1326:-explanation to the conflicts have lost ground more recently, as they seem to have little foundation in the sources. It has not been possible to show empirically that an increased stratification of society in fact took place at all in this period. Indeed, recent studies seem to indicate that this was not the case. Knut Helle emphasises the steady strengthening of royal power throughout the civil war era. When the period ended, the concept of a unitary kingdom (as opposed to power-sharing) had been accepted, the beginnings of a centralized administration had appeared and the king's power had increased so that a strong king would be able to contain social and geographical splits without them leading to open war. In this perspective the civil wars can be seen as the final phase in the unification of Norway into one kingdom.
749:
858:
1322:, sought to explain the civil wars on a social and economic basis. They assumed that Norwegian society became more stratified in the 12th century, with large groups of previously self-owning farmers sinking to the status of tenant-farmers, while the lendmenn and the Church amassed great landholdings. This created conflicts which found an outlet in the civil wars. There is also an assumption that certain regions, such as TrĂžndelag and inner parts of eastern Norway, were more egalitarian and therefore opposed the more stratified regions of the country. These attempts to introduce a form of
845:. This development has been seen as the first sign of a new stage in the civil wars: The warring parties no longer simply sprung up around a king or pretender but stayed together after the fall of their leader and elected a new figurehead, heralding the formation of more firmly organized warring factions. A figurehead is all that HĂ„kon could have been in 1157, as he was only ten years old. However, his followers had him named king and continued the fight against Inge. In 1161 they succeeded in killing Inge in
184:
1214:
launched his candidacy to the throne of Norway in opposition to HĂ„kon, along with Sigurd
Erlingsson Ribbung and two other pretenders. However, the meeting ended with HĂ„kon being confirmed as king. As HĂ„kon grew up and gradually took the reins of power into his own hands, Skule's position steadily declined. In an attempt at preserving the peace between the two, HĂ„kon married Skule's daughter Margaret in 1225. In 1237 Skule was given the title of duke (
1175:
1303:, the aristocracy saw the king as a tool by which they governed the country. Consequently, they supported weak kings but were eventually beaten by the strong king Sverre. The same views are expounded concerning the involvement of the Church. These explanations lost credence as it became clear that the lendmenn seemed to be evenly split on different sides, both before and after King Sverre. Sverre himself even had some of the lendmenn on his side.
571:
940:
29:
1116:. The war between the Bagler, with the open support of the Church, and the birkebeiner was to last for the rest of Sverre's reign. They were not able to depose Sverre, but neither was he able to win a decisive victory against them. When Sverre died from disease in Bergen in 1202, he was the first king of Norway to die of natural causes since King Sigurd the Crusader in 1130. His last act was to advise his son and heir,
1267:... for more than a century back, although the succession of kings there had been rapid, yet none of them had ended his days by age or sickness, but all had perished by the sword, leaving the dignity of empire to their assassins as their lawful successors; so that, indeed, the expression, "Hast thou killed, and also taken possession?" may seem to apply to all who reigned there for so long a space of time.
1206:, the most powerful man of the kingdom. When the Bagler king Philippus died later the same year, Skule moved quickly. He managed to persuade the Bagler not to elect a new king of their own. Instead, they officially dissolved their party and swore fealty to HĂ„kon HĂ„konsson, thus reuniting the kingdom. Discontented elements remained and a revolt in eastern Norway, led by a son of Erling Stonewall called
1282:
animosities as a factor, pointing to the fact that different pretenders often found their main support in certain parts of the country. Also important was the involvement of foreign powers: Danish and, to a lesser extent, Swedish kings were always ready to lend their support to factions in the
Norwegian wars, with an eye to extending their own influence, particularly in the Viken (Oslofjord) area.
675:, emerged. In their competition for power, the legitimacy dimension retained its symbolic power, but it was bent to accommodate the parties' pragmatic selection of effective leaders to realize their political aspirations. When they reconciled in 1217, a more ordered and codified governmental system gradually freed Norway from wars to overthrow the lawful monarch. In 1239, Duke
705:
two or more worthy candidates for the throne existed. The relationship between such co-rulers was often tense, but open conflict was generally averted. Clear succession laws did not exist. The main criterion for being considered a worthy candidate for the throne was to be a descendant of Harald
Fairhair through the male lineâlegitimate or illegitimate birth was not an issue.
821:, a son of Harald Gille. Ăystein claimed part of his father's inheritance and was given the title of king, with a third of the kingdom. The three brothers ruled together, apparently in peace, until 1155. According to the sagas, Ăystein and Sigurd Munn laid plans to depose their brother Inge and divide his share of the kingdom between them. At the urging of his mother
1385:(1217 to 1263). These sagas were written very shortly after the events they describe. However, as they don't overlap, we are given only one version of events (with the partial exception of the Bagler Sagas, which exist in two versions for the period 1202 to 1209), and this version tends to be from the viewpoint of the main character of the saga.
