City 16067: 16066: 16065: 16062: 16060: 16057: 16053: 16050: 16049: 16048: 16045: 16043: 16040: 16036: 16033: 16032: 16030: 16026: 16023: 16022: 16020: 16016: 16013: 16012: 16011: 16008: 16006: 16003: 15999: 15996: 15995: 15994: 15991: 15989: 15986: 15982: 15979: 15978: 15977: 15974: 15972: 15969: 15965: 15962: 15961: 15960: 15957: 15955: 15952: 15948: 15945: 15944: 15943: 15940: 15936: 15933: 15931: 15928: 15927: 15926: 15923: 15921: 15918: 15914: 15913:San Francisco 15911: 15909: 15906: 15905: 15904: 15901: 15899: 15896: 15894: 15891: 15890: 15888: 15886:By state/city 15884: 15878: 15875: 15873: 15870: 15864: 15861: 15859: 15856: 15855: 15854: 15851: 15849: 15846: 15845: 15844: 15841: 15837: 15834: 15833: 15832: 15831:American Sign 15829: 15827: 15824: 15823: 15821: 15817: 15809: 15806: 15804: 15801: 15800: 15799: 15796: 15794: 15791: 15787: 15784: 15782: 15779: 15778: 15777: 15774: 15770: 15767: 15766: 15765: 15764:Neighborhoods 15762: 15761: 15759: 15755: 15749: 15746: 15742: 15739: 15738: 15737: 15734: 15732: 15729: 15727: 15724: 15722: 15719: 15715: 15712: 15710: 15707: 15705: 15702: 15700: 15697: 15696: 15695: 15694:Black Indians 15692: 15690: 15687: 15683: 15680: 15678: 15675: 15673: 15670: 15668: 15665: 15664: 15662: 15661: 15659: 15655: 15645: 15642: 15640: 15637: 15635: 15632: 15630: 15627: 15626: 15624: 15616: 15610: 15607: 15605: 15602: 15600: 15597: 15595: 15592: 15590: 15587: 15585: 15582: 15580: 15577: 15575: 15572: 15570: 15567: 15565: 15562: 15560: 15557: 15555: 15552: 15551: 15548: 15545: 15541: 15535: 15532: 15530: 15527: 15525: 15522: 15520: 15517: 15515: 15512: 15510: 15507: 15505: 15502: 15500: 15497: 15495: 15492: 15490: 15487: 15485: 15482: 15480: 15477: 15475: 15472: 15470: 15467: 15466: 15464: 15456: 15450: 15447: 15443: 15440: 15439: 15438: 15435: 15433: 15430: 15428: 15425: 15423: 15420: 15418: 15415: 15413: 15410: 15408: 15405: 15401: 15398: 15397: 15396: 15393: 15391: 15388: 15386: 15383: 15382: 15380: 15376: 15370: 15367: 15365: 15362: 15360: 15357: 15353: 15350: 15349: 15348: 15345: 15341: 15338: 15336: 15333: 15332: 15331: 15328: 15326: 15323: 15322: 15320: 15318: 15314: 15306: 15303: 15301: 15298: 15296: 15293: 15292: 15290: 15288: 15285: 15283: 15280: 15278: 15275: 15273: 15272:Black schools 15270: 15268: 15267:Black studies 15265: 15264: 15262: 15256: 15250: 15249:Whitney Young 15247: 15245: 15242: 15240: 15239:Oprah Winfrey 15237: 15235: 15232: 15230: 15227: 15225: 15222: 15220: 15217: 15215: 15212: 15210: 15209:Denmark Vesey 15207: 15205: 15202: 15200: 15197: 15195: 15192: 15190: 15187: 15185: 15182: 15180: 15177: 15175: 15172: 15170: 15167: 15165: 15162: 15160: 15157: 15155: 15154:Joseph Rainey 15152: 15150: 15147: 15145: 15142: 15140: 15137: 15135: 15132: 15130: 15127: 15125: 15122: 15120: 15117: 15115: 15112: 15110: 15109:Toni Morrison 15107: 15105: 15102: 15100: 15097: 15095: 15094:Joseph Lowery 15092: 15090: 15087: 15085: 15082: 15080: 15077: 15075: 15072: 15070: 15067: 15065: 15062: 15060: 15057: 15055: 15052: 15050: 15047: 15045: 15042: 15040: 15039:Jesse Jackson 15037: 15035: 15032: 15030: 15029:Kamala Harris 15027: 15025: 15022: 15020: 15017: 15015: 15014:Marcus Garvey 15012: 15010: 15007: 15005: 15002: 15000: 14997: 14995: 14992: 14990: 14987: 14985: 14982: 14980: 14977: 14975: 14972: 14970: 14967: 14965: 14964:Blanche Bruce 14962: 14960: 14959:Edward Brooke 14957: 14955: 14952: 14950: 14949:James Bradley 14947: 14945: 14942: 14940: 14937: 14935: 14932: 14930: 14929:James Baldwin 14927: 14925: 14922: 14920: 14917: 14915: 14912: 14911: 14909: 14905: 14899: 14896: 14894: 14891: 14889: 14886: 14884: 14881: 14879: 14876: 14874: 14873:Neighborhoods 14871: 14869: 14866: 14864: 14861: 14859: 14856: 14854: 14851: 14849: 14846: 14844: 14841: 14839: 14836: 14834: 14831: 14829: 14826: 14822: 14819: 14818: 14817: 14814: 14812: 14809: 14807: 14804: 14802: 14799: 14797: 14794: 14792: 14789: 14787: 14784: 14782: 14779: 14777: 14774: 14772: 14769: 14768: 14766: 14764: 14760: 14754: 14751: 14749: 14746: 14744: 14741: 14737: 14734: 14733: 14732: 14729: 14727: 14726:Silent Parade 14724: 14722: 14719: 14717: 14714: 14712: 14709: 14707: 14704: 14701: 14700: 14696: 14694: 14691: 14689: 14688: 14684: 14682: 14681: 14677: 14675: 14672: 14670: 14667: 14665: 14662: 14660: 14657: 14655: 14654:Jim Crow laws 14652: 14650: 14646: 14643: 14641: 14638: 14634: 14631: 14629: 14626: 14625: 14624: 14621: 14619: 14616: 14614: 14611: 14609: 14606: 14603: 14602: 14598: 14596: 14593: 14591: 14588: 14584: 14581: 14579: 14576: 14574: 14571: 14569: 14566: 14564: 14561: 14559: 14556: 14554: 14551: 14548: 14547: 14543: 14541: 14538: 14537: 14536: 14533: 14531: 14528: 14526: 14523: 14519: 14516: 14514: 14511: 14509: 14506: 14505: 14503: 14501: 14498: 14495: 14494: 14490: 14488: 14485: 14483: 14480: 14478: 14477:Black cowboys 14475: 14473: 14470: 14468: 