352:
act to create more bureaucratic officials involved with policy making (rather than administration) and that were more closely politically controlled by the presidency. The CSRA arose from a growing wariness of the United States
Government by the general American population. Preceding the Act in 1978 was nearly a decade of major blunders committed by the White House. In short, the federal government had "widely over-promised and woefully underperformed". Incidents like the Watergate scandal coupled with the consensus public opinion of the Vietnam War being a complete failure led the push for reform. The CSRA sought to fix common problems across the public sector such as eliminating manipulation of the merit system without inhibiting the entire structure, how to both invest authority in managers while simultaneously protecting employee from said authority, limit unnecessary or excessive spending, and make the federal work force mirror the American people more closely.
419:
affected unequal hiring methods, has not formed a division of experienced administrators that it was supposed to, and has been ignored by certain agencies. Others claim that the CSRA was a pervasive attempt to reform and restrain a large government bureaucracy in the United States. On the other side of the argument, it is claimed that many provisions in the CSRA have spread globally and that the CSRA has had a serious impact on public administration systems all over the world. It is also claimed that the CSRA has incorporated âlong-lasting strategies based on improved responsiveness and competitiveness of federal employees" and that the CSRA has moderately improved employee attitudes in the workplace.
27:
2066:
347:) and President Nixon (Executive Order 11491), but neither executive orders truly fixed the problems with the original act. By the time President Carter took office in 1977, the Lloyd-LaFollette Act was perceived as entirely obsolete and forced the necessity of legislative reform. With the American public wary of the organization of government following
368:
In March, President Jimmy Carter sent a proposal to
Congress to bring about civil service reform in order to âbring efficiency and accountability to the Federal Government.â Congress spent 7 months forming and enacting the legislation and in August 1978, Congress approved the plan that restructured
351:
and the OPEC embargo, President Carter's time in office coincided with a period in which bureaucratic organization was open to "reexamination". Carter ran his campaign promising to "strengthen presidential control over federal services", and once in office created the CSRA. Carter intended for the
401:
In addition to the creation of new agencies, a new grade classification for the governmentâs top managers was created - the Senior
Executive Service (SES). These managers were strategically positioned throughout the government and were rewarded via bonuses based on merit. Middle managers were now
418:
major domestic achievements. However, the long lasting effects and the legacy of the CSRA are widely disputed. Some claim that the CSRA has accomplished virtually nothing. Others claim that the CSRA has accomplished quite a bit. On one side of the argument, it is claimed that the CSRA has not
392:
The MSPB conducts studies of the federal civil service and hears appeals of federal employees who have been disciplined or otherwise separated from their positions. Personnel actions which discriminate among employees based on marital status, political activity, or political affiliation are
282:
396:
FLRA oversees the rights of federal employees to form collective bargaining units (unions) to bargain with agencies. The CSRA imposes standards on the officers of those unions which are enforced by the Office of Labor-Management
Standards in the U.S. Department of
377:
The Civil
Service Reform Act of 1978 created rules and procedures for federal civilian employees. There were two parts to the reform; The Reorganization Plan and the Civil Service Reform Act. The Reorganization Plan divided the
1387:
364:
of 1883. Leading up to the passing of the CSRA, the federal government grew in both size and complexity, causing the public to question the governmentâs cost and blame policy failures on the bureaucrats.
165:
1258:
343:
in 1912. However this act only allowed for employees to unionize together and petition the government, but gave them no real bargaining power. The Act was amended by both
President Kennedy (
2388:
1382:
393:
prohibited by the CSRA. Federal employees may file complaints regarding possible violations of this rule with the Office of
Special Counsel, which was created as a subunit of the MSPB.
1074:
447:
402:
paid and rewarded based on evaluations and merit only. The act also created processes for firing employees found to be incompetent and provided protection for "whistleblowers".
938:
1233:
1093:
382:(CSC) into the Office of Personnel Management (OPM) and the Merit Systems Protection Board (MSPB). Additionally, the Federal Labor Regulations Authority (FLRA) was created.
1723:
1611:
1579:
1057:
698:
225:
2263:
933:
1786:
2393:
1192:
1118:
291:
268:
249:
230:
1454:
1047:
311:, (October 13, 1978, Pub.L. 95â454, 92 Stat. 1111) (CSRA), reformed the civil service of the United States federal government, partly in response to the
2383:
1806:
1449:
1263:
1141:
434:
1841:
992:
773:
Lee, Haksoo; Cayer, N. Joseph; Lan, G. Zhiyong (2006). "Changing
Federal Government Employee Attitudes Since the Civil Service Reform Act of 1978".
