Ergot - Knowledge

660:, an order of monks established in 1095, specialized in treating ergotism victims with balms containing tranquilizing and circulation-stimulating plant extracts. The common name for ergotism is "St. Anthony's fire", in reference to this order of monks and the severe burning sensations in the limbs which was one of the symptoms. There are two types of ergotism. The first is characterized by muscle spasms, fever and hallucinations and the victims may appear dazed, be unable to speak, become manic, or have other forms of paralysis or tremors, and suffer from hallucinations and other distorted perceptions. This is caused by serotonergic stimulation of the central nervous system by some of the alkaloids. The second type of ergotism is marked by violent burning, absent peripheral pulses and shooting pain of the poorly vascularized distal organs, such as the fingers and toes, and are caused by effects of ergot alkaloids on the 1040:

constriction, nervous disorders, and/or hallucinations; if the sufferer survived the initial poisoning, his limbs would often fall off, and he or she would continue to improve in health if he or she halted consumption of ergot. The trunk of the body remained relatively untouched by the disease until its final stages, and the victims, not understanding the cause of their ailment, would continue to imbibe ergot-laden food for weeks until the condition reached their digestive system. It is believed that the peasantry and children were most susceptible to ergotism, though the wealthy were afflicted as well, as, at times, entire villages relied on tainted crops for sustenance, and during times of famine, ergotism reached into every house. Ergot fungus is impervious to heat and water, and thus it was most often baked into bread through rye flour; though other grasses can be infected, it was uncommon in

49: 1541: 588:

yellow enzyme", EasA, presents an outstanding example. This enzyme catalyzes reduction of the C8=C9 double-bond in chanoclavine I, but EasA isoforms differ in whether they subsequently catalyze reoxidation of C8–C9 after rotation. This difference distinguishes most Clavicipitaceae from Trichocomaceae, but in Clavicipitaceae it is also the key difference dividing the branch of classical ergot alkaloids from dihydroergot alkaloids, the latter often being preferred for pharmaceuticals due to their relatively few side effects.

597: 69: 860: 1190:

medication may also be associated with higher blood pressure and higher pain. It is not clear if oral ergot alkaloids are beneficial or harmful as they have not been well studied. A 2018 Cochrane Systematic Review concluded that other medications such as oxytocin, syntometrine and prostaglandins, may be preferred over ergot alkaloids.

1131:, who successfully treated feeble uterine contractions by administering the powder of ergot. Desgranges added this remedy to his therapeutic arsenal. From 1777 to 1804, he was successful in alleviating childbirth for more than twenty women by the administration of the powder of ergot. He never saw any side-effect of this treatment. 1027:(TTS) in medical history. These medical recipes have been lost to time, though some recorded treatments still remain. After 1130, the monks were no longer permitted to perform operations, and so barber surgeons were employed to remove gangrenous limbs and treat open sores. Three barbers founded a hospital in 1442:. Male sterile sorghums (also referred to as A-lines) are especially susceptible to infection, as first recognized in the 1960s, and massive losses in seed yield have been noted. Infection is associated with cold night temperatures that are below 12 °C occurring two to three weeks before flowering. 1197:

and humans, this was not a recognized use for it as abortion was illegal in most countries, thus evidence for its use in abortion is unknown. Most often, ergot was used to speed the process of parturition or delivery, and was not used for the purpose of halting postpartum bleeding, which is a concern

507:

in their honeydew. Macroconidia differ in shape and size between the species, whereas microconidia are rather uniform, oval to globose (5×3 μm). Macroconidia are able to produce secondary conidia. A germ tube emerges from a macroconidium through the surface of a honeydew drop and a secondary conidium

1013:

The Order of St. Anthony, whose members were known as Antonites, grew quickly, and hospitals spread through France, Germany, and Scandinavia and gained wealth and power as grateful patrons bestowed money and charitable goods on the hospitals. By the end of the Middle Ages, there were 396 settlements

752:

and thickened placentas. Although both gangrenous and convulsive symptoms are seen in naturally occurring ergotism resulting from the ingestion of fungus infected rye, only gangrenous ergotism has been reported following the excessive ingestion of ergotamine tartrate. Ergot extract has been used in

587:

compounds in fungi. Several evolutionary processes have acted to diversify the array of ergot alkaloids produced by fungi; these differences in enzyme activities are evident at the levels of substrate specificity (LpsA), product specification (EasA, CloA) or both (EasG and possibly CloA). The "old

1231:

drugs were marketed to women by various companies under various names such as Molex pills and Cote pills. Since birth control devices and abortifacients were illegal to market and sell at the time, they were offered to women who were "delayed". The recommended dosage was seven grains of ergotin a

1044:

to consume grasses other than rye. The physiological effects of ergot depended on the concentration and combinations of the ingested ergot metabolites, as well as the age and nutritional status of the afflicted individual. The Antonites began to decline after physicians discovered the genesis of

1039:

An important aspect to the Order of St. Anthony's treatment practices was the exclusion of rye bread and other ergot-containing edibles, which halted the progression of ergotism. There was no known cure for ergotism itself; however, there was treatment of the symptoms, which often included blood

1223:

or stopping hemorrhage. Not only did it constrict the uterus, ergot had the ability to increase or decrease blood pressure, induce hypothermia and emesis, and influence pituitary hormone secretions. In 1926, Swiss psychiatrist Hans Maier suggested to use ergotamine for the treatment of vascular

963:

steppe, was struck by ergotism and was forced to retreat in order to find edible grains. A diary entry from the time notes that as soon as people ate the poisoned bread, they became dizzy, with such strong nerve contractions that those who did not die on the first day found their hands and feet

1189:

Low to very low evidence from clinical trials suggests that prophylactic use of ergot alkaloids, administered by intravenous (IV) or intramuscular (IM) in the third stage of labor, may reduce blood loss and may reduce the risk of moderate to severe hemorrhage following delivery, however this

1512:

also secretes honeydew which is consumed by bees. The bees then create a honey called fic'e (Paraguayan Makai Indian language), which is infused with secretions from the plants and has a pungent aroma. If consumed in high amounts, the honey can cause drunkenness, dizziness and even death.

1490:

in Zambia) have several recommendations for managing the spread of ergot, these include; planting tolerant varieties, disk fields after harvest to prevent sorghum ratoon and volunteer plants from developing, remove any infected plants, and carrying out 3 year crop rotations with legumes.

917:

experienced similar outbreaks; England is noticeably absent from the historical regions affected by ergotism as its main source of food was wheat, which is resistant to ergot fungi. In 994, a massive outbreak of potentially attributed to ergotism caused 40,000 deaths in the regions of

1352:

had been the result of consuming ergot-tainted rye. However, Nicholas P. Spanos and Jack Gottlieb, after a review of the historical and medical evidence, later disputed her conclusions. Other authors have likewise cast doubt on ergotism as the cause of the Salem witch trials.

1170:

published a dissertation "on the natural history and medical effects of the secale cornutum", in which he described and analysed the experience he had gathered over five years while using ergot in cases of poor uterine action in the second stage of labour in childbirth.

1449:

Frederickson, Mantle and De Milliano is widespread in all sorghum growing areas, whereas the species was formerly restricted to Africa and Asia where it was first recorded more than 90 years ago, it has been spreading rapidly and by the mid-1990s it reached

1036:, were welcomed for only nine days before they were asked to leave, as convulsive ergotism was seen as less detrimental. Though the sufferers often experienced irreversible effects, they most often returned to their families and resumed their livelihoods. 1018:

centers were the first specialized European medical welfare systems, and the friars of the order were knowledgeable about treatment of ergotism and the horrifying effects of the poison. The sufferers would receive ergot-free meals, wines containing

1031:

in 1214 and accepted those who were afflicted with the gangrenous form of ergotism. Patients were fed and housed, with the more able-bodied individuals acting as orderlies and assistants. Patients with the convulsive form of ergotism, or

1202:

became available, there was no antidote or way of controlling the effects of ergot. So if the fetus did not move as expected, the drug could cause the uterus to mold itself around the child, rupturing the uterus and killing the child.

1126:

dispersed in water, wine or broth. The administration of ergot was followed by a mild childbirth within 15 minutes. The French physician Jean-Baptiste Desgranges (1751–1831) published in 1818, that in 1777 he had met midwives in

777:, used to induce uterine contractions and to control bleeding after childbirth. Clinical ergotism as seen today results almost exclusively from the excessive intake of ergotamine tartrate in the treatment of migraine headache. 826:. Lysergic acid is a precursor for the synthesis of LSD. Their realized and hypothesized medicinal uses have encouraged intensive research since the 1950s culminating on the one hand in development of drugs both legal (e.g., 508:

of an oval to pearlike shape is formed, to which the contents of the original macroconidium migrates. Secondary conidia form a white, frost-like surface on honeydew drops and spread via the wind. No such process occurs in

1219:. He began advocating for its use to halt postpartum bleeding. Eventually, doctors determined that the use of ergot in childbirth without an antidote was too dangerous. They ultimately restricted its use to expelling the 743:

due to ergot alkaloid activity on dopamine receptors in the pituitary is also common in livestock. Reduced serum prolactin is associated with various reproductive problems in cattle, and especially in horses, including

1636: 810:

is best known. The causative agents of most ergot poisonings are the ergot alkaloid class of fungal metabolites, though some ergot fungi produce distantly related indole-diterpene alkaloids that are tremorgenic.

527:

When a mature sclerotium drops to the ground, the fungus remains dormant until proper conditions (such as the onset of spring or a rain period) trigger its fruiting phase. It germinates, forming one or several

1178:

recommended "to a woman in labour fifteen or twenty grains of ergot in powder to be repeated every twenty minutes, till its peculiar effects are experienced, or till the amount of a drachm has been taken".