14465: 14463: 14460: 14458: 14455: 14453: 14450: 14448: 14445: 14443: 14440: 14439: 14437: 14435: 14431: 14427: 14420: 14415: 14413: 14408: 14406: 14401: 14400: 14397: 14385: 14382: 14380: 14377: 14375: 14372: 14370: 14369:Secret ballot 14367: 14365: 14364:Redistricting 14362: 14360: 14357: 14355: 14352: 14350: 14347: 14345: 14342: 14340: 14337: 14335: 14332: 14330: 14327: 14325: 14322: 14320: 14317: 14315: 14312: 14308: 14305: 14304: 14303: 14300: 14298: 14295: 14293: 14292:Ballot access 14290: 14289: 14287: 14283: 14277: 14274: 14272: 14269: 14267: 14264: 14262: 14259: 14256: 14252: 14248: 14245: 14244: 14243: 14240: 14238: 14235: 14233: 14230: 14228: 14225: 14223: 14220: 14218: 14215: 14213: 14210: 14209: 14207: 14203: 14197: 14194: 14192: 14189: 14187: 14184: 14182: 14179: 14177: 14174: 14172: 14169: 14167: 14164: 14162: 14159: 14157: 14154: 14152: 14149: 14147: 14144: 14142: 14139: 14137: 14134: 14132: 14129: 14128: 14126: 14122: 14112: 14109: 14107: 14104: 14102: 14099: 14097: 14094: 14093: 14091: 14089:Vote dilution 14087: 14081: 14078: 14076: 14075:Voter ID laws 14073: 14071: 14068: 14066: 14063: 14061: 14060:Literacy test 14058: 14056: 14053: 14051: 14048: 14047: 14045: 14041: 14035: 14032: 14030: 14027: 14025: 14022: 14020: 14017: 14015: 14014:Postal voting 14012: 14010: 14007: 14005: 14002: 14000: 13997: 13996: 13994: 13990: 13987: 13983: 13975: 13972: 13971: 13970: 13967: 13965: 13962: 13960: 13957: 13953: 13950: 13948: 13945: 13944: 13943: 13940: 13938: 13935: 13931: 13928: 13926: 13923: 13922: 13921: 13918: 13916: 13913: 13911: 13908: 13904: 13901: 13899: 13896: 13895: 13894: 13891: 13887: 13884: 13882: 13879: 13877: 13874: 13873: 13872: 13869: 13867: 13864: 13863: 13861: 13855: 13849: 13846: 13844: 13841: 13839: 13836: 13834: 13831: 13829: 13826: 13824: 13821: 13817: 13814: 13812: 13809: 13808: 13807: 13804: 13802: 13801:1st Amendment 13799: 13795: 13792: 13790: 13787: 13786: 13785: 13782: 13781: 13779: 13773: 13769: 13762: 13757: 13755: 13750: 13748: 13743: 13742: 13739: 13727: 13724: 13722: 13719: 13717: 13714: 13712: 13709: 13707: 13704: 13702: 13699: 13697: 13694: 13692: 13691:Ward Connerly 13689: 13687: 13684: 13682: 13679: 13677: 13674: 13673: 13671: 13667: 13660: 13656: 13653: 13650: 13646: 13645:Referendum 88 13643: 13640: 13636: 13633: 13630: 13626: 13623: 13620: 13616: 13613: 13610: 13606: 13603: 13600: 13596: 13593: 13590: 13586: 13583: 13580: 13576: 13573: 13572: 13570: 13568: 13563: 13556: 13553: 13551: 13548: 13546: 13543: 13540: 13537: 13534: 13530: 13527: 13525: 13521: 13520: 13518: 13516: 13511: 13506: 13495: 13494: 13490: 13487: 13486: 13482: 13479: 13478: 13474: 13471: 13470: 13466: 13463: 13462: 13458: 13455: 13454: 13450: 13447: 13446: 13442: 13439: 13438: 13434: 13431: 13430: 13426: 13423: 13422: 13418: 13415: 13414: 13410: 13409: 13407: 13399: 13392: 13391: 13387: 13384: 13383: 13379: 13376: 13375: 13371: 13368: 13367: 13363: 13360: 13359: 13355: 13352: 13351: 13347: 13344: 13343: 13339: 13336: 13335: 13331: 13328: 13327: 13323: 13320: 13319: 13315: 13312: 13311: 13307: 13304: 13303: 13299: 13296: 13295: 13291: 13288: 13287: 13283: 13280: 13279: 13275: 13274: 13272: 13268: 13261: 13260: 13256: 13253: 13252: 13248: 13245: 13244: 13240: 13237: 13236: 13232: 13229: 13228: 13224: 13221: 13220: 13216: 13213: 13212: 13208: 13205: 13204: 13200: 13197: 13196: 13192: 13189: 13188: 13184: 13181: 13180: 13176: 13173: 13172: 13168: 13165: 13164: 13160: 13157: 13156: 13152: 13151: 13149: 13145: 13142: 13137: 13136:Supreme Court 13133: 13129: 13122: 13117: 13115: 13110: 13108: 13103: 13102: 13099: 13087: 13084: 13082: 13079: 13077: 13074: 13073: 13071: 13067: 13060: 13059: 13055: 13052: 13051: 13047: 13044: 13043: 13039: 13037: 13034: 13032: 13029: 13027: 13024: 13023: 13021: 13017: 13011: 13008: 13006: 13003: 13002: 13000: 12996: 12990: 12987: 12985: 12984:Doris Stevens 12982: 12980: 12977: 12975: 12972: 12970: 12967: 12965: 12962: 12960: 12957: 12955: 12952: 12951: 12949: 12943: 12938: 12928: 12925: 12923: 12920: 12916: 12913: 12912: 12911: 12908: 12906: 12903: 12899: 12898: 12894: 12893: 12892: 12889: 12887: 12884: 12883: 12881: 12875: 12871: 12864: 12859: 12857: 12852: 12850: 12845: 12844: 12841: 12829: 12828: 12819: 12818: 12815: 12812: 12809: 12808: 12805: 12804: 12800: 12798: 12797: 12793: 12792: 12789: 12782: 12779: 12776: 12773: 12771:(grandfather) 12770: 12767: 12765:(grandfather) 12764: 12761: 12758: 12755: 12752: 12749: 12746: 12743: 12740: 12737: 12734: 12731: 12730: 12728: 12726: 12722: 12716: 12714: 12710: 12708: 12706: 12702: 12699: 12695: 12691: 12688: 12686: 12684: 12680: 12678: 12676: 12672: 12670: 12669: 12665: 12663: 12660: 12658: 12657:advertisement 12656: 12652: 12650: 12647: 12646: 12644: 12642: 12638: 12632: 12629: 12627: 12624: 12622: 12619: 12617: 12614: 12612: 12609: 12605: 12602: 12601: 12600: 12597: 