Classical Japanese

8483:

enough to make an exhaustive list difficult. The other 6 classes all together contain between 22 and 28 verbs, depending on whether basic compound verbs are included or not. An exhaustive list of these follows, with verbs in the conclusive form, as is the most common standard. Chinese character pronunciations are indicated by hiragana in parentheses following the given character. The first spelling listed for a given verb is the most common, and those that follow are alternative spellings. Some of these spellings are generally used for slightly different connotations of the same verb, while others are simple alternatives. In later reference, only the first spelling (in pre-World War II orthography) will be used, and the transcription will be based on the historical spelling. A blank cell in one (or both) of the "modern" columns indicates that the modern spelling and/or transcription is the same as the pre-World War II version.

689:(i.e., phonetic character) writing used in Japan before the post-war reforms. More specifically, it is the version of kana orthography standardized in the Meiji Period (since before that time kana usage was not standardized). It is, broadly speaking, based on the pronunciation of Japanese in the Heian Period, the time-frame in which Early Middle Japanese (on which the grammar of classical Japanese is based) was spoken. There are several differences between historical kana usage—which is also referred to as "old kana usage" 5319: 5268: 6987:), especially in old laws and other very important documents. Ruby text is still widely used in modern Japanese, but only for characters with non-standard or ambiguous pronunciations, or sometimes in materials designed for children or foreigners. The second difference is that, especially in legal documents, Katakana were often used in the way that Hiragana are used in modern Japanese, to write out adjective and verb inflections, suffixes, and particles ( 272:, "spoken language") are still used for classical and modern Japanese, respectively. Their literal meanings are only historical, as classical Japanese is no longer used, while modern Japanese is the only current written language, despite its name. These terms are often used in descriptions of grammar to distinguish classical and modern inflections. For example, the 610:

in the third and fourth characters. Finally, probably the most common type of simplification is to change one component of the character to reduce the number of strokes and/or make it easier to write, a strategy exemplified by the fifth and sixth examples. Note that, as in the case of the sixth character, the simplification may be very subtle.

5377:), which can represent a variety of sounds depending on what sounds come before and after it. Syllable final nasals are believed by many scholars to have existed in Proto-Japonic, but all agree that they were lost by the time of Old Japanese. They first re-appeared in Early Middle Japanese, with the introduction of 355:

was one of the first novels to be written in vernacular Japanese rather than classical. By 1908, novels no longer used classical Japanese, and by the 1920s the same was true of all newspapers. Government documents remained in classical Japanese until 1946. Classical Japanese continues to be taught in

609:

In cases like those of the first two, the entire original character has essentially been replaced by a new one, independent of the original's etymology. This type, however, is relatively rare. Another approach is to essentially replace the character with a piece of it, sometimes slightly altered, as

345:, a situation in which two forms of a language, in this case a written and spoken form, coexist. During the Meiji period, some intellectuals sought the abolition of classical Japanese, such as the Genbun Itchi movement, which proposed that written Japanese conform to the vernacular spoken language. 8482:

While the many conjugation classes may seem overwhelming, most of them contain few verbs. The quadrigrade and lower bigrade classes are the primary, containing about 75% and 20% of the verbs in the language, respectively. The upper bigrade class is small (about 56 non-compound verbs), but sizable

4782:

Starting in Early Middle Japanese, as more and more Chinese characters were borrowed into Japanese, the language acquired consonants fronted with glides. Those fronted with the palatal glide are described in the Y-row rule, but Early Middle Japanese also introduced consonants fronted with labial

3810:

This is the only historical kana rule that does not reflect a historical pronunciation. It is also one of only two rules (along with the geminate rule) that create ambiguity for the reader (excluding the exceptions listed above for the H-row rule). For instance, the aforementioned word

4758:

While this usage does reflect a historical pronunciation, it, like the Y-row rule, produces ambiguity. Furthermore, since these vowels are elided in some compounds but not others, this usage obscures the difference in a way that is essentially impossible to predict.

4315:

In these cases, the historical usage is not reflecting any historical pronunciation. However, in Sino-Japanese words, geminate consonants are produced by different, more regular processes, and the historical usage for these words reflects historical pronunciations.

1825:

is generally used in compounds). In other cases, as is true of the second two exceptions, the unchanged form is the only one that exists. In addition to these exceptions, some dialects may preserve these sounds as they were at any stage of the language.

336:

Classical Japanese began to be written during the Heian period, at which point it was very similar to spoken Japanese. It became the written standard for the Japanese language for many centuries, though the spoken language continued to evolve and by the

5235:

However, in these cases, an alternative version with large A-row kana generally exists (as it does in this case), indicating a monophthong pronunciation, and many speakers use the monophthong pronunciation regardless of how it is written.

4858:

were indicated. Nevertheless, some classical texts may indicate the other differences, and some resources will refer to them, so it is useful to be familiar with them. This rule applies exclusively to Sino-Japanese words. Some examples:

233:(1868–1912) when novelists started writing their works in the spoken form. Eventually, the spoken style came into widespread use, including in major newspapers, but many official documents were still written in the old style. After the 3995:

Voiced geminates are generally prohibited by Japanese phonological rules, but they occur in a few loanwords (although they are sometimes pronounced by native speakers as if they were their voiceless counterparts). For example:

955:, split into one of five different phonemes depending on whether it occurred morpheme-initially or morpheme-medially, and then further depending on the following vowel. Morpheme-initially and before 9295:

In addition, the translations are for the classical meaning of the verb, which may differ from the modern meaning of the verb if it has survived into modern Japanese either slightly (e.g.,

4762:

While there are a few other processes that can cause geminates in Sino-Japanese words, they all apply to N- and M-row kana, and are not written differently in historical and modern kana.

9317:, which meant "to sit" in classical Japanese, but primarily means "to be" (for animate objects) in modern Japanese). Some may have the same meaning, but a different pronunciation (e.g., 7016:, which is written in classical Japanese using historical kana, old character forms, kana iteration marks, and Katakana in place of Hiragana (although it lacks universal ruby text). 9350:"to sneeze", with the same modern meaning and form, but almost never used). On the other hand, some have kept the same meaning, form, and prominence into the modern language (e.g., 6948:) is non-existent in modern Japanese, there are no dialects that preserve the distinction expressed in this rule. However, some may preserve the distinction between final 4580:

is almost always trivial, and the historical pronunciation was identical, so they were not distinguished in writing. Therefore, the previous examples would be written:

4512:

has been elided. The reason for this is that in Early Middle Japanese, when these sounds were borrowed from Middle Chinese, the Japanese language acquired a final

629:, while in Japan, what is now the new character form was at that time considered a variant and rarely used. And in a few cases, like that of the eighth character ( 6851:) was generally used to represent the syllabic nasal. Sometimes, this convention may be preserved by modern writers, but standard historical kana distinguishes 9339:

in modern Japanese). Also, even for those verbs which have survived with the same meaning and form, many are archaic and rarely used in modern Japanese (e.g.,

1207:

Some examples follow (old spellings are on the left, new spellings on the right; kana in parentheses represent the pronunciation of the preceding character):

5169:

sometimes occur in modern loanwords, and they are generally dealt with in one of two ways. Firstly, the labialized consonant may be changed from a sequence

1922:) is used in other words besides as the accusative or oblique case marker. This relates to the above rule, in that it reflects a pronunciation with initial 4056:

Gemination can occur in Japanese for a variety of reasons. In native words, it occurs either when a historical long vowel elides, as in the aforementioned

6760:

Of course, there are also some words with this sound that either lack Chinese characters or were coined in the modern or Early Modern Japanese eras, when

12616: 5504:

with the syllabic nasal in their native Japanese readings numbers only 13 characters (0.61% of the regular-use set) giving rise to 14 readings. They are

1151:). This rule primarily applies to native Japanese morphemes, although it is crucial to the mechanics of the long vowel rule that applies primarily to 12467: 4783:

glides (i.e., CwV). These were far more limited in range than their palatal counterparts, however, affecting only the K- and G- rows. instead of

10088:) (since that particle usually attaches to the irrealis form). However, the scholars agreeing with "Ku-grammar theory" argue that it's actually 2673:"radio") (this one is especially notable because it is an exceedingly rare example of a sound change that occurs in a loanword from English) 12663: 5206:

In other cases, they may be indicated with a U-column kana followed by a small A-row kana, indicating a labialized consonant. For example,

11410: 17: 12462: 6909:. However, the conventions of standard historical kana call for this auxiliary verb (and any word derived from it) to be written with 751:

of Chinese characters, while others apply primarily to native Japanese words, and still others apply equally to both groups of words.

7009: 9414:

Finally, the "modern" transcriptions are purely orthographic. For example, the modern version conclusive form of the classical verb

7005:

were far more common in classical Japanese, and sometimes used in ways that are considered completely obsolete in modern Japanese.

9361:"to see", one of the oldest surviving verbs in the language and also one of the most common, both in classical and modern texts). 1792:. Sometimes, as in the case of the first two exceptions, the sound change form exists, usually with a slightly different meaning ( 237:, most documents switched to the spoken style, although the classical style continues to be used in traditional genres, such as 12089: 8285: 8148: 7907: 7793: 364:

Classical Japanese is written in an orthography that differs from modern Japanese in two major ways. These are the usage of

5500:). This happens exceedingly rarely, and usually results from sound elision. An exhaustive list of every example out of all 4490:

In historical kana, where the geminate mark is used in the first, second, and fourth examples, a full-sized version of the

1938:

that is no longer present in the modern language. This rule applies equally to native and Sino-Japanese words. The use of

12084: 12698: 4843:). Finally, while the palatal glides are written with an I-column kana, the labial glides are written with a U-column ( 625:), the traditional and simplified Japanese versions coexisted as different forms of the same traditional character in 11568: 11969: 7672: 7551: 7464: 7284: 12675: 12394: 11183:Árokay, Judit. (2014) "Discourse on Poetic Languages in Early Modern Japan and the Awareness of Linguistic Change" 4319:

The most common way for geminates to be produced in Sino-Japanese words is by the elision of a vowel from the kana

9306:, which meant "to wear " in classical Japanese, but means "to wear " in modern Japanese), or significantly (e.g., 437:) used in Japan before the post-World War II spelling reforms there. The modern, simplified characters are called 12348: 12343: 11869: 11403: 9968:

The existence of irrealis form is still a controversy. Some scholars assume that the ancient construction called

5409:

were phonemically and phonologically distinct, although the distinction was never written down, and was lost by

4123:). These examples of the geminate consonant marker, along with those found in loanwords, are written with large 2677:

There are no known exceptions in standard Japanese pronunciation, although there are many dialects (such as the

12517: 10239:) by regular sound change rules from Old Japanese. The forms then follow the R-irregular conjugation type like 4854:) kana. However, when historical kana was standardized in the Meiji Period, only the syllables with historical 614: 11383: 9375:"to exist", honorific form) has three pronunciation variants, each of which can use either Chinese character: 356:

Japanese high schools and universities due to its importance in the study of traditional Japanese literature.

12358: 12074: 3898:). In native Japanese words, this symbol can be used before kana of the K-, S-, T-, and P-rows. For example, 2396:), respectively, would be used. Again, this represents a former phonetic distinction, namely between a sound 9292:

Note that these translations are glosses, and may not reflect certain nuances or rare alternative meanings.

12703: 12489: 12328: 11887: 11575: 10639:

Adjectival verbs are essentially nouns(or stems of the adjectives) combined with an auxiliary verb, either

538:

The kana spelling of a kanji is not unique; e.g. in modern Japanese, note the difference in the reading of

7175: 6953: 6949: 6906: 6902: 6580: 6558: 6554: 6156: 6152: 5941: 5937: 5467: 5437: 5228: 5199: 5174: 5170: 4855: 4804: 4800: 4796: 4792: 4788: 4784: 4684: 4577: 4573: 4561: 4557: 4553: 4549: 4545: 4529: 4513: 4509: 3418: 3414: 2830: 2826: 2822: 2818: 2710: 2706: 2702: 2698: 2694: 2690: 2686: 2682: 2423: 2397: 2258: 2254: 2250: 2246: 2242: 2238: 2006: 1978: 1935: 1931: 1927: 1923: 1148: 1144: 1140: 1136: 1132: 1128: 1124: 1120: 1116: 1112: 1108: 1104: 1100: 1096: 1092: 1088: 1084: 1080: 1076: 1072: 1068: 1064: 1060: 1056: 1052: 1048: 1044: 1040: 1036: 1032: 1028: 984: 980: 976: 972: 968: 964: 960: 956: 948: 940: 12222: 12202: 12006: 11959: 5329: 5278: 682: 381: 234: 151: 12338: 11396: 11271: 10809:), respectively, by regular sound change rules. They therefore follow the R-irregular conjugation like 12212: 12623: 12601: 12389: 11337: 8474:) at the end of the imperative forms is optional in classical Japanese, although exceedingly common. 4687:). These cases are complicated by the H-row rule, and perhaps because of that, are also written with 3421:

as noted above, but this difference is not reflected in any mainstream Japanese romanization system)

12658: 12596: 12586: 12550: 12448: 12399: 12323: 12298: 11907: 10667: 6972:

kana are used. The first is that Chinese characters in classical texts are often fully marked with

1152: 594:

is totally a new word derived from the combination of original meanings of two Chinese characters (

11964: 12042: 6901:) which indicated the volitional. It, too, underwent vowel elision, and came to be pronounced as 4795:

for the vowels of onset, like the palatal glides, the vowels of onset for the labial glides were

748: 637:), the old character form has always been considered a rare variant in Modern Chinese. (However, 10375: 10365: 10355: 10345: 10335: 10325: 9564: 9553: 9542: 9531: 9520: 9509: 7162: 7151: 7140: 7129: 7118: 7107: 461:

A few examples follow, with the old characters on the left and the new characters on the right:

12059: 12243: 12540: 12429: 11902: 11448: 11438: 5410: 2970: 222: 99: 31: 11223: 12591: 12414: 12318: 12192: 11994: 11929: 11443: 10254:

Similarly, the basic conjugations have no imperative form. When it is used, therefore, the

5166: 952: 229:(794–1185), but exhibits some later influences. Its use started to decline during the late 6264:

From the preservation of an Old Japanese pre-nasalized consonant in a modern Japanese word

2717:). In writing, the distinction is preserved in single morphemes in cases where a sequence 1051:, it lost its consonant. Finally, later on in the same period of the language the initial 586:

is just a native Japanese word labeled by a Chinese character with similar meaning, while

8: 12640: 12522: 12494: 12409: 11989: 1803:

is a hyper-formal and very respectful term for mother) or is used in different contexts (

11934: 7002: 899:), respectively. This is because these sounds (as well as all sounds still written with 578:, "forms of government"). The above spelling differences are etymological. For example, 12611: 12532: 12419: 12353: 12238: 11951: 11693: 7013: 2262: 351: 11939: 11775: 11724: 11365: 12499: 12434: 12404: 12207: 12026: 12011: 11984: 11979: 11917: 11855: 11830: 11765: 11639: 11477: 11467: 11458: 11419: 11103: 7008:

For an example of a major document written in the classical style, see as an example

5240: 1624:

There are some exceptions to this sound change, although they are rare. They include

708: 214: 210: 89: 11683: 11482: 9980:"Ku-grammar") uses the irrealis form to form nouns from verbs and adjectives; e.g., 12628: 12606: 12384: 12180: 12021: 11823: 11813: 11808: 11796: 11649: 11585: 11541: 11247: 626: 346: 12149: 11744: 11688: 11526: 3867:

The other use of small kana in modern Japanese is in the geminate consonant mark (

3359:

is sequentially voiced, as in this example, and the pronunciation is identical to

139: 12653: 12313: 12308: 12303: 12016: 11789: 11700: 11600: 11561: 11556: 11517: 11497: 5501: 2448:). This rule applies equally to native and Sino-Japanese words, as well as a few 81: 11782: 218: 72: 12648: 11999: 11974: 11897: 11877: 11850: 11801: 11753: 11717: 11671: 11615: 11610: 11590: 11360: 10707: 6827:

Regardless of how it came to be, the Japanese orthography lacked the character

5378: 650: 120: 10278:) forms are used. It is however, relatively rare, even in classical Japanese. 12692: 12439: 12185: 12164: 11882: 11734: 11678: 11546: 11536: 11512: 11502: 11492: 5401:) in modern Japanese occur in Sino-Japanese vocabulary. Originally, syllabic 2266: 242: 11295: 5779:"consider"); note that these are the classical versions of the modern verbs 12424: 12253: 11818: 11712: 11656: 11625: 11620: 11433: 11098: 9483:

Classical Japanese has the following classes of adjectives and stem forms:

6878:

There is one exception. In classical Japanese, there is an auxiliary verb (

5239:

There are no known exceptions to this rule, but some dialects (such as the

2678: 944: 246: 230: 226: 94: 68: 660: 12479: 11707: 4041:

Kana of the N- and M-rows can also be geminate, but they are preceded by

2237:) in standard Japanese, and no dialects preserve the distinction between 2226:

There are no known exceptions (besides the aforementioned ones regarding

1853: 1424:"come together" (note that every quadrigrade verb that currently ends in 654: 11370: 5318: 5267: 4572:). So the semantic difference between Sino-Japanese syllables ending in 2083:"voice") (notice that an old character is also involved in this example) 1950:) to write the aforementioned grammatical particle, which is pronounced 365: 131: 12508: 12474: 12283: 12278: 12273: 12268: 12263: 12154: 11123: 338: 4671:

Occasionally, gemination may also result from a loss of a vowel after

3450:

In historical kana, all of these examples are written with large kana

1071:

never existed), leaving the current morpheme-medial pronunciations of

341:

was substantially different from classical Japanese. This is known as

12288: 12217: 12197: 12139: 10315: 9498: 7096: 2714: 438: 342: 165: 12159: 12144: 11388: 6839:) or any equivalent. Therefore, until the spelling reforms of 1900, 617:, but there are some exceptions. For the seventh example character ( 12453: 12134: 12129: 12124: 12051: 11892: 11153: 6973: 2507:"hydrangea") (notice that this example also contains a change from 2449: 147: 143: 12568: 9450:), which is the way that a modern Japanese writer would write the 7051:

Classical Japanese has the following verb classes and stem forms:

3181:) kana follows an I-column kana of the S-, Z-, T-, D-, or H-rows ( 12545: 12484: 12101: 11187:

eds. Judit Árokay, Jadranka Gvozdanović, and Darja Miyajima p.88.

