Cleft lip and cleft palate

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prolonged feeding time, impaired growth and nutrition. Changes in swallowing mechanics may result in coughing, choking, gagging and nasal regurgitation. Even after cleft repair, the problem may still persist as significant motor learning of swallowing and sucking was absent for many months before repair. These difficulties in feeding may result in secondary problems such as poor weight gain, excessive energy expenditure during feeding, lengthy feeding times, discomfort during feeding, and stressful feeding interactions between the infant and the mother. A potential source of discomfort for the baby during or after feeding is bloating or frequent "spit up" which is due to the excessive air intake through the nose and mouth in the open cleft. Babies with cleft lip and or palate should be evaluated individually taking into account the size and location of the cleft and the mother's previous experience with breastfeeding.

368: 380: 1538:). The bone is cut then re-positioned and held together by wires or rigid fixation plates to ensure there's no anterior-posterior discrepancy, also to reduce scarring as it reduces growth. Single piece or multi-piece osteotomy exist. Single piece osteotomy is carried out where there is sufficient alveolar continuity achieved from a successful bone graft. Multi piece osteotomy is performed when there is a notable residual alveolar defect with a dental gap and oronasal fistula (communication between the oral and nasal cavities). The goal of both single and multi piece osteotomy is to displace the maxilla forward to obtain adequate occlusion as well to provide better support for upper lip and the nose and to close any 612:

negative self-concept in children with cleft palate. In the later preschool and early elementary years, the development of social skills is no longer only impacted by parental attitudes but is beginning to be shaped by their peers. A cleft lip or cleft palate may affect the behavior of preschoolers. Experts suggest that parents discuss with their children ways to handle negative social situations related to their cleft lip or cleft palate. A child who is entering school should learn the proper (and age-appropriate) terms related to the cleft. The ability to confidently explain the condition to others may limit feelings of awkwardness and embarrassment and reduce negative social experiences.

1600:, bottle feeding, spoon feeding and syringe feeding. Although breast-feeding is challenging, it improves weight-gain compared to spoon-feeding. Nasal regurgitation is common due to the open space between the oral cavity and the nasal cavity. Bottle feeding can help (with squeezable bottles being easier to use than rigid bottles). In addition, maxillary plates can be added to aid in feeding. Whatever feeding method is established, it is important to keep the baby's weight gain and hydration monitored. Infants with cleft lip or palate may require supplemental feeds for adequate growth and nutrition. Breast feeding position as suggested by specialists can also improve success rate. 1418: 356: 1430: 1406: 3194: 3206: 1459:. In this study, significant improvements in nasal symmetry were observed in multiple areas including measurements of the projected length of the nasal ala (lateral surface of the external nose), position of the superoinferior alar groove, position of the mediolateral nasal dome, and nasal bridge deviation. "The nasal ala projection length demonstrated an average ratio of 93.0 percent in the surgery-alone group and 96.5 percent in the nasoalveolar molding group," this study concluded. A 542: 2562: 3182: 1394: 1472: 1564:(VPI) can occur as a result of an unrepaired or repaired cleft lip and palate. VPI is the inability of the soft palate to close tightly against the back of the throat during speech, resulting in incomplete velopharyngeal closure. In turn, this results in speech abnormalities. Velopharyngeal closure is necessary during speech because it forms a seal between the nose and mouth, allowing the production of normal speech sounds. VPI can cause 44: 307: 1572:(reduced nasal resonance), or a mixed nasal resonance, which is when hypernasality and hyponasality occur simultaneously. In addition, CLP may cause abnormal positioning of individual teeth, which can in turn affect the patient's ability to make certain sounds when speaking such as the "f" or "v" sound and can also result in a lisp. The changes in speech may also be a manifestation on CLP's effects on the patient's occlusion. 319: 1588:, negative middle ear pressure and fluid build-up in the normally air-filled space of the middle ear. This is associated with hearing impairment or loss. The insertion of a ventilation tube into the eardrum is a surgical treatment option commonly used to improve hearing in children with otitis media. In addition, breast milk has been proven to decrease the incidence of otitis media in infants with clefts. 608:. Children who are judged as attractive tend to be perceived as more intelligent, exhibit more positive social behaviors, and are treated more positively than children with cleft lip or cleft palate. Children with clefts tend to report feelings of anger, sadness, fear, and alienation from their peers, but these children were similar to their peers in regard to "how well they liked themselves." 616:

related to self-esteem, dating and social acceptance. Adolescents, however, view appearance as the most important characteristic, above intelligence and humor. This being the case, adolescents are susceptible to additional problems because they cannot hide their facial differences from their peers. Adolescent boys typically deal with issues relating to withdrawal, attention, thought, and