582:

and an ergot-like parasitic fungus. The fossil shows that the original hosts of the Clavicipitaceae could have been grasses. The discovery also establishes a minimum time for the conceivable presence of

1380:

conspicuous on the heads of ryes and other such grains is known as ergot. Favorable temperatures for growth are in the range of 18–30 °C. Temperatures above 37 °C cause rapid germination of

695:

and to stop maternal bleeding after childbirth. Klotz offers a detailed overview of the toxicities in mammalian livestock, stating that the activities are attributable to antagonism or agonism of

1405:. In sorghum and pearl millet, ergot became a problem when growers adopted hybrid technology, which increased host susceptibility. It only infects unfertilized ovaries, so self-pollination and 1014:

and 372 hospitals owned by the order, and pilgrimages to such hospitals became popular, as well as the donation of limbs lost to ergotism, which were displayed near shrines to the saint. These

894:, in which a burning of the limb is followed by its separation from the body, often consuming the victim in one night. In 1588, Johannes Thallius wrote that it is called "Mother of Rye," or 656:

is the name for sometimes severe pathological syndromes affecting humans or other animals that have ingested plant material containing ergot alkaloid, such as ergot-contaminated grains. The

3917: 3912: 555:

are well known. However, many tropical ergots have brown or greyish sclerotia, mimicking the shape of the host seed. For this reason, the infection is often overlooked.

2705: 942:, France, in which more than 8,000 people died, recommended drainage of fields, compulsory cleaning of grain, and the substitution of potatoes for affected grain. 1159: 2722: 3629: 1633: 2923: 1479: 830:) and illegal (e.g., LSD), and on the other hand in extensive knowledge of the enzymes, genetics, and diversity of ergot alkaloid biosynthetic pathways. 1096:

wrote, that three sclerotia of ergot, used several times a day, were used by midwives as a good remedy in case of the "uprising and pain of the womb" (

547:

Ergot infection causes a reduction in the yield and quality of grain and hay, and if livestock eat infected grain or hay it may cause a disease called

3635: 2257:

Cole RJ, Dorner JW, Lansden JA, et al. (1977). "Paspalum staggers: isolation and identification of tremorgenic metabolites from sclerotia of

1424:

In Sorghum, this honeydew can be spotted coming out of head flowers. A whitish sticky substance can also be observed on leaves and on the ground.

4282: 1053:, losing much of their medical histories in the process and losing the ergotism cures and recipes due to lack of use and lack of preservation. 1243:, and other substances. The efficacy and safety of these pills are unknown. The FTC deemed them unsafe and ineffective and demanded that they 4321: 938:, in 1596, Wendelin Thelius was one of the first to attribute ergotism poisoning to grain. In 1778, S. Tessier, observing a huge epidemic in 4410: 4191: 691:, high fever, vomiting, loss of muscle strength and unconsciousness. Since the Middle Ages, controlled doses of ergot were used to induce 3315: 469: 1345: 3887: 3820: 2660:

Nemes, C.N. (December 1, 2018). "The medical and surgical treatment of the pilgrims of the Jacobean Roads in medieval times Part.1".

4425: 4256: 3220:"Claviceps - The Genera and Species from A to Z - The Encyclopedia of Psychoactive Plants: Ethnopharmacology and Its Applications" 1409:

can decrease the presence of the disease, but male-sterile lines are extremely vulnerable to infection. Symptoms of infection by

489:

disperse to other florets. Later, the sphacelia convert into a hard dry sclerotium inside the husk of the floret. At this stage,

2963: 1162:(ca. 2g) of that powder in half a pint of water and gave one third every twenty minutes, till the pains commenced. In 1813, Dr. 1835: 1617: 1388:, with intense coloration. Cereal mashes and sprouted rye are suitable substrates for growth of the fungus in the laboratory. 4460: 3311: 3012: 2241: 2050: 1738: 1591: 3219: 3029: 2014: 3902: 3567: 2553: 1298:

British author John Grigsby contends that the presence of ergot in the stomachs of some of the so-called 'bog-bodies' (

2797: 2774: 2633: 236: 48: 4367: 1653:

Bandyopadhyay, Ranajit; Frederickson, Debra E.; McLaren, Neal W.; Odvody, Gary N.; Ryley, Malcolm J. (April 1998).

1487: 1373:

for a long time, and its appearance has been linked to extremely cold winters that were followed by rainy summers.

1003: 657: 1810: 4445: 4326: 3718: 1527: 1002:. He was credited by two noblemen for assisting them in recovery from the disease; they subsequently founded the 935: 835: 562:

species, but it is unknown whether insects play a role in spreading the fungus from infected to healthy plants.

2938: 1103: 1024: 901:

Human poisoning due to the consumption of rye bread made from ergot-infected grain was common in Europe in the

2700: 4308: 2582:

De Costa, Caroline (May 18, 2002). "StAnthony's fire and living ligatures: a short history of ergometrine".

3907: 3323: 2747:

Sur la propriété qu'a le Seigle ergoté d'accélérer la marche de l'accouchement, et de hâter sa terminaison

2345:"Molecular cloning and analysis of the ergopeptine assembly system in the ergot fungus Claviceps purpurea" 1316:

in ritual drinks in a prehistoric fertility cult akin to the Greek Eleusinian Mysteries. In his 2005 book

292:

includes about 50 known species, mostly in the tropical regions. Economically significant species include

4450: 4435: 3897: 3515: 1111: 1006:

in his honor. Anthony was a popular subject for art in the Middle Ages, and his symbol is a large blue "

851:, commonly used to treat Parkinson's Disease may increase the risk of leaky heart valves by up to 700%. 3959: 3928: 3753: 3728: 1167: 815: 1211:

physician, noted the large number of stillbirths resulting from ergot use and stated that rather than

784:

also produces tremorgens (paspalitrem) causing "paspalum staggers" in cattle. The fungi of the genera

68: 4372: 4336: 2042: 2036: 1143: 1119: 998:

and was known for long fasting in which he confronted terrible visions and temptations sent from the

17: 1762:"Association of Insects and Ergot (Claviceps purpurea) in Kentucky Bluegrass Seed Production Fields" 1247:

selling the product. Currently, over a thousand compounds have been derived from ergot ingredients.

1151: 1070: 4430: 4420: 4405: 4400: 4248: 1421:

like flies, beetles, and wasps that feed on it. This helps spread the fungus to uninfected plants.

1236: 1010:" sewn onto the shoulder of the order's monks, symbolizing the crutch used by the ill and injured. 2734: 2066: 874:, or poisoning caused by toxic molds. Early references to ergotism date back as far as 600 BC, an 4455: 4395: 3560: 2847:

Liabsuetrakul, Tippawan; Choobun, Thanapan; Peeyananjarassri, Krantarat; Islam, Q. Monir (2018).

2151:

Untersuchungen über das Verhalten der Secalealkaloide bei der Herstellung von Mutterkornextrakten

1078: 1540: 467:

nutrition. The first stage of ergot infection manifests itself as a white soft tissue (known as

279:

in humans and other mammals who consume grains contaminated with its fruiting structure (called

4144: 2718: 2233: 2097:"Biology, Genetics, and Management of Ergot (Claviceps spp.) in Rye, Sorghum, and Pearl Millet" 1458:. By 1997, the disease had spread to most South American countries and the Caribbean including 1049:

from the rye crops. In 1776, the cloisters of the Antonites were incorporated into the Maltese

882:

described "noxious grasses that cause pregnant women to drop the womb and die in childbed." In

840: 727:, and can result in reduced blood flow resulting in intense burning pain (St. Anthony's fire), 679:

and attendant irrational behaviour, convulsions, and even death. Other symptoms include strong

4287: 2812: 2754: 2032: 4440: 4359: 3250: 3245: 2830: 798: 31: 4349: 2225: 4415: 4217: 4091: 3269: 3258:"Abundant respirable ergot alkaloids from the common airborne fungus Aspergillus fumigatus" 3177: 3088: 3041: 1703: 1553: 1414: 1263: 478: 474: 171: 2177:"Ergot Intoxication: Historical Review and Description of Unusual Clinical Manifestations" 1926:

Tudzynski P, Correia T, Keller U (2001). "Biotechnology and genetics of ergot alkaloids".

575: 477:, which often drops out of the infected grass florets. This honeydew contains millions of 8: 4182: 3831: 3624: 3619: 1522: 1283: 1050: 628: 611:, a complex molecule consisting of a tripeptide-derived cyclol-lactam ring connected via 541: 3273: 3092: 3045: 1707: 3825: 3614: 3553: 3538: 3471: 3426: 3397: 3360: 3306: 3290: 3257: 3195: 3155: 3112: 2881: 2848: 2607: 2504: 2479: 2453: 2325: 2201: 2176: 2123: 2096: 1997: 1951: 1900: 1873: 1791: 1719: 1364: 1349: 1341: 1338:, suggests a connection to ergot which in German was known as the 'tooth of the wolf'. 1312: 1139: 661: 632: 544:

spores form, which are ejected simultaneously when suitable grass hosts are flowering.

263: 193: 181: 165: 63: 3079:

Spanos NP, Gottlieb J (December 1976). "Ergotism and the Salem Village witch trials".

2687: 2673: 2595: 1985: 1583: 1061:

Midwives and very few doctors in Europe have used extracts from ergot for centuries:

4344: 4204: 4196: 4126: 3922: 3640: 3505: 3484: 3463: 3295: 3199: 3147: 3104: 3057: 3008: 2886: 2868: 2629: 2599: 2549: 2509: 2495: 2407: 2366: 2317: 2278: 2237: 2226: 2206: 2192: 2154: 2128: 2046: 1989: 1943: 1905: 1783: 1676: 1597: 1587: 1292: 1163: 1115: 991: 980: 636: 3307:

PBS Secrets of the Dead: "The Witches Curse" (concerning the Salem trials and ergot)

3281: 3159: 3116: 2611: 2457: 2329: 2001: 1723: 4111: 3994: 3773: 3534: 3500: 3475: 3455: 3418: 3389: 3350: 3342: 3285: 3277: 3185: 3139: 3096: 3049: 2876: 2864: 2860: 2669: 2591: 2499: 2491: 2445: 2397: 2361: 2356: 2344: 2309: 2270: 2196: 2188: 2118: 2108: 1981: 1935: 1895: 1885: 1795: 1773: 1711: 1666: 1614: 1579: 1244: 1240: 883: 724: 696: 665: 533: 337: 213: 187: 4209: 3373: 2436:

Bennett, J.W.; Bentley, Ronald (1999). "Pride and Prejudice: The Story of Ergot".