5297: 2358: 12563: 12096: 12064: 3835:"agreement") when written in historical kana: both are written 10824:

As with adjectives, the imperative form is rare, but is used.

6772:) had been fully incorporated into the language. For example, 1179:) to represent grammatical particles pronounced as if written 12558: 12106: 12069: 10028:"peace of mind"). Meanwhile, others assumed the construction 422: 238: 127: 58: 8390:

Note that most S-irregular is the combination of a noun and

2632:"map") (notice again that an old character form is involved) 300:

inflection is quintigrade due to a historical sound change (

27:

Literary form of Japanese, used until the early 20th century

12116: 11209:

Trantor, Nicholas and Kizu, Mika. (2012) "Modern Japanese"

10713:

The auxiliary verbs are derived from directional particles

9328:"to learn from", which is generally pronounced and written 6159:, and that these are the classical forms of the adjectives 1111:(which, in this context, are probably better thought of as 686: 249:

are also left in the classical style unless fully revised.

135: 4765: 2909:, respectively). This usage is a holdover from this rule. 2600:"release") (notice the use of Y-row rule, explained below) 11366:

Bibliography of premodern Japanese texts and translations

3823:) is not differentiated in historical kana from the word 11361:

Bungo Nyūmon: A Brief Introduction to Classical Japanese

9454:

Japanese word, rather than the way they would write the

209:

and sometimes simply called "Medieval Japanese", is the

10281: 6401:

From abbreviation of another pronunciation on this list

5348: 613:

In general, old character forms are identical to their

10303:

There are the following classes for adjectival verbs:

10155:

The compound forms are derived from continuitive form

3326:

only occur in modern Japanese writing when a sequence

1155:, which is elaborated upon below. The modern usage of 399: 4516:

in the Sino-Japanese morphemes that currently end in

6815:"") (in modern orthography, the new character form 3543:) (note the presence of an old character form here) 2741:) was historically produced by rendaku (such as in 2681:) that preserve the distinction between historical 2188:"Yen") (again, there is an old character used here) 2817:, respectively), or in compounds where a phonemic 2357:) are used in places other than changes caused by 1333:ending is the classical conclusive form of modern 6701:From some semantic (rather than phonetic) process 6151:"fragrant"); note also the sequential voicing of 3610:) (again, multiple iteration marks are used here) 2995:) kana of the K-, G-, N-, B-, P-, M-, or R-rows ( 779:Some morpheme-medial sounds currently written as 193:, "literary language"), also called "old writing" 12690: 11322: 9438:), but the modern form is given in the table as 5704:"god" in some compounds), originally pronounced 5508:From the elision of a vowel following /m/ or /n/ 4548:). Later on, these acquired two forms, one with 10971:is omitted more often than in the spoken style. 10291: 9471: 7034: 2922: 2295:This section uses Nihon-shiki romanization for 2282: 1839: 767: 747:. Some of these differences apply primarily to 738: 720: 698: 670: 449: 409: 202: 10965: 10811: 10799: 10787: 10775: 10763: 10751: 10739: 10727: 10715: 10671: 10653: 10641: 10618: 10600: 10587: 10574: 10561: 10548: 10516: 10508: 10491: 10473: 10460: 10447: 10434: 10421: 10400: 10392: 10378: 10368: 10358: 10348: 10338: 10328: 10318: 10285: 10268: 10256: 10241: 10229: 10217: 10205: 10193: 10181: 10169: 10157: 10142: 10130: 10128:) with a sequential voicing sound change from 10114: 10102: 10090: 10078: 10066: 10054: 10042: 10030: 10018: 10006: 9994: 9982: 9970: 9947: 9931: 9916: 9903: 9896: 9873: 9860: 9847: 9834: 9821: 9810: 9789: 9782: 9773: 9756: 9740: 9725: 9712: 9705: 9682: 9669: 9656: 9643: 9630: 9619: 9598: 9591: 9582: 9568: 9557: 9546: 9535: 9524: 9513: 9502: 9465: 9440: 9428: 9416: 9401: 9389: 9377: 9365: 9352: 9341: 9330: 9319: 9308: 9297: 9263: 9254: 9235: 9216: 9197: 9181: 9162: 9143: 9127: 9103: 9094: 9075: 9066: 9050: 9031: 9022: 9006: 8987: 8971: 8947: 8938: 8914: 8905: 8881: 8872: 8848: 8839: 8820: 8811: 8792: 8773: 8754: 8745: 8721: 8712: 8693: 8684: 8665: 8656: 8637: 8618: 8599: 8580: 8561: 8542: 8523: 8507: 8464: 8443: 8426: 8408: 8391: 8367: 8350: 8333: 8316: 8296: 8289: 8263: 8246: 8229: 8212: 8196: 8179: 8159: 8152: 8126: 8109: 8092: 8075: 8058: 8041: 8021: 8002: 7988: 7974: 7949: 7935: 7921: 7911: 7888: 7874: 7860: 7835: 7821: 7807: 7797: 7771: 7754: 7737: 7720: 7703: 7683: 7676: 7650: 7633: 7616: 7599: 7582: 7562: 7555: 7532: 7518: 7492: 7478: 7468: 7442: 7425: 7408: 7391: 7371: 7352: 7338: 7312: 7298: 7288: 7262: 7245: 7228: 7211: 7186: 7179: 7166: 7155: 7144: 7133: 7122: 7111: 7100: 7083: 7073: 7028: 6989: 6978: 6964:Two other significant differences involve the 6938: 6923: 6911: 6891: 6880: 6865: 6853: 6841: 6829: 6817: 6802: 6777: 6762: 6737: 6725: 6707: 6669: 6651: 6633: 6617: 6601: 6593: 6585: 6563: 6543: 6524: 6506: 6494: 6469: 6440: 6415: 6407: 6378: 6358: 6350: 6329: 6310: 6290: 6270: 6242: 6223: 6204: 6185: 6173: 6161: 6133: 6113: 6093: 6070: 6051: 6034: 6016: 6001: 5982: 5963: 5946: 5918: 5898: 5864: 5845: 5822: 5805: 5793: 5781: 5761: 5741: 5731: 5713: 5687: 5665: 5637: 5618: 5601: 5581: 5553: 5533: 5514: 5490: 5488:However, some native Japanese words also have 5448: 5418: 5391: 5367: 5351: 5300: 5249: 5246: 5211: 5182: 5177:, both in writing and in speech. For example, 5132: 5098: 5066: 5034: 5014: 4998: 4982: 4966: 4932: 4900: 4880: 4864: 4845: 4825: 4817: 4809: 4768: 4734: 4700: 4689: 4673: 4650: 4628: 4607: 4585: 4566: 4534: 4518: 4498: 4461: 4431: 4402: 4372: 4345: 4337: 4329: 4321: 4288: 4261: 4229: 4201: 4167: 4140: 4125: 4108: 4093: 4074: 4058: 4043: 4021: 4001: 3970: 3949: 3923: 3903: 3888: 3880: 3869: 3853: 3837: 3825: 3813: 3782: 3754: 3728: 3700: 3672: 3644: 3614: 3575: 3547: 3519: 3491: 3486:). So the previous examples would be written: 3468: 3460: 3452: 3438: 3427: 3396: 3383: 3372: 3361: 3350: 3339: 3328: 3317: 3306: 3295: 3276: 3256: 3235: 3214: 3183: 3172: 3149: 3127: 3099: 3078: 3057: 3036: 2997: 2986: 2975: 2951: 2943: 2935: 2916: 2892: 2873: 2854: 2835: 2800: 2781: 2762: 2743: 2731: 2719: 2643: 2604: 2572: 2533: 2520: 2509: 2477: 2454: 2439: 2428: 2413: 2402: 2386: 2374: 2363: 2347: 2335: 2321: 2313: 2305: 2297: 2276: 2228: 2192: 2160: 2126: 2087: 2055: 2023: 1999: 1991: 1983: 1964: 1952: 1940: 1912: 1900: 1888: 1874: 1866: 1858: 1833: 1816: 1805: 1794: 1776: 1757: 1737: 1718: 1698: 1681: 1662: 1645: 1626: 1437: 1426: 1335: 1203:), respectively, is a holdover from this rule. 1193: 1181: 1169: 1157: 1021: 1013: 1005: 997: 989: 933: 925: 917: 909: 901: 873: 865: 857: 849: 841: 813: 805: 797: 789: 781: 761: 732: 714: 692: 664: 631: 619: 588: 580: 572: 564: 556: 548: 540: 529: 520: 511: 502: 493: 484: 475: 466: 443: 427: 403: 386: 370: 263: 253: 196: 183: 11404: 10701: 9461: 5028:) (not indicated in standard historical kana) 4496:kana is used. However, in the third example, 3850: 644: 638: 601: 595: 10666:Most tari-adjectival nouns are derived from 5389:. Therefore, the majority of occurrences of 5227:"queen", from English "queen" with original 5198:"quick", from English "quick" with original 987:; these three sounds are still written with 11379:Vol. 34, No. 4 (Winter, 1979), pp. 501–504. 8981:"Lower monograde conjugation class verbs") 8517:"Upper monograde conjugation class verbs") 8495:Romanization (Pre-World War II orthography) 6968:that kana are used in general, rather than 5062:"homecoming") (note the old character form) 3293:"throughout ") (note that, as noted above, 11411: 11397: 11170:Komai, Akira. (1983) "Classical Japanese" 8477: 5094:"hypocrisy") (note the old character form) 2912: 2272: 1829: 757: 6998:), and for the aforementioned ruby text. 6431:"porcelain bowl"), originally pronounced 5936:"rank"); note also the sound change from 4894:) (indicated in standard historical kana) 4091:), or randomly, as in the aforementioned 1962:) in modern Japanese (unless preceded by 5803:), respectively (in modern orthography, 11331: 11198:Kodansha Encyclopedia of Japan Volume 3 11172:Kodansha Encyclopedia of Japan Volume 1 11166: 11164: 9191:"R-irregular conjugation class verbs") 9137:"N-irregular conjugation class verbs") 9060:"S-irregular conjugation class verbs") 8489:Japanese (Pre-World War II orthography) 3209:), the preceding consonant is changed: 2009:in song), is a holdover from this rule. 951:in Early Middle Japanese, and then, in 754:Broadly speaking, the differences are: 14: 12691: 11344: 6308:"learn from") (in modern orthography, 4556:(although in syllables beginning with 3425:These three kana cannot follow A-row ( 1814:is generally used in isolation, while 217:that was the standard until the early 11418: 11392: 11248:"「仕合(しあわせ)」の意味や使い方わかりやすく解説 Weblio辞書" 11196:Neustupny, JV. (1983) "Gembun Itchi" 10599: 10472: 6921:) even though they are pronounced as 6735:"four) by analogy with Sino-Japanese 5365:Modern Japanese has the moraic nasal 421:Old character forms are the forms of 11161: 10785:), respectively, which then lead to 7046: 7024: 5655:"courteous"), originally pronounced 5313: 5262: 225:, the language as spoken during the 11384:Dictionaries for Classical Japanese 11349:. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University. 11334:Classical Japanese : A Grammar 3413:"hundred") (note that the sequence 2933:In modern Japanese, the small kana 939:) originally had initial consonant 24: 11316: 10827: 4053:) to indicate gemination instead. 25: 12715: 11354: 11323:Katsuki-Pestemer, Noriko (2009). 10251:), but lack the conclusive form. 10052:) appears to be an irrealis form 8498:Romanization (Modern orthography) 6599:is ateji (in modern orthography, 6032:"query") (in modern orthography, 5599:"woman") (in modern orthography, 4695:in historical kana. For example, 4135:) in historical kana. Therefore, 1055:was lost in all instances before 649:are actually the formal forms in 11347:A Handbook to Classical Japanese 11211:The Languages of Japan and Korea 10710:word meaning “quietly, softly”. 10634: 9963: 6959: 6583:; note the use of the character 5571:"woman"), originally pronounced 5317: 5266: 615:traditional Chinese counterparts 11373:A Grammar of Classical Japanese 11325:A Grammar of Classical Japanese 11288: 9121:To be/go/come (honorific form) 6749:"three", originally pronounced 5892:From the elision of a full mora 5729:"god") (in modern orthography, 5484:) (note the old character form) 4667:) (note the old character form) 4624:) (note the old character form) 4560:, one form usually begins with 2871:"kana usage", pronounced as if 2779:, "continue", pronounced as if 2265:(which are also descended from 1973:or sometimes in song, although 1716:"domestic duck", expected form 1027:. Morpheme-medially and before 11264: 11240: 11216: 11203: 11190: 11177: 11140: 11116: 9287: 6579:) by elision of the full mora 3886:, which is a small version of 2984:) when following an I-column ( 1910:) are used, and the character 359: 13: 1: 11345:Wixted, John Timothy (2006). 11272:"仕合はせの意味 – 古文辞書 – Weblio古語辞典" 11133: 8492:Japanese (Modern orthography) 8425:is a combination of the noun 5737:, using a new character form) 1977:morpheme-medial instances of 12555:Kanji pronunciation sources 12329:Katakana Phonetic Extensions 11086:Wonna wa sangai-ni ihe-nashi 9189:Ra-gyō henkaku katsuyō dōshi 9135:Na-gyō henkaku katsuyō dōshi 9058:Sa-gyō henkaku katsuyō dōshi 5999:"wholesale" in the compound 5243:) preserve the distinction. 2689:in speech, usually by using 711:, called "modern kana usage" 280:"to write") is quadrigrade ( 221:(1926–1989). It is based on 7: 12664:Speculative fiction writers 12223:Transcription into Japanese 11224:"ほのおとは何？わかりやすく解説 Weblio辞書" 11092: 11040: 11020: 11000: 10992: 10898: 10878: 10859: 10292: 9472: 9379:在すがり (いますがり) / 坐すがり (いますがり) 8979:Shimo ichidan katsuyō dōshi 7035: 6793:""), originally pronounced 6485:""), originally pronounced 2923: 2283: 1840: 768: 739: 721: 699: 671: 450: 410: 276:inflection of the verb 書く ( 203: 179:classical Japanese language 152:Historical kana orthography 18:Classical Japanese language 10: 12720: 11582:Nagano-Yamanashi-Shizuoka 11296:"穂の意味 – 古文辞書 – Weblio古語辞典" 11213:ed. Nicolas Trantor p.268. 10761:), respectively, yielding 9229:To exist (honorific form) 8515:Kami ichidan katsuyō dōshi 7019: 6346:, without iteration marks) 6183:) (in modern orthography, 4508:) is used, even though an 2999:カ～, ガ～, ナ～, バ～, パ～, マ～, ラ行 1755:"overflow", expected form 331: 262:, "written language") and 29: 12699:Archaic Japanese language 12639: 12579: 12531: 12373: 12231: 12173: 12115: 12050: 12041: 11950: 11925: 11916: 11868: 11841: 11764: 11638: 11466: 11457: 11426: 11338:Columbia University Press 11327:. München: Lincom Europa. 11071: 11058: 11045: 11026: 11006: 10979: 10966: 10939: 10927: 10915: 10903: 10884: 10865: 10846: 10834: 10812: 10800: 10788: 10776: 10764: 10752: 10740: 10728: 10716: 10702: 10672: 10654: 10642: 10619: 10612: 10601: 10588: 10586: 10575: 10573: 10562: 10549: 10547: 10517: 10515: 10509: 10505: 10492: 10485: 10474: 10461: 10459: 10448: 10446: 10435: 10422: 10420: 10401: 10399: 10393: 10389: 10379: 10369: 10359: 10349: 10339: 10329: 10319: 10286: 10269: 10257: 10242: 10230: 10218: 10206: 10194: 10182: 10170: 10158: 10143: 10131: 10115: 10103: 10091: 10079: 10067: 10055: 10043: 10031: 10019: 10007: 9995: 9983: 9971: 9948: 9932: 9917: 9904: 9897: 9888: 9874: 9861: 9848: 9835: 9822: 9811: 9790: 9788: 9783: 9774: 9770: 9757: 9741: 9726: 9713: 9706: 9697: 9683: 9670: 9657: 9644: 9631: 9620: 9599: 9597: 9592: 9583: 9579: 9569: 9558: 9547: 9536: 9525: 9514: 9503: 9466: 9441: 9429: 9417: 9402: 9390: 9378: 9366: 9353: 9342: 9331: 9320: 9309: 9298: 9264: 9255: 9242: 9236: 9233: 9223: 9217: 9214: 9204: 9198: 9195: 9182: 9179: 9169: 9163: 9160: 9150: 9144: 9141: 9128: 9125: 9104: 9095: 9082: 9076: 9067: 9051: 9048: 9038: 9032: 9023: 9007: 9004: 8994: 8988: 8985: 8972: 8969: 8948: 8939: 8915: 8906: 8882: 8873: 8849: 8840: 8827: 8821: 8812: 8799: 8793: 8790: 8780: 8774: 8771: 8761: 8755: 8746: 8722: 8713: 8700: 8694: 8685: 8672: 8666: 8657: 8644: 8638: 8635: 8625: 8619: 8616: 8606: 8600: 8597: 8587: 8581: 8578: 8568: 8562: 8559: 8549: 8543: 8540: 8530: 8524: 8521: 8508: 8505: 8465: 8444: 8427: 8409: 8392: 8368: 8366: 8351: 8334: 8332: 8317: 8297: 8290: 8264: 8247: 8230: 8213: 8197: 8180: 8160: 8153: 8127: 8110: 8093: 8076: 8059: 8042: 8022: 8003: 7989: 7975: 7950: 7936: 7922: 7912: 7906: 7889: 7875: 7861: 7836: 7822: 7808: 7798: 7772: 7755: 7738: 7721: 7704: 7702: 7684: 7677: 7651: 7634: 7617: 7600: 7583: 7581: 7563: 7556: 7533: 7519: 7493: 7491: 7479: 7477: 7469: 7443: 7426: 7409: 7407: 7392: 7390: 7372: 7353: 7339: 7313: 7311: 7299: 7297: 7289: 7283: 7263: 7261: 7246: 7244: 7229: 7212: 7187: 7180: 7167: 7156: 7145: 7134: 7123: 7112: 7101: 7090: 7084: 7080: 7074: 7070: 7029: 6990: 