12593: 12590: 12589: 12588: 12585: 12583: 12580: 12578: 12575: 12573: 12570: 12568: 12565: 12563: 12560: 12558: 12555: 12553: 12550: 12548: 12545: 12543: 12540: 12538: 12535: 12533: 12530: 12529: 12527: 12525: 12521: 12515: 12512: 12510: 12507: 12505: 12502: 12500: 12497: 12495: 12492: 12490: 12487: 12485: 12482: 12480: 12477: 12475: 12472: 12471: 12469: 12467: 12461: 12455: 12452: 12450: 12447: 12445: 12442: 12440: 12437: 12435: 12432: 12428: 12425: 12423: 12420: 12418: 12414: 12413: 12412: 12409: 12408: 12406: 12402: 12394: 12390: 12386: 12382: 12378: 12374: 12371: 12367: 12363: 12359: 12358: 12355: 12351: 12344: 12339: 12337: 12332: 12330: 12325: 12324: 12321: 12309: 12308: 12299: 12298: 12295: 12294: 12290: 12288: 12287: 12283: 12282: 12279: 12272: 12269: 12266: 12263: 12261:(grandfather) 12260: 12257: 12255:(grandfather) 12254: 12253:P. J. Kennedy 12251: 12248: 12245: 12242: 12239: 12236: 12233: 12230: 12227: 12224: 12221: 12218: 12215: 12212: 12209: 12206: 12203: 12200: 12197: 12194: 12191: 12188: 12185: 12182: 12179: 12176: 12173: 12170: 12167: 12164: 12161: 12158: 12155: 12152: 12149: 12148: 12146: 12144: 12140: 12134: 12131: 12129: 12127: 12122: 12120: 12119: (CV-67) 12118: 12113: 12111: 12110: 12105: 12103: 12102:Mount Kennedy 12100: 12098: 12095: 12093: 12090: 12088: 12085: 12083: 12080: 12078: 12075: 12073: 12070: 12068: 12065: 12063: 12060: 12058: 12055: 12053: 12050: 12048: 12045: 12043: 12040: 12038: 12037:Boston statue 12035: 12033: 12030: 12028: 12025: 12023: 12020: 12018: 12015: 12014: 12012: 12010: 12004: 11998: 11995: 11991: 11988: 11986: 11983: 11981: 11978: 11976: 11973: 11971: 11968: 11967: 11966: 11963: 11961: 11958: 11956: 11953: 11951: 11950:Kennedy Round 11948: 11946: 11943: 11941: 11938: 11936: 11933: 11931: 11928: 11926: 11923: 11919: 11916: 11915: 11914: 11911: 11909: 11906: 11905: 11903: 11899: 11893: 11890: 11886: 11883: 11881: 11878: 11877: 11876: 11875:State funeral 11873: 11869: 11866: 11864: 11861: 11859: 11856: 11854: 11851: 11850: 11849: 11848:Assassination 11846: 11845: 11843: 11839: 11833: 11829: 11825: 11823: 11819: 11815: 11813: 11809: 11805: 11804: 11802: 11798: 11792: 11789: 11786: 11782: 11780: 11777: 11775: 11772: 11770: 11767: 11765: 11764: 11760: 11756: 11753: 11751: 11748: 11747: 11746: 11745: 11740: 11738: 11735: 11733: 11730: 11728: 11725: 11723: 11720: 11718: 11715: 11714: 11712: 11710:Personal life 11708: 11700: 11697: 11696: 11695: 11692: 11690: 11687: 11685: 11681: 11679: 11676: 11674: 11671: 11669: 11666: 11664: 11660: 11658: 11655: 11653: 11650: 11648: 11644: 11643: 11641: 11639: 11635: 11627: 11624: 11622: 11619: 11617: 11614: 11613: 11612: 11609: 11607: 11604: 11601: 11597: 11594: 11590: 11588: 11585: 11582: 11578: 11576: 11573: 11571: 11568: 11567: 11565: 11559: 11549: 11546: 11544: 11541: 11539: 11536: 11534: 11531: 11529: 11526: 11524: 11521: 11519: 11516: 11514: 11511: 11509: 11506: 11504: 11501: 11499: 11496: 11494: 11491: 11489: 11486: 11484: 11481: 11479: 11476: 11474: 11471: 11469: 11468:Equal Pay Act 11466: 11464: 11461: 11459: 11456: 11455: 11453: 11451: 11447: 11441: 11440:Vienna summit 11438: 11436: 11433: 11431: 11430:Berlin Crisis 11427: 11423: 11420: 11419: 11418: 11415: 11413: 11412:Cuban Project 11410: 11408: 11404: 11402: 11399: 11397: 11394: 11392: 11389: 11387: 11384: 11382: 11379: 11377: 11374: 11372: 11369: 11365: 11362: 11361: 11360: 11357: 11355: 11352: 11351: 11349: 11347: 11343: 11337: 11334: 11332: 11330: 11326: 11324: 11321: 11319: 11316: 11314: 11311: 11309: 11306: 11304: 11301: 11297: 11296:Supreme Court 11294: 11293: 11292: 11289: 11287: 11284: 11282: 11279: 11277: 11274: 11273: 11271: 11268: 11263: 11259: 11251: 11247: 11243: 11239: 11235: 11231: 11228: 11224: 11223: 11220: 11216: 11209: 11204: 11202: 11197: 11195: 11190: 11189: 11186: 11176: 11175: 11170: 11162: 11156: 11153: 11151: 11148: 11146: 11145:Timothy Tyson 11143: 11141: 11138: 11136: 11133: 11131: 11128: 11126: 11123: 11121: 11118: 11116: 11113: 11111: 11108: 11106: 11103: 11101: 11098: 11096: 11093: 11091: 11088: 11086: 11083: 11081: 11078: 11076: 11075:Taylor Branch 11073: 11072: 11070: 11064: 11058: 11055: 11053: 11050: 11048: 11045: 11043: 11040: 11036: 11033: 11032: 11031: 11028: 11026: 11023: 11021: 11018: 11016: 11013: 11011: 11008: 11006: 11003: 11001: 10998: 10996: 10993: 10991: 10988: 10986: 10983: 10981: 10978: 10976: 10973: 10972: 10970: 10966: 10960: 10959: 10955: 10953: 10950: 10948: 10945: 10943: 10940: 10935: 10931: 10930: 10929: 10926: 10924: 10923:Freedom songs 10921: 10919: 10916: 10914: 10911: 10909: 10906: 10904: 10901: 10899: 10896: 10894: 10891: 10889: 10886: 10884: 10881: 10879: 10876: 10874: 10871: 10869: 10866: 10864: 10861: 10859: 10856: 10854: 10851: 10849: 10846: 10844: 10843: 10839: 10837: 10836: 10832: 10830: 10829: 10825: 10823: 10822: 10818: 10816: 10815: 10811: 10807: 10804: 