1955: 1746: 4014: 4009: 4004: 3974: 3409:

Woodcock EF (February 1925). "Observations on the Poisonous Plants of Michigan".

3065: 2987: 1640: 1621: 1295:

and sweetened water. In rainy years, it was thought rye bread exceeded 5% ergot.

1287:

entitled "A New Exhilarating Substance" denotes cases of euphoria upon consuming

1106:

wrote in 1586, that sclerotia of ergot held under the tongue, would stop bleeding

1041: 952: 887: 878:

tablet referred to it as a "noxious pustule in the ear of grain." In 350 BC, the

596: 571: 529: 460: 130: 110: 4313: 2296:

Rao KK, Rao S (1975). "Effect of tweens on the production of ergot alkaloids by

1778: 1761: 1760:

Butler, M. D.; Alderman, S. C.; Hammond, P. C.; Berry, R. E. (1 December 2001).

1110:

To prove that ergot is a harmless sort of grain, in 1774, the French pharmacist

604:

The ergot sclerotium contains high concentrations (up to 2% of dry mass) of the

4243: 4167: 1811:"One hundred million year old ergot: psychotropic compounds in the Cretaceous?" 1671: 1654: 1504:

infects wild grasses and could be found on the common grass Paspalum. Like the

1260: 1023:

and analgesic herbs, and applications of Antonites-balsam, which was the first

956: 803: 754: 708: 676: 418: 362:

has at least three races or varieties, which differ in their host specificity:

147: 1972:

Eadie MJ (2003). "Convulsive ergotism: epidemics of the serotonin syndrome?".

748:

and poor conception, and late-term losses of foals and sometimes mares due to

4389: 3723: 3683: 3604: 3584: 3190: 2872: 1549: 1467: 1406: 1233: 1228: 1135: 827: 819: 807: 616: 422: 2158: 1330:

is based on a memory of the quelling of this fertility cult by followers of

905:. The first mention of a plague of gangrenous ergotism in Europe comes from 4047: 4024: 3999: 3989: 3984: 3969: 3777: 3758: 3666: 3661: 3467: 3459: 3299: 3151: 3100: 3053: 2890: 2785: 2603: 2513: 2478:

Haarmann, Thomas; Rolke, Yvonne; Giesbert, Sabine; Tudzynski, Paul (2009).

2411: 2370: 2132: 1993: 1947: 1909: 1787: 1680: 1601: 1545: 1439: 1267: 1204: 1093: 1020: 1015: 736: 624: 584: 504: 313: 305: 3355: 3143: 2449: 2321: 2210: 2113: 1939: 1890: 1434:, West Africa, and also occurs in eastern and southern Africa, especially 1089:

which refers to pain in the lower abdomen caused by 'uprising of the womb'

796:

also produce ergot alkaloids, notably some isolates of the human pathogen

4269: 4176: 4067: 4029: 4019: 3979: 3964: 3763: 3748: 3743: 3677: 3656: 3645: 3609: 3594: 3108: 3061: 2846: 2698:

Adam Lonitzer. Kreuterbuch ... Egenolff, Frankfurt 1582, Blatt CCLXXXVr (

2473: 2471: 2469: 2467: 2402: 2385: 2282: 1321: 1307: 960: 914: 902: 848: 792: 786: 774: 712: 434: 120: 2274: 1574:

Schardl, Christopher L.; Panaccione, Daniel G.; Tudzynski, Paul (2006).

1158:

consisted of ergot, that he called a "spurious groth of rye". He boiled

927: 4261: 4062: 4052: 3842: 3795: 3713: 3703: 3698: 3693: 3599: 3430: 3401: 3364: 2904:

Federal Trade Commission (1941). "Federal Trade Commission Decisions".

2313: 1715: 1275: 1271: 1199: 1046: 976: 823: 766: 720: 716: 608: 438: 282: 100: 4274: 2464: 2384:

Schade R, Andersohn F, Suissa S, Haverkamp W, Garbe E (January 2007).

1655:"Ergot: A New Disease Threat to Sorghum in the Americas and Australia" 1652: 1578:. The Alkaloids: Chemistry and Biology. Vol. 63. pp. 45–86. 1417:(a fluid with high concentrates of sugar and conidia), which attracts 4230: 4098: 4072: 3938: 3733: 3688: 2790:

Account of the Pulvis Parturiens, a remedy for quickening child-birth

2767:

Account of the Pulvis Parturiens, a remedy for quickening child-birth

1483: 1455: 1303: 1208: 1118:. She had told him that if uterine contractions were too weak in the 1066: 1028: 965: 931: 919: 844: 745: 740: 704: 426: 341: 140: 80: 30:

This article is about the fungi. For the part of a horse's hoof, see

4138: 3422: 3393: 3346: 1836:"100-Million-Year-Old Burmese Amber Preserves Fungus-Infected Grass" 839:

includes a paper that documents a British study of more than 11,000

4300: 4295: 4235: 4161: 4057: 3738: 3708: 3671: 3576: 3130:

Woolf A (2000). "Witchcraft or mycotoxin? The Salem witch trials".

2431: 2429: 2427: 2425: 2423: 2421: 1435: 1431: 1430:

caused ergot disease that caused a famine in 1903-1906 in Northern

1385: 1299: 1288: 1250: 1220: 923: 867: 770: 762: 758: 749: 732: 700: 692: 669: 653: 620: 605: 548: 537: 490: 456: 329: 276: 272: 2849:"Prophylactic use of ergot alkaloids in the third stage of labour" 4117: 3943: 3892: 3882: 3877: 3852: 3790: 1418: 1402: 1381: 1326: 1123: 1114:

edited a letter he had received from Madame Dupile, a midwife of

1074: 995: 939: 906: 875: 688: 675:

The neurotropic activities of the ergot alkaloids may also cause

579: 482: 321: 297: 2418: 1069:

manuscript of 1474, powdered ergot was prescribed together with

672:

and loss of limbs due to severely restricted blood circulation.

3933: 3867: 3857: 3847: 3815: 3810: 3805: 3800: 3785: 3650: 3005:

Beowulf & Grendel: The Truth Behind England's Oldest Legend

2721:

enlarged by J. Camerarius. Frankfurt am Main 1586, page 109-,

2386:"Dopamine agonists and the risk of cardiac-valve regurgitation" 1459: 1451: 1256: 1194: 946: 910: 879: 684: 680: 486: 448: 443: 414: 410: 349: 249: 90: 4222: 2477: 2383: 739:

and even loss of hooves in cattle or limbs in humans. Reduced

425:. Infection requires that the fungal spore have access to the 3862: 3837: 3513: 2343:

Correia T, Grammel N, Ortel I, Keller U, Tudzynski P (2001).

1874:"Introduction to the Toxins Special Issue on Ergot Alkaloids" 1463: 999: 728: 612: 503:

species from tropic and subtropic regions produce macro- and

494: 413:

of flowering grass or cereal. The infection process mimics a

402: 369:

G2 — grasses from moist, forest, and mountain habitats;

345: 3545: 3178:"Plantwise Knowledge Bank | Ergot sugary disease in sorghum" 2033:"5.6.8 What is the role of fungal toxins in food poisoning?" 1808: 757:

preparations, including ergot alkaloids in products such as

219: 1331: 1128: 949: 591: 464: 225: 1759: 1573: 859: 3872: 2342: 2217: 2095:

Miedaner, Thomas; Geiger, Hartwig H. (25 February 2015).

1146:

wrote to a friend, that he had used over several years a

1007: 986: 353: 268: 222: 3514:

Frederickson DE, Mantle PG, De Milliano WA (June 1993).

2903: 2090: 2088: 2086: 2084: 2082: 2080: 2078: 2076: 843:

patients. The study found that two ergot-derived drugs,

2548:. Ottawa: Canadian Medical Association. pp. 1–60. 2228:

The encyclopedia of seeds: science, technology and uses

2030: 340:

species such as rye (its most common host), as well as

3251:

Ergot article from North Dakota State University, 2002

1925: 1056: 3482: 2935:

ELEUSIS: Journal of Psychoactive Plants and Compounds

2796:, New York, second hexade, vol. 5 (1808), p. 308–309 2773:, New York, second hexade, vol. 5 (1808), p. 308–309 2170: 2168: 2073: 1809:

Poinar Jr., G.; Alderman, S.; Wunderlich, J. (2015).

1281:

An article appearing in the July 23, 1881 edition of

968:. The outbreak was known as Saint Anthony's fire, or 558:

Insects, including flies and moths, carry conidia of

237: 2544:

Wellcome, Henry S.; Solomon, Henry (June 19, 1908).