832:, Inge decided to strike first, at a meeting among the three kings in Bergen. Sigurd Munn was attacked and killed by Inge's men before Ăystein had had time to arrive in the city. Inge and Ăystein then reached a tenuous settlement, but conditions between them soon deteriorated into open warfare, ending with Ăystein's capture and murder in
796:, named king. Sigurd Slembe liberated Magnus the Blind from his enforced monastic life and allied himself with him. The war between Sigurd Slembe and Magnus the Blind on the one side, and Harald Gille's old supporters with his young sons on the other, dragged on until 1139, when Magnus and Sigurd were defeated in
900:
The action of Erling and the rest of his party in electing Magnus
Erlingsson as their leader was a radical one, as it broke with one of the traditional principles of who might become king: Magnus was not a king's son. He was only descended from the ancient royal line through his mother. To compensate
704:
in 872, but the process of unification took a long time to complete and consolidate. By the mid-11th century the process seems to have been completed. However, it was still not uncommon for several rulers to share the kingship. This seems to have been the common way of solving disputes in cases where
978:
and claimed to have recently discovered that he was in fact the son of King Sigurd Munn. His claim was widely disbelieved at the time (as well as by most modern historians). However, after taking over leadership of the
Birkebeiner, he became a rallying point for everyone disgruntled with the rule of
918:
was also introduced which only allowed the oldest legitimate son to inherit. For the next decade or so, Magnus
Erlingsson's position as king, with Erling Skakke as the real leader of the country, seemed secure. Erling ruthlessly eliminated any potential rivals to his son. He was also allied at times
1281:
has suggested that the practice of power-sharing was actually a good way of governing the kingdom in the first period after its unification, and that tendencies towards centralization, and a unitary kingdom, were important factors in triggering the wars. Edvard Bull has also emphasized geographical
1213:
The election of HĂ„kon as king in 1217 seems to have been considered something of a temporary solution until a permanent arrangement could be reached, and Skule undoubtedly hoped that he would soon take over the throne. At a gathering of the most important men of the kingdom in Bergen in 1223, Skule
651:
In the absence of formal laws governing claims to rule, men who had proper lineage and wanted to be king came forward and entered into peaceful, if still fraught, agreements to let one man be king, set up temporary lines of succession, take turns ruling, or share power simultaneously. In 1130, with
1276:
Modern historians have put forward many views and explanations of the civil war era. The contemporary sources, the sagas, strongly emphasise the personal nature of the conflictsâwars arose as a result of the struggle between different people for the possession of the throne. The unclear succession
1165:
in 1208. The Bagler king
Philippus was to remain in control of eastern Norway but renounce the title of king, leaving the Birkebeiner King Inge nominally sole ruler of the country. In the event, Philippus continued to style himself king until his death, but peace between the Bagler and Birkebeiner
905:
and introduced a new criterion: the king should henceforth be of legitimate birth. Their old leader, Inge
Crouchback, had been the only one of the sons of Harald Gille to be legitimate, and King Magnus Erlingsson was also Erling and Kristin's legitimate son. The alliance with the Church, which had
1201:
was made leader of the army. HĂ„kon HĂ„konsson was a posthumously-born son of HĂ„kon
Sverresson, of whom the Birkebeiner had not been aware when electing Inge their king in 1204âhe had arrived at King Inge's court in 1206. Skule was the brother of King Inge and had designs on the throne for himself;
774:
died in 1130, Harald broke his oath. Sigurd's son Magnus was proclaimed king, but Harald also claimed the royal title, and received much support. A settlement was reached whereby Magnus and Harald would both be kings and co-rulers. Peace between them lasted until 1134, when open war broke out. In
1360:
that are preserved only extend to 1157. These three sagas were written c. 1220â1230, and in using them as historical sources, it has to be remembered that they were thus written a fair amount of time after the events they describe. However, they are likely to have been based on earlier works, in
1032:
Sverre was to rule Norway until 1202, but was unable to achieve long periods of peace. The Church, allied to King Magnus and Erling Skakke, remained virulent in its opposition to Sverre throughout his reign. In 1190 the archbishop, Eirik
Ivarsson, fled the country and in 1194 he received papal
1021:, which was written by Sverre's supporters, makes much of how popular Magnus was among the common people and how this made Sverre's fight against him all the more difficult. The war between Sverre and Magnus raged on for several years, and Magnus at one point had to seek refuge in Denmark. The
1218:), the first time the title was used in Norway. This was not sufficient to placate him, and in 1239 he had himself declared king of Norway and launched a war against King HĂ„kon. His revolt was unsuccessful, and in 1240 he was killed by King HĂ„kon's men after seeking refuge in a monastery in
1249:... utterly unfitting to record for posterity the crimes, killings, perjuries, parricides, desecration of holy places, the contempt for God, the plundering no less of the clergy than of the whole people, the abductions of women and other abominations which it would take long to enumerate
1120:, to achieve a settlement with the Church. HĂ„kon was taken to be the Birkbeiner's new king, and the bishops returned to Norway later the same year, releasing the country from the interdict. Deprived of most of his support, the Bagler King Inge was killed the same year.
1210:, dragged on until 1227. After Sigurd died a natural death the rest of his party gave up their revolt. The year 1227 is sometimes considered the end of the civil war era, but most often the term is extended to include the revolt of Skule BĂ„rdsson in 1239â40.
836:
in 1157. Whether or not Inge himself ordered the killing of his brother seems to have been disputed at the time. The followers of Inge's dead brothers, Ăystein and Sigurd Munn, were not inclined to submit to Inge and instead chose a new pretender
1235:
Civil wars and internal strife in royal families were common in the Middle Ages, in Norway as in other European countries. However, some contemporary accounts show people viewed the civil war era as notably different from what had gone before.
997:âthe nobility of the timeâsided with King Magnus, but Sverre also quickly won several of them over to his side. In any event, the Birkebeiner did not try to change the social order of society; they merely wanted to place themselves at its top.
787:
to prove his claim. Harald did not recognize him as his half-brother. In 1136 Sigurd murdered Harald in his sleep in Bergen, and had himself proclaimed king. Harald's supporters would not accept him and had Harald's two infant sons,
740:, the common way of settling such claims at the time, and King Sigurd recognized him as his brother. However, Harald had to swear an oath that he would not claim the title of king as long as Sigurd or his son was alive.