730:
Lah, T. J.; Perry, James L. (2008-06-11). "The
Diffusion of the Civil Service Reform Act of 1978 in OECD Countries: A Tale of Two Paths to Reform".
1437:
955:
1407:
960:
928:
923:
918:
665:
2398:
2352:
1754:
1606:
1574:
1305:
324:
320:
2378:
2326:
1466:
1158:
1027:
1427:
1397:
1320:
967:
2243:
1626:
1594:
1285:
1163:
1151:
982:
2278:
2103:
1861:
1665:
1621:
1601:
1589:
1569:
1370:
913:
903:
894:
855:
389:
OPM provides management guidance to agencies of the executive branch and issues regulations that control federal human resources.
1375:
1067:
834:
1891:
1677:
1168:
1125:
1113:
1343:
2305:
1856:
1704:
1616:
1584:
1553:
1548:
1213:
1180:
945:
1770:
1338:
1330:
1253:
1248:
428:
411:
361:
213:
950:
2336:
1533:
708:
328:
116:
103:
2288:
1917:
1295:
1280:
151:
2331:
1922:
1682:
1655:
1642:
1521:
1516:
1511:
1506:
1088:
244:
84:
76:
2298:
2293:
1747:
1486:
1273:
1208:
977:
858:
514:
2373:
1821:
1496:
1417:
1010:
316:
2248:
1731:
1714:
1491:
1315:
1238:
1098:
1017:
972:
908:
866:
2096:
1353:
46:
1877:
1836:
1461:
1412:
1228:
889:
827:
415:
2273:
2258:
2191:
1985:
1935:
1672:
1290:
340:
69:
339:
The original legislation allowing federal employees to organize together and protect rights was the
2206:
2196:
1973:
1442:
1268:
1218:
379:
2283:
2238:
2216:
2201:
1694:
2310:
2268:
2253:
2211:
2089:
1897:
1762:
143:
120:
530:
Sundquist, James L. (1979). "Jimmy carter as public administrator: An appraisal at mid-term".
2165:
2069:
2009:
1991:
1739:
1243:
1187:
1175:
1103:
1032:
820:
344:
295:
272:
253:
234:
486:
Coleman, Charles (1980). "The Civil
Service Reform Act of 1978: Its Meaning and Its Roots".
128:
26:
2223:
1997:
1831:
1660:
1037:
877:
629:
Knudsen, Steven; Jakus, Larry; Metz, Maida (1979). "The civil service reform act of 1978".
287:
8:
2233:
2003:
1941:
1929:
1826:
1360:
1348:
1310:
1080:
1022:
869:
465:"The Promise and Paradox of Civil Service Reform" by: P. W. Ingraham and D. H. Rosenbloom
147:
1699:
1501:
1005:
798:
755:
646:
582:
547:
263:
237:
192:
174:
110:
616:"Jimmy carter: Civil service reform act of 1978 statement on signing S. 2640 into law"
275:
2131:
1851:
1816:
1778:
1300:
802:
790:
759:
747:
704:
673:
650:
510:
360:
The CSRA was the first federally passed comprehensive civil service reform since the
348:
312:
256:
1883:
782:
739:
638:
574:
539:
468:"Bureaucratic Response to Civil Service Reform" by: Naomi Lynn and Richard E. Vaden
410:
The CSRA was one of the largest reforms in Federal personnel regulations since the
462:"The 1978 Civil Service Reform Act: Post-Mortem or Rebirth?" by: Gregory D. Foster
459:"Political Scientists See Little Impact of 1978 Civil Service Law" by: Adam Clymer
2033:
1967:
1949:
1422:
1062:
1052:
1000:
2175:
1365:
1042:
642:
615:
1388:
Solar Photovoltaic Energy Research, Development, and Demonstration Act of 1978
2367:
2170:
2155:
2126:
2112:
2055:
1650:
794:
786:
751:
743:
677:
2151:
2021:
2015:
1846:
1223:
843:
202:
2146:
2136:
2048:
2027:
1794:
1689:
1108:
155:
88:
2141:
1979:
1259:
Financial Institutions Regulatory and Interest Rate Control Act of 1978
551:
448:"Fired Federal Employees Have Limited Route for Challenging Dismissals"
283:
Ohio Adjutant General's Department v. Federal Labor Relations Authority
628:
586:
319:
and distributed its functions primarily among three new agencies: the
1432:
1383:
Nuclear Safety, Research, Demonstration, and Development Act of 1980
543:
454:
The Future of Merit: Twenty Years After the Civil Service Reform Act
2160:
578:
666:"Political Scientists See Little Impact of 1978 Civil Service Law"
2228:
700:
Legislating Bureaucratic Change: Civil Service Reform Act of 1978
2081:
565:
Cambell, Alan (1978). "Civil service reform: A new commitment".