994:

was a 3rd Century Egyptian ascetic who lived by the

627:

by the fungus. Ergot alkaloids have a wide range of

459:

then destroys the plant ovary and connects with the

228: 802:, and have been isolated from plants in the family 570:Regarding the evolution of plant parasitism in the 366:

G1 — land grasses of open meadows and fields;

216: 2626:Poisons of the Past: Molds, Epidemics, and History 2165: 2031:Heritage, J.; Evans, G.; Killington, R.A. (1999). 1274:, a precursor to the potent hallucinogen LSD, and 1150:with complete success in patients with "lingering 1045:ergotism and recommended methods for removing the 2256: 1334:. He writes that Beowulf, which he translates as 890:described an ailment he called "hidden fire," or 711:. He also states that the adrenergic blockage by 4387: 2809:The Dispensatory of the United States of America 1694:Stoll, A. (October 1932). "Ergot and ergotism". 1251:Speculated cause of hysterics and hallucinations 1092:In a printed book of 1582, the German physician 3255: 2543: 1576:Ergot Alkaloids – Biology and Molecular Biology 1259:, the beverage consumed by participants in the 3483:Pažoutová S, Frederickson DE (December 2005). 3078: 2435: 2336: 2094: 1291:of ergot of rye, particularly when mixed with 619:(ergoline) moiety, and other alkaloids of the 600:Ergot-derived drug to stop postpartum bleeding 3561: 3442:Spores Ingested by Adult Corn Earworm Moths, 2992:. Munn & Company. 1881-07-23. p. 51. 2174: 1555:PMDG: Ergot sugary disease in sorghum 1193:Though ergot was known to cause abortions in 1186:required ergot to be kept in all pharmacies. 1122:, she and her mother gave peeled ergot in an 1921: 1919: 1753: 1736: 1544: This article incorporates text from a 1239:(FTC) these pills contained ergotin, aloes, 4124:(Morning Glory, Tlitliltzin, Badoh Negro), 3408: 3027: 2961: 2853:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2628:. New Haven: Yale, 1989 (reedited in 1991) 2577: 2575: 2573: 2571: 2569: 2567: 2565: 2539: 2537: 2535: 2533: 2531: 2529: 2527: 2525: 2523: 2223: 2175:Merhoff, GC; Porter, JM (1 November 1974). 1384:. Sunlight has a chromogenic effect on the 267:("rye ergot fungus"). This fungus grows on 261:The most prominent member of this group is 3568: 3554: 2811:, third edition Philadelphia 1836, p. 588 1872:Schardl, Christopher L. (7 October 2015). 1867: 1865: 1863: 1861: 1859: 1857: 1567: 47: 3504: 3437: 3354: 3312:Parkinson's Drugs Can Damage Heart Valves 3289: 3189: 2880: 2503: 2401: 2360: 2224:Black, Michael H.; Halmer, Peter (2006). 2200: 2122: 2112: 1916: 1899: 1889: 1777: 1670: 955:was thwarted in his campaign against the 3438:Prom LK, Lopez JD (2004). "Viability of 3371: 3321: 2655: 2653: 2651: 2649: 2647: 2645: 2643: 2641: 2581: 2562: 2520: 2480:"Ergot:from witchcraft to biotechnology" 2250: 1971: 1967: 1965: 983:, have been linked to ergot poisoning. 886:, ergot was called "Daughter of Blood." 858: 595: 592:Effects on humans, other mammals and LSD 536:, variously coloured (resembling a tiny 3129: 3002: 2964:"Psychoactive plants in ancient Greece" 1871: 1854: 1548:work. Licensed under CC-BY-SA ( 646:derivatives of 6,8-dimethylergoline and 524:, all from northern temperate regions. 14: 4388: 3632:(Dihydroergonovine, Dihydroergobasine) 3262:Applied and Environmental Microbiology 3175: 3030:"Ergotism: the satan loosed in Salem?" 2745:Jean-Baptiste Desgranges (1751–1831). 2733:Journal de Physique, 1774, S. 144–155 2295: 2144: 2142: 2041:. Cambridge University Press. p. 2026: 2024: 2022: 987:Saint Anthony's fire and the Antonites 4143: 4142: 3549: 3256:Panaccione DG, Coyle CM (June 2005). 3171: 3169: 3123: 2842: 2840: 2838: 2686:Cod. Pal. germ. 545, Blatt 70v 2659: 2638: 2148: 1962: 1693: 1488:Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock 1391: 1356: 27:Group of fungi of the genus Claviceps 4337:05c9ffb8-7bc1-488b-b8d1-9214352aa518 3925:(Methylergonovine, Methylergobasine) 3516:"Windborne spread of ergot disease ( 3446:(Boddie) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)". 2937:. New Series 4. 2000. Archived from 2438:Perspectives in Biology and Medicine 1494: 1098:auffſteigen vnd wehethumb der mutter 975:Some historical events, such as the 870:is the earliest recorded example of 551:. Black and protruding sclerotia of 4411:Fungal plant pathogens and diseases 3903:Lysergic Acid 2,4-Dimethylazetidide 3246:Claviceps purpurea - Ergot Alkaloid 3184:. Pest Management Decision Guides. 2390:The New England Journal of Medicine 2289: 2139: 2019: 1057:Usage in gynaecology and obstetrics 773:) to treat migraine headaches, and 642:Ergot alkaloids are classified as: 429:; consequently, plants infected by 24: 3539:10.1111/j.1365-3059.1993.tb01514.x 3166: 2906:Federal Trade Commission Decisions 2835: 2232:. Wallingford, UK: CABI. pp. 1346:hysterical symptoms of young women 1124:amount of the filling of a thimble 25: 4472: 3520:) in sorghum A-lines in Zimbabwe" 3239: 2824:Codex, pharmacopée française 1837 1558:, Chanda Bwalya, CABI. 1176:Dispensatory of the United States 833:The January 4, 2007 issue of the 271:and related plants, and produces 3506:10.1111/j.1365-3059.2005.01255.x 2496:10.1111/J.1364-3703.2009.00548.X 2193:10.1097/00000658-197411000-00011 1539: 1224:headaches of the migraine type. 959:as his army, traveling down the 780:In addition to ergot alkaloids, 723:) leads to potent and long-term 658:Hospital Brothers of St. Anthony 212: 67: 4426:Natural sources of lysergamides 3282:10.1128/AEM.71.6.3106-3111.2005 3212: 3072: 3021: 2996: 2980: 2955: 2916: 2897: 2817: 2802: 2779: 2759: 2739: 2727: 2711: 2692: 2680: 2618: 2377: 2067:"St. Anthony's Fire — Ergotism" 2059: 2008: 1528:Universal Laboratories Building 1266:cult, might have been based on 979:in France at the outset of the 836:New England Journal of Medicine 578:discovered in 2020 preserves a 405:of fungal species of the genus 3918:Lysergic acid cyclopentylamide 3448:Journal of Economic Entomology 2865:10.1002/14651858.CD005456.pub3 2362:10.1016/j.chembiol.2003.11.013 1828: 1802: 1766:Journal of Economic Entomology 1739:"Intraspecific variability of 1730: 1687: 1646: 1643:, Dorland's Medical Dictionary 1627: 1608: 1306:Northeast Europe, such as the 1198:of childbirth. However, until 1104:Joachim Camerarius the Younger 1025:transdermal therapeutic system 898:and is used to halt bleeding. 497:accumulate in the sclerotium. 380:) — salt marsh grasses ( 13: 1: 3913:Lysergic acid cyclobutylamide 3575: 3328:to Variations of Environment" 2674:10.1016/S0531-5131(02)01096-8 2662:International Congress Series 2596:10.1016/S0140-6736(02)08658-0 1986:10.1016/S1474-4422(03)00439-3 1584:10.1016/S1099-4831(06)63002-2 1561: 1473: 1120:expulsion stage of childbirth 392: 4461:Taxa named by Edmond Tulasne 3182:Plantwiseplus Knowledge Bank 2753:, Paris, I (1818), S. 54–61 2153:(Thesis). Universität Wien. 1550:license statement/permission 565: 455:). The proliferating fungal 7: 3908:Lysergic Acid 3-Pentylamide 3489:on sorghum and Hyparrhenia" 2962:Carod-Artal, F. J. (2013). 