10803: 10802: 10801: 10797: 10795: 10792: 10790: 10789:Jim Crow laws 10787: 10786: 10784: 10780: 10774: 10771: 10769: 10766: 10764: 10761: 10759: 10758: 10754: 10750: 10747: 10745: 10742: 10741: 10740: 10737: 10735: 10732: 10728: 10725: 10724: 10723: 10720: 10719: 10717: 10713: 10707: 10704: 10702: 10699: 10697: 10694: 10692: 10689: 10687: 10686:"Oh, Freedom" 10684: 10682: 10679: 10677: 10674: 10672: 10669: 10667: 10664: 10663: 10661: 10655: 10649: 10646: 10644: 10641: 10640: 10638: 10634: 10628: 10625: 10623: 10620: 10618: 10615: 10613: 10612:Whitney Young 10610: 10608: 10605: 10603: 10600: 10598: 10595: 10593: 10592:Kale Williams 10590: 10588: 10585: 10583: 10580: 10578: 10575: 10573: 10570: 10568: 10565: 10563: 10560: 10558: 10555: 10553: 10552:Albert Turner 10550: 10548: 10545: 10543: 10542:A. P. Tureaud 10540: 10538: 10535: 10533: 10530: 10528: 10525: 10523: 10520: 10518: 10515: 10513: 10510: 10508: 10505: 10503: 10500: 10498: 10495: 10493: 10490: 10488: 10485: 10483: 10480: 10478: 10475: 10473: 10470: 10468: 10465: 10463: 10460: 10458: 10455: 10453: 10450: 10448: 10447:Bayard Rustin 10445: 10443: 10440: 10438: 10435: 10433: 10430: 10428: 10425: 10423: 10420: 10418: 10415: 10413: 10410: 10408: 10405: 10403: 10400: 10398: 10395: 10393: 10390: 10388: 10385: 10383: 10380: 10378: 10375: 10373: 10370: 10368: 10365: 10363: 10360: 10358: 10355: 10353: 10350: 10348: 10345: 10343: 10340: 10338: 10335: 10333: 10330: 10328: 10325: 10323: 10320: 10318: 10315: 10313: 10310: 10308: 10305: 10303: 10300: 10298: 10297:William Moyer 10295: 10293: 10290: 10288: 10285: 10283: 10280: 10278: 10275: 10273: 10270: 10268: 10265: 10263: 10260: 10258: 10255: 10253: 10250: 10248: 10245: 10243: 10240: 10238: 10235: 10233: 10232:Joseph McNeil 10230: 10228: 10225: 10223: 10220: 10218: 10217:Charles McDew 10215: 10213: 10210: 10208: 10207:Benjamin Mays 10205: 10203: 10200: 10198: 10195: 10193: 10192:Vivian Malone 10190: 10188: 10185: 10183: 10180: 10178: 10175: 10173: 10170: 10168: 10167:Joseph Lowery 10165: 10163: 10160: 10158: 10155: 10153: 10150: 10148: 10145: 10143: 10140: 10138: 10135: 10133: 10130: 10128: 10125: 10123: 10120: 10118: 10115: 10113: 10110: 10108: 10105: 10103: 10100: 10098: 10095: 10093: 10092:Clyde Kennard 10090: 10088: 10085: 10083: 10082:Vernon Jordan 10080: 10078: 10077:Matthew Jones 10075: 10073: 10070: 10068: 10065: 10063: 10060: 10058: 10055: 10053: 10050: 10048: 10045: 10043: 10042:T. J. Jemison 10040: 10038: 10035: 10033: 10030: 10028: 10027:Jesse Jackson 10025: 10023: 10020: 10018: 10015: 10013: 10010: 10008: 10005: 10003: 10000: 9998: 9995: 9993: 9990: 9988: 9985: 9983: 9980: 9978: 9975: 9973: 9970: 9968: 9965: 9963: 9960: 9958: 9955: 9953: 9950: 9948: 9945: 9943: 9940: 9938: 9935: 9933: 9930: 9928: 9925: 9923: 9920: 9918: 9917:Robert Graetz 9915: 9913: 9910: 9908: 9907:Golden Frinks 9905: 9903: 9900: 9898: 9895: 9893: 9890: 9888: 9885: 9883: 9880: 9878: 9875: 9873: 9870: 9868: 9867:Charles Evers 9865: 9863: 9860: 9858: 9855: 9853: 9850: 9848: 9845: 9843: 9840: 9838: 9835: 9833: 9830: 9828: 9825: 9823: 9820: 9818: 9817:Vernon Dahmer 9815: 9813: 9810: 9808: 9805: 9803: 9800: 9798: 9795: 9793: 9790: 9788: 9785: 9783: 9780: 9778: 9775: 9773: 9772:Septima Clark 9770: 9768: 9765: 9763: 9760: 9758: 9755: 9753: 9750: 9748: 9745: 9743: 9740: 9738: 9735: 9733: 9730: 9728: 9725: 9723: 9720: 9718: 9715: 9713: 9710: 9708: 9705: 9703: 9700: 9698: 9695: 9693: 9692:Bruce Boynton 9690: 9688: 9685: 9683: 9680: 9678: 9675: 9673: 9670: 9668: 9665: 9663: 9660: 9658: 9655: 9653: 9650: 9648: 9645: 9643: 9640: 9638: 9635: 9633: 9630: 9628: 9625: 9623: 9620: 9618: 9617:James Baldwin 9615: 9613: 9610: 9608: 9605: 9603: 9600: 9598: 9595: 9593: 9590: 9588: 9587:Mathew Ahmann 9585: 9583: 9580: 9578: 9575: 9573: 9570: 9569: 9567: 9563: 9557: 9554: 9552: 9549: 9547: 9544: 9542: 9539: 9537: 9534: 9532: 9529: 9527: 9524: 9522: 9519: 9517: 9514: 9512: 9509: 9507: 9504: 9502: 9499: 9497: 9494: 9492: 9489: 9485: 9484:Youth Council 9482: 9481: 9480: 9477: 9475: 9472: 9470: 9467: 9465: 9462: 9460: 9457: 9455: 9452: 9450: 9447: 9445: 9442: 9440: 9437: 9435: 9432: 9430: 9427: 9423: 9422: 9418: 9417: 9416: 9413: 9411: 9408: 9406: 9403: 9401: 9398: 9396: 9393: 9391: 9388: 9386: 9383: 9381: 9378: 9377: 9375: 9369: 9359: 9358: 9354: 9352: 9351: 9347: 9345: 9342: 9340: 9337: 9333: 9330: 9328: 9325: 9324: 9323: 9320: 9318: 9315: 9313: 9312: 9308: 9306: 9303: 9301: 9298: 9296: 9293: 9291: 9290: 9286: 9284: 9281: 9276: 9272: 9271: 9270: 9267: 9265: 9262: 9260: 9259: 9255: 9253: 9252: 9248: 9246: 9243: 9239: 9236: 9235: 9234: 9231: 9229: 9226: 9224: 9221: 9219: 9216: 9214: 9211: 9210: 9208: 9204: 9198: 9195: 9191: 9188: 9186: 9183: 9182: 9181: 9178: 9176: 9173: 9171: 9168: 9164: 9161: 9159: 9156: 9154: 9151: 9149: 9146: 9145: 9144: 9141: 9137: 9134: 9133: 9132: 9129: 9127: 9124: 9122: 9119: 9116: 