812:
2389:
United States federal government administration legislation
602:
Encyclopedia of Public Administration and Public Policy
1455:
Office of Surface Mining Reclamation and Enforcement
509:. New York, NY: Peter Lang Publishing. p. 159.
437:(Title VII of the Civil Service Reform Act of 1978)
1450:Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act of 1977
1264:Federal Financial Institutions Examination Council
435:Federal Service Labor-Management Relations Statute
1842:United Nations Prize in the Field of Human Rights
2365:
1438:Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry
1408:Alaska National Interest Lands Conservation Act
2097:
828:
104:Title 5âGovernment Organization and Employees
2394:United States Office of Personnel Management
2353:Civil service reform in developing countries
1306:Tax Reduction and Simplification Act of 1977
1193:U.S. Department of Health and Human Services
187:on October 4, 1978 (agreed) and by the
1467:Uranium Mill Tailings Radiation Control Act
1159:Cooperative Forestry Assistance Act of 1978
1028:International Emergency Economic Powers Act
772:
2104:
2090:
835:
821:
412:Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act of 1883
181:Reported by the joint conference committee
2384:Civil service reform in the United States
1428:Endangered Species Act Amendments of 1978
1321:Crude Oil Windfall Profit Tax Act of 1980
1058:Support for Iraq during the Iran-Iraq War
775:Review of Public Personnel Administration
732:Review of Public Personnel Administration
529:
1666:Jimmy & Rosalynn Carter Work Project
1462:Three Mile Island accident investigation
1164:Department of Education Organization Act
729:
696:
599:
37:An Act to reform the civil service laws.
1371:National Energy Conservation Policy Act
564:
504:
485:
2366:
1376:Public Utility Regulatory Policies Act
663:
2085:
1892:Jimmy Carter National Historical Park
1678:Jimmy Carter National Historical Park
1126:Nuclear Non-Proliferation Act of 1978
1114:Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act
816:
2399:Whistleblower protection legislation
1344:Federal Energy Regulatory Commission
1286:HumphreyâHawkins Full Employment Act
1705:Continuity of Government Commission
1214:Agricultural Adjustment Act of 1980
1181:Federal Emergency Management Agency
456:by: J.P. Pfiffner & D.A. Brooks
355:
13:
2379:Civil service in the United States
2327:National civil service commissions
1771:We Can Have Peace in the Holy Land
1254:Federal Reserve Reform Act of 1977
1249:Fair Debt Collection Practices Act
1068:IranâUnited States Claims Tribunal
429:Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act
14:
2410:
2111:
1048:Engagement with Ruhollah Khomeini
622:
608:
593:
558:
523:
498:
479:
385:Responsibilities are as follows:
329:Federal Labor Relations Authority
2065:
2064:
1418:Clean Air Act Amendments of 1977
1296:National Aquaculture Act of 1980
1281:Food and Agriculture Act of 1977
1147:Civil Service Reform Act of 1978
842:
507:Politics of Civil Service Reform
309:Civil Service Reform Act of 1978
25:
20:Civil Service Reform Act of 1978
1857:CarterâMenil Human Rights Prize
1683:Jimmy and Rosalynn Carter House
1656:Presidential Library and Museum
1089:Strategic Arms Limitation Talks
1075:Diplomatic relations with China
766:
723:
245:Elgin v. Department of Treasury
1748:Palestine: Peace Not Apartheid
1274:Right to Financial Privacy Act
1209:Agricultural Trade Act of 1978
978:Solar power at the White House
859:President of the United States
697:Ingraham, Patricia W. (1984).