2751:Nouveau Journal de Médecine 2624:Matossian, Mary Kilbourne, 1779:10.1603/0022-0493-94.6.1471 1639:September 10, 2009, at the 1624:, online medical dictionary 1530:: a major producer of ergot 1516: 1184:Codex Pharmacopee Francaise 1112:Antoine-Augustin Parmentier 818:(LSD) but instead contains 540:). In the head, threadlike 10: 4477: 4115:(Hawaiian Baby Woodrose), 3960:9-Deacetoxyfumigaclavine C 3898:Lysergic Acid 2-Butylamide 3729:Lysergic acid methyl ester 3653:(LSA; LA-111; Lysergamide) 3411:American Journal of Botany 3382:American Journal of Botany 3335:American Journal of Botany 3028:Caporael LR (April 1976). 1672:10.1094/PDIS.1998.82.4.356 1534: 1462:, and by 1997 had reached 1362: 1310:) is indicative of use of 1168:Newburyport, Massachusetts 854: 822:as well as its precursor, 816:lysergic acid diethylamide 649:lysergic acid derivatives. 397:An ergot kernel, called a 29: 4151: 4081: 4038: 3952: 3772: 3583: 3322:McCrea A (January 1931). 2484:Molecular Plant Pathology 1928:Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 1413:include the secretion of 1344:posited in 1976 that the 1255:It has been posited that 1144:Saratoga County, New York 160: 155: 64:Scientific classification 62: 55: 46: 41: 4130:(Coaxihuitl, Ololiúqui) 3680:(Ergonovine, Ergobasine) 3374:"A Preliminary Study of 3191:10.1079/pwkb.20167800135 1445:Sorghum ergot caused by 1376:The sclerotial stage of 1369:Mankind has known about 1237:Federal Trade Commission 909:in 857; following this, 463:originally intended for 2828:Poudre de seigle ergoté 2708:ergot is not mentioned. 2704:). In the 1578 edition 1552:). Text taken from 814:Ergot does not contain 668:, sometimes leading to 4446:Sordariomycetes genera 3485:"Genetic diversity of 3372:Bonns WW (July 1922). 3101:10.1126/science.795029 3054:10.1126/science.769159 3007:. Watkins Publishing. 3003:Grigsby, John (2005). 2794:The Medical Repository 2771:The Medical Repository 2719:Pietro Andrea Mattioli 2038:Microbiology in Action 2015:Pharmacognosy of Ergot 1232:day. According to the 1215:, it should be called 1034:ergotismus convulsivus 864: 601: 417:grain growing into an 336:most commonly affects 3595:2-Bromo-LSD (BOL-148) 3144:10.1081/CLT-100100958 2546:From Ergot to Ernutin 2450:10.1353/pbm.1999.0026 2298:Aspergillus fumigatus 2149:Farid, Labib (1946). 2114:10.3390/toxins7030659 1940:10.1007/s002530100801 1891:10.3390/toxins7104232 1696:The Science of Nature 1348:that had spurred the 1320:, he argues that the 964:falling off, akin to 862: 799:Aspergillus fumigatus 631:including effects on 629:biological activities 599: 248:refers to a group of 32:Ergot (horse anatomy) 4092:Achnatherum robustum 3460:10.1093/jee/97.3.764 2403:10.1056/NEJMoa062222 2069:. MedicineNet. 2002. 1454:, South Africa, and 1264:Eleusinian Mysteries 1182:In 1837, the French 1004:Order of St. Anthony 863:Ergot on wheat heads 172:Claviceps fusiformis 162:About 50, including: 3832:Dimethyllysergamide 3674:(Dihydroergotoxine) 3625:Dihydroergocryptine 3620:Dihydroergocristine 3274:2005ApEnM..71.3106P 3176:Bwalya, C. (2018). 3132:Clinical Toxicology 3093:1976Sci...194.1390S 3046:1976Sci...192...21C 2989:Scientific American 2590:(9319): 1768–1770. 2275:10.1021/jf60213a061 2263:J. Agric. Food Chem 1708:1932NW.....20..752S 1523:Medicinal mushrooms 1318:Beowulf and Grendel 1302:human remains from 1284:Scientific American 1051:Knights Hospitaller 841:Parkinson's disease 518:Claviceps nigricans 473:) producing sugary 4451:Triticale diseases 4436:Psychoactive fungi 3826:Diallyllysergamide 3630:Dihydroergometrine 3615:Dihydroergocornine 3518:Claviceps africana 3487:Claviceps africana 3440:Claviceps africana 3376:Claviceps purpurea 3326:Claviceps purpurea 3324:"The Reactions of 3318:. January 3, 2007. 2314:10.1007/BF02877045 1934:(5–6): 4593–4605. 1842:. 10 February 2020 1737:Sylvie Pazoutova. 1716:10.1007/BF01493390 1620:2016-03-03 at the 1447:Claviceps africana 1399:Claviceps africana 1393:Claviceps africana 1371:Claviceps purpurea 1365:Claviceps purpurea 1358:Claviceps purpurea 1350:Salem witch trials 1342:Linnda R. Caporael 1313:Claviceps purpurea 865: 602: 522:Claviceps zizaniae 510:Claviceps purpurea 401:, develops when a 264:Claviceps purpurea 194:Claviceps zizaniae 182:Claviceps purpurea 166:Claviceps africana 57:Claviceps purpurea 4383: 4382: 4345:Open Tree of Life 4145:Taxon identifiers 4136: 4135: 3923:Methylergometrine 3641:Dihydroergotamine 3014:978-1-84293-153-0 2355:(12): 1281–1292. 2259:Claviceps paspali 2243:978-0-85199-723-0 2181:Annals of Surgery 2052:978-0-521-62912-6 1593:978-0-12-469563-4 1502:Claviceps paspali 1496:Claviceps paspali 1293:phosphate of soda 1156:pulvis parturiens 1148:pulvis parturiens 1116:Chaumont-en-Vexin 981:French Revolution 782:Claviceps paspali 697:neurotransmitters 637:neurotransmission 308:, buffel grass), 205: 204: 177:Claviceps paspali 151: 16:(Redirected from 4468: 4376: 4375: 4363: 4362: 4353: 4352: 4340: 4339: 4330: 4329: 4317: 4316: 4314:NHMSYS0001477859 4304: 4303: 4291: 4290: 4278: 4277: 4265: 4264: 4252: 4251: 4239: 4238: 4226: 4225: 4213: 4212: 4200: 4199: 4187: 4186: 4185: 4172: 4171: 4170: 4140: 4139: 4112:Argyreia nervosa 3995:Epoxyagroclavine 3570: 3563: 3556: 3547: 3546: 3542: 3524: 3510: 3508: 3479: 3434: 3405: 3368: 3358: 3332: 3303: 3293: 3234: 3233: 3231: 3230: 3216: 3210: 3209: 3207: 3206: 3193: 3173: 3164: 3163: 3127: 3121: 3120: 3087:(4272): 1390–4. 3076: 3070: 3069: 3064:. Archived from 3025: 3019: 3018: 3000: 2994: 2993: 2984: 2978: 2977: 2975: 2974: 2959: 2953: 2952: 2950: 2949: 2943: 2932: 2920: 2914: 2913: 2901: 2895: 2894: 2884: 2844: 2833: 2826:, p. 215 : 2821: 2815: 2806: 2800: 2783: 2777: 2763: 2757: 2743: 2737: 2731: 2725: 2715: 2709: 2703: 2696: 2690: 2684: 2678: 2677: 2657: 2636: 2622: 2616: 2615: 2579: 2560: 2559: 2541: 2518: 2517: 2507: 2475: 2462: 2461: 2433: 2416: 2415: 2405: 2381: 2375: 2374: 2364: 2340: 2334: 2333: 2293: 2287: 2286: 2269:(5): 1197–1201. 2254: 2248: 2247: 2231: 2221: 2215: 2214: 2204: 2172: 2163: 2162: 2146: 2137: 2136: 2126: 2116: 2092: 2071: 2070: 2063: 2057: 2056: 2028: 2017: 2012: 2006: 2005: 1969: 1960: 1959: 1923: 1914: 1913: 1903: 1893: 1884:(7): 4232–4237. 1869: 1852: 1851: 1849: 1847: 1832: 1826: 1825: 1815: 1806: 1800: 1799: 1781: 1772:(6): 1471–1476. 1757: 1751: 1750: 1745:. Archived from 1734: 1728: 1727: 1691: 1685: 1684: 1674: 1650: 1644: 1631: 1625: 1612: 1606: 1605: 1571: 1543: 1482:-led programme, 1478:Partners of the 1245:cease and desist 1217:pulvis ad mortem 1213:pulvis ad partum 1016:hagiotherapeutic 725:vasoconstriction 666:vasoconstriction 514:Claviceps grohii 240: 235: 234: 231: 230: 227: 224: 221: 218: 188:Claviceps sorghi 146: 72: 71: 51: 39: 38: 21: 4476: 4475: 4471: 4470: 4469: 4467: 4466: 4465: 4431:Parasitic fungi 4421:Medicinal fungi 4406:Cereal diseases 4401:Barley diseases 4386: 4385: 4384: 4379: 4371: 4366: 4358: 4356: 4348: 4343: 4335: 4333: 4325: 4320: 4312: 4307: 4299: 4294: 4286: 4281: 4273: 4268: 4260: 4255: 4247: 4242: 4234: 4229: 4221: 4216: 4208: 4203: 4195: 4190: 4181: 4180: 4175: 4166: 4165: 4160: 4147: 4137: 4132: 4127:Rivea corymbosa 4109:Morning glory: 4105: 4083: 4077: 4040: 4034: 4015:Fumigaclavine C 4010:Fumigaclavine B 4005:Fumigaclavine A 3975:Chanoclavine II 3948: 3776: 3768: 3636:Dihydroergosine 3587: 3579: 3574: 3527:Plant Pathology 3522: 3493:Plant Pathology 3444:Helicoverpa zea 3423:10.2307/2435398 3394:10.2307/2435269 3347:10.2307/2435724 3330: 3242: 3237: 3228: 3226: 3218: 3217: 3213: 3204: 3202: 3174: 3167: 3128: 3124: 3077: 3073: 3026: 3022: 3015: 3001: 2997: 2986: 2985: 2981: 2972: 2970: 2960: 2956: 2947: 2945: 2941: 2930: 2922: 2921: 2917: 2902: 2898: 2859:(6): CD005456. 