596:. Self-concept may be adversely affected by the presence of a cleft lip or cleft palate, particularly among girls. Negative outcomes can also be associated with the long durations of hospitalization. Psychological issues could extend not just to the individual with CLP but also to their families, particularly their mothers, that experience varying levels of depression and anxiety. 533:(outermost layer of the tooth) is commonly found to be hypomineralized and hypoplastic, making the teeth more likely to decay. As CLP can make oral hygiene more difficult, there is an increased rate of cavities. In addition, abnormal positioning of individual teeth may affect occlusion, which can create an open bite or cross bite. This in turn can then affect the patient's speech. 1363:" coined by surgeons Wilhelmmesen and Musgrave in 1969 (the child is at least 10 weeks of age; weighs at least 10 pounds, and has at least 10g/dL hemoglobin). If the cleft is bilateral and extensive, two surgeries may be required to close the cleft, one side first, and the second side a few weeks later. The most common procedure to repair a cleft lip is the 517:, a furrow along the midline of the soft palate, and a notch in the back margin of the hard palate. The diagnosis of submucous cleft palate often occurs late in children as a result of the nature of the cleft. While the muscles of the soft palate are not joined, the mucosal membranes covering the roof of the mouth appear relatively normal and intact. 1483:(a prosthetic device made to fit the roof of the mouth covering the gap). This device re-positions displaced alveolar segments and helps reduce the cleft lip separation. The obturator will improve speech as there's now proper airflow and improve feeding and breathing as the gap in the hard and soft palate is closed over so cannot affect it. 561:. Another equipment commonly used for gravity feeding is a customized bottle with a combination of nipples and bottle inserts. A large hole, crosscut, or slit in the nipple, a protruding nipple and rhythmically squeezing the bottle insert can result in controllable flow to the infant without the stigma caused by specialized equipment. 676:

each other until they fuse in the middle. This process is very vulnerable to multiple toxic substances, environmental pollutants, and nutritional imbalance. The biologic mechanisms of mutual recognition of the two cabinets, and the way they are glued together, are quite complex and obscure despite intensive scientific research.

1519:. It provides bone for teeth to erupt into and to allow implants to be placed as a possible future treatment option. The procedure should be carried out before the upper canine has erupted. Ideally the root of the canine should be one to two-thirds formed and that there is a space available to place the bone graft. 1350:, thus saving the child from repeated corrective surgeries), while other teams correct the jaw earlier (argument: less speech therapy is needed than at a later age when speech therapy becomes harder). Within teams, treatment can differ between individual cases depending on the type and severity of the cleft. 1612:

Another option is feeding breast milk via bottle or syringe. Since babies with clip lip and cleft palate generate less section when breastfeeding, their nutrition, hydration and weight gain may be affected. This may result in the need for supplemental feeds. Modifying the position of holding the baby

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As children reach adolescence, the period of time between age 13 and 19, the dynamics of the parent-child relationship change as peer groups are now the focus of attention. An adolescent with cleft lip or cleft palate will deal with the typical challenges faced by most of their peers including issues

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People with CLP present with a multiplicity of problems. Therefore, effective management of CLP involves a wide range of specialists. The current model for delivery of this care is the multidisciplinary cleft team. This is a group of individuals from different specialist backgrounds who work closely

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The time period immediately after the diagnosis and the first year after the birth is most challenging for parents. A systematically planned treatment plan and support system will help assist parents. The ultimate aim is to help educate parents and create awareness so as to improve care provided for

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Orofacial clefts may be associated with a syndrome (syndromic) or may not be associated with a syndrome (nonsyndromic). Syndromic clefts are part of syndromes that are caused by a variety of factors such as environment and genetics or an unknown cause. Nonsyndromic clefts, which are not as common as

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The upper lip is formed earlier than the palate, from the first three lobes named a to c above. Formation of the palate is the last step in joining the five embryonic facial lobes, and involves the back portions of the lobes b and c. These back portions are called palatal shelves, which grow towards

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The International Consortium for Health Outcome Measurement (ICHOM) has proposed the Standard Set of Outcome Measures for Cleft Lip and Palate. The ICHOM Standard Set includes measures for many of the important outcome domains in cleft care (hearing, breathing, eating/drinking, speech, oral health,

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If these tissues fail to meet, a gap appears where the tissues should have joined (fused). This may happen in any single joining site, or simultaneously in several or all of them. The resulting birth defect reflects the locations and severity of individual fusion failures (e.g., from a small lip or

