47:
There is no consistency in western usage. The term may be given a primarily religious sense, meaning "the era when the classics of
Islamic law and spirituality were written", extending down to about 1400. Or it may take on a political sense, meaning "the major chain of political legitimacy" that came
36:. The term implies a positive judgement defining a "normative period" in Islamic history, but western scholars generally extend the period much later than Muslim scholars would allow. The Muslim conception of a normative period corresponds mainly to that of the
56:, the collapse of 1258 represents a fundamental psychological break in Islamic history. In a more restricted sense, Islamic "classical civilization" corresponds to the "high caliphal" period of the
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in 1258. Although "reality had failed to conform for rather more than four centuries" to the ideal of the
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41:
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29:
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33:
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is largely a construct of non-Islamic scholarship, formed by analogy with the
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196:. Vol. 1: The Classical Age of Islam. University of Chicago Press.
65:
53:
193:
The
Venture of Islam: Conscience and History in a World Civilization
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162:. Translated by Katherine Watson. Barnes & Noble.
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78:
217:
166:
152:
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186:
135:
218:
200:
123:
111:
84:
68:society formed a single vast state".
159:Classical Islam: A History, 600–1258
13:
14:
242:
172:Classical Islam: Collected Essays
145:
44:, roughly the seventh century.
174:. Edinburgh University Press.
1:
210:. Princeton University Press.
64:from about 692 to 945, when "
7:
207:A Reader on Classical Islam
10:
247:
154:Grunebaum, Gustave E. von
38:Companions of the Prophet
71:
226:Historiography of Islam
188:Hodgson, Marshall G. S.
231:Medieval Islamic world
42:Rightly Guided Caliphs
180:10.1515/9781474486002
168:Hillenbrand, Carole
114:, pp. xv–xvi.
34:Greco-Roman world
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211:
197:
183:
163:
139:
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127:
121:
115:
109:
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97:
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48:to end with the
30:classical period
26:history of Islam
22:classical period
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50:fall of Baghdad
18:classical Islam
16:The concept of
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5:
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126:, p. xvi.
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100:Grunebaum 1996
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6:
4:
3:
2:
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202:Peters, F. E.
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138:, p. 96.
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87:, p. xv.
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146:Bibliography
136:Hodgson 1974
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119:
107:
102:, p. 7.
80:
46:
21:
17:
15:
124:Peters 1994
112:Peters 1994
85:Peters 1994
220:Categories
66:Islamicate
156:(1996) .
54:caliphate
204:(1994).
190:(1974).
170:(2022).
62:Abbasids
58:Umayyads
40:and the
32:of the
24:in the
72:Notes
20:or a
60:and
176:doi
222::
92:^
182:.
178::
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