2845: 2836: 2822: 2818: 2807: 2803: 2784: 2780: 2764: 2760: 2744: 2740: 2732: 2728: 2716: 2712: 2699: 2697: 2693: 2685: 2681: 2658: 2639: 2623: 2619: 2580: 2563: 2556: 2542: 2521: 2476: 2465: 2434: 2419: 2382: 2378: 2341: 2337: 2302:Folia Microbiol 2294: 2290: 2255: 2251: 2244: 2222: 2218: 2173: 2166: 2147: 2140: 2093: 2074: 2065: 2064: 2060: 2053: 2029: 2020: 2013: 2009: 1970: 1963: 1924: 1917: 1870: 1855: 1845: 1843: 1834: 1833: 1829: 1818:Palaeodiversity 1813: 1807: 1803: 1758: 1754: 1735: 1731: 1702:(41): 752–757. 1692: 1688: 1651: 1647: 1641:Wayback Machine 1632: 1628: 1622:Wayback Machine 1613: 1609: 1594: 1572: 1568: 1564: 1537: 1519: 1499: 1486:(including the 1476: 1396: 1367: 1361: 1253: 1241:Black Hellebore 1166:(1762–1827) of 1164:Oliver Prescott 1160:"half a drachm" 1079:Salomon's seals 1059: 1042:Medieval Europe 989: 953:Peter the Great 857: 662:vascular system 623:group that are 594: 572:Clavicipitaceae 568: 532:with heads and 530:fruiting bodies 461:vascular bundle 441:, such as rye ( 395: 275:that can cause 238: 215: 211: 199:Claviceps lutea 197: 191: 185: 179: 175: 169: 163: 145: 131:Clavicipitaceae 111:Sordariomycetes 66: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 4474: 4464: 4463: 4458: 4456:Wheat diseases 4453: 4448: 4443: 4438: 4433: 4428: 4423: 4418: 4413: 4408: 4403: 4398: 4396:Abortifacients 4381: 4380: 4378: 4377: 4364: 4354: 4341: 4331: 4318: 4305: 4292: 4279: 4266: 4253: 4240: 4227: 4214: 4201: 4188: 4173: 4157: 4155: 4149: 4148: 4134: 4133: 4107: 4106: 4096: 4095:(Sleepy Grass) 4087: 4085: 4079: 4078: 4076: 4075: 4070: 4065: 4060: 4055: 4050: 4044: 4042: 4036: 4035: 4033: 4032: 4027: 4022: 4017: 4012: 4007: 4002: 3997: 3992: 3987: 3982: 3977: 3972: 3967: 3962: 3956: 3954: 3950: 3949: 3947: 3946: 3941: 3936: 3931: 3926: 3920: 3915: 3910: 3905: 3900: 3895: 3890: 3885: 3880: 3875: 3870: 3865: 3860: 3855: 3850: 3845: 3840: 3835: 3829: 3823: 3818: 3813: 3808: 3803: 3798: 3793: 3788: 3782: 3780: 3770: 3769: 3767: 3766: 3761: 3756: 3751: 3746: 3741: 3736: 3731: 3726: 3721: 3716: 3711: 3706: 3701: 3696: 3691: 3686: 3681: 3675: 3669: 3664: 3659: 3654: 3648: 3643: 3638: 3633: 3627: 3622: 3617: 3612: 3607: 3602: 3597: 3591: 3589: 3581: 3580: 3573: 3572: 3565: 3558: 3550: 3544: 3543: 3533:(3): 368–377. 3511: 3499:(6): 749–763. 3480: 3435: 3417:(2): 116–131. 3406: 3388:(7): 339–353. 3369: 3356:2027.42/141053 3319: 3309: 3304: 3268:(6): 3106–11. 3253: 3248: 3241: 3240:External links 3238: 3236: 3235: 3224:doctorlib.info 3211: 3165: 3122: 3071: 3068:on 2008-05-11. 3040:(4234): 21–6. 3020: 3013: 2995: 2979: 2954: 2915: 2896: 2834: 2816: 2801: 2778: 2765:John Stearns. 2758: 2738: 2726: 2710: 2691: 2679: 2637: 2617: 2561: 2555:978-1331946151 2554: 2519: 2463: 2444:(3): 333–355. 2417: 2376: 2335: 2308:(5): 418–422. 2288: 2249: 2242: 2216: 2187:(5): 773–779. 2164: 2138: 2107:(3): 659–678. 2072: 2058: 2051: 2018: 2007: 1980:(7): 429–434. 1961: 1915: 1853: 1827: 1801: 1752: 1749:on 2006-03-10. 1729: 1686: 1665:(4): 356–367. 1645: 1626: 1607: 1592: 1565: 1563: 1560: 1536: 1533: 1532: 1531: 1525: 1518: 1515: 1498: 1493: 1475: 1472: 1395: 1390: 1363:Main article: 1360: 1355: 1252: 1249: 1227:In the 1930s, 1138:, in 1807 Dr. 1108: 1107: 1101: 1090: 1058: 1055: 988: 985: 957:Ottoman Empire 934:in France. In 856: 853: 804:Convolvulaceae 755:pharmaceutical 709:norepinephrine 683:contractions, 677:hallucinations 651: 650: 647: 625:biosynthesized 593: 590: 580:grass spikelet 567: 564: 444:Secale cereale 394: 391: 390: 389: 370: 367: 300:and cereals), 296:(parasitic on 203: 202: 158: 157: 153: 152: 138: 134: 133: 128: 124: 123: 118: 114: 113: 108: 104: 103: 98: 94: 93: 88: 84: 83: 78: 74: 73: 60: 59: 53: 52: 44: 43: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4473: 4462: 4459: 4457: 4454: 4452: 4449: 4447: 4444: 4442: 4439: 4437: 4434: 4432: 4429: 4427: 4424: 4422: 4419: 4417: 4414: 4412: 4409: 4407: 4404: 4402: 4399: 4397: 4394: 4393: 4391: 4374: 4369: 4365: 4361: 4355: 4351: 4346: 4342: 4338: 4332: 4328: 4323: 4319: 4315: 4310: 4306: 4302: 4297: 4293: 4289: 4284: 4280: 4276: 4271: 4267: 4263: 4258: 4254: 4250: 4245: 4241: 4237: 4232: 4228: 4224: 4219: 4215: 4211: 4206: 4202: 4198: 4193: 4189: 4184: 4178: 4174: 4169: 4163: 4159: 4158: 4156: 4154: 4150: 4146: 4141: 4131: 4129: 4128: 4123: 4122: 4120: 4114: 4113: 4103: 4101: 4097: 4094: 4093: 4089: 4088: 4086: 4080: 4074: 4071: 4069: 4066: 4064: 4061: 4059: 4056: 4054: 4051: 4049: 4046: 4045: 4043: 4037: 4031: 4028: 4026: 4023: 4021: 4018: 4016: 4013: 4011: 4008: 4006: 4003: 4001: 3998: 3996: 3993: 3991: 3988: 3986: 3983: 3981: 3978: 3976: 3973: 3971: 3968: 3966: 3963: 3961: 3958: 3957: 3955: 3951: 3945: 3942: 3940: 3937: 3935: 3932: 3930: 3927: 3924: 3921: 3919: 3916: 3914: 3911: 3909: 3906: 3904: 3901: 3899: 3896: 3894: 3891: 3889: 3886: 3884: 3881: 3879: 3876: 3874: 3871: 3869: 3866: 3864: 3861: 3859: 3856: 3854: 3851: 3849: 3846: 3844: 3841: 3839: 3836: 3833: 3830: 3827: 3824: 3822: 3819: 3817: 3814: 3812: 3809: 3807: 3804: 3802: 3799: 3797: 3794: 3792: 3789: 3787: 3784: 3783: 3781: 3779: 3775: 3771: 3765: 3762: 3760: 3757: 3755: 3752: 3750: 3747: 3745: 3742: 3740: 3737: 3735: 3732: 3730: 3727: 3725: 3724:Lysergic acid 3722: 3720: 3717: 3715: 3712: 3710: 3707: 3705: 3702: 3700: 3697: 3695: 3692: 3690: 3687: 3685: 3684:Ergometrinine 3682: 3679: 3676: 3673: 3670: 3668: 3665: 3663: 3660: 3658: 3655: 3652: 3649: 3647: 3644: 3642: 3639: 3637: 3634: 3631: 3628: 3626: 3623: 3621: 3618: 3616: 3613: 3611: 3608: 3606: 3605:Bromocriptine 3603: 3601: 3598: 3596: 3593: 3592: 3590: 3586: 3585:Lysergic acid 3582: 3578: 3571: 3566: 3564: 3559: 3557: 3552: 3551: 3548: 3540: 3536: 3532: 3528: 3521: 3519: 3512: 3507: 3502: 3498: 3494: 3490: 3488: 3481: 3477: 3473: 3469: 3465: 3461: 3457: 3453: 3449: 3445: 3441: 3436: 3432: 3428: 3424: 3420: 3416: 3412: 3407: 3403: 3399: 3395: 3391: 3387: 3383: 3379: 3377: 3370: 3366: 3362: 3357: 3352: 3348: 3344: 3340: 3336: 3329: 3327: 3320: 3317: 3313: 3310: 3308: 3305: 3301: 3297: 3292: 3287: 3283: 3279: 3275: 3271: 3267: 3263: 3259: 3254: 3252: 3249: 3247: 3244: 3243: 3225: 3221: 3215: 3201: 3197: 3192: 3187: 3183: 3179: 3172: 3170: 3161: 3157: 3153: 3149: 3145: 3141: 3138:(4): 457–60. 3137: 3133: 3126: 3118: 3114: 3110: 3106: 3102: 3098: 3094: 3090: 3086: 3082: 3075: 3067: 3063: 3059: 3055: 3051: 3047: 3043: 3039: 3035: 3031: 3024: 3016: 3010: 3006: 2999: 2991: 2990: 2983: 2969: 2965: 2958: 2944:on 2019-07-20 2940: 2936: 2929: 2927: 2919: 2911: 2907: 2900: 2892: 2888: 2883: 2878: 2874: 2870: 2866: 2862: 2858: 2854: 2850: 2843: 2841: 2839: 2832: 2831:(Digitalisat) 2829: 2825: 2820: 2814: 2813:(Digitalisat) 2810: 2805: 2799: 2798:(Digitalisat) 2795: 2791: 2787: 2782: 2776: 2775:(Digitalisat) 2772: 2768: 2762: 2756: 2755:(Digitalisat) 2752: 2748: 2742: 2736: 2735:(Digitalisat) 2730: 2724: 2723:(Digitalisat) 2720: 2714: 2707: 2706:(Digitalisat) 2702: 2695: 2689: 2688:(Digitalisat) 2683: 2675: 2671: 2667: 2663: 2656: 2654: 2652: 2650: 2648: 2646: 2644: 2642: 2635: 2634:0-300-05121-2 2631: 2627: 2621: 2613: 2609: 2605: 2601: 2597: 2593: 2589: 2585: 2578: 2576: 2574: 2572: 2570: 2568: 2566: 2557: 2551: 2547: 2540: 2538: 2536: 2534: 2532: 2530: 2528: 2526: 2524: 2515: 2511: 2506: 2501: 2497: 2493: 2490:(4): 563–77. 