9112: 9110: 9107: 9105: 9102: 9100: 9097: 9095: 9094: 9090: 9086: 9083: 9081: 9078: 9077: 9076: 9075:Freedom Rides 9073: 9071: 9068: 9066: 9063: 9061: 9058: 9056: 9055: 9051: 9049: 9048: 9044: 9042: 9039: 9037: 9034: 9032: 9029: 9027: 9024: 9022: 9019: 9017: 9014: 9012: 9009: 9007: 9004: 9002: 8999: 8997: 8994: 8993: 8991: 8987: 8981: 8978: 8976: 8973: 8971: 8968: 8966: 8963: 8961: 8958: 8954: 8953: 8949: 8948: 8947: 8944: 8942: 8939: 8934: 8930: 8929: 8928: 8925: 8923: 8920: 8918: 8915: 8911: 8910: 8906: 8905: 8904: 8901: 8899: 8896: 8894: 8893: 8889: 8885: 8884: 8880: 8878: 8877: 8873: 8871: 8870: 8866: 8864: 8863: 8859: 8858: 8857: 8856: 8852: 8851: 8849: 8845: 8839: 8836: 8833: 8832: 8828: 8825: 8824: 8820: 8818: 8815: 8813: 8810: 8808: 8805: 8804: 8802: 8800:Prior to 1954 8798: 8795: 8792: 8785: 8780: 8773: 8768: 8766: 8761: 8759: 8754: 8753: 8750: 8743: 8739: 8736: 8733: 8729: 8726: 8723: 8722: 8717: 8714: 8712: 8708: 8705: 8703: 8699: 8695: 8692: 8689: 8687: 8683: 8679: 8676: 8674: 8671: 8667: 8663: 8659: 8656: 8655: 8646: 8642: 8639: 8635: 8632: 8628: 8625: 8621: 8618: 8614: 8612: 8608: 8604: 8600: 8596: 8592: 8591: 8586: 8583: 8579: 8577: 8573: 8571: 8567: 8563: 8560: 8556: 8553: 8549: 8546: 8542: 8539: 8535: 8532: 8528: 8525: 8521: 8520: 8512: 8508: 8505:Risen, Clay. 8504: 8501: 8497: 8494: 8490: 8487: 8483: 8479: 8477:9780762437429 8473: 8469: 8468: 8463: 8462:Golway, Terry 8459: 8457: 8453: 8449: 8446: 8442: 8441: 8428: 8424: 8420: 8416: 8412: 8408: 8404: 8397: 8381: 8377: 8373: 8366: 8350: 8346: 8342: 8335: 8319: 8315: 8314: 8309: 8302: 8300: 8283: 8279: 8278: 8273: 8269: 8263: 8261: 8244: 8240: 8239: 8234: 8230: 8224: 8208: 8204: 8200: 8194: 8179: 8178: 8171: 8169: 8153: 8149: 8143: 8128: 8124: 8118: 8110: 8097: 8082: 8076: 8068: 8064: 8060: 8054: 8049: 8048: 8039: 8031: 8025: 8021: 8016: 8015: 8009: 8003: 7987: 7983: 7979: 7973: 7966: 7962: 7959: 7954: 7938: 7934: 7933: 7927: 7920: 7904: 7900: 7899: 7898:BuzzFeed News 7894: 7890: 7884: 7882: 7865: 7861: 7860: 7855: 7849: 7847: 7830: 7826: 7825: 7824:BuzzFeed News 7820: 7813: 7805: 7801: 7797: 7793: 7787: 7771: 7767: 7761: 7745: 7741: 7737: 7730: 7714: 7710: 7706: 7705:Quinones, Sam 7700: 7693: 7689: 7686: 7685: 7679: 7673: 7669: 7666: 7661: 7655: 7651: 7648: 7644: 7640: 7636: 7632: 7626: 7610: 7606: 7600: 7584: 7580: 7579: 7574: 7568: 7552: 7548: 7542: 7535: 7534: 7528: 7512: 7508: 7502: 7500: 7491: 7479: 7475: 7474: 7469: 7463: 7447: 7443: 7439: 7433: 7417: 7413: 7409: 7403: 7387: 7383: 7377: 7361: 7357: 7351: 7349: 7332: 7328: 7324: 7317: 7301: 7297: 7293: 7287: 7271: 7267: 7263: 7259: 7255: 7251: 7247: 7241: 7225: 7221: 7215: 7211: 7210: 7202: 7186: 7182: 7178: 7171: 7163: 7159: 7154: 7149: 7145: 7141: 7137: 7130: 7128: 7111: 7107: 7101: 7085: 7081: 7077: 7073: 7067: 7051: 7047: 7046: 7041: 7037: 7031: 7024: 7018: 7011: 7007: 7002: 6994: 6992:9780465041954 6988: 6984: 6979: 6978: 6972: 6966: 6964: 6962: 6960: 6952: 6949: 6945: 6941: 6940: 6934: 6927: 6923: 6918: 6902: 6898: 6894: 6890: 6886: 6880: 6873: 6869: 6864: 6857: 6853: 6848: 6842: 6838: 6835: 6832: 6826: 6824: 6815: 6811: 6804: 6788: 6784: 6778: 6770: 6768:0-465-04195-7 6764: 6760: 6756: 6755: 6750: 6744: 6742: 6740: 6738: 6730: 6726: 6723: 6717: 6710: 6706: 6701: 6695: 6691: 6688: 6684: 6680: 6675: 6664:September 25, 6659: 6655: 6654: 6646: 6635:September 16, 6630: 6626: 6622: 6616: 6600: 6596: 6592: 6591: 6583: 6568: 6564: 6558: 6550: 6546: 6540: 6533: 6525:September 13, 6521: 6520: 6515: 6508: 6501: 6497: 6494: 6489: 6482: 6478: 6475: 6470: 6463: 6459: 6456: 6451: 6443: 6437: 6421: 6420: 6415: 6408: 6393: 6387: 6383: 6382: 6377: 6371: 6355: 6351: 6345: 6337: 6335:0-88344-721-5 6331: 6327: 6323: 6322: 6317: 6311: 6303: 6299: 6298: 6293: 6287: 6281:, pp. 628–631 6280: 6274: 6258: 6254: 6250: 6243: 6241: 6224: 6220: 6214: 6208: 6204: 6200: 6196: 6195:Golway, Terry 6191: 6185: 6184:0-7914-3362-5 6181: 6177: 6171: 6155: 6151: 6145: 6143: 6141: 6139: 6122: 6118: 6112: 6108: 6107: 6099: 6083: 6079: 6073: 6065: 6059: 6043: 6042: 6037: 6031: 6016: 6012: 6006: 5990: 5989:Miller Center 5986: 5980: 5972: 5966: 5950: 5949: 5944: 5938: 5936: 5928: 5927: 5923: 5919: 5916: 5910: 5903: 5895:September 13, 5890: 5886: 5879: 5871: 5865: 5860: 5859: 5850: 5834: 5830: 5826: 5820: 5804: 5800: 5796: 5790: 5775: 5771: 5764: 5748: 5744: 5738: 5731: 5723:September 13, 5718: 5714: 5707: 5691: 5687: 5683: 5677: 5661: 5657: 5653: 5647: 5640: 5636: 5633: 5628: 5612: 5608: 5604: 5598: 5596: 5594: 5592: 5590: 5573: 5569: 5565: 5559: 5557: 5555: 5553: 5551: 5534: 5530: 5526: 5520: 5518: 5516: 5511: 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4674: 4665: 4663: 4659: 4658:BuzzFeed News 4655: 4654:Jeff Sessions 4650: 4648: 4644: 4641: 4636: 4634: 4633:Chai Feldblum 4629: 4625: 4615: 4613: 4609: 4605: 4601: 4597: 4593: 4589: 4584: 4582: 4578: 4574: 4566: 