6979: 6939: 6936:Since the auxiliary verb 6924: 6912: 6892: 6881: 6866: 6854: 6842: 6830: 6818: 6803: 6778: 6763: 6738: 6726: 6708: 6670: 6652: 6634: 6618: 6602: 6594: 6586: 6564: 6544: 6525: 6507: 6495: 6470: 6441: 6416: 6408: 6379: 6359: 6351: 6330: 6311: 6291: 6271: 6243: 6224: 6205: 6186: 6174: 6162: 6134: 6114: 6094: 6071: 6052: 6035: 6017: 6014:"wholesale store"), from 6002: 5983: 5964: 5947: 5919: 5899: 5865: 5846: 5823: 5806: 5794: 5782: 5762: 5742: 5732: 5714: 5688: 5666: 5638: 5619: 5602: 5582: 5554: 5534: 5515: 5491: 5449: 5419: 5392: 5368: 5352: 5349:Classical auxiliary verb 5301: 5250: 5212: 5183: 5133: 5099: 5067: 5035: 5015: 4999: 4983: 4967: 4933: 4901: 4881: 4865: 4846: 4826: 4818: 4810: 4769: 4735: 4701: 4690: 4674: 4651: 4629: 4608: 4586: 4567: 4535: 4519: 4499: 4462: 4432: 4403: 4373: 4346: 4338: 4330: 4322: 4289: 4262: 4230: 4202: 4168: 4141: 4126: 4109: 4094: 4075: 4059: 4044: 4022: 4002: 3971: 3950: 3924: 3904: 3889: 3881: 3870: 3854: 3838: 3826: 3814: 3783: 3755: 3729: 3701: 3673: 3645: 3615: 3576: 3548: 3520: 3492: 3469: 3461: 3453: 3439: 3428: 3397: 3384: 3373: 3362: 3351: 3340: 3329: 3318: 3307: 3296: 3277: 3257: 3236: 3215: 3184: 3173: 3150: 3128: 3100: 3079: 3058: 3037: 2998: 2987: 2976: 2952: 2944: 2936: 2917: 2893: 2874: 2855: 2852:"one's surroundings" and 2836: 2801: 2782: 2763: 2744: 2732: 2720: 2644: 2605: 2573: 2534: 2521: 2510: 2478: 2455: 2440: 2429: 2414: 2403: 2387: 2375: 2364: 2348: 2336: 2322: 2314: 2306: 2298: 2277: 2229: 2193: 2161: 2127: 2088: 2056: 2024: 2000: 1992: 1984: 1965: 1953: 1941: 1913: 1901: 1889: 1875: 1867: 1859: 1834: 1817: 1806: 1795: 1777: 1758: 1738: 1719: 1699: 1682: 1663: 1646: 1627: 1438: 1427: 1336: 1194: 1182: 1170: 1158: 1022: 1014: 1006: 998: 990: 934: 926: 918: 910: 902: 874: 866: 858: 850: 842: 814: 806: 798: 790: 782: 762: 733: 715: 693: 665: 645: 639: 632: 620: 602: 596: 589: 581: 573: 565: 557: 549: 541: 530: 521: 512: 503: 494: 485: 476: 467: 444: 428: 404: 387: 371: 264: 254: 197: 184: 163: 158: 117: 78: 64: 54: 49: 44: 39: 12449:Sino-Japanese vocabulary 11908:Yokohama Pidgin Japanese 11109: 10668:Sino-Japanese vocabulary 6522:"august"), which became 6376:"porcelain bowl"), from 5944:(in modern orthography, 5476:; originally pronounced 5298:Palatalized long vowel ( 4717:"Buddhist priest", from 2372:), where in modern kana 1886:The obsolete characters 1643:"mother", expected form 947:, which then changed to 30:Not to be confused with 12395:Godan and ichidan verbs 12213:Jōdai Tokushu Kanazukai 11332:Shirane, Haruo (2005). 10124:; modern pronunciation 9248:To serve (humble form) 8478:Verb class distribution 6463:From multiple processes 2969:) are used to indicate 1679:"cheek", expected form 1091:, but the spellings of 709:modern kana orthography 672:rekishi-teki kana-zukai 562:, "physical body") and 394:rekishi-teki kana-zukai 11025: 11005: 10997: 10978: 10883: 10864: 10833: 8899:To carry (constantly) 8805:To douse (with water) 6438:; from aforementioned 5502:regular-use characters 5466:, from Middle Chinese 5436:, from Middle Chinese 5326:This section is empty. 5275:This section is empty. 4766:Labialized consonant ( 4564:, as is the case with 2971:palatalized consonants 2037:→ いる (only in kana) ( 749:Sino-Japanese readings 12500:Court lady language ( 11970:Southern Amami Ōshima 11903:Yilan Creole Japanese 10215:), which then became 9016:"K-irregular verbs") 7054:Inflectional form = ( 5411:Early Modern Japanese 5167:Labialized consonants 2017:Native Japanese words 1981:, whether originally 683:Historical kana usage 661:Historical kana usage 600:means "politics" and 382:historical kana usage 223:Early Middle Japanese 100:Early Middle Japanese 32:Early Middle Japanese 12319:Small Kana Extension 11930:Eastern Old Japanese 11569:Northern Izu Islands 11377:Monumenta Nipponica, 11371:Bart. "Book Review: 9014:Ka-gyō henkaku dōshi 8786:To shoot (an arrow) 7003:kana iteration marks 6541:"august"), and then 6288:"learn from"), from 6091:"prosperous"), from 5381:loanwords ending in 4807:, and used the kana 4755:in historical kana. 3447:) kana in this way. 3170:When a small Y-row ( 953:Late Middle Japanese 12704:Classical languages 11870:Pidgins and creoles 10954:Toudai moto kurashi 10700:」 is derived from 「 7071:Inflectional Class 7063:Inflectional suffix 2825:has been voiced to 2566:Sino-Japanese words 2120:Sino-Japanese words 1153:Sino-Japanese words 729:or "new kana usage" 439:new character forms 400:Old character forms 366:old character forms 235:end of World War II 12671:Classical Japanese 12518:Gender differences 12354:Extended shinjitai 11185:Divided Languages? 10613:''be quiet, soft" 9218:在すかり, 坐すかり (いますかり) 8932:To lead (an army) 7081:Inflectional form 7014:Meiji Constitution 6131:"fragrant"), from 6109:"one's best days") 5759:"consider"), from 3185:サ～, ザ～, タ～, ダ～, ハ行 2359:sequential voicing 2263:Ryukyuan languages 2261:, but some of the 1852:This section uses 839:) were written as 423:Chinese characters 352:The Drifting Cloud 105:Classical Japanese 40:Classical Japanese 12686: 12685: 12390:Verb conjugations 12369: 12368: 12037: 12036: 11918:Japonic languages 11864: 11863: 11856:Okinawan Japanese 11420:Japanese language 11375:by Akira Komai", 11104:Literary language 10632: 10631: 9961: 9960: 9285: 9284: 8388: 8387: 7047:Conjugation table 7010:the original text 6458:"porcelain bowl") 5346: 5345: 5295: 5294: 5241:Kagoshima dialect 5008:, but pronounced 4992:, but pronounced 4976:, but pronounced 4960:"New Year's Day") 4890:, but pronounced 4874:, but pronounced 4478:"magazine", from 4449:"schedule", from 4419:"semester", from 4390:"eligible", from 4304:, but pronounced 4277:, but pronounced 4250:, but pronounced 4218:, but pronounced 4189:, but pronounced 4156:, but pronounced 3799:, but pronounced 3771:, but pronounced 3744:, but pronounced 3717:, but pronounced 3689:, but pronounced 3661:, but pronounced 3632:, but pronounced 3599:, but pronounced 3564:, but pronounced 3536:, but pronounced 3508:, but pronounced 3145:"mountain range") 2760:, "shorten", and 2005:, tend to become 1856:romanization for 722:gendai kana-zukai 685:is the system of 215:Japanese language 175: 174: 45:Late Old Japanese 16:(Redirected from 12711: 12629:Polivanov system 12490:Honorific speech 12385:Japanese grammar 12048: 12047: 11923: 11922: 11464: 11463: 11413: 11406: 11399: 11390: 11389: 11350: 11341: 11328: 11310: 11309: 11307: 11306: 11292: 11286: 11285: 11283: 11282: 11268: 11262: 11261: 11259: 11258: 11244: 11238: 11237: 11235: 11234: 11220: 11214: 11207: 11201: 11194: 11188: 11181: 11175: 11168: 11159: 11158: 11144: 11127: 11120: 11082: 11069: 11056: 11037: 11017: 10990: 10970: 10969: 10968: 10950: 10938: 10926: 10914: 10895: 10876: 10857: 10845: 10816: 10815: 10814: 10804: 10803: 10802: 10792: 10791: 10790: 10780: 10779: 10778: 10768: 10767: 10766: 10756: 10755: 10754: 10744: 10743: 10742: 10732: 10731: 10730: 10720: 10719: 10718: 10705: 10704: 10699: 10698: 10696: 10684: 10658: 10657: 10656: 10646: 10645: 10644: 10627: 10626: 10625: 10622: 10609: 10608: 10607: 10604: 10596: 10595: 10594: 10591: 10583: 10582: 10581: 10578: 10570: 10569: 10568: 10565: 10557: 10556: 10555: 10552: 10545: 10544: 10543: 10542: 10530: 10512: 10511: 10500: 10499: 10498: 10495: 10482: 10481: 10480: 10477: 10469: 10468: 10467: 10464: 10456: 10455: 10454: 10451: 10443: 10442: 10441: 10438: 10430: 10429: 10428: 10425: 10418: 10417: 10416: 10414: 10396: 10395: 10382: 10381: 10372: 10371: 10362: 10361: 10352: 10351: 10342: 10341: 10332: 10331: 10322: 10321: 10306: 10305: 10299: 10298: 10295: 10289: 10288: 10282:Adjectival verbs 10273: 10272: 10271: 10261: 10260: 10259: 10246: 10245: 10244: 10234: 10233: 10232: 10222: 10221: 10220: 10210: 10209: 10208: 10198: 10197: 10196: 10186: 10185: 10184: 10174: 10173: 10172: 10162: 10161: 10160: 10147: 10146: 10145: 10135: 10134: 10133: 10119: 10118: 10117: 10107: 10106: 10105: 10095: 10094: 10093: 10083: 10082: 10081: 10071: 10070: 10069: 10059: 10058: 10057: 10047: 10046: 10045: 10035: 10034: 10033: 10023: 10022: 10021: 10011: 10010: 10009: 9999: 9998: 9997: 9987: 9986: 9985: 9975: 9974: 9973: 9956: 9955: 9954: 9951: 9940: 9939: 9938: 9935: 9925: 9924: 9923: 9920: 9912: 9911: 9910: 9907: 9900: 9899: 9882: 9881: 9880: 9877: 9869: 9868: 9867: 9864: 9856: 9855: 9854: 9851: 9843: 9842: 9841: 9838: 9830: 9829: 9828: 9825: 9819: 9818: 9817: 9814: 9806: 9805: 9804: 9803: 9786: 9785: 9777: 9776: 9765: 9764: 9763: 9760: 9749: 9748: 9747: 9744: 9734: 9733: 9732: 9729: 9721: 9720: 9719: 9716: 9709: 9708: 9691: 9690: 9689: 9686: 9678: 9677: 9676: 9673: 9665: 9664: 9663: 9660: 9652: 9651: 9650: 9647: 9639: 9638: 9637: 9634: 9628: 9627: 9626: 9623: 9615: 9614: 9613: 9612: 9595: 9594: 9586: 9585: 9572: 9571: 9561: 9560: 9550: 9549: 9539: 9538: 9528: 9527: 9517: 9516: 9506: 9505: 9486: 9485: 9479: 9478: 9475: 9469: 9468: 9445: 9444: 9443: 9433: 9432: 9431: 9421: 9420: 9419: 9406: 9405: 9404: 9394: 9393: 9392: 9382: 9381: 9380: 9370: 9369: 9368: 9357: 9356: 9355: 9346: 9345: 9344: 9335: 9334: 9333: 9324: 9323: 9322: 9313: 9312: 9311: 9302: 9301: 9300: 9268: 9267: 9266: 9259: 9258: 9257: 9240: 9239: 9238: 9221: 9220: 9219: 9202: 9201: 9200: 9186: 9185: 9184: 9167: 9166: 9165: 9148: 9147: 9146: 9132: 9131: 9130: 9108: 9107: 9106: 9099: 9098: 9097: 9080: 9079: 9078: 9071: 9070: 9069: 9055: 9054: 9053: 9036: 9035: 9034: 9027: 9026: 9025: 9011: 9010: 9009: 8992: 8991: 8990: 8976: 8975: 8974: 8952: 8951: 8950: 8943: 8942: 8941: 8919: 8918: 8917: 8910: 8909: 8908: 8886: 8885: 8884: 8877: 8876: 8875: 8853: 8852: 8851: 8844: 8843: 8842: 8833:To cast (metal) 8825: 8824: 8823: 8816: 8815: 8814: 8797: 8796: 8795: 8778: 8777: 8776: 8759: 8758: 8757: 8750: 8749: 8748: 8739:To reflect upon 8726: 8725: 8724: 8723:顧みる, 省みる (かえりみる) 8717: 8716: 8715: 8714:顧みる, 省みる (かへりみる) 8698: 8697: 8696: 8689: 8688: 8687: 8670: 8669: 8668: 8661: 8660: 8659: 8642: 8641: 8640: 8623: 8622: 8621: 8604: 8603: 8602: 8585: 8584: 8583: 8566: 8565: 8564: 8547: 8546: 8545: 8528: 8527: 8526: 8512: 8511: 8510: 8486: 8485: 8469: 8468: 8467: 8458: 8457: 8456: 8441: 8440: 8439: 8424: 8423: 8421: 8407:; for example, 8406: 8405: 8404: 8376: 8375: 8374: 8371: 8359: 8358: 8357: 8354: 8342: 8341: 8340: 8337: 8325: 8324: 8323: 8320: 8313: 8312: 8311: 8310: 8293: 8292: 8272: 8271: 8270: 8267: 8255: 8254: 8253: 8250: 8238: 8237: 8236: 8233: 8221: 8220: 8219: 8216: 8205: 8204: 8203: 8200: 8188: 8187: 8186: 8183: 8176: 8175: 8174: 8173: 8156: 8155: 8135: 8134: 8133: 8130: 8118: 8117: 8116: 8113: 8101: 8100: 8099: 8096: 8084: 8083: 8082: 8079: 8067: 8066: 8065: 8062: 8050: 8049: 8048: 8045: 8038: 8037: 8036: 8035: 8008: 8007: 8006: 7994: 7993: 7992: 7980: 7979: 7978: 7966: 7965: 7964: 7963: 7941: 7940: 7939: 7927: 7926: 7925: 7915: 7914: 7894: 7893: 7892: 7880: 7879: 7878: 7866: 7865: 7864: 7852: 7851: 7850: 7849: 7827: 7826: 7825: 7813: 7812: 7811: 7801: 7800: 7780: 7779: 7778: 7775: 7763: 7762: 7761: 7758: 7746: 7745: 7744: 7741: 7729: 7728: 7727: 7724: 7712: 7711: 7710: 7707: 7700: 7699: 7698: 7697: 7680: 7679: 7659: 7658: 7657: 7654: 7642: 7641: 7640: 7637: 7625: 7624: 7623: 7620: 7608: 7607: 7606: 7603: 7591: 7590: 7589: 7586: 7579: 7578: 7577: 7576: 7559: 7558: 7538: 7537: 7536: 7524: 7523: 7522: 7510: 7509: 7508: 7506: 7484: 7483: 7482: 7472: 7471: 7451: 7450: 7449: 7446: 7434: 7433: 7432: 7429: 7417: 7416: 7415: 7412: 7400: 7399: 7398: 7395: 7388: 7387: 7386: 7385: 7358: 7357: 7356: 7344: 7343: 7342: 7330: 7329: 7328: 7326: 7304: 7303: 7302: 7292: 7291: 7271: 7270: 7269: 7266: 7254: 7253: 7252: 7249: 7237: 7236: 7235: 7232: 7220: 7219: 7218: 7215: 7203: 7202: 7201: 7200: 7183: 7182: 7170: 7169: 7159: 7158: 7148: 7147: 7137: 7136: 7126: 7125: 7115: 7114: 7104: 7103: 7087: 7086: 7077: 7076: 7068: 7067: 7065: 7059: 7042: 7041: 7038: 7032: 7031: 6994: 6993: 6992: 6983: 6982: 6981: 6955: 6951: 6943: 6942: 6941: 6928: 6927: 6926: 6916: 6915: 6914: 6908: 6904: 6896: 6895: 6894: 6885: 6884: 6883: 6870: 6869: 6868: 6858: 6857: 6856: 6846: 6845: 6844: 6834: 6833: 6832: 6822: 6821: 6820: 6807: 6806: 6805: 6785: 6784: 6783: 6767: 6766: 6765: 6742: 6741: 6740: 6730: 6729: 6728: 6716: 6715: 6714: 6678: 6677: 6676: 6660: 6659: 6658: 6642: 6641: 6640: 6625: 6624: 6623: 6609: 6608: 6607: 6598: 6597: 6596: 6590: 6589: 6588: 6582: 6572: 6571: 6570: 6560: 6556: 6552: 6551: 6550: 6533: 6532: 6531: 6515: 6514: 6513: 6499: 6498: 6497: 6478: 6477: 6476: 6449: 6448: 6447: 6423: 6422: 6421: 6412: 6411: 6410: 6387: 6386: 6385: 6367: 6366: 6365: 6355: 6354: 6353: 6338: 6337: 6336: 6319: 6318: 6317: 6299: 6298: 6297: 6279: 6278: 6277: 6251: 6250: 6249: 6232: 6231: 6230: 6213: 6212: 6211: 6194: 6193: 6192: 6178: 6177: 6176: 6166: 6165: 6164: 6158: 6154: 6142: 6141: 6140: 6122: 6121: 6120: 6101: 6100: 6099: 6083: 6082: 6081: 6059: 6058: 6057: 6042: 6041: 6040: 6024: 6023: 6022: 6006: 6005: 6004: 5991: 5990: 5989: 5971: 5970: 5969: 5954: 5953: 5952: 5943: 5939: 5927: 5926: 5925: 5907: 5906: 5905: 5876: 5875: 5874: 5854: 5853: 5852: 5833: 5832: 5831: 5813: 5812: 5811: 5798: 5797: 