990:
into Sverre and the Birkebeiner's fight against Erling and Magnus. However, the extent to which Sverre's men actually represented the impoverished strata of the population remains disputed. It is clear that most of the
1160:
was a stronghold of the Birkebeiner, but battles and ambushes took place throughout the country. In the end the bishops were able to negotiate a settlement between the two sides, confirmed at a meeting at
816:
The power-sharing between Sigurd Munn and Inge Crouchback functioned well as long as they were both minors. In 1142, once again, a king's son arrived in Norway from west of the North Sea. This time it was
1016:
region with Nidaros at its center became a stronghold of Sverre. King Magnus continued the fight after the death of his father and refused several offers from Sverre to divide the kingdom between them.
874:
In 1161 Inge's followers took the same course of action as Ăystein's followers had four years earlier and elected a new figurehead rather than submit to HĂ„kon. The choice fell upon the five-year-old
1388:
From the later part of the period, fragments of documentation start to appear. The oldest Norwegian royal letter which is preserved was made out by Philippus the bagler king. Also, a couple of
667:
In the first decades of the civil wars, alliances shifted and centered on the person of a king or pretender. However, towards the end of the 12th century, two rival parties, the
1037:
Sverre and order the country's remaining bishops to join him in exile in Denmark, which they did. By then Sverre had been able to coerce one of his strongest opponents, Bishop
2459:
1373:
also describes the civil war era, but has only been preserved up to the events of c. 1136. The period 1177 to 1240 (and beyond) is treated in detail in contemporaneous sagas:
561:
1277:
laws, and the practice of power-sharing between several kings simultaneously, gave personal conflicts the potential to become full-blown wars. More recently historian
966:
because some of them were so poor that they wound birch-bark around their legs instead of proper footwear. Ăystein MĂžyla was killed by Magnus and Erling's men at the
914:
in 1152, became an important asset for Erling and Magnus. In 1163 in Bergen, Magnus Erlingsson became the first Norwegian king to be crowned, aged 7. A written
2307:
967:
1400:, and an inscription by Magnus Erlingsson's brother, Sigurd Erlingsson Jarlsson, dated 18 June 1194, has been preserved from a portal of the now dismantled
829:
1285:
A popular explanation in early Norwegian historiography (late 19th, early 20th century) was a conflict between the royal power and the aristocracy (the
458:
2266:
736:. King Magnus had spent some time campaigning in Ireland, and Harald would thus be King Sigurd's half-brother. Harald proved his case through an
452:
1307:
has emphasised how the Church, after Sverre's death, seemed to work hard to bring about reconciliation between warring parties, and stability.
382:
779:. Magnus was blinded, castrated, mutilated and imprisoned in a monastery. He was thereafter known as Magnus the Blind. At about the same time
1190:
In 1217 King Inge BĂ„rdsson died. The Birkebeiner, nervous at being left without a leader in case of a Bagler attack, chose the 13-year-old
1132:, who himself died later the same year. The Birkebeiner knew of no other direct descendants of King Sverre and chose one of his nephews,
599:
1049:. Although Sverre forged letters to show that his excommunication had been lifted, he in fact remained excommunicated until his death.
1152:, a nephew of King Inge Crouchback and bishop Nikolas of Oslo, and the war continued uninterrupted. The Bagler were strongest in the
1148:-area. This second Bagler war lasted until 1208. When Erling Stonewall fell ill and died in 1207, he was succeeded as Bagler king by
2337:
783:, another man from Iceland, arrived claiming to be a son of Magnus Barefoot. He claimed to have gone through an ordeal by fire in
473:
889:, became the real leader of the faction. The next year they succeeded in defeating and killing HĂ„kon in battle at Sekken in the
2464:
394:
2401:
1692:
2257:
1096:
of Oslo, who was a half-brother of King Inge Crouchback and archbishop Eirik Ivarsson. met at the marketplace of Halör in
1136:, as their new king. By then a revived Bagler party had formed in Denmark, taking another son of King Magnus Erlingsson,
443:
897:, who had been set up as a new pretender against Magnus Erlingsson, was captured by Erling Skakke and killed in Bergen.
297:
2147:
1924:
Theodoricus monachus (translated and annotated by David and Ian McDougall with an introduction by Peter Foote) (1998).
1056:, a purported son of King Inge Crouchback. He was named king in 1185 and killed in battle in Bergen three years later.
1128:
HĂ„kon Sverresson appeared to have pacified the whole country, but died suddenly in 1204. His successor was the infant
1092:
In 1197 the most serious challenge to Sverre's kingdom arose. Several prominent opponents of Sverre, including Bishop
2439:
2422:
2381:
2360:
2346:
2330:
2316:
2300:
1933:
748:
273:
57:
2393:
592:
425:
1382:
2454:
540:
1365:, written c. 1150, which is lost to us, but was available to the authors of the three aforementioned sagas.
267:
1946:
915:
485:
479:
437:
1416:
664:. Already on bad terms before Sigurd's death, the two men and the factions loyal to them went to war.
585:
535:
163:
2263:
857:
660:, broke an agreement that he and Sigurd had made to pass the throne to Sigurd's only son, the bastard
1617:
413:
243:
467:
2228:
2177:
318:
198:
2415:
From Gang Leader to the Lord's Anointed: Kingship in Sverris Saga and Hakonar Saga Hakonarsonar
1311:
1244:
c. 1180, decided to end with the death of King Sigurd the Crusader in 1130 as he considered it
1141:
1104:, purported son of King Magnus Erlingsson as their figurehead-king. Their party was called the
983:
954:
In 1174 a new faction arose in rebellion against Magnus Erlingsson. Their leader was the young
822:
696:
The unification of Norway into one kingdom is traditionally held to have been achieved by King
545:
419:
279:
1202:
however, he contented himself for the time being with leadership of the army, which made him,
797:
920:
902:
846:
550:
516:
497:
255:
103:
1541:
1465:
1397:
1237:
1117:
906:
recently become better organized in Norway after the establishment of a separate Norwegian
818:
733:
701:
680:
261:
216:
1392:
written by central figures survive: A rune letter, probably written by King Sverre's son,
1073:
1060:, an illegitimate son of King Magnus Erlingsson, was proclaimed to be king in 1193 at the
388:
8:
2274:
1577:
1484:
1471:
1453:
1437:
1427:
1259:
1191:
894:
842:
789:
771:
757:
721:
713:
709:
683:. Duke Skule was defeated in 1240, bringing more than 100 years of civil wars to an end.