4563: 4560: 4557: 4553: 4552: 4551: 4548: 4546: 4542: 4537: 4535: 4531: 4528: 4524: 4520: 4519: 4514: 4511: 4507: 4503: 4502: 4497: 4492: 4490: 4486: 4482: 4479: 4475: 4471: 4467: 4463: 4462: 4456: 4451: 4447: 4443: 4433: 4431: 4427: 4423: 4419: 4414: 4409: 4404: 4403: 4399: 4397: 4393: 4392:5 U.S.C. 4387: 4383: 4379: 4378: 4374: 4372: 4363: 4361: 4357: 4354:expanded the 4353: 4344: 4342: 4333: 4331: 4322: 4319: 4310: 4308: 4304: 4300: 4292: 4278: 4275: 4274: 4270:. Afterward, 4269: 4265: 4261: 4260: 4255: 4254: 4249: 4248: 4239: 4235: 4230: 4221: 4219: 4218: 4213: 4207: 4205: 4204: 4199: 4195: 4191: 4180: 4178: 4174: 4170: 4166: 4162: 4158: 4154: 4150: 4145: 4143: 4142:1964 election 4139: 4135: 4131: 4121: 4116: 4101: 4099: 4095: 4091: 4087: 4086:racial quotas 4083: 4082:forced busing 4076:Desegregation 4073: 4067: 4066: 4061: 4057: 4053: 4049: 4045: 4041: 4037: 4032: 4030: 4029: 4023: 4018: 4014: 4010: 4006: 3997: 3980: 3976: 3972: 3968: 3964: 3960: 3956: 3952: 3948: 3944: 3943:Norris Cotton 3940: 3938:voted against 3937: 3936:West Virginia 3933: 3929: 3926: 3922: 3918: 3915: 3911: 3907: 3906: 3905: 3902: 3900: 3892: 3889: 3886: 3883: 3879: 3875: 3871: 3870:Claude Pepper 3867: 3863: 3859: 3855: 3851: 3847: 3846:Albert Thomas 3843: 3839: 3835: 3834: 3833: 3828: 3826: 3802: 3793: 3773: 3748: 3744: 3740: 3737: 3736: 3735: 3729: 3726: 3725: 3724: 3721: 3719: 3715: 3706: 3694: 3691: 3690: 3689: 3683: 3680: 3679: 3678: 3672: 3669: 3668: 3667: 3661: 3658: 3657: 3656: 3645: 3642: 3639: 3636: 3635: 3634: 3632: 3628: 3612: 3610: 3607: 3604: 3599: 3593: 3592: 3588: 3586: 3583: 3580: 3575: 3569: 3568: 3564: 3562: 3559: 3556: 3551: 3545: 3544: 3540: 3538: 3535: 3532: 3527: 3521: 3520: 3516: 3514: 3511: 3508: 3503: 3497: 3496: 3492: 3490: 3487: 3484: 3479: 3473: 3472: 3468: 3466: 3463: 3460: 3455: 3449: 3448: 3444: 3442: 3439: 3436: 3431: 3425: 3424: 3420: 3418: 3415: 3412: 3407: 3401: 3400: 3396: 3394: 3391: 3388: 3383: 3377: 3376: 3372: 3370: 3367: 3364: 3359: 3353: 3352: 3348: 3346: 3343: 3340: 3335: 3334:John Sparkman 3329: 3328: 3324: 3322: 3319: 3316: 3311: 3305: 3304: 3300: 3298: 3295: 3292: 3287: 3281: 3280: 3276: 3274: 3271: 3268: 3263: 3257: 3256: 3252: 3250: 3247: 3244: 3239: 3233: 3232: 3228: 3226: 3225:Massachusetts 3223: 3220: 3215: 3209: 3208: 3204: 3202: 3199: 3196: 3191: 3185: 3184: 3180: 3178: 3175: 3172: 3167: 3161: 3160: 3156: 3154: 3151: 3148: 3143: 3137: 3136: 3132: 3130: 3129:West Virginia 3127: 3124: 3119: 3113: 3112: 3108: 3106: 3103: 3100: 3095: 3089: 3088: 3084: 3082: 3079: 3076: 3071: 3065: 3064: 3060: 3058: 3055: 3052: 3047: 3041: 3040: 3036: 3034: 3031: 3028: 3023: 3017: 3016: 3012: 3010: 3007: 3004: 2999: 2993: 2992: 2988: 2986: 2983: 2980: 2975: 2969: 2968: 2964: 2962: 2959: 2956: 2951: 2945: 2944: 2940: 2938: 2935: 2932: 2927: 2926:Edmund Muskie 2921: 2920: 2916: 2914: 2911: 2908: 2903: 2897: 2896: 2892: 2890: 2887: 2884: 2879: 2873: 2872: 2868: 2866: 2863: 2860: 2855: 2849: 2848: 2844: 2842: 2839: 2836: 2831: 2825: 2824: 2820: 2818: 2815: 2812: 2807: 2806:Mike Monroney 2801: 2800: 2796: 2794: 2791: 2788: 2783: 2777: 2776: 2772: 2770: 2767: 2764: 2759: 2753: 2752: 2748: 2746: 2743: 2740: 2735: 2729: 2728: 2724: 2722: 2719: 2716: 2711: 2705: 2704: 2700: 2698: 2697:New Hampshire 2695: 2692: 2687: 2681: 2680: 2676: 2674: 2671: 2668: 2663: 2657: 2656: 2652: 2650: 2647: 2644: 2639: 2638:Gale W. McGee 2633: 2632: 2628: 2626: 2623: 2620: 2615: 2609: 2608: 2604: 2602: 2599: 2596: 2591: 2585: 2584: 2580: 2578: 2575: 2572: 2567: 2561: 2560: 2556: 2554: 2551: 2548: 2543: 2537: 2536: 2532: 2530: 2527: 2524: 2519: 2513: 2512: 2508: 2506: 2503: 2500: 2495: 2489: 2488: 2484: 2482: 2479: 2476: 2471: 2470:Frank Lausche 2465: 2464: 2460: 2458: 2455: 2452: 2447: 2446:Thomas Kuchel 2441: 2440: 2436: 2434: 2433:Massachusetts 2431: 2428: 2423: 2417: 2416: 2412: 2410: 2407: 2404: 2399: 2393: 2392: 2388: 2386: 2383: 2380: 2375: 2369: 2368: 2364: 2362: 2359: 2356: 2351: 2345: 2344: 2340: 2338: 2335: 2332: 2327: 2321: 2320: 2316: 2314: 2311: 2308: 2303: 2297: 2296: 2292: 2290: 2287: 2284: 2279: 2273: 2272: 2268: 2266: 2263: 2260: 2255: 2254:Daniel Inouye 2249: 2248: 2244: 2242: 2239: 2236: 2231: 2225: 2224: 2220: 2218: 2215: 2212: 2207: 2201: 2200: 2196: 2194: 2191: 2188: 2183: 2177: 2176: 2172: 2170: 2167: 2164: 2159: 2153: 2152: 2148: 2146: 2143: 2140: 2135: 2129: 2128: 2124: 2122: 2119: 2116: 2111: 2105: 2104: 2100: 2098: 2095: 2092: 2087: 2081: 2080: 2076: 2074: 2071: 2068: 2063: 2057: 2056: 2052: 2050: 2047: 2044: 2039: 2033: 2032: 2028: 2026: 2023: 2020: 2015: 2009: 2008: 2004: 2002: 1999: 1996: 1991: 1985: 1984: 1980: 1978: 1975: 1972: 1967: 1961: 1960: 1956: 1954: 1951: 1948: 1943: 1937: 1936: 1932: 1930: 1927: 1924: 1919: 1913: 1912: 1908: 1906: 1903: 1900: 1895: 1889: 1888: 1884: 1882: 1879: 1876: 1871: 1865: 1864: 1860: 1858: 1855: 1852: 1847: 1841: 