5796: 5786: 5785: 5784: 5770: 5769: 5768: 5750: 5749: 5748: 5736: 5735: 5734: 5721: 5720: 5719: 5696: 5695: 5694: 5674: 5673: 5672: 5646: 5645: 5644: 5626: 5625: 5624: 5609: 5608: 5607: 5590: 5589: 5588: 5562: 5561: 5560: 5541: 5540: 5539: 5523: 5522: 5521: 5495: 5494: 5493: 5475: 5457: 5456: 5455: 5443: 5427: 5426: 5425: 5396: 5395: 5394: 5372: 5371: 5370: 5356: 5355: 5354: 5341: 5338: 5328:You can help by 5321: 5314: 5305: 5304: 5303: 5290: 5287: 5277:You can help by 5270: 5263: 5254: 5253: 5252: 5230: 5219: 5218: 5217: 5201: 5190: 5189: 5188: 5176: 5172: 5145: 5144: 5143: 5111: 5110: 5109: 5079: 5078: 5077: 5047: 5046: 5045: 5019: 5018: 5017: 5003: 5002: 5001: 4987: 4986: 4985: 4971: 4970: 4969: 4945: 4944: 4943: 4913: 4912: 4911: 4885: 4884: 4883: 4869: 4868: 4867: 4857: 4850: 4849: 4848: 4830: 4829: 4828: 4822: 4821: 4820: 4814: 4813: 4812: 4806: 4802: 4798: 4794: 4790: 4786: 4773: 4772: 4771: 4743: 4742: 4741: 4709: 4708: 4707: 4694: 4693: 4692: 4686: 4678: 4677: 4676: 4659: 4658: 4657: 4637: 4636: 4635: 4616: 4615: 4614: 4594: 4593: 4592: 4579: 4575: 4571: 4570: 4569: 4563: 4559: 4555: 4551: 4547: 4539: 4538: 4537: 4531: 4523: 4522: 4521: 4515: 4511: 4503: 4502: 4501: 4470: 4469: 4468: 4440: 4439: 4438: 4411: 4410: 4409: 4381: 4380: 4379: 4367:). For example: 4350: 4349: 4348: 4342: 4341: 4340: 4334: 4333: 4332: 4326: 4325: 4324: 4296: 4295: 4294: 4269: 4268: 4267: 4242: 4241: 4240: 4210: 4209: 4208: 4180: 4179: 4178: 4148: 4147: 4146: 4130: 4129: 4128: 4116: 4115: 4114: 4098: 4097: 4096: 4083: 4082: 4081: 4063: 4062: 4061: 4048: 4047: 4046: 4029: 4028: 4027: 4009: 4008: 4007: 3983: 3982: 3981: 3958: 3957: 3956: 3936: 3935: 3934: 3919:"burning hotly") 3911: 3910: 3909: 3893: 3892: 3891: 3885: 3884: 3883: 3874: 3873: 3872: 3858: 3857: 3856: 3842: 3841: 3840: 3830: 3829: 3828: 3818: 3817: 3816: 3791: 3790: 3789: 3763: 3762: 3761: 3737: 3736: 3735: 3709: 3708: 3707: 3681: 3680: 3679: 3653: 3652: 3651: 3623: 3622: 3621: 3587: 3586: 3585: 3556: 3555: 3554: 3528: 3527: 3526: 3500: 3499: 3498: 3473: 3472: 3471: 3465: 3464: 3463: 3457: 3456: 3455: 3443: 3442: 3441: 3432: 3431: 3430: 3420: 3416: 3405: 3404: 3403: 3388: 3387: 3386: 3377: 3376: 3375: 3366: 3365: 3364: 3355: 3354: 3353: 3344: 3343: 3342: 3333: 3332: 3331: 3322: 3321: 3320: 3311: 3310: 3309: 3300: 3299: 3298: 3285: 3284: 3283: 3265: 3264: 3263: 3244: 3243: 3242: 3223: 3222: 3221: 3188: 3187: 3186: 3177: 3176: 3175: 3158: 3157: 3156: 3136: 3135: 3134: 3111: 3110: 3109: 3087: 3086: 3085: 3066: 3065: 3064: 3045: 3044: 3043: 3031:). For example: 3002: 3001: 3000: 2991: 2990: 2989: 2980: 2979: 2978: 2956: 2955: 2954: 2948: 2947: 2946: 2940: 2939: 2938: 2928: 2926: 2920: 2919: 2901: 2900: 2899: 2882: 2881: 2880: 2863: 2862: 2861: 2844: 2843: 2842: 2832: 2828: 2824: 2820: 2809: 2808: 2807: 2790: 2789: 2788: 2771: 2770: 2769: 2752: 2751: 2750: 2736: 2735: 2734: 2724: 2723: 2722: 2712: 2708: 2704: 2700: 2696: 2692: 2688: 2684: 2656: 2655: 2654: 2617: 2616: 2615: 2585: 2584: 2583: 2546: 2545: 2544: 2525: 2524: 2523: 2514: 2513: 2512: 2490: 2489: 2488: 2459: 2458: 2457: 2444: 2443: 2442: 2433: 2432: 2431: 2425: 2418: 2417: 2416: 2407: 2406: 2405: 2399: 2391: 2390: 2389: 2379: 2378: 2377: 2368: 2367: 2366: 2352: 2351: 2350: 2340: 2339: 2338: 2326: 2325: 2324: 2318: 2317: 2316: 2310: 2309: 2308: 2302: 2301: 2300: 2288: 2286: 2280: 2279: 2260: 2256: 2252: 2248: 2244: 2240: 2233: 2232: 2231: 2205: 2204: 2203: 2173: 2172: 2171: 2139: 2138: 2137: 2100: 2099: 2098: 2068: 2067: 2066: 2036: 2035: 2034: 2008: 2004: 2003: 2002: 1996: 1995: 1994: 1988: 1987: 1986: 1980: 1969: 1968: 1967: 1957: 1956: 1955: 1945: 1944: 1943: 1937: 1933: 1929: 1925: 1917: 1916: 1915: 1905: 1904: 1903: 1893: 1892: 1891: 1879: 1878: 1877: 1871: 1870: 1869: 1863: 1862: 1861: 1845: 1843: 1837: 1836: 1821: 1820: 1819: 1810: 1809: 1808: 1799: 1798: 1797: 1785: 1784: 1783: 1766: 1765: 1764: 1746: 1745: 1744: 1727: 1726: 1725: 1707: 1706: 1705: 1689: 1688: 1687: 1671: 1670: 1669: 1653: 1652: 1651: 1635: 1634: 1633: 1442: 1441: 1440: 1431: 1430: 1429: 1340: 1339: 1338: 1198: 1197: 1196: 1186: 1185: 1184: 1174: 1173: 1172: 1162: 1161: 1160: 1150: 1146: 1142: 1138: 1134: 1130: 1126: 1122: 1118: 1114: 1110: 1106: 1102: 1098: 1094: 1090: 1086: 1082: 1078: 1074: 1070: 1066: 1062: 1058: 1054: 1050: 1046: 1042: 1038: 1034: 1030: 1026: 1025: 1024: 1018: 1017: 1016: 1010: 1009: 1008: 1002: 1001: 1000: 994: 993: 992: 986: 982: 978: 974: 970: 966: 962: 958: 950: 942: 938: 937: 936: 930: 929: 928: 922: 921: 920: 914: 913: 912: 906: 905: 904: 878: 877: 876: 870: 869: 868: 862: 861: 860: 854: 853: 852: 846: 845: 844: 818: 817: 816: 810: 809: 808: 802: 801: 800: 794: 793: 792: 786: 785: 784: 773: 771: 765: 764: 746: 745: 742: 736: 735: 728: 727: 724: 718: 717: 706: 705: 702: 696: 695: 678: 677: 674: 668: 667: 648: 647: 642: 641: 636: 635: 634: 624: 623: 622: 605: 604: 599: 598: 593: 592: 591: 585: 584: 583: 577: 576: 575: 569: 568: 567: 561: 560: 559: 553: 552: 551: 545: 544: 543: 534: 533: 532: 525: 524: 523: 516: 515: 514: 507: 506: 505: 498: 497: 496: 489: 488: 487: 480: 479: 478: 471: 470: 469: 457: 456: 453: 447: 446: 432: 431: 430: 417: 416: 413: 407: 406: 391: 390: 389: 375: 374: 373: 347:Futabatei Shimei 267: 266: 257: 256: 208: 206: 200: 199: 188: 187: 186: 168: 123: 84: 37: 36: 21: 12719: 12718: 12714: 12713: 12712: 12710: 12709: 12708: 12689: 12688: 12687: 12682: 12635: 12580:Transliteration 12575: 12551:Sound symbolism 12527: 12509:Role language ( 12468:from Portuguese 12400:Irregular verbs 12378: 12376: 12365: 12314:Kana Supplement 12309:Kana Extended-B 12304:Kana Extended-A 12227: 12203:Historical kana 12169: 12111: 12090:by stroke count 12081:Kanji radicals 12075:by stroke count 12033: 11946: 11912: 11888:Hawaiian Creole 11860: 11837: 11760: 11634: 11453: 11422: 11417: 11357: 11319: 11317:Further reading 11314: 11313: 11304: 11302: 11300:kobun.weblio.jp 11294: 11293: 11289: 11280: 11278: 11276:kobun.weblio.jp 11270: 11269: 11265: 11256: 11254: 11246: 11245: 11241: 11232: 11230: 11222: 11221: 11217: 11208: 11204: 11195: 11191: 11182: 11178: 11169: 11162: 11146: 11145: 11141: 11136: 11131: 11130: 11121: 11117: 11112: 11095: 11090: 11043: 11023: 11003: 10995: 10964: 10958: 10901: 10881: 10862: 10830: 10810: 10798: 10786: 10774: 10762: 10750: 10738: 10726: 10714: 10685: 10673: 10670:. For example,「 10652: 10640: 10637: 10623: 10620: 10605: 10602: 10592: 10589: 10579: 10576: 10566: 10563: 10553: 10550: 10531: 10519: 10518: 10496: 10493: 10478: 10475: 10465: 10462: 10452: 10449: 10439: 10436: 10426: 10423: 10403: 10402: 10301: 10296: 10283: 10267: 10255: 10240: 10228: 10216: 10204: 10192: 10180: 10168: 10156: 10141: 10129: 10113: 10101: 10089: 10077: 10065: 10053: 10041: 10029: 10017: 10005: 9993: 9981: 9969: 9966: 9952: 9949: 9936: 9933: 9921: 9918: 9908: 9905: 9895: 9889:'be beautiful' 9878: 9875: 9865: 9862: 9852: 9849: 9839: 9836: 9826: 9823: 9815: 9812: 9792: 9791: 9781: 9772: 9761: 9758: 9745: 9742: 9730: 9727: 9717: 9714: 9704: 9687: 9684: 9674: 9671: 9661: 9658: 9648: 9645: 9635: 9632: 9624: 9621: 9601: 9600: 9590: 9581: 9567: 9556: 9545: 9534: 9523: 9512: 9501: 9481: 9476: 9463: 9458:Japanese word. 9439: 9427: 9415: 9400: 9388: 9376: 9364: 9351: 9340: 9329: 9318: 9307: 9296: 9290: 9262: 9253: 9234: 9215: 9196: 9180: 9161: 9142: 9126: 9102: 9093: 9074: 9065: 9049: 9030: 9021: 9005: 8986: 8970: 8946: 8937: 8913: 8904: 8880: 8871: 8847: 8838: 8819: 8810: 8791: 8772: 8753: 8744: 8720: 8711: 8692: 8683: 8667:見る, 視る, 観る (みる) 8664: 8658:見る, 視る, 觀る (みる) 8655: 8636: 8617: 8598: 8579: 8560: 8541: 8522: 8506: 8480: 8463: 8445: 8428: 8410: 8393: 8372: 8369: 8355: 8352: 8338: 8335: 8321: 8318: 8299: 8298: 8288: 8268: 8265: 8251: 8248: 8234: 8231: 8217: 8214: 8201: 8198: 8184: 8181: 8162: 8161: 8151: 8143:'set the date' 8131: 8128: 8114: 8111: 8097: 8094: 8080: 8077: 8063: 8060: 8046: 8043: 8024: 8023: 8004: 7990: 7976: 7952: 7951: 7937: 7923: 7910: 7890: 7876: 7862: 7838: 7837: 7823: 7809: 7796: 7776: 7773: 7759: 7756: 7742: 7739: 7725: 7722: 7708: 7705: 7686: 7685: 7675: 7655: 7652: 7638: 7635: 7621: 7618: 7604: 7601: 7587: 7584: 7565: 7564: 7554: 7534: 7520: 7495: 7494: 7480: 7467: 7465:Lower Monograde 7447: 7444: 7430: 7427: 7413: 7410: 7396: 7393: 7374: 7373: 7354: 7340: 7315: 7314: 7300: 7287: 7285:Upper Monograde 7267: 7264: 7250: 7247: 7233: 7230: 7216: 7213: 7189: 7188: 7178: 7165: 7154: 7143: 7132: 7121: 7110: 7099: 7061: 7055: 7049: 7044: 7039: 7026: 7022: 6988: 6977: 6962: 6937: 6922: 6910: 6890: 6879: 6864: 6852: 6840: 6828: 6816: 6801: 6776: 6761: 6736: 6724: 6706: 6668: 6650: 6632: 6616: 6600: 6592: 6584: 6562: 6542: 6523: 6505: 6493: 6468: 6439: 6414: 6406: 6377: 6357: 6349: 6328: 6309: 6289: 6269: 6241: 6222: 6203: 6184: 6172: 6160: 6132: 6112: 6092: 6069: 6050: 6033: 6015: 6000: 5981: 5962: 5945: 5917: 5916:"crown"), from 5897: 5887:, respectively) 5863: 5844: 5821: 5804: 5792: 5780: 5760: 5740: 5730: 5712: 5686: 5664: 5636: 5617: 5600: 5580: 5552: 5532: 5513: 5489: 5447: 5417: 5413:. For example, 5390: 5366: 5363: 5350: 5342: 5336: 5333: 5312: 5299: 5291: 5285: 5282: 5261: 5248: 5210: 5181: 5131: 5097: 5065: 5033: 5024:but pronounced 5013: 4997: 4981: 4965: 4931: 4899: 4879: 4863: 4844: 4824: 4816: 4808: 4780: 4767: 4733: 4699: 4688: 4672: 4649: 4627: 4606: 4584: 4565: 4533: 4517: 4497: 4460: 4430: 4401: 4371: 4344: 4336: 4328: 4320: 4287: 4260: 4228: 4200: 4166: 4139: 4124: 4107: 4092: 4073: 4057: 4042: 4020: 4000: 3969: 3948: 3922: 3902: 3887: 3879: 3868: 3865: 3852: 3836: 3824: 3812: 3781: 3753: 3727: 3699: 3671: 3643: 3613: 3574: 3546: 3518: 3490: 3467: 3459: 3451: 3437: 3426: 3395: 3382: 3371: 3360: 3349: 3338: 3327: 3316: 3305: 3294: 3275: 3255: 3234: 3213: 3182: 3171: 3166:"abbreviation") 3148: 3126: 3098: 3077: 3056: 3035: 2996: 2985: 2974: 2950: 2942: 2934: 2931: 2914: 2891: 2872: 2853: 2834: 2799: 2780: 2761: 2742: 2730: 2718: 2709:for historical 2697:for historical 2642: 2603: 2571: 2532: 2519: 2508: 2476: 2467:Some examples: 2453: 2438: 2427: 2412: 2401: 2385: 2373: 2362: 2346: 2334: 2333:The characters 2320: 2312: 2304: 2296: 2291: 2274: 2227: 2191: 2159: 2125: 2086: 2054: 2022: 2013:Some examples: 1998: 1990: 1982: 1963: 1951: 1939: 1911: 1899: 1887: 1873: 1865: 1857: 1848: 1831: 1815: 1804: 1793: 1775: 1756: 1736: 1717: 1697: 1680: 1661: 1644: 1625: 1622: 1598: 1590: 1575: 1567: 1551: 1527: 1519: 1504: 1496: 1480: 1448: 1436: 1425: 1418: 1399: 1391: 1371: 1346: 1334: 1323: 1307: 1299: 1282: 1257: 1249: 1233: 1225: 1192: 1180: 1168: 1156: 1020: 1012: 1004: 996: 988: 932: 924: 916: 908: 900: 872: 864: 856: 848: 840: 812: 804: 796: 788: 780: 776: 759: 743: 740:shin kana-zukai 730: 725: 712: 703: 690: 680: 675: 662: 630: 618: 606:means "body"). 587: 579: 571: 563: 555: 547: 539: 528: 519: 510: 501: 492: 483: 474: 465: 454: 441: 426: 419: 414: 401: 385: 369: 362: 334: 194: 182: 164: 124: 119: 113: 85: 82:Language family 80: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 12717: 12707: 12706: 12701: 12684: 12683: 12681: 12680: 12679: 12678: 12668: 12667: 12666: 12656: 12651: 12645: 12643: 12637: 12636: 12634: 12633: 12632: 12631: 12621: 12620: 12619: 12614: 12609: 12604: 12599: 12594: 12583: 12581: 12577: 12576: 12574: 12573: 12572: 12571: 12566: 12561: 12553: 12548: 12543: 12537: 12535: 12529: 12528: 12526: 12525: 12520: 12515: 12506: 12497: 12492: 12487: 12482: 12477: 12472: 12471: 12470: 12465: 12451: 12446: 12440:Native words ( 12437: 12432: 12427: 12422: 12417: 12412: 12407: 12402: 12397: 12392: 12387: 12381: 12379: 12374: 12371: 12370: 12367: 12366: 12364: 12363: 12362: 12361: 12356: 12351: 12346: 12341: 12333: 12332: 12331: 12326: 12321: 12316: 12311: 12306: 12301: 12293: 12292: 12291: 12286: 12281: 12276: 12271: 12266: 12258: 12257: 12256: 12248: 12247: 12246: 12235: 12233: 12229: 12228: 12226: 12225: 12220: 12215: 12210: 12205: 12200: 12195: 12190: 12189: 12188: 12177: 12175: 12171: 12170: 12168: 12167: 12162: 12157: 12152: 12147: 12142: 12137: 12132: 12127: 12121: 12119: 12113: 12112: 12110: 12109: 12104: 12099: 12094: 12093: 12092: 12087: 12079: 12078: 12077: 12067: 12062: 12056: 12054: 12045: 12043:Writing system 12039: 12038: 12035: 12034: 12032: 12031: 12030: 12029: 12024: 12019: 12014: 12004: 12003: 12002: 11997: 11992: 11987: 11982: 11977: 11972: 11967: 11956: 11954: 11948: 11947: 11945: 11944: 11943: 11942: 11932: 11926: 11920: 11914: 11913: 11911: 11910: 11905: 11900: 11898:Pseudo-Chinese 11895: 11890: 11885: 11880: 11878:Bamboo English 11874: 11872: 11866: 11865: 11862: 11861: 11859: 11858: 11853: 11851:Amami Japanese 11847: 11845: 11839: 11838: 11836: 11835: 11828: 11827: 11826: 11821: 11816: 11811: 11806: 11805: 11804: 11787: 11786: 11785: 11772: 11770: 11762: 11761: 11759: 11758: 11751: 11750: 11749: 11748: 11747: 11739: 11738: 11737: 11722: 11721: 11720: 11715: 11710: 11698: 11697: 11696: 11691: 11686: 11681: 11669: 11668: 11667: 11666: 11665: 11662: 11646: 11644: 11636: 11635: 11633: 11632: 11631: 11630: 11629: 11628: 11623: 11618: 11613: 11605: 11604: 11603: 11595: 11594: 11593: 