690:
657:
372:
369:federal personnel management.
325:Merit Systems Protection Board
321:Office of Personnel Management
1:
1945:(2002 television documentary)
1822:Presidential Medal of Freedom
472:
317:U.S. Civil Service Commission
1898:Georgia State Capitol statue
1316:Trade Agreements Act of 1979
1239:Electronic Fund Transfer Act
1169:U.S. Department of Education
1099:1980 Summer Olympics boycott
567:Public Administration Review
532:Public Administration Review
7:
2036:(first cousin once removed)
1354:Synthetic Fuels Corporation
664:Clymer, Adam (1982-05-03).
631:Public Personnel Management
422:
214:United States Supreme Court
166:Senate Governmental Affairs
47:95th United States Congress
10:
2415:
1878:Jimmy Carter Peanut Statue
1837:Philadelphia Liberty Medal
1502:State of the Union Address
1413:Antarctic Conservation Act
1229:Community Reinvestment Act
643:10.1177/009102607900800306
600:Coggburn, Jarrell (2003).
441:
405:
334:
2345:
2319:
2184:
2119:
2043:
1960:
1907:
1870:
1805:
1713:
1641:
1562:
1541:
1532:
1479:
1396:
1339:U.S. Department of Energy
1329:
1291:Motor Carrier Act of 1980
1201:
1134:
1011:EgyptâIsrael peace treaty
991:
888:
850:
220:
212:
191:on October 6, 1978 (
173:on August 24, 1978 (
135:
126:
109:
99:
94:
75:
65:
60:
52:
41:
33:
24:
16:United States legislation
2337:Civil service by country
1443:National Priorities List
1269:National security letter
1219:Airline Deregulation Act
1152:Senior Executive Service
1018:TorrijosâCarter Treaties
787:10.1177/0734371X05276936
744:10.1177/0734371X08319950
380:Civil Service Commission
315:. The Act abolished the
1755:reaction and commentary
1695:Nairobi Agreement, 1999
1487:Moral Equivalent of War
1423:Clean Water Act of 1977
505:Schultz, David (1998).
416:Carter Administration's
226:United States v. Fausto
185:agreed to by the Senate
162:Committee consideration
2332:Government occupations
1763:Beyond the White House
1612:running mate selection
1580:running mate selection
1497:A Crisis of Confidence
2166:Public administration
2010:Ruth Carter Stapleton
1992:James Earl Carter Sr.
1740:Our Endangered Values
1244:Executive Order 12086
1188:Executive Order 12172
1176:Executive Order 12148
1104:Executive Order 12036
1033:Executive Order 12170
956:Judicial appointments
878:Georgia State Senator
345:Executive Order 10988
341:LloydâLa Follette Act
2374:1978 in American law
2185:By country/territory
1998:Lillian Gordy Carter
1832:Silver Buffalo Award
1661:Habitat for Humanity
1038:Operation Eagle Claw
183:on October 4, 1978;
2004:Gloria Carter Spann
1827:Freedom of the City
1492:Island of Stability
1361:National Energy Act
1349:Energy Security Act
1311:Revenue Act of 1978
1094:International trips
1081:Goldwater v. Carter
1023:Iran hostage crisis
946:Political positions
870:Governor of Georgia
205:on October 13, 1978
148:Abraham A. Ribicoff
129:Legislative history
21:
1953:(2007 documentary)
1724:Everything to Gain
1700:One America Appeal
1006:Camp David Accords
670:The New York Times
414:and is one of the
264:Kloeckner v. Solis
158:) on March 3, 1978
19:
2361:
2360:
2132:Government agency
2079:
2078:
1852:Christopher Award
1817:Nobel Peace Prize
1779:White House Diary
1732:The Hornet's Nest
1637:
1636:
1475:
1474:
1301:Staggers Rail Act
983:Reagan transition
968:Executive Actions
488:Labor Law Journal
450:by: Robert Barnes
313:Watergate scandal
305:
304:
171:Passed the Senate
142:in the Senate as
78:Statutes at Large
2406:
2299:Northern Ireland
2106:
2099:
2092:
2083:
2082:
2068:
2067:
1787:A Call to Action
1539:
1538:
989:
988:
881:
873:
862:
837:
830:
823:
814:
813:
807:
806:
770:
764:
763:
727:
721:
720:
718:
717:
694:
688:
687:
685:
684:
661:
655:
654:
626:
620:
619:
612:
606:
605:
597:
591:
590:
562:
556:
555:
527:
521:
520:
502:
496:
495:
483:
356:Drafting process
327:(MSPB), and the
131:
113:sections created
79:
56:October 13, 1978
29:
22:
18:
2414:
2413:
2409:
2408:
2407:
2405:
2404:
2403:
2364:
2363:
2362:
2357:
2341:
2315:
2180:
2115:
2110:
2080:
2075:
2056:Ronald Reagan â
2039:
2034:Hugh Carter Jr.