661:
653:
1368:
1477:
1109:
1022:
948:
875:
697:
645:
617:
449:
431:
376:
2161:
2435:
2418:
2377:
2356:
2342:
2326:
2312:
2296:
1929:
1553:
1547:
1133:
1129:
1069:
1042:
641:
637:
236:
210:
172:
1600:
1592:
885:, by his wife Kristin, daughter of King Sigurd the Crusader. Erling, with the title
676:
1568:
1560:
1524:
1509:
1459:
1315:
1149:
1137:
1093:
1057:
1038:
971:
793:
357:
338:
311:
291:
285:
222:
204:
33:
1995:
2308:
Morkinskinna: The Earliest Icelandic Chronicle of the Norwegian Kings (1030â1157)
2270:
2252:
1641:
1618:
Kings and aristocratic elites: communicating power and status in medieval Norway.
1335:
1319:
1198:
1034:
753:
737:
491:
464:
84:
2372:
Finn HĂždnebĂž & Hallvard MagerĂžy (eds.); translator Gunnar Pedersen; (1979).
2203:
1696:
1278:
1068:. Aged 13, Sigurd was a figurehead leader. He had the support of, among others,
1900:
1584:
1532:
1389:
1362:
1323:
1207:
1183:
1101:
987:
931:
from him. However, the extent of his subordination to Denmark is questionable.
776:
720:, but when they both died without issue, Sigurd became sole ruler and his son,
717:
1492:
1415:
Pretenders who had themselves named king, but are not counted in the official
808:. Magnus was killed in the battle, Sigurd was captured and tortured to death.
2448:
1500:
1444:
1393:
975:
955:
890:
882:
780:
575:
2365:
Sturla ĂĂłrĂ°arson; translation to English by G.W. Dasent (1894, repr. 1964).
2410:
1404:
1378:
1374:
1352:
1340:
1300:
1018:
867:
762:
725:
657:
351:
1157:
1013:
901:
for this shortcoming, Erling and Magnus' party allied themselves with the
130:
121:
1516:
1314:
gained much popularity in Norwegian historiography. Its proponents, e.g.
1053:
1052:
Several pretenders arose to challenge Sverre. Among the most serious was
1001:
959:
907:
668:
345:
150:
1410:
1065:
833:
2427:
2405:
2367:
The Saga of Hakon and a Fragment of the Saga of Magnus with Appendices.
1947:"William of Newburgh: Book Three. Chapter 6: Of Sverre, king of Norway"
1848:
1346:
1304:
1292:
1026:
249:
183:
77:
1695:. Heimskringla or The Chronicle of the Kings of Norway. Archived from
1174:
1162:
1123:
2047:
1745:
1296:
1153:
1145:
1144:, they launched an invasion of Norway in 1204, taking control of the
1061:
1046:
924:
108:
71:
1029:, resulted in the death of King Magnus and victory for King Sverre.
1969:
1719:
1667:
1356:
all describe the period up to the year 1177, although the parts of
1287:
993:
862:
Erling Skakke burns the house of a supporter of Sigurd Markusfostre
826:
2021:
1823:
1179:
Young HĂ„kon HĂ„konsson being transported to safety from his enemies
1097:
1077:
939:
28:
1255:
1219:
1113:
1009:
928:
911:
784:
729:
2305:
Kari Ellen Gade & Theodore Murdock Andersson (eds.) (2000)
2098:
1169:
2175:
1771:
1105:
1081:
958:, a son of Ăystein Haraldsson. This new faction was called the
805:
672:
145:
2072:
934:
865:
as imagined by artist Wilhelm Wetlesen in the 1899 edition of
2369:(London: Rerum Britannicarum Medii Ăvi Scriptores, vol. 88:4)
1797:
1639:
1401:
1241:
2123:
2335:
Snorri Sturluson; translator Lee M. Hollander (repr. 1991)
1195:
886:
775:
1135 Harald succeeded in defeating and capturing Magnus in
1872:
724:, heir-apparent. However, in the late 1120s a man called
1874:
1000:
In 1179 Sverre won an important victory in the battle at
1821:
1012:, where Erling Skakke was killed. From that point, the
636:) began in 1130 and ended in 1240. During this time in
923:, and according to one source he at one time took the
878:, the son of one of their most prominent leaders, the
2460:
Civil wars involving the states and peoples of Europe
1411:
List of kings and pretenders during the civil war era
1072:. His rising ended after his defeat and death at the
986:
among modern historians have tried to read a form of
732:, claiming to be a son of King Sigurd's father, King
2204:"Sigurd Erlingsson Jarlsson, HĂžvding, BaglerhĂžvding"
743:
712:
had also shared the kingdom with his brothers, King
679:
became the third pretender to wage war against King
2201:
1898:
1124:
The Second Bagler War and the Settlement of KvitsĂžy
852:
2338:Heimskringla : History of the Kings of Norway
893:. The year after that another son of Sigurd Munn,
1291:). According to this view, by historians such as
1041:of Oslo, to crown him in Bergen in 1194. In 1198
974:their leader. Sverre had come to Norway from the
2446:
1993:
1334:The main sources for the civil war era are the
1100:, then part of Denmark. They took a boy called
2323:Fagrskinna, a Catalogue of the Kings of Norway
1693:"Saga of Magnus the Blind and of Harald Gille"
686:
1170:Reconciliation between Bagler and Birkebeiner
593:
16:Period of Norwegian history from 1130 to 1240
2321:Alison Finlay; editor and translator (2004)
640:, some two dozen rival kings and pretenders
1967:
935:King Sverre and the rise of the Birkebeiner
1926:The Ancient History of the Norwegian Kings
1795:
1769:
1743:
1717:
1665:
1225:
1025:, a final naval battle during 1184 in the
944:King Sverre crossing the mountains of Voss
752:King Magnus is mutilated. Illustration by
600:
586:
27:
1901:"Sigurd Erlingsson Ribbung, OpprĂžrskonge"
970:in 1177. Soon after the Birkebeiner made
2398:A royal impostor: King Sverre of Norway
2096:
2045:
1928:. Viking Society for Northern Research.