11588: 11573: 11572: 11571: 11566: 11565: 11564: 11559: 11551: 11550: 11549: 11544: 11539: 11524: 11523: 11522: 11521: 11520: 11515: 11507: 11506: 11505: 11500: 11495: 11480: 11474: 11472: 11461: 11455: 11454: 11452: 11451: 11446: 11441: 11436: 11430: 11428: 11424: 11423: 11416: 11415: 11408: 11401: 11393: 11387: 11386: 11381: 11368: 11363: 11356: 11355:External links 11353: 11352: 11351: 11342: 11329: 11318: 11315: 11312: 11311: 11287: 11263: 11239: 11215: 11202: 11189: 11176: 11160: 11138: 11137: 11135: 11132: 11129: 11128: 11114: 11113: 11111: 11108: 11107: 11106: 11101: 11094: 11091: 11081: 11078: 11075: 11068: 11065: 11062: 11055: 11052: 11049: 11036: 11033: 11030: 11024: 11016: 11013: 11010: 11004: 10996: 10989: 10986: 10983: 10977: 10976: 10975: 10974: 10973: 10972: 10949: 10946: 10943: 10937: 10934: 10931: 10925: 10922: 10919: 10913: 10910: 10907: 10894: 10891: 10888: 10882: 10875: 10872: 10869: 10863: 10856: 10853: 10850: 10844: 10841: 10838: 10832: 10831: 10829: 10826: 10695: 10692: 10689: 10683: 10680: 10677: 10636: 10633: 10630: 10629: 10615: 10614: 10611: 10598: 10585: 10572: 10559: 10546: 10541: 10538: 10535: 10529: 10526: 10523: 10514: 10503: 10502: 10488: 10487: 10484: 10471: 10458: 10445: 10432: 10419: 10413: 10410: 10407: 10398: 10387: 10386: 10383: 10373: 10363: 10353: 10343: 10333: 10323: 10313: 10300: 10280: 9992:"peaceful") → 9965: 9962: 9959: 9958: 9945: 9942: 9929: 9927: 9914: 9901: 9891: 9890: 9887: 9884: 9871: 9858: 9845: 9832: 9807: 9802: 9799: 9796: 9787: 9778: 9768: 9767: 9754: 9751: 9738: 9736: 9723: 9710: 9700: 9699: 9696: 9693: 9680: 9667: 9654: 9641: 9616: 9611: 9608: 9605: 9596: 9587: 9577: 9576: 9573: 9562: 9551: 9540: 9529: 9518: 9507: 9496: 9493: 9480: 9460: 9426:"to come") is 9289: 9286: 9283: 9282: 9279: 9274: 9269: 9260: 9250: 9249: 9246: 9241: 9231: 9230: 9227: 9222: 9212: 9211: 9208: 9203: 9193: 9192: 9177: 9176: 9173: 9168: 9158: 9157: 9154: 9149: 9139: 9138: 9123: 9122: 9119: 9114: 9109: 9100: 9090: 9089: 9086: 9081: 9072: 9062: 9061: 9046: 9045: 9042: 9037: 9028: 9018: 9017: 9002: 9001: 8998: 8993: 8983: 8982: 8967: 8966: 8963: 8958: 8953: 8944: 8934: 8933: 8930: 8925: 8920: 8911: 8901: 8900: 8897: 8892: 8887: 8878: 8868: 8867: 8864: 8859: 8854: 8845: 8835: 8834: 8831: 8826: 8817: 8807: 8806: 8803: 8798: 8788: 8787: 8784: 8779: 8769: 8768: 8765: 8760: 8751: 8741: 8740: 8737: 8732: 8727: 8718: 8708: 8707: 8706:To learn from 8704: 8699: 8690: 8680: 8679: 8676: 8671: 8662: 8652: 8651: 8648: 8643: 8633: 8632: 8629: 8624: 8614: 8613: 8610: 8605: 8595: 8594: 8591: 8586: 8576: 8575: 8572: 8567: 8557: 8556: 8553: 8548: 8538: 8537: 8534: 8529: 8519: 8518: 8503: 8502: 8499: 8496: 8493: 8490: 8479: 8476: 8455: 8452: 8449: 8438: 8435: 8432: 8420: 8417: 8414: 8403: 8400: 8397: 8386: 8385: 8382: 8365: 8348: 8331: 8314: 8309: 8306: 8303: 8294: 8282: 8281: 8278: 8261: 8244: 8227: 8210: 8194: 8177: 8172: 8169: 8166: 8157: 8145: 8144: 8141: 8124: 8107: 8090: 8073: 8056: 8039: 8034: 8031: 8028: 8018: 8017: 8014: 8000: 7986: 7972: 7962: 7959: 7956: 7947: 7933: 7919: 7916: 7904: 7903: 7900: 7886: 7872: 7858: 7848: 7845: 7842: 7833: 7819: 7805: 7802: 7790: 7789: 7786: 7769: 7752: 7735: 7718: 7701: 7696: 7693: 7690: 7681: 7669: 7668: 7665: 7648: 7631: 7614: 7597: 7580: 7575: 7572: 7569: 7560: 7548: 7547: 7544: 7530: 7516: 7505: 7502: 7499: 7490: 7476: 7473: 7461: 7460: 7457: 7440: 7423: 7406: 7389: 7384: 7381: 7378: 7368: 7367: 7364: 7350: 7336: 7325: 7322: 7319: 7310: 7296: 7293: 7281: 7280: 7277: 7260: 7243: 7226: 7209: 7199: 7196: 7193: 7184: 7172: 7171: 7160: 7149: 7138: 7127: 7116: 7105: 7093: 7092: 7089: 7079: 7048: 7045: 7043: 7023: 7021: 7018: 6961: 6958: 6825: 6824: 6758: 6757: 6723:"four"), from 6698: 6697: 6561:, and finally 6553:by elision of 6460: 6459: 6398: 6397: 6347: 6261: 6260: 6110: 6067: 5979: 5889: 5888: 5738: 5684: 5634: 5550: 5531:"what"), from 5486: 5485: 5445: 5379:Middle Chinese 5362: 5347: 5344: 5343: 5324: 5322: 5311: 5296: 5293: 5292: 5273: 5271: 5260: 5245: 5233: 5232: 5204: 5203: 5173:to a sequence 5164: 5163: 5129: 5095: 5063: 4962: 4961: 4929: 4779: 4764: 4753: 4752: 4727: 4726: 4669: 4668: 4647: 4625: 4604: 4488: 4487: 4458: 4428: 4399: 4313: 4312: 4285: 4258: 4226: 4198: 4164: 4039: 4038: 4018: 3993: 3992: 3967: 3946: 3920: 3864: 3849: 3808: 3807: 3779: 3751: 3725: 3697: 3669: 3641: 3611: 3572: 3544: 3516: 3423: 3422: 3417:is pronounced 3393: 3273: 3253: 3232: 3168: 3167: 3146: 3124: 3123:"up and down") 3096: 3075: 3054: 2930: 2911: 2675: 2674: 2634: 2633: 2601: 2563: 2562: 2530: 2465: 2464: 2422:) and a sound 2330: 2329: 2290: 2271: 2224: 2223: 2189: 2157: 2117: 2116: 2084: 2052: 2011: 2010: 1883: 1882: 1847: 1828: 1591: 1576: 1568: 1553: 1552: 1520: 1505: 1497: 1482: 1481: 1435:once ended in 1419: 1400: 1392: 1373: 1372: 1352:さし)} → {小さい (ち 1324: 1308: 1300: 1284: 1283: 1250: 1234: 1226: 1210: 1209: 1205: 1204: 775: 756: 700:kyū kana-zukai 679: 659: 651:Middle Chinese 627:Modern Chinese 536: 535: 526: 517: 508: 499: 490: 481: 472: 418: 398: 361: 358: 349:'s 1887 novel 333: 330: 173: 172: 169: 161: 160: 159:Language codes 156: 155: 125: 121:Writing system 118: 115: 114: 112: 111: 110: 109: 108: 107: 88: 86: 79: 76: 75: 66: 62: 61: 56: 55:Native to 52: 51: 47: 46: 42: 41: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 12716: 12705: 12702: 12700: 12697: 12696: 12694: 12677: 12674: 12673: 12672: 12669: 12665: 12662: 12661: 12660: 12657: 12655: 12652: 12650: 12647: 12646: 12644: 12642: 12638: 12630: 12627: 12626: 12625: 12624:Cyrillization 12622: 12618: 12615: 12613: 12612:Wāpuro rōmaji 12610: 12608: 12605: 12603: 12600: 12598: 12595: 12593: 12590: 12589: 12588: 12585: 12584: 12582: 12578: 12570: 12567: 12565: 12562: 12560: 12557: 12556: 12554: 12552: 12549: 12547: 12544: 12542: 12539: 12538: 12536: 12534: 12530: 12524: 12521: 12519: 12516: 12514: 12512: 12507: 12505: 12503: 12498: 12496: 12493: 12491: 12488: 12486: 12483: 12481: 12478: 12476: 12473: 12469: 12466: 12464: 12461: 12460: 12459: 12457: 12452: 12450: 12447: 12445: 12443: 12442:yamato kotoba 12438: 12436: 12433: 12431: 12430:Counter words 12428: 12426: 12423: 12421: 12418: 12416: 12413: 12411: 12408: 12406: 12403: 12401: 12398: 12396: 12393: 12391: 12388: 12386: 12383: 12382: 12380: 12372: 12360: 12357: 12355: 12352: 12350: 12347: 12345: 12342: 12340: 12337: 12336: 12334: 12330: 12327: 12325: 12322: 12320: 12317: 12315: 12312: 12310: 12307: 12305: 12302: 12300: 12297: 12296: 12294: 12290: 12287: 12285: 12282: 12280: 12277: 12275: 12272: 12270: 12267: 12265: 12262: 12261: 12259: 12255: 12252: 12251: 12249: 12245: 12242: 12241: 12240: 12237: 12236: 12234: 12230: 12224: 12221: 12219: 12216: 12214: 12211: 12209: 12206: 12204: 12201: 12199: 12196: 12194: 12191: 12187: 12184: 12183: 12182: 12179: 12178: 12176: 12172: 12166: 12165:Kana ligature 12163: 12161: 12158: 12156: 12153: 12151: 12148: 12146: 12143: 12141: 12138: 12136: 12133: 12131: 12128: 12126: 12123: 12122: 12120: 12118: 12114: 12108: 12105: 12103: 12100: 12098: 12095: 12091: 12088: 12086: 12083: 12082: 12080: 12076: 12073: 12072: 12071: 12068: 12066: 12063: 12061: 12060:Script reform 12058: 12057: 12055: 12053: 12049: 12046: 12044: 12040: 12028: 12025: 12023: 12020: 12018: 12015: 12013: 12010: 12009: 12008: 12005: 12001: 11998: 11996: 11993: 11991: 11988: 11986: 11983: 11981: 11978: 11976: 11973: 11971: 11968: 11966: 11963: 11962: 11961: 11958: 11957: 11955: 11953: 11949: 11941: 11938: 11937: 11936: 11933: 11931: 11928: 11927: 11924: 11921: 11919: 11915: 11909: 11906: 11904: 11901: 11899: 11896: 11894: 11891: 11889: 11886: 11884: 11883:Bonin English 11881: 11879: 11876: 11875: 11873: 11871: 11867: 11857: 11854: 11852: 11849: 11848: 11846: 11844: 11840: 11834: 11833: 11829: 11825: 11822: 11820: 11817: 11815: 11812: 11810: 11807: 11803: 11800: 11799: 11798: 11795: 11794: 11793: 11792: 11788: 11784: 11781: 11780: 11779: 11778: 11774: 11773: 11771: 11769: 11768: 11763: 11757: 11756: 11752: 11746: 11743: 11742: 11740: 11736: 11733: 11732: 11730: 11729: 11728: 11727: 11723: 11719: 11716: 11714: 11711: 11709: 11706: 11705: 11704: 11703: 11699: 11695: 11692: 11690: 11687: 11685: 11682: 11680: 11677: 11676: 11675: 11674: 11670: 11663: 11660: 11659: 11658: 11655: 11654: 11653: 11652: 11648: 11647: 11645: 11643: 11642: 11637: 11627: 11624: 11622: 11619: 11617: 11614: 11612: 11609: 11608: 11606: 11602: 11599: 11598: 11596: 11592: 11589: 11587: 11584: 11583: 11581: 11580: 11579: 11578: 11574: 11570: 11567: 11563: 11560: 11558: 11555: 11554: 11552: 11548: 11545: 11543: 11540: 11538: 11535: 11534: 11532: 11531: 11530: 11529: 11525: 11519: 11516: 11514: 11511: 11510: 11508: 11504: 11501: 11499: 11496: 11494: 11491: 11490: 11488: 11487: 11486: 11485: 11481: 11479: 11476: 11475: 11473: 11471: 11470: 11465: 11462: 11460: 11456: 11450: 11447: 11445: 11442: 11440: 11437: 11435: 11432: 11431: 11429: 11427:Earlier forms 11425: 11421: 11414: 11409: 11407: 11402: 11400: 11395: 11394: 11391: 11385: 11382: 11380: 11378: 11374: 11369: 11367: 11364: 11362: 11359: 11358: 11348: 11343: 11339: 11335: 11330: 11326: 11321: 11320: 11301: 11297: 11291: 11277: 11273: 11267: 11253: 11252:www.weblio.jp 11249: 11243: 11229: 11228:www.weblio.jp 11225: 11219: 11212: 11206: 11199: 11193: 11186: 11180: 11173: 11167: 11165: 11156: 11155: 11149: 11143: 11139: 11125: 11119: 11115: 11105: 11102: 11100: 11097: 11096: 11089: 11087: 11084: 11079: 11076: 11073: 11066: 11063: 11060: 11053: 11050: 11047: 11042: 11039: 11034: 11031: 11028: 11022: 11019: 11014: 11011: 11008: 11002: 10999: 10994: 10991: 10987: 10984: 10981: 10963:The particle 10962: 10961: 10960: 10959: 10957: 10955: 10952: 10947: 10944: 10941: 10935: 10932: 10929: 10923: 10920: 10917: 10911: 10908: 10905: 10900: 10897: 10892: 10889: 10886: 10880: 10877: 10873: 10870: 10867: 10861: 10858: 10854: 10851: 10848: 10842: 10839: 10836: 10828:Miscellaneous 10825: 10822: 10820: 10808: 10796: 10784: 10772: 10760: 10748: 10736: 10724: 10711: 10709: 10693: 10690: 10687: 10681: 10678: 10675: 10669: 10664: 10662: 10650: 10617: 10616: 10560: 10539: 10536: 10533: 10527: 10524: 10521: 10513: 10504: 10490: 10489: 10433: 10411: 10408: 10405: 10397: 10388: 10384: 10377: 10374: 10367: 10364: 10357: 10354: 10347: 10344: 10337: 10334: 10327: 10324: 10317: 10314: 10312: 10308: 10307: 10304: 10294: 10279: 10277: 10265: 10252: 10250: 10238: 10226: 10214: 10202: 10190: 10178: 10166: 10153: 10151: 10139: 10127: 10123: 10112:) + particle 10111: 10099: 10087: 10076:) + particle 10075: 10063: 10051: 10039: 10027: 10015: 10003: 9991: 9979: 9946: 9943: 9930: 9928: 9915: 9902: 9893: 9892: 9885: 9872: 9859: 9846: 9833: 9808: 9800: 9797: 9794: 9779: 9769: 9755: 9752: 9739: 9737: 9724: 9711: 9702: 9701: 9694: 9681: 9668: 9655: 9642: 9617: 9609: 9606: 9603: 9588: 9578: 9574: 9566: 9563: 9555: 9552: 9544: 9541: 9533: 9530: 9522: 9519: 9511: 9508: 9500: 9497: 9494: 9492: 9488: 9487: 9484: 9474: 9459: 9457: 9453: 9449: 9437: 9425: 9412: 9410: 9398: 9386: 9374: 9362: 9360: 9349: 9338: 9327: 9316: 9305: 9293: 9280: 9278: 9275: 9273: 9270: 9261: 9252: 9251: 9247: 9245: 9232: 9228: 9226: 9213: 9209: 9207: 9194: 9190: 9178: 9174: 9172: 9159: 9155: 9153: 9140: 9136: 9124: 9120: 9118: 9115: 9113: 9110: 9101: 9092: 9091: 9087: 9085: 9073: 9064: 9063: 9059: 9047: 9043: 9041: 9029: 9020: 9019: 9015: 9003: 8999: 8997: 8984: 8980: 8968: 8964: 8962: 8959: 8957: 8954: 8945: 8936: 8935: 8931: 8929: 8926: 8924: 8921: 8912: 8903: 8902: 8898: 8896: 8893: 8891: 8888: 8879: 8870: 8869: 8865: 8863: 8860: 8858: 8855: 8846: 8837: 8836: 8832: 8830: 8818: 8809: 8808: 8804: 8802: 8789: 8785: 8783: 8770: 8766: 8764: 8752: 8743: 8742: 8738: 8736: 8733: 8731: 8728: 8719: 8710: 8709: 8705: 8703: 8691: 8682: 8681: 8677: 8675: 8663: 8654: 8653: 8650:To go around 8649: 8647: 8634: 8630: 8628: 8615: 8611: 8609: 8596: 8592: 8590: 8577: 8573: 8571: 8558: 8554: 8552: 8539: 8535: 8533: 8520: 8516: 8504: 8500: 8497: 8494: 8491: 8488: 8487: 8484: 8475: 8473: 8460: 8453: 8450: 8447: 8442:('date') and 8436: 8433: 8430: 8418: 8415: 8412: 8401: 8398: 8395: 8383: 8380: 8363: 8349: 8346: 8329: 8315: 8307: 8304: 8301: 8295: 8287: 8284: 8283: 8279: 8276: 8262: 8259: 8245: 8242: 8228: 8225: 8211: 8209: 8195: 8192: 8178: 8170: 8167: 8164: 8158: 8150: 8147: 8146: 8142: 8139: 8125: 8122: 8108: 8105: 8091: 8088: 8074: 8071: 8057: 8054: 8040: 8032: 8029: 8026: 8020: 8019: 8015: 8012: 8001: 7998: 7987: 7984: 7973: 7970: 7960: 7957: 7954: 7948: 7945: 7934: 7931: 7920: 7917: 7909: 7905: 7901: 7898: 7887: 7884: 7873: 7870: 7859: 7856: 7846: 7843: 7840: 7834: 7831: 7820: 7817: 7806: 7803: 7795: 7792: 7791: 7787: 7784: 7770: 7767: 7753: 7750: 7736: 7733: 7719: 7716: 7694: 7691: 7688: 7682: 7674: 7673:Lower Bigrade 7671: 7670: 7666: 7663: 7649: 7646: 7632: 7629: 7615: 7612: 7598: 7595: 7573: 7570: 7567: 7561: 7553: 7552:Upper Bigrade 7550: 7549: 7545: 7542: 7531: 7528: 7517: 7514: 7503: 7500: 7497: 7488: 7474: 7466: 7463: 7462: 7458: 7455: 7441: 7438: 7424: 7421: 7404: 7382: 7379: 7376: 7370: 7369: 7365: 7362: 7351: 7348: 7337: 7334: 7323: 7320: 7317: 7308: 