1968:Rosalynn Carter
1956:
1950:Man from Plains
1903:
1866:
1808:
1801:
1709:
1643:Post-presidency
1633:
1558:
1528:
1471:
1399:
1392:
1325:
1202:Economic policy
1197:
1142:Cannabis policy
1135:Domestic policy
1130:
1063:Algiers Accords
1053:1979 oil crisis
1001:Carter Doctrine
987:
973:Rabbit incident
892:
884:
876:
865:
854:
846:
841:
811:
810:
771:
767:
728:
724:
715:
713:
711:
695:
691:
682:
680:
662:
658:
627:
623:
614:
613:
609:
598:
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563:
559:
544:10.2307/3110370
528:
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517:
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484:
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444:
425:
408:
375:
358:
337:
301:
208:
199:Signed into law
127:
77:
42:Enacted by
17:
12:
11:
5:
2412:
2402:
2401:
2396:
2391:
2386:
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2376:
2359:
2358:
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2346:
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2342:
2340:
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2329:
2323:
2321:
2317:
2316:
2314:
2313:
2311:European Union
2308:
2303:
2302:
2301:
2294:United Kingdom
2291:
2286:
2281:
2276:
2271:
2266:
2261:
2256:
2251:
2246:
2241:
2236:
2231:
2226:
2221:
2220:
2219:
2209:
2204:
2199:
2194:
2188:
2186:
2182:
2181:
2179:
2178:
2176:Public service
2173:
2168:
2163:
2158:
2149:
2144:
2139:
2134:
2129:
2123:
2121:
2117:
2116:
2109:
2108:
2101:
2094:
2086:
2077:
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2074:
2073:
2060:
2059:
2052:
2044:
2041:
2040:
2038:
2037:
2031:
2025:
2019:
2013:
2007:
2001:
1995:
1989:
1983:
1977:
1971:
1964:
1962:
1958:
1957:
1955:
1954:
1946:
1938:
1933:
1927:
1926:
1925:
1920:
1911:
1909:
1905:
1904:
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1901:
1895:
1889:
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1402:
1394:
1393:
1391:
1390:
1385:
1380:
1379:
1378:
1373:
1368:
1366:Energy Tax Act
1358:
1357:
1356:
1346:
1341:
1335:
1333:
1327:
1326:
1324:
1323:
1318:
1313:
1308:
1303:
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1236:
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1211:
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1203:
1199:
1198:
1196:
1195:
1190:
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1183:
1173:
1172:
1171:
1161:
1156:
1155:
1154:
1144:
1138:
1136:
1132:
1131:
1129:
1128:
1123:
1122:
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1111:
1106:
1101:
1096:
1091:
1086:
1085:
1084:
1072:
1071:
1070:
1065:
1060:
1055:
1050:
1045:
1043:Canadian Caper
1040:
1035:
1030:
1020:
1015:
1014:
1013:
1003:
997:
995:
993:Foreign policy
986:
985:
980:
975:
970:
965:
964:
963:
953:
948:
943:
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961:controversies
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710:9780873958851
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573:(2): 99â103.
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362:Pendleton Act
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201:by President
200:
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36:
32:
28:
23:
2349:
2152:Merit system
2063:
2054:
2047:
2022:Emily Dolvin
2016:Billy Carter
1986:Jason Carter
1948:
1942:Jimmy Carter
1940:
1936:UFO incident
1886:Jimmy Carter
1885:
1862:Grammy Award
1847:Hoover Medal
1793:
1785:
1777:
1769:
1761:
1746:
1738:
1730:
1722:
1563:Presidential
1224:Carter bonds
1146:
1079:
939:January 1981
909:Inauguration
844:Jimmy Carter
781:(1): 21â51.