1840: 1836: 1834: 1831: 1828: 1823: 1817: 1816: 1812: 1810: 1807: 1804: 1799: 1793: 1792: 1788: 1786: 1783: 1780: 1775: 1769: 1768: 1764: 1762: 1759: 1756: 1751: 1745: 1744: 1740: 1738: 1735: 1732: 1727: 1721: 1720: 1716: 1714: 1711: 1708: 1703: 1697: 1696: 1692: 1690: 1689:New Hampshire 1687: 1684: 1679: 1678:Norris Cotton 1673: 1672: 1668: 1666: 1663: 1660: 1655: 1649: 1648: 1644: 1642: 1639: 1636: 1631: 1625: 1624: 1620: 1618: 1615: 1612: 1607: 1601: 1600: 1596: 1594: 1591: 1588: 1583: 1577: 1576: 1572: 1570: 1567: 1564: 1559: 1558:Frank Carlson 1553: 1552: 1548: 1546: 1543: 1540: 1535: 1534:Howard Cannon 1529: 1528: 1524: 1522: 1521:West Virginia 1519: 1516: 1511: 1505: 1504: 1500: 1498: 1495: 1492: 1487: 1486:Harry F. Byrd 1481: 1480: 1476: 1474: 1471: 1468: 1463: 1457: 1456: 1452: 1450: 1447: 1444: 1439: 1433: 1432: 1428: 1426: 1423: 1420: 1415: 1409: 1408: 1404: 1402: 1399: 1396: 1391: 1385: 1384: 1380: 1378: 1375: 1372: 1367: 1361: 1360: 1356: 1354: 1351: 1348: 1343: 1337: 1336: 1332: 1330: 1327: 1324: 1319: 1313: 1312: 1308: 1306: 1303: 1300: 1295: 1289: 1288: 1284: 1282: 1279: 1276: 1271: 1265: 1264: 1260: 1258: 1255: 1252: 1247: 1246:Gordon Allott 1241: 1240: 1236: 1234: 1231: 1228: 1223: 1217: 1216: 1212: 1206: 1202: 1193: 1185: 1181: 1178: 1175: 1172: 1171: 1168: 1165: 1163: 1160: 1158: 1155: 1153: 1150: 1149: 1146: 1143: 1141: 1138: 1137: 1126: 1121: 1113: 1111: 1104:Final passage 1101: 1099: 1095: 1091: 1086: 1084: 1079: 1074: 1071: 1070:Thomas Kuchel 1067: 1063: 1058: 1056: 1052: 1048: 1043: 1041: 1037: 1033: 1029: 1025: 1021: 1020:Southern Bloc 1016: 1013: 1010: 1006: 1002: 998: 994: 989: 987: 980: 976: 971: 964: 960: 956: 952: 943: 939: 936: 931: 928: 924: 920: 916: 906: 904: 900: 896: 890: 888: 884: 880: 875: 873: 869: 865: 857: 852: 843: 841: 837: 833: 829: 826:, chaired by 825: 821: 816: 813: 809: 806: 791: 788: 784: 779: 777: 773: 768: 763: 761: 757: 756:Miller Center 753: 745: 740: 731: 729: 725: 721: 715: 713: 709: 708: 703: 702:Supreme Court 699: 695: 691: 681: 679: 675: 671: 667: 663: 659: 655: 651: 650:Black Cabinet 646: 644: 639: 635: 633: 629: 628: 612: 610: 605: 601: 597: 593: 589: 585: 582: 577: 575: 571: 567: 563: 559: 555: 551: 546: 544: 540: 536: 532: 528: 524: 520: 512: 508: 504: 497: 491: 478: 475: 473: 472: 468: 466: 465: 461: 460: 459: 458: 452: 449: 447: 444: 442: 439: 437: 434: 432: 429: 424: 420: 419: 418: 415: 413: 410: 408: 405: 403: 400: 398: 395: 393: 390: 388: 385: 383: 380: 378: 375: 373: 370: 368: 365: 364: 363: 358: 353: 349: 341: 336: 334: 329: 327: 322: 321: 318: 309: 303: 299: 295: 289: 286: 284: 281: 279: 276: 274: 271: 269: 266: 264: 261: 260: 257: 252: 245: 242:by President 241: 238: 235: 232: 229: 226: 223: 220: 218: 214: 211: 208: 204: 200: 196: 193: 192: 189: 184: 181: 178: 174: 168: 165: 163: 160: 159: 157: 153: 148: 145: 141: 137: 135: 129: 126: 123: 119: 114: 100: 96: 93: 89: 85: 80: 76: 72: 67: 61: 57: 40: 36: 32: 25: 20: 16304:Sportspeople 16274:Billionaires 16191:Sierra Leone 16094:Philadelphia 15930:Jacksonville 15757:Demographics 15589:Jack Johnson 15579:Muhammad Ali 15412:Conservatism 15347:Black church 15244:Andrew Young 15229:Ida B. Wells 15219:David Walker 15214:C. T. Vivian 15169:Paul Robeson 15164:Hiram Revels 15144:Colin Powell 15124:Barack Obama 15079:James Lawson 15034:Jimi Hendrix 15004:James Farmer 14999:Medgar Evers 14969:Ralph Bunche 14919:Maya Angelou 14893:Middle class 14771:Afrofuturism 14697: 14685: 14678: 14599: 14544: 14507: 14491: 14457:Afrocentrism 14447:Abolitionism 14329:Election law 14247:Publications 14156:Young adults 14070:Voter caging 14004:Early voting 13992:Voter access 13914: 13859:and agencies 13857:Federal laws 13605:Amendment 46 13491: 13483: 13475: 13467: 13459: 13451: 13443: 13435: 13427: 13419: 13411: 13403:Contracting, 13388: 13380: 13372: 13364: 13356: 13348: 13340: 13332: 13324: 13316: 13308: 13300: 13292: 13284: 13276: 13257: 13249: 13241: 13233: 13225: 13217: 13209: 13201: 13193: 13185: 13177: 13169: 13161: 13153: 13056: 13048: 13040: 12989:Mabel Vernon 12954:Alva Belmont 12895: 12820: 12801: 12794: 12783:(son-in-law) 12712: 12704: 12689: 12682: 12674: 12666: 12662:Johnson cult 12654: 12641:Public image 12474:Bibliography 12454:Bashir Ahmad 12300: 12291: 12284: 12125: 12116: 12108: 11929: 11908:Bibliography 11827: 11817: 11807: 11762: 11755:Arthur Evans 11743: 11727:Hickory Hill 11561:Presidential 11508:Space policy 11450:New Frontier 11328: 11281:Inauguration 11165: 11105:David Garrow 11085:John Dittmer 10956: 10883:Brown Chapel 10840: 10833: 10826: 10819: 10812: 10798: 10755: 10607:Andrew Young 10562:A. T. Walden 10557:C. T. Vivian 10517:Maxine Smith 10352:Homer Plessy 10332:James Orange 10287:Irene Morgan 10242:William Ming 10222:Ralph McGill 10157:Viola Liuzzo 10142:Jim Letherer 10127:James Lawson 10057:Vernon Johns 10047:Esau Jenkins 10002:Myles