1262:, writing c. 1200, writes of Norway that
1173:
938:
856:
747:
2295:(Viking Society for Northern Research)
1996:"Peter Andreas Munch â historiker"
1310:Towards the middle of the 20th century
1087:
2447:
2183:. Viking Society For Northern Research
2019:
811:
2351:Karl JĂłnsson; translator J. Stephton
2291:Matthew James Driscoll (ed.) (1995).
2176:Anthony Faulkes and Richard Perkins.
1640:Per Sveaas Andersen; Per G. Norseng.
1230:
2253:Heimkringla in English on Wikisource
1182:as imagined by 19th-century painter
1254:which had occurred since then. The
1240:, who wrote a history of Norway in
1222:. The civil war era was at an end.
444:Heroic Age of Antarctic Exploration
13:
2400:(London: Oxford University Press)
2387:
2285:
1610:
14:
2476:
2394:Gathorne-Hardy, Geoffrey Malcolm
2353:The Saga of King Sverri of Norway
2258:The Saga of King Sverri of Norway
2246:
2073:"Edv Bull, Historiker, Politiker"
1642:"Norsk historie fra 800 til 1130"
744:Succession to Sigurd the Crusader
1873:Haakon Holmboe, Helge Salvesen.
1822:Helge Salvesen; Per G. Norseng.
1622:Scandinavian Journal of History.
1140:, as their king. Helped by King
853:Magnus Erlingsson and the Church
569:
182:
2374:Soga om baglarar og birkebeinar
2221:
2195:
2169:
2155:
2141:
2116:
2090:
2065:
2039:
2013:
1987:
1961:
1949:. Internet Medieval Source Book
1939:
1918:
1892:
1866:
1271:
979:Erling Skakke and King Magnus.
2417:(Univ Pr of Southern Denmark)
2178:"Ăgrip Af NĂłregskonungas ÌGum"
1841:
1815:
1789:
1763:
1737:
1711:
1685:
1659:
1633:
1396:c. 1200 has been found during
36:crossing the mountains of Voss
1:
2465:Civil wars of the Middle Ages
2434:(Oslo: Universitetsforlaget)
2376:(Oslo: Det Norske Samlaget)
2048:"Andreas Holmsen, Historiker"
1627:
1370:Ăgrip af Noregs konunga sögum
1194:as their new king, while the
691:
656:, his possible half-brother,
2432:Norge blir en stat 1130â1319
2341:(University of Texas Press)
2325:(Brill Academic Publishers)
2311:(Cornell University Press)
2165:(National Library of Norway)
7:
2293:Agrip Af Noregskonungasogum
687:Events of the civil war era
10:
2481:
2279:History of English Affairs
2151:(Diplomatarium Norvegicum)
2149:Philippus, Baglernes Konge
2022:"Gustav Storm, Historiker"
1849:"Sverre Sigurdsson, Konge"
1329:
1166:was preserved until 1217.
1080:, an island just north of
536:Economic history of Norway
2281:, Book three, chapter six
2264:Of Sverre, King of Norway
2260:â a translation from 1899
2208:Norsk biografisk leksikon
2202:Knut Peter Lyche Arstad.
2077:Norsk biografisk leksikon
2052:Norsk biografisk leksikon
2026:Norsk biografisk leksikon
1905:Norsk biografisk leksikon
1899:Knut Peter Lyche Arstad.
1853:Norsk biografisk leksikon
1472:HĂ„kon the Broadshouldered
843:HĂ„kon the Broadshouldered
139:
114:
97:
40:
26:
21:
2229:"Den norske kongerekken"
1377:(from 1177 to 1202) the
85:The Golden Age of Norway
1616:David Brégaint (2020) "
1226:Views on the civil wars
728:arrived in Norway from
614:civil war era in Norway
2231:. Detn norske kongehus
1383:HĂ„kon HĂ„konsson's saga
1312:historical materialism
1187:
1142:Valdemar II of Denmark
1008:) on the outskirts of
1006:Slaget ved Kalvskinnet
951:
871:
841:), Sigurd Munn's son,
823:Ingrid Ragnvaldsdotter
767:
621:
474:Possession annexations
280:Military Establishment
115:Commanders and leaders
2128:Store norske leksikon
2103:Store norske leksikon
2000:Store norske leksikon
1994:Tor Ragnar Weidling.