778:
774:
768:
735:
731:
725:
714:. Retrieved
699:
692:
681:. Retrieved
669:
659:
634:
630:
624:
610:
601:
595:
570:
566:
560:
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531:
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494:(4): 200â07.
491:
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453:
409:
400:
384:
376:
367:
359:
338:
308:
306:
281:
262:
243:
224:
203:Jimmy Carter
198:
188:
184:
180:
170:
161:
144:S. 2640
139:
95:Codification
2264:New Zealand
2147:Technocracy
2137:Bureaucracy
2028:Hugh Carter
1974:Jack Carter
1930:Mary Prince
1914:Residences
1795:A Full Life
1690:White House
1109:Refugee Act
880:(1963â1967)
872:(1971â1975)
861:(1977â1981)
538:(1): 3â11.
373:Description
323:(OPM), the
278: (2012)
259: (2012)
240: (1988)
2368:Categories
2320:Categories
2197:Bangladesh
2142:Bureaucrat
1988:(grandson)
1982:(daughter)
1980:Amy Carter
1918:Birthplace
1809:and honors
1673:The Elders
1617:convention
1585:convention
1119:FISA Court
904:Transition
890:Presidency
738:: 282â99.
716:2015-04-28
683:2015-04-28
516:0820433799
473:References
140:Introduced
66:Public law
34:Long title
2350:See also:
2289:Sri Lanka
2284:Singapore
2217:Hong Kong
2192:Australia
2018:(brother)
1884:USS
1607:primaries
1575:primaries
1534:Elections
1433:Superfund
1234:DIDMC Act
803:155000699
795:0734-371X
760:154359586
752:0734-371X
678:0362-4331
651:168751164
349:Watergate
61:Citations
53:Effective
2274:Pakistan
2259:Malaysia
2161:Diplomat
2120:Concepts
2070:Category
2030:(cousin)
2012:(sister)
2006:(sister)
2000:(mother)
1994:(father)
1627:election
1595:election
1480:Speeches
914:Timeline
895:timeline
423:See also
331:(FLRA).
117:5 U.S.C.
83:92
2269:Nigeria
2244:Ireland
2229:Germany
1932:(nanny)
1908:Related
1751:(2006)
1622:debates
1590:debates
951:Cabinet
618:. 1978.
552:3110370
442:Sources
406:Effects
335:History
288:21-1454
2279:Russia
2234:Greece
2224:France
2207:Canada
2202:Brazil
2024:(aunt)
1970:(wife)
1961:Family
1900:(1994)
1894:(1987)
1880:(1976)
1871:Legacy
1807:Awards
1798:(2015)
1790:(2014)
1782:(2010)
1774:(2009)
1766:(2007)
1743:(2006)
1735:(2003)
1727:(1987)
1400:policy
801:
793:
758:
750:
707:
676:
649:
587:976281
585:
550:
513:
431:(1883)
397:Labor.
290:,
286:, No.
121:ch. 11
111:U.S.C.
87:
70:95-454
2254:Japan
2249:Italy
2239:India
2212:China
1976:(son)
1715:Books
799:S2CID
756:S2CID
647:S2CID
583:JSTOR
548:JSTOR
294:
271:
252:
233:
216:cases
193:365-8
189:House
119:
85:Stat.
1923:Home
1554:1970
1549:1966
1522:1981
1517:1980
1512:1979
1507:1978
934:1980
929:1979
924:1978
919:1977
867:76th
856:39th
791:ISSN
748:ISSN
705:ISBN
674:ISSN
511:ISBN
307:The
296:U.S.
273:U.S.
254:U.S.
235:U.S.
175:87-1
89:1111
45:the
783:doi
740:doi
639:doi
575:doi
540:doi
292:598
269:568
250:567
238:439
231:484
164:by
146:by
2370::
2154:/
797:.
789:.
779:26
777:.
754:.
746:.
736:28
734:.
672:.
668:.
645:.
633:.
581:.
571:39
569:.
546:.
536:39
534:.
492:31
490:.
276:41
267:,
248:,
229:,
156:CT
2105:e
2098:t
2091:v
897:)
893:(
836:e
829:t
822:v
805:.
785::
762:.
742::
719:.
686:.
653:.
641::
635:8
589:.
577::
554:.
542::
519:.
257:1
195:)
177:)
154:â
152:D
150:(
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