Horton 9952:Fred Hampton 9942:Prathia Hall 9932:Dick Gregory 9902:Marie Foster 9897:James Forman 9887:James Farmer 9872:Medgar Evers 9832:Angela Davis 9767:Ramsey Clark 9747:James Chaney 9742:Johnnie Carr 9722:Ralph Bunche 9717:H. Rap Brown 9707:Ruby Bridges 9667:Joanne Bland 9642:Claude Black 9622:Marion Barry 9592:Muhammad Ali 9419: 9355: 9348: 9309: 9287: 9256: 9249: 9244: 9091: 9052: 9045: 8975:Kissing Case 8950: 8907: 8890: 8881: 8874: 8867: 8860: 8853: 8829: 8821: 8741: 8731: 8719: 8680:as enacted ( 8660:as amended ( 8644: 8637: 8630: 8623: 8616: 8606: 8589: 8581: 8575: 8565: 8558: 8551: 8544: 8537: 8530: 8523: 8506: 8499: 8492: 8485: 8466: 8451: 8444: 8438:Bibliography 8406: 8403:Human Rights 8402: 8396: 8386:December 11, 8384:. Retrieved 8375: 8365: 8353:. Retrieved 8334: 8322:. Retrieved 8311: 8286:. Retrieved 8275: 8247:. Retrieved 8236: 8229:Liptak, Adam 8223: 8211:. Retrieved 8202: 8193: 8182:, retrieved 8176: 8155:. Retrieved 8151: 8142: 8130:. Retrieved 8126: 8117: 8105:|title= 8084:. Retrieved 8075: 8046: 8038: 8013: 8002: 7990:. Retrieved 7981: 7972: 7953: 7941:. Retrieved 7929: 7919: 7907:. Retrieved 7896: 7868:. Retrieved 7857: 7833:. Retrieved 7822: 7812: 7786: 7774:. Retrieved 7760: 7748:. Retrieved 7739: 7729: 7717:. Retrieved 7699: 7683: 7678: 7660: 7634: 7625: 7615:December 28, 7613:. Retrieved 7599: 7587:. Retrieved 7576: 7567: 7555:. Retrieved 7551:the original 7541: 7531: 7527: 7515:. Retrieved 7511:the original 7488:– via 7482:. Retrieved 7471: 7462: 7450:. Retrieved 7432: 7420:. Retrieved 7416:the original 7412:CongressLink 7411: 7402: 7392:December 15, 7390:. Retrieved 7386:the original 7376: 7366:December 15, 7364:. Retrieved 7360:the original 7335:. 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Retrieved 5528: 5493: 5480: 5414: 5357: 5335: 5324: 5323: 5311: 5304: 5300: 5296: 5295: 5290:Neil Gorsuch 5281: 5279: 5263: 5259: 5245: 5231: 5217: 5203: 5189: 5182: 5180: 5168: 5150: 5149: 5137: 5123: 5109: 5089: 5088: 5076: 5058: 5057: 5045: 5031: 5017: 5000: 4988: 4974: 4961: 4953: 4951: 4939: 4925: 4906: 4892: 4878: 4867: 4865: 4853: 4834: 4826: 4812: 4798: 4784: 4777: 4774: 4762: 4743: 4739: 4717: 4716: 4702: 4701: 4690: 4689: 4672: 4671: 4657: 4651: 4637: 4621: 4585: 4570: 4549: 4538: 4533: 4516: 4499: 4493: 4477: 4458: 4454: 4453: 4418:antisemitism 4405: 4401: 4400: 4388: 4384: 4380: 4376: 4375: 4370: 4369: 4351: 4350: 4340: 4339: 4329: 4328: 4317: 4316: 4298: 4297: 4271: 4257: 4251: 4245: 4243: 4215: 4208: 4201: 4186: 4146: 4134:Ted Sorensen 4126: 4094:Jacob Javits 4079: 4063: 4052:Pauli Murray 4033: 4026: 4022:Carl Elliott 4002: 3903: 3898: 3896: 3856:), two from 3850:J. J. Pickle 3831: 3822: 3733: 3722: 3711: 3687: 3676: 3665: 3654: 3630: 3626: 3624: 3585:North Dakota 3574:Milton Young 3249:Pennsylvania 3057:Rhode Island 3009:Rhode Island 2998:John Pastore 2913:South Dakota 2673:South Dakota 2302:Jacob Javits 2206:Roman Hruska 2086:Vance Hartke 1798:Paul Douglas 1641:Pennsylvania 1606:Frank Church 1473:North Dakota 1294:Bob Bartlett 1222:George Aiken 1166: 1161: 1156: 1151: 1134:Total votes 1107: 1094:brain cancer 1087: 1075: 1059: 1044: 1017: 990: 983: 940: 932: 923:bully pulpit 912: 891: 876: 861: 802: 780: 764: 749: 716: 705: 687: 670:Harry Truman 647: 640: 636: 625: 623: 578: 547: 519:civil rights 515:July 2, 1964 489: 487: 469: 462: 456: 455: 435: 361: 239: 233: 227: 221: 212: 194: 155:Acts amended 150:Codification 60: 38: 29:This is the 23: 16324:US senators 16294:Republicans 16279:Journalists 16136:San Antonio 16101:Puerto Rico 16042:Mississippi 15935:Tallahassee 15908:Los Angeles 15599:Jesse Owens 15584:Arthur Ashe 15442:Nationalism 15432:Raised fist 15395:Black power 15300:in medicine 15234:Roy Wilkins 15189:Emmett Till 15174:Al Sharpton 14939:Julian Bond 14934:James Bevel 14898:Upper class 14888:Stereotypes 14781:Black mecca 14693:Plantations 14472:Black Codes 14302:Citizenship 14043:Vote denial 13681:Edward Blum 13567:initiatives 13510:legislation 13053:(2004 film) 13045:(1920 book) 12715:(2017 film) 12707:(2014 film) 12690:All the Way 12685:(2002 film) 12683:Path to War 12395:(1937–1949) 12383:(1949–1961) 12375:(1961–1963) 12364:(1963–1969) 12247:Ted Kennedy 12133:Yad Kennedy 11401:Vietnam War 11381:Peace Corps 11252:(1947–1953) 11240:(1953–1960) 11232:(1961–1963) 11125:Doug McAdam 11095:Chuck Fager 10722:Nonviolence 10627:James Zwerg 10622:Bob Zellner 10582:Roy Wilkins 10532:Hank Thomas 10467:Pete Seeger 10462:Bobby Seale 10327:Jack O'Dell 10322:Edgar Nixon 10252:Amzie Moore 10247:Jack Minnis 10187:Mae Mallory 10172:Clara Luper 10132:Bernard Lee 10022:Cecil Ivory 10017:Ruby Hurley 9987:Oliver Hill 9982:Aaron Henry 9882:Chuck Fager 9842:Dave Dennis 9732:Guy Carawan 9672:Julian Bond 9637:James Bevel 9627:Daisy Bates 8898:Emmett Till 8781:(1954–1968) 8378:. 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