2489: 2485: 2481: 2474: 2472: 2470: 2468: 2459: 2455: 2451: 2447: 2443: 2439: 2432: 2430: 2428: 2426: 2424: 2422: 2413: 2409: 2404: 2399: 2395: 2391: 2387: 2380: 2372: 2368: 2363: 2358: 2354: 2350: 2346: 2339: 2331: 2327: 2323: 2319: 2315: 2311: 2307: 2303: 2299: 2292: 2284: 2280: 2276: 2272: 2268: 2264: 2260: 2253: 2245: 2239: 2235: 2230: 2229: 2220: 2212: 2208: 2203: 2198: 2194: 2190: 2186: 2182: 2178: 2171: 2169: 2160: 2156: 2152: 2145: 2143: 2134: 2130: 2125: 2120: 2115: 2110: 2106: 2102: 2098: 2091: 2089: 2087: 2085: 2083: 2081: 2079: 2077: 2068: 2062: 2054: 2048: 2044: 2040: 2039: 2034: 2027: 2025: 2023: 2016: 2011: 2003: 1999: 1995: 1991: 1987: 1983: 1979: 1975: 1974:Lancet Neurol 1968: 1966: 1957: 1953: 1949: 1945: 1941: 1937: 1933: 1929: 1922: 1920: 1911: 1907: 1902: 1897: 1892: 1887: 1883: 1879: 1875: 1868: 1866: 1864: 1862: 1860: 1858: 1841: 1837: 1831: 1823: 1819: 1812: 1805: 1797: 1793: 1789: 1785: 1780: 1775: 1771: 1767: 1763: 1756: 1748: 1744: 1742: 1733: 1725: 1721: 1717: 1713: 1709: 1705: 1701: 1697: 1690: 1682: 1678: 1673: 1668: 1664: 1660: 1659:Plant Disease 1656: 1649: 1642: 1638: 1635: 1630: 1623: 1619: 1616: 1611: 1603: 1599: 1595: 1589: 1585: 1581: 1577: 1570: 1566: 1559: 1557: 1556: 1551: 1547: 1542: 1529: 1526: 1524: 1521: 1520: 1514: 1511: 1507: 1503: 1497: 1492: 1489: 1485: 1481: 1471: 1469: 1468:United States 1465: 1461: 1457: 1453: 1448: 1443: 1441: 1437: 1433: 1429: 1425: 1422: 1420: 1416: 1412: 1408: 1407:fertilization 1404: 1400: 1394: 1389: 1387: 1383: 1379: 1374: 1372: 1366: 1359: 1354: 1351: 1347: 1343: 1339: 1337: 1333: 1329: 1328: 1323: 1319: 1315: 1314: 1309: 1305: 1301: 1296: 1294: 1290: 1286: 1285: 1279: 1277: 1273: 1269: 1268:hallucinogens 1265: 1262: 1261:ancient Greek 1258: 1248: 1246: 1242: 1238: 1235: 1234:United States 1230: 1229:abortifacient 1225: 1222: 1218: 1214: 1210: 1206: 1201: 1196: 1191: 1187: 1185: 1180: 1177: 1172: 1169: 1165: 1161: 1157: 1153: 1152:parturitation 1149: 1145: 1141: 1137: 1136:United States 1132: 1130: 1125: 1121: 1117: 1113: 1105: 1102: 1099: 1095: 1091: 1088: 1084: 1080: 1076: 1072: 1071:Laurel-fruits 1068: 1064: 1063: 1062: 1054: 1052: 1048: 1043: 1037: 1035: 1030: 1026: 1022: 1017: 1011: 1009: 1005: 1001: 997: 993: 992:Saint Anthony 984: 982: 978: 973: 971: 967: 962: 958: 954: 951: 948: 945:In 1722, the 943: 941: 937: 933: 929: 925: 921: 916: 912: 908: 904: 899: 897: 896:rockenmutter, 893: 892:ignus ocultus 889: 888:Radulf Glaber 885: 884:ancient Syria 881: 877: 873: 872:mycotoxicosis 869: 861: 852: 850: 846: 842: 838: 837: 831: 829: 828:bromocriptine 825: 821: 820:lysergic acid 817: 812: 809: 808:morning glory 805: 801: 800: 795: 794: 789: 788: 783: 778: 776: 772: 768: 764: 760: 756: 751: 747: 742: 738: 734: 730: 726: 722: 718: 714: 710: 706: 702: 698: 694: 690: 686: 682: 678: 673: 671: 667: 663: 659: 655: 648: 645: 644: 643: 640: 638: 634: 630: 626: 622: 618: 617:lysergic acid 615:linkage to a 614: 610: 607: 598: 589: 586: 581: 577: 573: 563: 561: 556: 554: 550: 545: 543: 539: 535: 531: 525: 523: 519: 515: 511: 506: 502: 498: 496: 492: 488: 484: 480: 476: 472: 471: 466: 462: 458: 454: 450: 446: 445: 440: 437:species with 436: 432: 428: 424: 423:fertilization 420: 416: 412: 408: 404: 400: 387: 383: 379: 375: 371: 368: 365: 364: 363: 361: 357: 356:only rarely. 355: 352:. It affects 351: 347: 343: 339: 335: 331: 327: 323: 319: 315: 311: 307: 303: 302:C. fusiformis 299: 295: 291: 287: 285: 284: 278: 274: 270: 266: 265: 259: 257: 256: 252:of the genus 251: 247: 243: 242: 233: 209: 201: 200: 196: 195: 190: 189: 184: 183: 178: 174: 173: 168: 167: 159: 154: 149: 144: 143: 139: 136: 135: 132: 129: 126: 125: 122: 119: 116: 115: 112: 109: 106: 105: 102: 99: 96: 95: 92: 89: 86: 85: 82: 79: 76: 75: 70: 65: 61: 58: 54: 50: 45: 40: 37: 33: 19: 4441:Rye diseases 4152: 4125: 4118: 4116: 4110: 4108: 4099: 4090: 4048:Acetergamine 4025:Penniclavine 4000:Festuclavine 3990:Elymoclavine 3985:Cycloclavine 3970:Chanoclavine 3778:lysergamides 3759:Methysergide 3667:Ergocryptine 3662:Ergocristine 3530: 3526: 3517: 3496: 3492: 3486: 3454:(3): 764–7. 3451: 3447: 3443: 3439: 3414: 3410: 3385: 3381: 3375: 3341:(1): 50–78. 3338: 3334: 3325: 3265: 3261: 3227:. Retrieved 3223: 3214: 3203:. Retrieved 3181: 3135: 3131: 3125: 3084: 3080: 3074: 3066:the original 3037: 3033: 3023: 3004: 2998: 2988: 2982: 2971:. Retrieved 2967: 2957: 2946:. Retrieved 2939:the original 2934: 2925: 2924:"Mixing the 2918: 2909: 2905: 2899: 2856: 2852: 2827: 2823: 2819: 2808: 2804: 2793: 2789: 2786:John Stearns 2781: 2770: 2766: 2761: 2750: 2746: 2741: 2729: 2713: 2701:Digital link 2694: 2682: 2665: 2661: 2625: 2620: 2587: 2583: 2545: 2487: 2483: 2441: 2437: 2396:(1): 29–38. 2393: 2389: 2379: 2352: 2348: 2338: 2305: 2301: 2297: 2291: 2266: 2262: 2258: 2252: 2227: 2219: 2184: 2180: 2150: 2104: 2100: 2061: 2037: 2010: 1977: 1973: 1931: 1927: 1881: 1877: 1844:. Retrieved 1840:sci-news.com 1839: 1830: 1821: 1817: 1804: 1769: 1765: 1755: 1747:the original 1740: 1732: 1699: 1695: 1689: 1662: 1658: 1648: 1629: 1610: 1575: 1569: 1554: 1546:free content 1538: 1509: 1505: 1501: 1500: 1495: 1477: 1446: 1444: 1440:South Africa 1427: 1426: 1423: 1410: 1398: 1397: 1392: 1377: 1375: 1370: 1368: 1357: 1340: 1335: 1325: 1317: 1311: 1297: 1282: 1280: 1254: 1226: 1216: 1212: 1205:David Hosack 1192: 1188: 1183: 1181: 1175: 1173: 1155: 1147: 1140:John Stearns 1133: 1109: 1097: 1094:Adam Lonicer 1086: 1082: 1060: 1038: 1033: 1021:vasodilating 1012: 990: 974: 969: 944: 900: 895: 891: 871: 866: 834: 832: 813: 797: 791: 785: 781: 779: 761:(containing 737:dry gangrene 713:ergopeptines 699:, including 674: 652: 641: 603: 585:psychotropic 576:amber fossil 569: 559: 557: 552: 546: 526: 521: 517: 513: 509: 505:microconidia 500: 499: 468: 452: 442: 439:open flowers 430: 406: 398: 396: 385: 381: 377: 373: 359: 358: 333: 325: 317: 314:dallis grass 309: 306:pearl millet 301: 293: 289: 288: 280: 262: 260: 254: 253: 245: 207: 206: 198: 192: 186: 180: 176: 170: 164: 161: 141: 56: 36: 4416:Hypocreales 4270:iNaturalist 4177:Wikispecies 4068:Nicergoline 4030:Setoclavine 4020:Paliclavine 3980:Costaclavin 3965:Agroclavine 3774:Psychedelic 3764:Sergolexole 3749:Metergoline 3744:Mesulergine 3678:Ergometrine 3657:Ergocornine 3646:Epicriptine 3610:Cabergoline 3588:derivatives 3378:in Culture" 1846:7 September 1741:C. purpurea 1506:C. africana 1428:C. africana 1411:C. africana 1378:C. purpurea 1336:barley-wolf 1322:Anglo-Saxon 1308:Tollund Man 1087:heffmutter, 970:ignis sacer 915:Scandinavia 903:Middle Ages 849:cabergoline 806:, of which 793:Aspergillus 787:Penicillium 775:ergometrine 633:circulation 553:C. purpurea 435:outcrossing 433:are mainly 374:C. purpurea 360:C. purpurea 338:outcrossing 334:C. purpurea 318:C. africana 294:C. purpurea 246:ergot fungi 121:Hypocreales 4390:Categories 4063:Lergotrile 4053:CY-208,243 3843:Ergonovine 3796:1P-ETH-LAD 3714:LY-215,840 3704:Ergovaline 3699:Ergotoxine 3694:Ergotamine 3600:Amesergide 3229:2020-05-18 3205:2020-06-25 2973:2021-02-17 2968:nah.sen.es 2948:2008-07-31 2717:Herbal of 2584:The Lancet 2349:Chem. Biol 1562:References 1510:C. paspali 1474:Management 1276:ergonovine 1272:ergotamine 1200:anesthesia 1047:sclerotium 977:Great Fear 824:ergotamine 767:ergotamine 721:ergotamine 717:ergovaline 609:ergotamine 501:Claviceps 449:ryegrasses 409:infects a 399:sclerotium 393:Life cycle 386:Distichlis 310:C. paspali 283:sclerotium 101:Ascomycota 97:Division: 4183:Claviceps 4153:Claviceps 4100:Claviceps 4073:Pergolide 4041:ergolines 3939:PARGY-LAD 3734:Lysergine 3689:Ergostine 3577:Ergolines 3316:HealthDay 3200:253986400 2873:1469-493X 2668:: 31–42. 