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Hodgkinson PD, Brown S, Duncan D, Grant C, McNaughton AM, Thomas P (February 2005). "Management of Children with Cleft Lip and Palate: A Review Describing the Application of Multidisciplinary Team Working in This Condition Based Upon the Experiences of a Regional Cleft Lip and Palate Centre in the

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forms. In the activation phase distraction of the callus induces bony ingrowth which can last up to 15 days depending on the required distraction. Once the required bone length is reached, the distraction device is left to remain in situ as it acts as a rigid skeletal fixation device until the new

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and external ear canals may be angled or tortuous, leading to food or other contamination of a part of the body that is normally self-cleaning. Hearing is related to learning to speak. Babies with palatal clefts may have compromised hearing and therefore, if the baby cannot hear, it cannot try to

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Due to lack of suction, an infant with a cleft may have trouble feeding. An infant with a cleft palate will have greater success feeding in a more upright position. Gravity will help prevent milk from coming through the baby's nose if he/she has cleft palate. Gravity feeding can be accomplished by

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Measuring the outcomes of CLP treatment has been laden with difficulty due to the complexity and longitudinal nature of cleft care, which spans birth through young adulthood. Prior attempts to study the effectiveness of specific interventions or overall treatment protocols have been hindered by a

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Accurate evaluation of craniofacial malformations is usually possible with the ultrasound scan performed during pregnancy. This is however not a routine procedure according to the American Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine. The accuracy of ultrasonography for prenatal diagnosis of cleft lip +/-

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Each person's treatment schedule is individualized. The table below shows a common sample treatment schedule. The colored squares indicate the average timeframe in which the indicated procedure occurs. In some cases, this is usually one procedure, for example lip repair. In other cases, it is an

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Preoperative feeding – using a squeezable bottle instead of a rigid bottle can allow a higher volume of food intake and less effort to extract food. Using a syringe is practical, easy to perform and allows greater administered volume of food. It also means there will be weight gain and less time

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The relationship between parental attitudes and a child's self-concept is crucial during the preschool years. It has been reported that elevated stress levels in mothers correlated with reduced social skills in their children. Strong parent support networks may help to prevent the development of

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African-Americans. The critical period for cleft development ranges from the 4th to the 12th week of intrauterine life. Clefts of the primary palate develop between the 4th and 7th weeks of intrauterine life, while clefts of the secondary palate develop between the 8th and 12th embryonic weeks.

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Babies with cleft lip are more likely to breastfeed successfully than those with cleft palate and cleft lip and palate. Larger clefts of the soft or hard palate may not be able to generate suction as the oral cavity cannot be separated from the nasal cavity when feeding which leads to fatigue,

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can reduce the incidence of clefting. Folic acid alone or in combination with vitamins and minerals prevents neural tube defects but does not have a clear effect on cleft lip palate incidence. The mechanism behind beneficial folate supplementation is due to folate playing a pivotal role in DNA

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An accurate prenatal diagnosis of the CLP anomaly is critical for establishing long-term treatment planning, prediction of treatment outcome, and discussion and education of the parent. Although there is no intrauterine treatment for CLP, both mother and child benefit from early diagnosis and

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Research has shown that during the early preschool years (ages 3–5), children with cleft lip or cleft palate tend to have a self-concept that is similar to their peers without a cleft. However, as they grow older and their social interactions increase, children with clefts tend to report more

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If the cleft does not affect the palate structure of the mouth, it is referred to as cleft lip. Cleft lip is formed in the top of the lip as either a small gap or an indentation in the lip (partial or incomplete cleft), or it continues into the nose (complete cleft). Lip cleft can occur as a

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and rapid proliferative expansion, and is thus highly susceptible to environmental and genetic factors, rationalising the high incidence of facial malformations. During the first six to eight weeks of pregnancy, the shape of the embryo's head is formed. Five primitive tissue lobes grow:

1165:, with the estimated attributable fraction of orofacial clefts due to smoking in early pregnancy being 6.1%. Orofacial clefts occur very early in pregnancy and so smoking cessation right after recognition of pregnancy is unlikely to reduce the exposure during the critical time period. 2436:

together to provide patients with comprehensive care from birth through adolescence. This system of delivery of care enables the individuals within the team to function in an interdisciplinary way, so that all aspects of care for CLP patients can be provided in the best way possible.

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Cleft lip with or without palate is classified as the most common congenital birth defect. It has been noted that the prevalence of orofacial clefts varies by race. The highest number of cases have been recorded among Asians and Native Americans, followed by Europeans, Hispanics and

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mimic the sounds of speech. Thus, even before expressive language acquisition, the baby with the cleft palate is at risk for receptive language acquisition. Because the lips and palate are both used in pronunciation, individuals with cleft usually need the aid of a speech therapist.