7294: 7286: 7282: 7278: 7275: 7258: 7241: 7227: 7224: 7210: 7207: 7197: 7194: 7191: 7185: 7177: 7174: 7173: 7164: 7161: 7153: 7150: 7142: 7139: 7131: 7128: 7120: 7117: 7109: 7106: 7098: 7095: 7094: 7088: 7078: 7069: 7066: 7064: 7058: 7052: 7037: 7017: 7015: 7011: 7006: 7004: 6999: 6997: 6986: 6975: 6971: 6967: 6960:Miscellaneous 6957: 6947: 6934: 6932: 6920: 6900: 6888: 6876: 6874: 6862: 6850: 6838: 6814: 6813: 6799: 6798: 6792: 6791: 6782: 6775: 6774: 6773: 6771: 6755: 6754: 6748: 6744: 6732: 6722: 6712: 6705: 6704: 6703: 6702: 6695: 6693: 6688: 6684: 6682: 6674: 6666: 6664: 6656: 6648: 6646: 6638: 6630: 6629: 6622: 6614: 6613: 6606: 6578: 6574: 6568: 6548: 6539: 6535: 6529: 6520: 6517: 6511: 6501: 6490: 6486: 6484: 6474: 6467: 6466: 6465: 6464: 6457: 6455: 6445: 6437: 6436: 6430: 6429: 6420: 6405: 6404: 6403: 6402: 6395: 6393: 6383: 6375: 6373: 6363: 6348: 6345: 6343: 6334: 6326: 6324: 6315: 6307: 6305: 6295: 6287: 6285: 6275: 6268: 6267: 6266: 6265: 6258: 6256: 6247: 6239: 6237: 6228: 6220: 6218: 6209: 6201: 6199: 6190: 6182: 6170: 6150: 6148: 6138: 6130: 6128: 6118: 6111: 6108: 6107: 6098: 6090: 6089: 6079: 6075: 6068: 6065: 6064: 6056: 6048: 6047: 6039: 6031: 6030: 6021: 6013: 6011: 5998: 5997: 5987: 5980: 5977: 5975: 5967: 5960: 5958: 5950: 5935: 5933: 5923: 5915: 5913: 5903: 5896: 5895: 5894: 5893: 5886: 5884: 5880: 5872: 5868: 5861: 5859: 5850: 5842: 5841: 5837: 5830: 5826: 5819: 5818: 5810: 5802: 5790: 5778: 5776: 5766: 5758: 5756: 5746: 5739: 5728: 5727: 5718: 5710: 5709: 5703: 5702: 5692: 5685: 5682: 5680: 5670: 5662: 5660: 5654: 5652: 5642: 5635: 5632: 5630: 5622: 5615: 5613: 5605: 5598: 5596: 5586: 5578: 5576: 5570: 5568: 5558: 5551: 5548: 5547: 5538: 5530: 5529: 5519: 5512: 5511: 5510: 5509: 5505: 5503: 5499: 5483: 5481: 5474: 5472: 5465: 5463: 5453: 5446: 5441: 5435: 5433: 5423: 5416: 5415: 5414: 5412: 5408: 5404: 5400: 5388: 5384: 5380: 5376: 5360: 5340: 5331: 5327: 5323: 5320: 5316: 5315: 5309: 5289: 5280: 5276: 5272: 5269: 5265: 5264: 5258: 5244: 5242: 5237: 5226: 5224: 5215: 5209: 5208: 5207: 5197: 5195: 5186: 5180: 5179: 5178: 5168: 5162:"same month") 5161: 5159: 5153: 5151: 5141: 5137: 5130: 5127: 5125: 5119: 5117: 5107: 5103: 5096: 5093: 5091: 5086: 5084: 5075: 5071: 5064: 5061: 5059: 5054: 5052: 5043: 5039: 5032: 5031: 5030: 5029: 5027: 5023: 5011: 5007: 4995: 4991: 4979: 4975: 4959: 4957: 4952: 4950: 4941: 4937: 4930: 4927: 4925: 4920: 4918: 4909: 4905: 4898: 4897: 4896: 4895: 4893: 4889: 4877: 4873: 4860: 4853: 4842: 4838: 4834: 4777: 4763: 4760: 4756: 4750: 4749: 4739: 4732: 4731: 4730: 4724: 4720: 4716: 4715: 4705: 4698: 4697: 4696: 4683:, originally 4682: 4666: 4665: 4655: 4648: 4645: 4643: 4633: 4626: 4623: 4622: 4612: 4605: 4602: 4600: 4590: 4583: 4582: 4581: 4552:and one with 4543: 4527: 4507: 4495: 4494: 4485: 4481: 4477: 4476: 4466: 4459: 4456: 4452: 4448: 4446: 4436: 4429: 4426: 4422: 4418: 4417: 4407: 4400: 4397: 4393: 4389: 4387: 4377: 4370: 4369: 4368: 4366: 4362: 4358: 4354: 4317: 4310: 4309: 4303: 4302: 4293: 4286: 4283: 4282: 4276: 4275: 4266: 4259: 4256: 4255: 4249: 4248: 4238: 4234: 4227: 4224: 4223: 4217: 4216: 4206: 4199: 4196: 4194: 4188: 4186: 4176: 4172: 4165: 4162: 4161: 4155: 4154: 4145: 4138: 4137: 4136: 4134: 4122: 4121: 4113: 4106:, originally 4105: 4104: 4090: 4088: 4079: 4072:, originally 4071: 4069: 4054: 4052: 4036: 4035: 4026: 4019: 4016: 4015: 4006: 3999: 3998: 3997: 3990: 3989: 3979: 3975: 3968: 3965: 3964: 3954: 3947: 3944: 3942: 3932: 3928: 3921: 3918: 3917: 3908: 3901: 3900: 3899: 3897: 3877: 3862: 3848: 3846: 3834: 3822: 3805: 3803: 3798: 3796: 3787: 3780: 3777: 3776: 3770: 3769: 3759: 3752: 3749: 3748: 3743: 3742: 3733: 3726: 3723: 3721: 3716: 3714: 3705: 3698: 3695: 3693: 3688: 3686: 3677: 3670: 3667: 3665: 3660: 3658: 3649: 3642: 3639: 3637: 3631: 3629: 3619: 3612: 3609: 3607: 3603: 3598: 3596: 3592: 3583: 3579: 3573: 3570: 3568: 3563: 3561: 3552: 3545: 3542: 3540: 3535: 3533: 3524: 3517: 3514: 3512: 3507: 3505: 3496: 3489: 3488: 3487: 3485: 3481: 3477: 3448: 3446: 3435: 3412: 3410: 3401: 3394: 3391: 3380: 3369: 3358: 3347: 3336: 3325: 3314: 3303: 3292: 3291: 3281: 3274: 3271: 3270: 3261: 3254: 3251: 3249: 3240: 3233: 3230: 3228: 3219: 3212: 3211: 3210: 3208: 3204: 3200: 3196: 3192: 3180: 3165: 3163: 3154: 3147: 3144: 3142: 3132: 3125: 3122: 3120: 3116: 3107: 3103: 3097: 3095:"sandalwood") 3094: 3092: 3083: 3076: 3073: 3071: 3062: 3055: 3052: 3050: 3041: 3034: 3033: 3032: 3030: 3026: 3022: 3018: 3014: 3010: 3006: 2994: 2983: 2972: 2968: 2964: 2960: 2925: 2910: 2908: 2906: 2897: 2889: 2887: 2878: 2870: 2868: 2859: 2851: 2849: 2840: 2816: 2814: 2805: 2797: 2795: 2786: 2778: 2776: 2767: 2759: 2757: 2748: 2740: 2728: 2716: 2680: 2672: 2670: 2664: 2662: 2652: 2648: 2641: 2640: 2639: 2638: 2631: 2630: 2624: 2623: 2613: 2609: 2602: 2599: 2598: 2592: 2591: 2581: 2577: 2570: 2569: 2568: 2567: 2560: 2559: 2553: 2552: 2542: 2538: 2531: 2528: 2517: 2506: 2504: 2498: 2496: 2486: 2482: 2475: 2474: 2473: 2472: 2468: 2462: 2451: 2447: 2436: 2421: 2410: 2395: 2383: 2371: 2360: 2356: 2344: 2332: 2331: 2328: 2293: 2292: 2285: 2270: 2268: 2267:Proto-Japonic 2264: 2236: 2221: 2219: 2213: 2211: 2201: 2197: 2190: 2187: 2185: 2180: 2178: 2169: 2165: 2158: 2155: 2153: 2147: 2145: 2135: 2131: 2124: 2123: 2122: 2121: 2114: 2112: 2107: 2105: 2096: 2092: 2085: 2082: 2081: 2075: 2074: 2064: 2060: 2053: 2050: 2048: 2043: 2041: 2032: 2028: 2021: 2020: 2019: 2018: 2014: 1976: 1972: 1961: 1949: 1921: 1909: 1897: 1885: 1884: 1881: 1855: 1850: 1849: 1842: 1827: 1824: 1813: 1802: 1791: 1789: 1781: 1773: 1771: 1762: 1754: 1752: 1742: 1734: 1732: 1723: 1715: 1713: 1703: 1695: 1694: 1686: 1678: 1677: 1667: 1659: 1658: 1650: 1642: 1641: 1631: 1621: 1619: 1618: 1614: 1609: 1607: 1603: 1597: 1594: 1589: 1588: 1583: 1581: 1574: 1571: 1566: 1565: 1560: 1558: 1550: 1548: 1547: 1543: 1538: 1536: 1532: 1526: 1523: 1518: 1517: 1512: 1510: 1503: 1500: 1495: 1494: 1489: 1487: 1479: 1477: 1476: 1472: 1467: 1465: 1461: 1457: 1453: 1447: 1445: 1434: 1422: 1417: 1416: 1411: 1409: 1405: 1398: 1395: 1390: 1389: 1384: 1382: 1378: 1370: 1368: 1366: 1362: 1357: 1355: 1351: 1345: 1343: 1332: 1329:"small" (the 1327: 1322: 1320: 1315: 1313: 1306: 1303: 1298: 1296: 1291: 1289: 1281: 1279: 1277: 1273: 1268: 1266: 1263:せ)} → {幸せ (しあ 1262: 1256: 1253: 1248: 1246: 1241: 1239: 1232: 1229: 1224: 1222: 1217: 1215: 1208: 1202: 1190: 1178: 1166: 1154: 979:; and before 954: 946: 898: 894: 890: 886: 882: 838: 834: 830: 826: 822: 778: 777: 770: 755: 752: 750: 741: 723: 710: 701: 688: 684: 673: 658: 656: 652: 628: 616: 611: 607: 527: 518: 509: 500: 491: 482: 473: 464: 463: 462: 459: 452: 440: 436: 424: 412: 397: 395: 383: 379: 367: 357: 354: 353: 348: 344: 340: 329: 327: 323: 319: 315: 311: 307: 303: 299: 295: 291: 287: 283: 279: 275: 271: 261: 250: 248: 244: 240: 236: 232: 228: 224: 220: 216: 212: 211:literary form 205: 192: 180: 170: 167: 162: 157: 153: 149: 145: 141: 137: 133: 129: 126: 122: 116: 106: 103: 102: 101: 98: 97: 96: 93: 92: 91: 87: 83: 77: 74: 70: 67: 63: 60: 57: 53: 48: 43: 38: 33: 19: 12670: 12617:In Esperanto 12587:Romanization 12541:Pitch accent 12523:Dictionaries 12510: 12502:nyōbō kotoba 12501: 12455: 12454:Loan words ( 12441: 12425:Topic marker 12339:ARIB STD B24 12085:by frequency 11965:Amami Ōshima 11842: 11831: 11790: 11776: 11766: 11754: 11741:East San'in 11725: 11701: 11672: 11650: 11640: 11576: 11527: 11483: 11468: 11449:Early Modern 11439:Early Middle 11376: 11372: 11346: 11336:. New York: 11333: 11324: 11303:. Retrieved 11299: 11290: 11279:. Retrieved 11275: 11266: 11255:. Retrieved 11251: 11242: 11231:. Retrieved 11227: 11218: 11210: 11205: 11197: 11192: 11184: 11179: 11171: 11151: 11147: 11142: 11118: 11099:Old Japanese 11088: 11085: 11044: 10956: 10953: 10902: 10823: 10818: 10806: 10794: 10782: 10770: 10758: 10746: 10734: 10722: 10712: 10665: 10660: 10648: 10638: 10507: 10486:'be static' 10391: 10385:Translation 10310: 10302: 10275: 10263: 10253: 10248: 10236: 10224: 10212: 10200: 10188: 10176: 10164: 10154: 10149: 10137: 10125: 10121: 10109: 10097: 10085: 10073: 10061: 10049: 10037: 10025: 10013: 10001: 9989: 9977: 9967: 9575:Translation 9490: 9482: 9455: 9451: 9447: 9435: 9423: 9413: 9408: 9396: 9384: 9372: 9363: 9358: 9347: 9336: 9325: 9314: 9303: 9294: 9291: 9276: 9271: 9243: 9224: 9205: 9188: 9170: 9151: 9134: 9116: 9111: 9083: 9057: 9039: 9013: 8995: 8978: 8960: 8955: 8927: 8922: 8894: 8889: 8861: 8856: 8828: 8800: 8781: 8762: 8734: 8729: 8701: 8673: 8645: 8626: 8607: 8588: 8569: 8555:To resemble 8550: 8531: 8514: 8501:Translation 8481: 8471: 8461: 8389: 8384:'be, exist' 8378: 8361: 8344: 8327: 8274: 8257: 8240: 8223: 8207: 8190: 8137: 8120: 8103: 8086: 8069: 8052: 8010: 7996: 7982: 7968: 7943: 7929: 7896: 7882: 7868: 7854: 7829: 7815: 7782: 7765: 7748: 7731: 7714: 7661: 7644: 7627: 7610: 7593: 7540: 7526: 7512: 7486: 7453: 7436: 7419: 7402: 7360: 7346: 7332: 7306: 7273: 7256: 7239: 7222: 7205: 7091:Translation 7082: 7072: 7062: 7056: 7053: 7050: 7012:of the 1890 7007: 7000: 6995: 6984: 6969: 6965: 6963: 6945: 6935: 6930: 6918: 6898: 6886: 6877: 6872: 6860: 6848: 6836: 6826: 6811: 6809: 6796: 6794: 6789: 6787: 6780: 6769: 6759: 6752: 6750: 6746: 6734: 6720: 6718: 6710: 6700: 6699: 6691: 6690: 6686: 6680: 6679: 6672: 6662: 6661: 6654: 6644: 6643: 6636: 6627: 6626: 6620: 6611: 6610: 6604: 6576: 6566: 6546: 6540: 6537: 6527: 6521: 6518: 6509: 6503: 6491: 6488: 6482: 6480: 6472: 6462: 6461: 6453: 6451: 6443: 6434: 6432: 6427: 6425: 6418: 6400: 6399: 6391: 6389: 6381: 6371: 6369: 6361: 6341: 6339: 6332: 6322: 6320: 6313: 6303: 6301: 6293: 6283: 6281: 6273: 6263: 6262: 6254: 6252: 6245: 6235: 6233: 6226: 6216: 6214: 6207: 6197: 6195: 6188: 6180: 6168: 6146: 6144: 6136: 6126: 6124: 6116: 6105: 6103: 6096: 6087: 6085: 6077: 6073: 6062: 6060: 6054: 6045: 6043: 6037: 6028: 6026: 6019: 6009: 6007: 5995: 5993: 5985: 5973: 5972: 5965: 5956: 5955: 5948: 5931: 5929: 5921: 5911: 5909: 5901: 5891: 5890: 5882: 5878: 5877: 5870: 5866: 5857: 5855: 5848: 5839: 5835: 5834: 5828: 5824: 5816: 5814: 5808: 5800: 5788: 5774: 5772: 5764: 5754: 5752: 5744: 5725: 5723: 5716: 5707: 5705: 5700: 5698: 5690: 5683:"courteous") 5678: 5676: 5668: 5658: 5656: 5650: 5648: 5640: 5628: 5627: 5620: 5611: 5610: 5603: 5594: 5592: 5584: 5574: 5572: 5566: 5564: 5556: 5545: 5543: 5536: 5527: 5525: 5517: 5507: 5506: 5497: 5487: 5479: 5477: 5470: 5468: 5461: 5459: 5451: 5439: 5431: 5429: 5421: 5406: 5402: 5398: 5386: 5382: 5374: 5364: 5358: 5334: 5330:adding to it 5325: 5307: 5283: 5279:adding to it 5274: 5256: 5247:Long vowel ( 5238: 5234: 5222: 5221: 5213: 5205: 5193: 5192: 5184: 5165: 5157: 5155: 5149: 5147: 5139: 5135: 5123: 5121: 5115: 5113: 5105: 5101: 5089: 5088: 5082: 5081: 5073: 5069: 5057: 5056: 5050: 5049: 5041: 5037: 5025: 5021: 5009: 5005: 4993: 4989: 4977: 4973: 4964: 4963: 4955: 4954: 4948: 4947: 4939: 4935: 4923: 4922: 4916: 4915: 4907: 4903: 4891: 4887: 4875: 4871: 4862: 4861: 4851: 4840: 4836: 4832: 4781: 4775: 4761: 4757: 4754: 4747: 4745: 4737: 4728: 4722: 4718: 4713: 4711: 4703: 4680: 4670: 4663: 4661: 4653: 4641: 4639: 4631: 4620: 4618: 4610: 4598: 4596: 4588: 4541: 4525: 4505: 4492: 4491: 4489: 4483: 4479: 4474: 4472: 4464: 4454: 4450: 4444: 4442: 4434: 4424: 4420: 4415: 4413: 4405: 4395: 4391: 4385: 4383: 4375: 4364: 4360: 4356: 4352: 4318: 4314: 4307: 4305: 4300: 4298: 4291: 4280: 4278: 4273: 4271: 4264: 4253: 4251: 4246: 4244: 4236: 4232: 4221: 4219: 4214: 4212: 4204: 4192: 4190: 4184: 4182: 4174: 4170: 4159: 4157: 4152: 4150: 4143: 4132: 4119: 4117: 4111: 4102: 4100: 4086: 4084: 4077: 4067: 4065: 4055: 4050: 4040: 4033: 4031: 4024: 4013: 4011: 4004: 3994: 3987: 3985: 3977: 3973: 3962: 3960: 3952: 3940: 3938: 3930: 3926: 3915: 3913: 3906: 3895: 3875: 3866: 3860: 3844: 3832: 3820: 3809: 3801: 3800: 3794: 3793: 3785: 3774: 3772: 3767: 3765: 3757: 3746: 3745: 3740: 3739: 3731: 3719: 3718: 3712: 3711: 3703: 3691: 3690: 3684: 3683: 3675: 3663: 3662: 3656: 3655: 3647: 3635: 3633: 3627: 3625: 3617: 3605: 3601: 3600: 3594: 3590: 3589: 3581: 3577: 3566: 3565: 3559: 3558: 3550: 3538: 3537: 3531: 3530: 3522: 3510: 3509: 3503: 3502: 3494: 3483: 3479: 3475: 3449: 3444: 3436:) or W-row ( 3433: 3424: 3408: 3407: 3399: 3389: 3378: 3367: 3356: 3345: 3334: 3323: 3312: 3301: 3289: 3287: 3279: 3268: 3267: 3259: 3252:"establish") 3247: 3246: 3238: 3226: 3225: 3217: 3206: 3202: 3198: 3194: 3190: 3178: 3169: 3161: 3160: 3152: 3140: 3138: 3130: 3118: 3114: 3113: 3105: 3101: 3090: 3089: 3081: 3069: 3068: 3060: 3048: 3047: 3039: 3028: 3024: 3020: 3016: 3012: 3008: 3004: 2992: 2981: 2966: 2962: 2958: 2932: 2904: 2902: 2895: 2885: 2883: 2876: 2866: 2864: 2857: 2847: 2845: 2838: 2833:(such as in 2812: 2810: 2803: 2793: 2791: 2784: 2774: 2772: 2765: 2755: 2753: 2746: 2738: 2726: 2679:Tosa dialect 2676: 2668: 2666: 2660: 2658: 2650: 2646: 2636: 2635: 2628: 2626: 2621: 2619: 2611: 2607: 2596: 2594: 2589: 2587: 2579: 2575: 2565: 2564: 2557: 2555: 2550: 2548: 2540: 2536: 2526: 2515: 2502: 2500: 2494: 2492: 2484: 2483:さゐ) → 紫陽花 (あ 2480: 2471:Native words 2470: 2469: 2466: 2460: 2445: 2434: 2419: 2408: 2393: 2381: 2369: 2354: 2342: 2294: 2234: 2225: 2217: 2215: 2209: 2207: 2199: 2195: 2183: 2182: 2176: 2175: 2167: 2163: 2151: 2149: 2143: 2141: 2133: 2129: 2119: 2118: 2110: 2109: 2103: 2102: 2094: 2090: 2079: 2077: 2072: 2070: 2062: 2058: 2046: 2045: 2039: 2038: 2030: 2026: 2016: 2015: 2012: 1974: 1970: 1959: 1947: 1919: 1907: 1895: 1851: 1822: 1811: 1800: 1787: 1786: 1779: 1769: 1767: 1760: 1750: 1748: 1740: 1730: 1728: 1721: 1711: 1709: 1701: 1692: 1690: 1684: 1675: 1673: 1665: 1656: 1654: 1648: 1639: 1637: 1629: 1623: 1620: 1616: 1612: 1610: 1605: 1601: 1599: 1595: 1592: 1586: 1584: 1579: 1577: 1572: 1569: 1563: 1561: 1556: 1554: 1549: 1545: 1541: 1539: 1534: 1530: 1528: 1524: 1521: 1515: 1513: 1508: 1506: 1501: 1498: 1492: 1490: 1485: 1483: 1478: 1474: 1470: 1468: 1463: 1459: 1455: 1451: 1449: 1443: 1432: 1423: 1420: 1414: 1412: 1407: 1403: 1401: 1396: 1393: 1387: 1385: 1380: 1376: 1374: 1369: 1364: 1363:sa-shi → chi 1360: 1358: 1353: 1349: 1347: 1341: 1330: 1328: 1325: 1318: 1316: 1311: 1309: 1304: 1301: 1294: 1292: 1287: 1285: 1280: 1275: 1271: 1269: 1264: 1260: 1258: 1254: 1251: 1244: 1242: 1237: 1235: 1230: 1227: 1220: 1218: 1213: 1211: 1206: 1200: 1188: 1176: 1164: 1043:, it became 983:, it became 975:, it became 967:, it became 945:Old Japanese 896: 892: 888: 884: 880: 836: 832: 828: 824: 820: 753: 681: 612: 608: 537: 460: 434: 420: 393: 377: 363: 350: 335: 325: 321: 317: 313: 309: 305: 301: 297: 293: 289: 285: 281: 277: 273: 269: 259: 251: 231:Meiji period 227:Heian period 219:Shōwa period 190: 178: 176: 104: 95:Old Japanese 73:Shōwa period 69:Heian period 12597:Nihon-shiki 12480:Wasei-kango 12415:Possessives 12375:Grammar and 12208:Modern kana 12193:Punctuation 12174:Orthography 11995:Tokunoshima 11607:Gifu-Aichi 11577:Tōkai–Tōsan 11444:Late Middle 11174:pp.321–322. 