1974:Store norske leksikon
1879:Store norske leksikon
1828:Store norske leksikon
1802:Store norske leksikon
1776:Store norske leksikon
1750:Store norske leksikon
1746:"Sigurd Markusfostre"
1724:Store norske leksikon
1672:Store norske leksikon
1646:Store norske leksikon
1398:excavations in Bergen
1177:
942:
921:Valdemar I of Denmark
860:
751:
48:1130â1240 (110 years)
2455:Civil wars in Norway
1361:particular the saga
1238:Theodoricus the Monk
1088:Rising of the Bagler
1045:placed Norway under
825:and the influential
802:Slaget ved HolmengrÄ
702:Battle of Hafrsfjord
511:Contemporary history
414:Re-established state
292:Oversea colonization
286:Migration settlement
22:Norwegian Civil Wars
2275:William of Newburgh
1720:"Gregorius Dagsson"
1668:"Sigurd Jorsalfare"
1485:Sigurd Markusfostre
1430:(1130–1135) (
1381:(1202 to 1217) and
1260:William of Newburgh
1150:Philippus Simonsson
895:Sigurd Markusfostre
812:Harald Gille's sons
798:Battle of HolmengrÄ
710:Sigurd the Crusader
654:Sigurd the Crusader
389:Council abolishment
371:Early modern period
76:self-declared king
2269:2012-12-07 at the
1824:"Nikolas Arnesson"
1580:(1217–1263)
1569:Filippus Simonsson
1556:(1204–1217)
1548:Guttorm Sigurdsson
1512:(1177–1202)
1480:(1161–1184)
1466:Ăystein Haraldsson
1440:(1130–1136)
1390:runic inscriptions
1231:Contemporary views
1188:
1023:Battle of Fimreite
952:
949:Peter Nicolai Arbo
872:
819:Ăystein Haraldsson
768:
758:Magnus The Blind's
652:the death of King
551:Nobility in Norway
486:Reichskommissariat
408:Late modern period
268:Hereditary kingdom
2355:(Llanerch Press)
1968:Tor Ivar Hansen.
1544:(1202–1204)
1510:Sverre Sigurdsson
1478:Magnus Erlingsson
1474:(1157–1162)
1468:(1142–1157)
1462:(1136–1161)
1456:(1136–1155)
1074:Battle of FlorvÄg
1070:Harald Maddadsson
1043:Pope Innocent III
972:Sverre Sigurdsson
916:law of succession
876:Magnus Erlingsson
830:Gregorius Dagsson
658:Harald Gillekrist
638:Norwegian history
610:
609:
576:Norway portal
541:Judaism in Norway
480:German occupation
459:Union dissolution
438:Language conflict
426:Union with Sweden
395:Absolute monarchy
237:Early Middle Ages
156:
155:
93:
92:
2472:
2241:
2240:
2238:
2236:
2225:
2219:
2218:
2216:
2214:
2199:
2193:
2192:
2190:
2188:
2182:
2173:
2167:
2159:
2153:
2145:
2139:
2138:
2136:
2134:
2120:
2114:
2113:
2111:
2109:
2099:"Hryggjarstykki"
2094:
2088:
2087:
2085:
2083:
2069:
2063:
2062:
2060:
2058:
2043:
2037:
2036:
2034:
2032:
2017:
2011:
2010:
2008:
2006:
1991:
1985:
1984:
1982:
1980:
1965:
1959:
1958:
1956:
1954:
1943:
1937:
1922:
1916:
1915:
1913:
1911:
1896:
1890:
1889:
1887:
1885:
1870:
1864:
1863:
1861:
1859:
1845:
1839:
1838:
1836:
1834:
1819:
1813:
1812:
1810:
1808:
1796:Per G. Norseng.
1793:
1787:
1786:
1784:
1782:
1770:Haakon Holmboe.
1767:
1761:
1760:
1758:
1756:
1744:Helge Salvesen.
1741:
1735:
1734:
1732:
1730:
1718:Helge Salvesen.
1715:
1709:
1708:
1706:
1704:
1699:on April 7, 2016
1689:
1683:
1682:
1680:
1678:
1666:Per G. Norseng.
1663:
1657:
1656:
1654:
1652:
1637:
1561:Erling Stonewall
1542:HĂ„kon Sverresson
1525:Sigurd Magnusson
1428:Magnus the Blind
1138:Erling Stonewall
1118:HĂ„kon Sverresson
1094:Nikolas Arnesson
1058:Sigurd Magnusson
1039:Nikolas Arnesson
634:borgerkrigstiden
602:
595:
588:
574:
573:
572:
358:Treaty of Bergen
339:Late Middle Ages
312:High Middle Ages
298:Christianization
186:
176:
158:
157:
42:
41:
31:
19:
18:
2480:
2479:
2475:
2474:
2473:
2471:
2470:
2469:
2445:
2444:
2390:
2388:Related reading
2288:
2286:Primary sources
2271:Wayback Machine
2249:
2244:
2234:
2232:
2227:
2226:
2222:
2212:
2210:
2200:
2196:
2186:
2184:
2180:
2174:
2170:
2163:Sigurdr LavarĂ°r
2160:
2156:
2146:
2142:
2132:
2130:
2122:
2121:
2117:
2107:
2105:
2095:
2091:
2081:
2079:
2071:
2070:
2066:
2056:
2054:
2044:
2040:
2030:
2028:
2018:
2014:
2004:
2002:
1992:
1988:
1978:
1976:
1966:
1962:
1952:
1950:
1945:
1944:
1940:
1923:
1919:
1909:
1907:
1897:
1893:
1883:
1881:
1871:
1867:
1857:
1855:
1847:
1846:
1842:
1832:
1830:
1820:
1816:
1806:
1804:
1794:
1790:
1780:
1778:
1772:"Erling Skakke"
1768:
1764:
1754:
1752:
1742:
1738:
1728:
1726:
1716:
1712:
1702:
1700:
1691:
1690:
1686:
1676:
1674:
1664:
1660:
1650:
1648:
1638:
1634:
1630:
1613:
1611:Further reading
1578:HĂ„kon HĂ„konsson
1460:Inge Crouchback
1419:are written in
1413:
1332:
1320:Andreas Holmsen
1274:
1263:
1250:
1245:
1233:
1228:
1192:HĂ„kon HĂ„konsson
1181:
1172:
1126:
1090:
947:as imagined by
946:
937:
864:
855:
814:
794:Inge Crouchback
766:(1899 edition).