1484:Plantwise 1456:Australia 1304:peat bogs 1174:The 1836 1083:permutter 1029:Memmingen 966:frostbite 932:Angoumois 920:Aquitaine 845:pergolide 746:agalactia 741:prolactin 705:serotonin 693:abortions 566:Evolution 560:Claviceps 491:alkaloids 485:), which 470:sphacelia 431:Claviceps 407:Claviceps 378:spartinae 342:triticale 290:Claviceps 273:alkaloids 255:Claviceps 142:Claviceps 87:Kingdom: 81:Eukaryota 18:Claviceps 4296:MycoBank 4244:Fungorum 4197:60014653 4192:AusFungi 4168:Q6445454 4162:Wikidata 4058:Ergoline 3953:Clavines 3834:(DAM-57) 3739:Lysergol 3709:Lisuride 3672:Ergoloid 3468:15279250 3300:15933008 3160:10469595 3152:10930065 3117:41615273 2891:29879293 2612:53277037 2604:12049883 2514:19523108 2458:72715889 2412:17202453 2371:14700635 2330:31459536 2159:58399816 2133:25723323 2002:12158282 1994:12849122 1948:11778866 1910:26665699 1788:11777051 1724:29050640 1681:30856881 1637:Archived 1618:Archived 1602:17133714 1517:See also 1436:Zimbabwe 1432:Cameroon 1415:honeydew 1401:infects 1386:mycelium 1300:Iron Age 1289:tincture 1221:placenta 1209:American 1154:". This 1081:to cure 1075:rhizomes 1067:Nürnberg 928:Périgord 924:Limousin 876:Assyrian 868:Ergotism 771:ergoline 763:caffeine 759:Cafergot 750:dystocia 733:cyanosis 701:dopamine 689:seizures 670:gangrene 654:Ergotism 621:ergoline 606:alkaloid 549:ergotism 538:mushroom 481:spores ( 475:honeydew 457:mycelium 382:Spartina 330:paspalum 326:C. lutea 277:ergotism 156:Species 127:Family: 77:Domain: 4360:9700647 4288:1011371 4262:2562525 4119:Ipomoea 4104:(Ergot) 4084:sources 4082:Natural 3944:PRO-LAD 3893:LSD-Pip 3883:LSM-775 3878:LPD-824 3853:ETH-LAD 3821:CYP-LAD 3791:1cP-LSD 3476:2871861 3431:2435398 3402:2435269 3365:2435724 3291:1151833 3270:Bibcode 3089:Bibcode 3081:Science 3042:Bibcode 3034:Science 2882:6513467 2505:6640538 2322:1104424 2211:4371616 2202:1343691 2124:4379517 1901:4626731 1796:8725020 1704:Bibcode 1535:Sources 1466:in the 1419:insects 1403:sorghum 1382:conidia 1327:Beowulf 1134:In the 996:Red Sea 947:Russian 940:Sologne 907:Germany 880:Parsees 855:History 715:(e.g., 681:uterine 664:due to 487:insects 483:conidia 479:asexual 451:(genus 421:during 324:), and 322:sorghum 298:grasses 137:Genus: 117:Order: 107:Class: 4373:100167 4357:uBio: 4350:607950 4334:NZOR: 4275:123250 4236:1CLAVG 3934:MLD-41 3868:LAE-32 3858:IP-LAD 3848:ETFELA 3816:BU-LAD 3811:ALD-52 3806:AL-LAD 3801:1P-LSD 3786:1B-LSD 3651:Ergine 3474: 3466: 3429: 3400: 3363: 3298: 3288: 3198: 3158: 3150: 3115: 3109:795029 3107: 3062:769159 3060: 3011: 2926:Kykeon 2912:: 800. 2889: 2879: 2871: 2792:. In: 2769:. In: 2749:. In: 2632: 2610: 2602: 2552: 2512: 2502: 2456: 2410: 2369: 2328: 2320: 2283:893851 2281: 2240: 2209: 2199: 2157: 2131: 2121: 2101:Toxins 2049: 2000: 1992: 1956:847027 1954: 1946: 1908: 1898: 1878:Toxins 1794: 1786: 1722: 1679: 1600: 1590: 1460:Mexico 1452:Brazil 1257:Kykeon 1195:cattle 930:, and 911:France 685:nausea 542:sexual 534:stipes 520:, and 495:lipids 453:Lolium 447:) and 427:stigma 415:pollen 411:floret 350:barley 348:, and 281:ergot 150:, 1853 42:Ergot 4368:WoRMS 4283:IRMNG 4223:21879 4039:Other 3929:MIPLA 3863:LAMPA 3838:ECPLA 3828:(DAL) 3754:MIPLA 3523:(PDF) 3472:S2CID 3427:JSTOR 3398:JSTOR 3361:JSTOR 3331:(PDF) 3196:S2CID 3156:S2CID 3113:S2CID 2942:(PDF) 2931:(PDF) 2608:S2CID 2454:S2CID 2326:S2CID 1998:S2CID 1952:S2CID 1814:(PDF) 1792:S2CID 1720:S2CID 1634:ergot 1615:ergot 1464:Texas 1324:poem 1270:from 1207:, an 1065:In a 1000:Devil 961:Terek 936:Hesse 729:edema 613:amide 574:, an 419:ovary 403:spore 376:var. 346:wheat 250:fungi 244:) or 208:Ergot 91:Fungi 4327:5110 4322:NCBI 4301:1092 4257:GBIF 4249:1092 4231:EPPO 4210:3QNY 4121:spp. 4102:spp. 3464:PMID 3296:PMID 3148:PMID 3105:PMID 3058:PMID 3009:ISBN 2887:PMID 2869:ISSN 2857:2018 2666:1242 2630:ISBN 2600:PMID 2550:ISBN 2510:PMID 2408:PMID 2367:PMID 2318:PMID 2279:PMID 2238:ISBN 2207:PMID 2155:OCLC 2129:PMID 2047:ISBN 1990:PMID 1944:PMID 1906:PMID 1848:2020 1784:PMID 1677:PMID 1598:PMID 1588:ISBN 1480:CABI 1438:and 1332:Odin 1129:Lyon 1073:and 950:Tsar 913:and 847:and 790:and 765:and 707:and 635:and 493:and 465:seed 372:G3 ( 354:oats 328:(on 320:(on 312:(on 304:(on 241:-gət 148:Tul. 4309:NBN 4218:EoL 4205:CoL 3888:LSH 3873:LSD 3719:LSH 3535:doi 3501:doi 3456:doi 3419:doi 3390:doi 3351:hdl 3343:doi 3286:PMC 3278:doi 3186:doi 3140:doi 3097:doi 3085:194 3050:doi 3038:192 2877:PMC 2861:doi 2670:doi 2592:doi 2588:359 2500:PMC 2492:doi 2446:doi 2398:doi 2394:356 2357:doi 2310:doi 2300:". 2271:doi 2261:". 2234:226 2197:PMC 2189:doi 2185:180 2119:PMC 2109:doi 2043:115 1982:doi 1936:doi 1896:PMC 1886:doi 1774:doi 1712:doi 1667:doi 1580:doi 1142:of 1085:or 1077:of 972:. 769:or 719:or 332:). 316:), 286:). 269:rye 220:ɜːr 4392:: 4370:: 4347:: 4324:: 4311:: 4298:: 4285:: 4272:: 4259:: 4246:: 4233:: 4220:: 4207:: 4194:: 4179:: 4164:: 3531:42 3529:. 3525:. 3497:54 3495:. 3491:. 3470:. 3462:. 3452:97 3450:. 3425:. 3415:12 3413:. 3396:. 3384:. 3380:. 3359:. 3349:. 3339:18 3337:. 3333:. 3314:. 3294:. 3284:. 3276:. 3266:71 3264:. 3260:. 3222:. 3194:. 3180:. 3168:^ 3154:. 3146:. 3136:38 3134:. 3111:. 3103:. 3095:. 3083:. 3056:. 3048:. 3036:. 3032:. 2966:. 2933:. 2910:30 2908:. 2885:. 2875:. 2867:. 2855:. 2851:. 2837:^ 2788:. 2664:. 2640:^ 2606:. 2598:. 2586:. 2564:^ 2522:^ 2508:. 2498:. 2488:10 2486:. 2482:. 2466:^ 2452:. 2442:42 2440:. 2420:^ 2406:. 2392:. 2388:. 2365:. 2353:10 2351:. 2347:. 2324:. 2316:. 2306:20 2304:. 2277:. 2267:25 2265:. 2236:. 2205:. 2195:. 2183:. 2179:. 2167:^ 2141:^ 2127:. 2117:. 2103:. 2099:. 2075:^ 2045:. 2035:. 2021:^ 1996:. 1988:. 1976:. 1964:^ 1950:. 1942:. 1932:57 1930:. 1918:^ 1904:. 1894:. 1882:10 1880:. 1876:. 1856:^ 1838:. 1820:. 1816:. 1790:. 1782:. 1770:94 1768:. 1764:. 1718:. 1710:. 1700:20 1698:. 1675:. 1663:82 1661:. 1657:. 1596:. 1586:. 1508:, 1470:. 1278:. 926:, 922:, 735:, 731:, 703:, 687:, 639:. 516:, 512:, 388:). 384:, 344:, 258:. 239:UR 3569:e 3562:t 3555:v 3541:. 3537:: 3509:. 3503:: 3478:. 3458:: 3433:. 3421:: 3404:. 3392:: 3386:9 3367:. 3353:: 3345:: 3302:. 3280:: 3272:: 3232:. 3208:. 3188:: 3162:. 3142:: 3119:. 3099:: 3091:: 3052:: 3044:: 3017:. 2976:. 2951:. 2928:" 2893:. 2863:: 2676:. 2672:: 2614:. 2594:: 2558:. 2516:. 2494:: 2460:. 2448:: 2414:. 2400:: 2373:. 2359:: 2332:. 2312:: 2285:. 2273:: 2246:. 2213:. 2191:: 2161:. 2135:. 2111:: 2105:7 2055:. 2004:. 1984:: 1978:2 1958:. 1938:: 1912:. 1888:: 1850:. 1824:. 1822:8 1798:. 1776:: 1743:" 1726:. 1714:: 1706:: 1683:. 1669:: 1604:. 1582:: 1100:) 1008:T 232:/ 229:t 226:ə 223:ɡ 217:ˈ 214:/ 210:( 34:. 20:)

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Index