10635:Table notes 10356:Attributive 10311:inflection 10293:keiyō dōshi 9964:Table notes 9543:Attributive 9491:Inflection 9403:在そがり / 坐そがり 9391:在そかり / 坐そかり 9332:鑑みる (かんがみる) 9288:Table notes 9199:有り, 在り (あり) 9156:To go away 9145:往ぬ, 去ぬ (いぬ) 8883:率る, 将る (いる) 8874:率る, 將る (ゐる) 8763:Kokoromi-ru 8756:試みる (こころみる) 8747:試みる (こゝろみる) 8730:Kaherimi-ru 8639:廻る, 回る (みる) 8601:干る, 乾る (ひる) 8286:R-irregular 8149:N-irregular 7908:S-irregular 7794:K-irregular 7176:Quadrigrade 7141:Attributive 6591:instead of 6504:"great") + 6181:kaguha-shii 6175:芳しい (かぐはしい) 6163:芳しい (かんばしい) 5795:考へる (かうがへる) 5783:考へる (かんがへる) 5138:つ) → 同月 (どう 5128:"watchdog") 5104:ん) → 番犬 (ばん 4938:んたん) → 元旦 ( 4729:is written 3945:"straight") 2132:ん) → 役員 (やく 1854:Nihon-shiki 1604:)} → {炎 (ほの 1255:"happiness" 1067:(note that 655:Old Chinese 360:Orthography 296:), but its 12693:Categories 12641:Literature 12511:yakuwarigo 12495:Honorifics 12475:Wasei-eigo 12463:from Dutch 12410:Adjectives 12377:vocabulary 12155:Hentaigana 12150:Man'yōgana 11990:Okinoerabu 11694:Okuyoshino 11305:2022-06-11 11281:2022-06-11 11257:2022-06-11 11233:2022-06-11 11134:References 11124:Hentaigana 11122:including 10376:Imperative 10346:Conclusive 10020:安けく (やすけく) 9957:(-sikare) 9941:(-sikaru) 9926:(-sikari) 9913:(-sikara) 9883:(-sikere) 9698:'be high' 9565:Imperative 9532:Conclusive 9462:Adjectives 9409:imasogar-i 9397:imasokar-i 9385:imasugar-i 9373:imasukar-i 9337:kangami-ru 9321:鑑みる (かゞみる) 9225:Imasukar-i 8956:Mochiwi-ru 8949:用いる (もちいる) 8940:用ゐる (もちゐる) 8916:率いる (ひきいる) 8907:率ゐる (ひきゐる) 8735:Kaerimi-ru 8695:鑑みる (かがみる) 8686:鑑みる (かゞみる) 8631:To winnow 8593:To sneeze 7788:'receive' 7163:Imperative 7130:Conclusive 7119:Infinitive 6169:kanba-shii 5801:kaugahe-ru 5789:kangahe-ru 5308:kaiyōchōon 5072:ぜん) → 偽善 ( 5040:せい) → 帰省 ( 4017:"slugger") 3851:Geminate ( 3074:"reality") 2578:) → 解除 (かい 2198:く) → 家屋 (か 2156:"officer") 1533:)} → {前 (ま 1337:小さい (ちいさい) 339:Edo period 252:The terms 140:Man'yōgana 12533:Phonology 12420:Particles 12359:Half/Full 12289:Shift JIS 12218:Yotsugana 12198:Kanazukai 12140:Okurigana 12052:Logograms 11664:Shiramine 11509:Southern 11489:Northern 11041:ihe-nashi 11021:sangai-ni 10336:Adverbial 10309:Class of 10213:shikuar-i 9521:Adverbial 9495:subclass 9489:Class of 9452:classical 9326:kagami-ru 9210:To exist 9105:御座す (おわす) 9096:御座す (おはす) 8961:Mochii-ru 8923:Hikiwi-ru 8702:Kagami-ru 7001:Finally, 6996:Okurigana 6974:ruby text 6905:and then 5337:June 2024 5286:June 2024 5020:(written 5004:(written 4988:(written 4972:(written 4928:"sweets") 4906:し) → 菓子 ( 4886:(written 4870:(written 4297:(written 4270:(written 4243:(written 4211:(written 4181:(written 4149:(written 3966:"surely") 3792:(written 3764:(written 3738:(written 3710:(written 3682:(written 3654:(written 3624:(written 3588:(written 3557:(written 3529:(written 3501:(written 2715:Yotsugana 2637:Loanwords 2610:) → 地図 (ち 2450:loanwords 2253:, and/or 2093:とこ) → 男 ( 2051:"to be ") 2029:る) → 居る ( 1274:se → shia 1047:; before 971:; before 707:—and the 451:shinjitai 343:diglossia 166:ISO 639-3 12456:gairaigo 12435:Numerals 12405:Pronouns 12344:Enclosed 12324:Katakana 12299:Hiragana 12295:Unicode 12250:ISO/IEC 12232:Encoding 12135:Furigana 12130:Katakana 12125:Hiragana 12027:Yonaguni 12007:Southern 11985:Okinawan 11980:Kunigami 11960:Northern 11952:Ryukyuan 11893:Kyowa-go 11824:Tsushima 11814:Nagasaki 11809:Kumamoto 11797:Chikuzen 11661:Kanazawa 11651:Hokuriku 11586:Shizuoka 11553:Eastern 11542:Kanagawa 11533:Western 11478:Hokkaidō 11459:Dialects 11154:Daijirin 11126:varients 11093:See also 10610:(-tare) 10597:(-taru) 10584:(-tari) 10571:(-tari) 10558:(-tara) 10483:(-nare) 10470:(-naru) 10457:(-nari) 10444:(-nari) 10431:(-nara) 10326:Irrealis 10276:shikar-e 10237:shikar-i 10026:yasukeku 9996:安け (やすけ) 9990:yasu-shi 9984:安し (やすし) 9870:(-siki) 9844:(-siku) 9766:(-kare) 9750:(-karu) 9735:(-kari) 9722:(-kara) 9692:(-kere) 9510:Irrealis 9473:keiyōshi 9237:侍り (はべり) 9183:ラ行変格活用動詞 9129:ナ行変格活用動詞 9052:サ行変格活用動詞 9044:To come 9008:カ行変格活用動詞 9000:To kick 8928:Hikii-ru 8574:To boil 8536:To wear 7108:Irrealis 6985:Furigana 6823:is used) 4493:original 3053:"guest") 2561:"water") 2539:) → 水 (み 2461:Gairaigo 2222:"house") 2166:ん) → 円 ( 2061:) → 声 (こ 1342:chiisa-i 546:between 411:kyūjitai 378:kyūjitai 150:; using 148:Katakana 144:Hiragana 132:Kyūjitai 12659:Writers 12592:Hepburn 12546:Rendaku 12485:Engrish 12181:Braille 12102:Ryakuji 12022:Yaeyama 11940:grammar 11935:Hachijō 11832:Satsugū 11791:Hichiku 11777:Hōnichi 11731:San'yō 11726:Chūgoku 11702:Shikoku 11641:Western 11601:Nagaoka 11597:Echigo 11562:Tochigi 11557:Ibaraki 11518:Nairiku 11498:Tsugaru 11469:Eastern 11148:スーパー大辞林 10899:kurashi 10708:Chinese 10050:shikuba 10002:yasu-ke 9978:Ku-gohō 9944: 9886: 9753: 9695: 9430:来る (くる) 9399:), and 9354:見る (みる) 9343:嚏る (ひる) 9310:居る (ゐる) 9299:着る (きる) 9265:居り (おり) 9256:居り (をり) 9244:Haber-i 9175:To die 9164:死ぬ (しぬ) 8989:蹴る (ける) 8973:下一段活用動詞 8965:To use 8866:To sit 8850:居る (いる) 8841:居る (ゐる) 8822:鋳る (いる) 8813:鑄る (いる) 8794:沃る (いる) 8775:射る (いる) 8767:To try 8678:To see 8620:簸る (ひる) 8612:To dry 8582:嚏る (ひる) 8563:煮る (にる) 8544:似る (にる) 8525:着る (きる) 8509:上一段活用動詞 7902:'come' 7667:'pass' 7546:'kick' 7279:'hear' 7020:Grammar 6887:jodōshi 6863:) from 6800:; from 6492:; from 6286:gami-ru 5711:; from 5663:; from 5579:; from 5549:"what") 5012:), and 3991:"leaf") 3231:"meal") 2856:仮名遣 (かな 2370:Rendaku 2115:"male") 1926:before 1735:), and 1596:"flame" 1525:"front" 1458:)} → {合 1348:{小さし (ち 1259:{幸せ (しあ 332:History 213:of the 90:Japonic 12654:Poetry 12602:Kunrei 12564:Kan-on 12335:Other 12244:EUC-JP 12160:Sōgana 12145:Gojūon 12097:Kokuji 12065:Kanbun 12017:Tarama 12012:Miyako 11802:Hakata 11767:Kyūshū 11755:Umpaku 11718:Sanuki 11684:Banshū 11673:Kansai 11616:Mikawa 11611:Nagoya 11591:Narada 11484:Tōhoku 11157:]. 11152:Super 10860:Toudai 10797:) and 10783:toar-i 10773:) and 10771:niar-i 10737:) and 10628:(-to) 10501:(-ni) 10366:Realis 10201:kuar-i 9857:(-si) 9679:(-ki) 9666:(-si) 9653:(-ku) 9554:Realis 9456:modern 9281:To be 9171:Shin-u 9117:Owas-u 9112:Ohas-u 9088:To do 8280:'die' 7459:'use' 7366:'see' 7152:Realis 6804:樣 (さま) 6739:三 (さん) 6667:, and 6557:after 6526:大御 (おほ 6496:大 (おほ) 6272:鑑みる (か 6171:) and 6129:ba-shi 5862:, and 5791:) and 5442:ᴴd͡zɨᴴ 5361:) rule 5310:) rule 5259:) rule 5175:/CuwV/ 5134:同月 (どう 5100:番犬 (ばん 4878:) and 4839:, and 4823:, and 4803:, and 4791:, and 4778:) rule 4776:gōyōon 4748:tsushi 4037:"kid") 3876:Sokuon 3863:) rule 3861:sokuon 3845:kiyaku 3833:kiyaku 3616:山脈 (さん 3482:, and 3466:, and 3445:Wa-gyō 3381:, and 3315:, and 3272:"tea") 3207:Ha-gyō 3179:Ya-gyō 3129:山脈 (さん 3029:Ra-gyō 2965:, and 2949:, and 2924:ya-gyō 2707:/d͡zu/ 2703:/d͡ʑi/ 2574:解除 (かい 2479:紫陽花 (あ 2384:) and 2345:) and 2284:da-gyō 2269:) do. 2128:役員 (やく 1934:, and 1898:) and 1872:, and 1841:wa-gyō 1739:溢れる (あ 1600:{炎 (ほの 1593: 1522: 1421: 1326: 1310:小さい (ち 1297:sa-shi 1286:小さし (ち 1252: 1236:幸せ (しあ 1212:幸せ (しあ 1191:) and 1167:) and 1147:, and 1127:, and 1107:, and 1087:, and 1063:, and 1019:, and 931:, and 895:, and 871:, and 835:, and 811:, and 769:ha-gyō 666:歴史的仮名遣 388:歴史的仮名遣 380:) and 314:kakamu 245:. Old 146:, and 12676:texts 12649:Books 12569:Tō-on 12559:Go-on 12186:Kanji 12107:Ateji 12070:Kanji 12000:Yoron 11975:Kikai 11843:Other 11745:Inshū 11735:Bingo 11689:Kishū 11679:Awaji 11547:Tokyo 11537:Gunma 11528:Kantō 11513:Kesen 11503:Akita 11493:Nanbu 11200:p.16. 11150:[ 11110:Notes 10993:Wonna 10807:tar-i 10795:nar-i 10706:」, a 10661:tar-i 10651:) or 10649:nar-i 10506:Tari 10390:Nari 10264:kar-e 10225:kar-i 10207:～しくあり 10177:shiku 10140:) to 10110:shiku 10074:shiku 9894:-kari 9771:-siku 9703:-kari 9442:来 (く) 9436:k-uru 9418:來 (く) 9359:mi-ru 9348:hi-ru 9315:wi-ru 9304:ki-ru 9272:Wor-i 9077:為 (す) 9068:爲 (す) 9033:来 (く) 9024:來 (く) 8996:Ke-ru 8890:Wi-ru 8857:Wi-ru 8674:Mi-ru 8646:Mi-ru 8627:Hi-ru 8608:Hi-ru 8589:Hi-ru 8570:Ni-ru 8551:Ni-ru 8532:Ki-ru 8138:-seyo 8121:-sure 8104:-suru 8016:'do' 7454:-wiyo 7437:-wire 7420:-wiru 7333:m-iru 7075:活用の種類 7036:dōshi 7025:Verbs 6970:which 6545:御 (おほ 6344:mi-ru 6325:mi-ru 6306:mi-ru 6257:-shii 6238:-shii 6149:ha-si 6115:芳し (か 5856:kanga 5815:kanga 5777:gaf-u 5757:gaf-u 5743:考ふ (か 5639:懇ろ (ね 5473:ŋˠʌk̚ 5450:音樂 (お 5420:漢字 (か 5257:chōon 5171:/CwV/ 4852:U-dan 4736:法師 (ほ 4702:法師 (ほ 4664:tsusi 4652:雜誌 (ざ 4642:tsute 4630:日程 (に 4609:學期 (が 4587:適格 (て 4532:) or 4480:zatsu 4463:雑誌 (ざ 4451:nichi 4433:日程 (に 4404:学期 (が 4374:適格 (て 4363:, or 4343:, or 4301:tsudo 4274:tsugā 4247:tsupa 4215:tsuto 4203:屹度 (き 4185:tsusu 4173:直ぐ (ま 4153:tsuka 3951:屹度 (き 3929:直ぐ (ま 3821:kyaku 3741:chiya 3722:ritsu 3715:ritsu 3685:shiyo 3541:jitsu 3534:jitsu 3434:A-gyō 3348:, or 3250:ritsu 3093:kudan 3072:jitsu 2993:I-dan 2913:Y-row 2903:kana- 2865:kana- 2837:身近 (み 2764:続く (つ 2745:縮む (ち 2739:tsudu 2729:) or 2727:chidi 2713:(see 2649:オ → ラ 2606:地圖 (ち 2273:D-row 2194:家屋 (か 1997:, or 1830:W-row 1790:re-ru 1772:re-ru 1753:re-ru 1700:家鴨 (あ 1615:→ hon 1578:炎 (ほの 1555:炎 (ほの 1529:{前 (ま 1131:; or 1069:*/wu/ 1039:, or 963:, or 758:H-Row 716:現代仮名遣 633:眞 → 真 621:爲 → 為 574:せい‐たい 531:眞 → 真 522:爲 → 為 513:靜 → 静 504:變 → 変 495:與 → 与 486:當 → 当 477:舊 → 旧 468:體 → 体 435:kanji 312:< 310:kakau 308:< 278:kaku, 274:bungo 260:bungo 239:haiku 204:kobun 191:bungo 128:Kanji 59:Japan 12284:0213 12279:0212 12274:0211 12269:0208 12264:0201 12260:JIS 12254:2022 12117:Kana 11819:Saga 11783:Ōita 11713:Tosa 11657:Kaga 11626:Hida 11621:Mino 11064:さんがい 11012:さんがい 10879:moto 10819:ar-i 10759:ar-i 10749:) + 10735:ar-i 10725:) + 10510:タリ活用 10394:ナリ活用 10316:stem 10287:形容動詞 10270:～しかれ 10266:) / 10249:ar-i 10231:～しかり 10227:) / 10203:) / 10195:～くあり 10191:) → 10189:ar-i 10179:) + 10167:) / 10100:) / 10064:) / 10044:～しくば 10040:) / 10038:kuba 10016:) → 10004:) + 9898:カリ活用 9780:main 9775:シク活用 9707:カリ活用 9589:main 9499:stem 9367:在すかり 9277:Or-i 9206:Ar-i 9152:In-u 8895:I-ru 8862:I-ru 8829:I-ru 8801:I-ru 8782:I-ru 8462:The 8258:-ure 8241:-uru 7997:-ure 7983:-uru 7883:-ure 7869:-uru 7766:-ure 7749:-uru 7662:-iyo 7645:-ure 7628:-uru 7527:-ere 7513:-eru 7347:-ire 7097:stem 7060:) + 7057:stem 6991:送り仮名 6980:振り仮名 6952:and 6709:四 (よ 6685:is お 6581:/ho/ 6565:御 (お 6471:御 (お 6456:buri 6374:buri 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10219:～かり 10171:～しく 10152:). 10104:～しく 10068:～しく 10032:～くば 9972:ク語法 9953:しかれ 9950:うつく 9937:しかる 9934:うつく 9922:しかり 9919:うつく 9909:しから 9906:うつく 9879:しけれ 9876:うつく 9863:うつく 9850:うつく 9837:うつく 9824:うつく 9813:うつく 9798:うつく 9784:本活用 9593:本活用 9584:ク活用 9580:-ku 9570:命令形 9559:已然形 9548:連体形 9537:終止形 9526:連用形 9515:未然形 9467:形容詞 9448:k-u 9424:k-u 9411:). 9387:), 9084:S-u 9040:K-u 8208:-i) 8087:-su 8070:-si 8053:-se 7678:下二段 7557:上二段 7470:下一段 7403:-wi 7290:上一段 7168:命令形 7157:已然形 7146:連体形 7135:終止形 7124:連用形 7113:未然形 7085:活用形 6966:way 6954:/n/ 6950:/m/ 6933:). 6907:/n/ 6903:/m/ 6882:助動詞 6875:). 6843:む/ム 6831:ん/ン 6681:oho 6649:is 6645:oho 6615:is 6612:oho 6559:/m/ 6555:/i/ 6536:oho 6508:御 ( 6502:oho 6424:) ( 6396:"") 6368:) ( 6327:is 6240:is 6202:is 6157:/b/ 6155:to 6153:/h/ 6119:ばし) 6076:(さか 6049:is 5961:is 5957:kau 5942:/m/ 5940:to 5938:/b/ 5904:むり) 5885:-ru 5860:-ru 5847:かんが 5838:ga- 5807:かんが 5747:がふ) 5643:ごろ) 5614:nna 5469:ʔiɪ 5454:がく) 5332:. 5281:. 5223:kwī 5214:クィー 5196:kku 5194:kui 5160:tsu 5156:dou 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