754:Eilif Peterssen
746:
734:Magnus Barefoot
698:Harald Fairhair
694:
689:
681:HĂ„kon HĂ„konsson
630:borgerkrigstida
626:borgarkrigstidi
622:borgarkrigstida
606:
570:
568:
556:
555:
531:
523:
522:
512:
504:
503:
492:Quisling regime
409:
401:
400:
372:
364:
363:
341:
331:
330:
314:
304:
303:
239:
229:
228:
194:
193:Ancient history
174:
167:
75:
60:
32:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2478:
2468:
2467:
2462:
2457:
2443:
2442:
2425:
2408:
2389:
2386:
2385:
2384:
2370:
2363:
2349:
2333:
2319:
2303:
2287:
2284:
2283:
2282:
2261:
2255:
2248:
2247:External links
2245:
2243:
2242:
2220:
2194:
2168:
2154:
2140:
2115:
2097:Knut ĂdegĂ„rd.
2089:
2064:
2046:JĂžrn Sandnes.
2038:
2012:
1986:
1970:"Narve BjĂžrgo"
1960:
1938:
1917:
1891:
1865:
1840:
1814:
1788:
1762:
1736:
1710:
1684:
1658:
1631:
1629:
1626:
1625:
1624:
1612:
1609:
1608:
1607:
1606:
1605:
1601:Skule BĂ„rdsson
1597:
1593:Knut HĂ„konsson
1589:
1585:Sigurd Ribbung
1575:
1574:
1573:
1565:
1551:
1545:
1539:
1538:
1537:
1533:Inge Magnusson
1529:
1521:
1507:
1506:
1505:
1497:
1489:
1475:
1469:
1463:
1457:
1451:
1450:
1449:
1435:
1412:
1409:
1363:Hryggjarstykki
1331:
1328:
1324:class struggle
1273:
1270:
1269:
1268:
1252:
1251:
1232:
1229:
1227:
1224:
1208:Sigurd Ribbung
1199:Skule BĂ„rdsson
1184:Knud Bergslien
1171:
1168:
1125:
1122:
1102:Inge Magnusson
1089:
1086:
988:class struggle
936:
933:
854:
851:
847:battle in Oslo
813:
810:
804:) fought near
745:
742:
738:ordeal of fire
693:
690:
688:
685:
677:Skule BĂ„rdsson
608:
607:
605:
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590:
582:
579:
578:
565:
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554:
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532:
530:Related topics
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377:DenmarkâNorway
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2441:
2440:82-00-01323-5
2437:
2433:
2429:
2426:
2424:
2423:87-7838-108-8
2420:
2416:
2412:
2411:Bagge, Sverre
2409:
2407:
2403:
2399:
2395:
2392:
2391:
2383:
2382:82-521-0891-1
2379:
2375:
2371:
2368:
2364:
2362:
2361:1-897853-49-1
2358:
2354:
2350:
2348:
2347:0-292-73061-6
2344:
2340:
2339:
2334:
2332:
2331:90-04-13172-8
2328:
2324:
2320:
2318:
2317:0-8014-3694-X
2314:
2310:
2309:
2304:
2302:
2301:0-903521-27-X
2298:
2294:
2290:
2289:
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2205:
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2129:
2125:
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2100:
2093:
2078:
2074:
2068:
2053:
2049:
2042:
2027:
2023:
2016:
2001:
1997:
1990:
1975:
1971:
1964:
1948:
1942:
1935:
1934:0-903521-40-7
1931:
1927:
1921:
1906:
1902:
1895:
1880:
1876:
1869:
1854:
1850:
1844:
1829:
1825:
1818:
1803:
1799:
1798:"birkebeiner"
1792:
1777:
1773:
1766:
1751:
1747:
1740:
1725:
1721:
1714:
1698:
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1688:
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1581:
1579:
1576:
1572:
1570:
1566:
1564:
1562:
1558:
1557:
1555:
1554:Inge BĂ„rdsson
1552:
1549:
1546:
1543:
1540:
1536:
1534:
1530:
1528:
1526:
1522:
1520:
1518:
1514:
1513:
1511:
1508:
1504:
1502:
1501:Eystein Meyla
1498:
1496:
1494:
1490:
1488:
1486:
1482:
1481:
1479:
1476:
1473:
1470:
1467:
1464:
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1455:
1452:
1448:
1446:
1445:Sigurd Slembe
1442:
1441:
1439:
1436:
1433:
1429:
1426:
1425:
1424:
1422:
1418:
1417:line of kings
1408:
1406:
1403:
1399:
1395:
1394:Sigurd Lavard
1391:
1386:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1372:
1371:
1366:
1364:
1359:
1355:
1354:
1349:
1348:
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1342:
1337:
1327:
1325:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1308:
1306:
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1298:
1294:
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1261:
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1223:
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1211:
1209:
1205:
1200:
1197:
1193:
1185:
1180:
1176:
1167:
1164:
1159:
1156:-area, while
1155:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1121:
1119:
1115:
1112:word meaning
1111:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1085:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1050:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1035:excommunicate
1030:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1003:
998:
996:
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989:
985:
980:
977:
976:Faroe Islands
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969:
965:
961:
957:
956:Ăystein MĂžyla
950:
945:
941:
932:
930:
926:
922:
917:
913:
909:
904:
898:
896:
892:
891:Romsdalsfjord
888:
884:
883:Erling Skakke
881:
877:
870:
869:
863:
859:
850:
848:
844:
840:
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831:
828:
824:
820:
809:
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799:
795:
791:
786:
782:
781:Sigurd Slembe
778:
773:
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741:
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246:Unknownâ11thC
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2020:Ottar Dahl.
2015:
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1405:stave church
1387:
1379:Bagler sagas
1375:Sverris saga
1369:
1367:
1358:Morkinskinna
1357:
1353:Morkinskinna
1351:
1345:
1341:Heimskringla
1339:
1336:kings' sagas
1333:
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1301:Gustav Storm
1286:
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1279:Narve BjĂžrgo
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1272:Modern views
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1134:Inge BĂ„rdson
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984:materialists
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968:Battle of Re
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868:Heimskringla
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726:Harald Gille
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546:LGBT history
517:Oil industry
468:independence
420:Constitution
352:Kalmar Union
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120:
98:Belligerents
2428:Helle, Knut
2235:December 1,
2213:December 1,
2133:December 1,
2108:December 1,
2082:December 1,
2057:December 1,
2031:December 1,
2005:December 1,
1979:December 1,
1953:December 1,
1910:December 1,
1833:December 1,
1781:December 1,
1603:: 1239â1240
1595:: 1226â1227
1587:: 1220â1226
1571:: 1207â1217
1563:: 1204â1207
1535:: 1196â1202
1527:: 1193â1194
1519:: 1185â1188
1517:Jon Kuvlung
1503:: 1174â1177
1495:: 1166â1169
1493:Olav UgjĂŠva
1487:: 1162â1163
1454:Sigurd Munn
1447:: 1135â1139
1316:Edvard Bull
1084:, in 1194.
1054:Jon Kuvlung
1033:support to
1002:Kalvskinnet
960:birkebeiner
927:-area as a
908:archdiocese
790:Sigurd Munn
760:saga, from
669:Birkebeiner
453:exploration
383:Reformation
346:Black Death
319:Middle Ages
256:Unification
213:1700â500 BC
207:Pre 1700 BC
173:History of
151:Birkebeiner
104:Aristocrats
34:King Sverre
2449:Categories
2406:B0007IYKOM
1628:References
1347:Fagrskinna
1305:Knut Helle
1293:P.A. Munch
1258:historian
1108:, from an
1027:Sognefjord
964:birch-legs
962:, meaning
919:with King
692:Background
646:the throne
642:waged wars
432:Emigration
250:Viking Age
211:Bronze Age
199:Prehistory
109:Pretenders
78:Duke Skule
2413:(1996) }
1875:"baglere"
1297:J.E. Sars
1158:TrĂžndelag
1154:Oslofjord
1146:Oslofjord
1110:old Norse
1062:Haugating
1047:interdict
1014:TrĂžndelag
925:Oslofjord
839:kongsemne
716:and King
644:to claim
618:Norwegian
500:1945â1991
494:1942â1945
488:1940â1945
482:1940â1945
476:1920â1939
470:1905â1940
455:1892â2008
446:19thâ1922
434:19thâ20th
428:1814â1905
379:1524â1814
354:1397â1523
348:1349â1353
327:1130â1240
325:Civil War
321:1000â16th
294:9thâ14thC
288:9thâ12thC
276:9thCâ1814
270:9thCâ1397
252:8thâ11thC
205:Stone Age
83:Start of
72:Haakon IV
2430:(1974)
2396:(1956)
2267:Archived
1936:, p. 53.
1288:lendmenn
1204:de facto
1066:TĂžnsberg
994:lendmenn
880:lendmann
834:BohuslÀn
827:lendmann
671:and the
562:Timeline
498:Cold War
465:Interwar
300:975â1000
258:860â1029
217:Iron Age
164:a series
162:Part of
53:Location
2273:â from
2124:"Ă
grip"
1421:italics
1330:Sources
1256:English
1220:Nidaros
1216:hertogi
1163:KvitsĂžy
1130:Guttorm
1114:crosier
1010:Nidaros
912:Nidaros
785:Denmark
730:Ireland
714:Ăystein
700:at the
2438:
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2299:
1932:
1550:(1204)
1186:(1869)
1106:Bagler
1082:Bergen
903:Church
806:Hvaler
777:Bergen
772:Sigurd
722:Magnus
673:Bagler
662:Magnus
225:21â700
175:Norway
166:on the
146:Bagler
65:Result
58:Norway
2181:(PDF)
1432:â1139
1402:Vinje
1242:Latin
1098:SkÄne
1078:AskĂžy
1076:near
1064:near
982:Some
770:When
708:King
519:1966â
450:Polar
440:19thâ
132:List:
123:List:
70:King
2436:ISBN
2419:ISBN
2402:ASIN
2378:ISBN
2357:ISBN
2343:ISBN
2327:ISBN
2313:ISBN
2297:ISBN
2237:2015
2215:2015
2189:2015
2135:2015
2110:2015
2084:2015
2059:2015
2033:2015
2007:2015
1981:2015
1955:2015
1930:ISBN
1912:2015
1886:2015
1860:2015
1835:2015
1809:2015
1783:2015
1757:2015
1731:2015
1705:2015
1679:2015
1653:2015
1350:and
1318:and
1299:and
1196:jarl
929:fief
887:jarl
792:and
756:for
718:Olav
612:The
461:1905
422:1814
416:1814
397:1661
391:1537
385:1537
360:1450
282:9thC
45:Date
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632:or
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