274:. Cleft lip is about twice as common in males as females, while cleft palate without cleft lip is more common in females. In 2017, it resulted in about 3,800 deaths globally, down from 14,600 deaths in 1990. The condition is also known as a "hare-lip" because of its resemblance to a 1548:– bone lengthening by gradual distraction. This involves cutting bone and moving ends apart incrementally to allow new bone to form in the gap. This consists of several phases. After attachment of the distracting device and the bone cuts, there is a latency phase of 3–7 days when a 688:

Genetic factors contributing to cleft lip and cleft palate formation have been identified for some syndromic cases. Many clefts run in families, even though in some cases there does not seem to be an identifiable syndrome present. A number of genes are involved including

529:, but most of the problems arise after the permanent teeth erupt. Problems may include fused teeth, missing teeth, and extra teeth erupting behind normal teeth. Missing teeth or extra teeth are both normal occurrences. Typically, the lateral incisors are missing. The 1382:

required to purse the lips run through the upper lip. To restore the complete group a full incision must be made. Secondly, to create a less obvious scar the surgeon tries to line up the scar with the natural lines in the upper lip (such as the edges of the

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problems, and may possibly develop anxiousness-depression and aggressive behaviors. Adolescent girls are more likely to develop problems relating to self-concept and appearance. Individuals with cleft lip or cleft palate often deal with threats to their

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ongoing therapy, for example speech therapy. In most cases of cleft lip and palate that involve the alveolar bone, patients will need a treatment plan including the prevention of cavities, orthodontics, alveolar bone grafting, and possibly jaw surgery.

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Most clefts are polygenic and multifactorial in origin with many genetic and environmental factors contributing. Genetic factors cause clefts in 20% to 50% of the cases and the remaining clefts are attributable to either environmental factors (such as

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instead. Studies suggest babies required less analgesics and shorter hospital stay with nasogastric feeding post-surgery. With bottle-feeding, there was higher feeding rejection and pain and required more frequent and prolonged feeding times.

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is often necessary, but corrective surgery in dogs can be done by the age of twelve weeks. For cleft palate, there is a high rate of surgical failure resulting in repeated surgeries. Surgical techniques for cleft palate in dogs include

638:) or gene-environment interactions. The polygenic/multifactorial inheritance model predicts that most individuals will be born without clefts; however with a number of genetic or environmental factors, it can result in cleft formation. 1358:

Within the first 2–3 months after birth, surgery is performed to close the cleft lip. While surgery to repair a cleft lip can be performed soon after birth, often the preferred age is at approximately 10 weeks of age, following the

1498:. The Latham is surgically inserted by use of pins during the child's fourth or fifth month. After it is in place, the doctor, or parents, turn a screw daily to bring the cleft together to assist with future lip or palate repair. 7530: 1066:

Many genes associated with syndromic cases of cleft lip/palate (see above) have been identified to contribute to the incidence of isolated cases of cleft lip/palate. This includes in particular sequence variants in the genes

1342:, ENT surgeons and audio-logical physicians. Treatment procedures can vary between craniofacial teams. For example, some teams wait on jaw correction until the child is aged 10 to 12 (argument: growth is less influential as 448: 460: 2637:, Inger (wife of the main character) has an uncorrected cleft lip which puts heavy limitations on her life, even causing her to kill her own child, who is also born with a cleft lip. The protagonist of the 1924 novel 4475:

Kanno K, Suzuki Y, Yamada A, Aoki Y, Kure S, Matsubara Y (May 2004). "Association between nonsyndromic cleft lip with or without cleft palate and the glutamic acid decarboxylase 67 gene in the Japanese population".

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Bell JC, Raynes-Greenow C, Turner RM, Bower C, Nassar N, O'Leary CM (July 2014). "Maternal alcohol consumption during pregnancy and the risk of orofacial clefts in infants: a systematic review and meta-analysis".

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Fukuyama E, Omura S, Fujita K, Soma K, Torikai K (November 2006). "Excessive rapid palatal expansion with Latham appliance for distal repositioning of protruded premaxilla in bilateral cleft lip and alveolus".

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Environmental influences may also cause, or interact with genetics to produce, orofacial clefts. An example of the link between environmental factors and genetics comes from a research on mutations in the gene

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Palate cleft can occur as complete (soft and hard palate, possibly including a gap in the jaw) or incomplete (a 'hole' in the roof of the mouth, usually as a cleft soft palate). When cleft palate occurs, the

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that increases the occurrence of these deformities threefold. Mutations in interferon regulatory factor 6 (IRF6) that cause cleft lip palate are also implicated in neural tube defects such as spina bifida.

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Prenatal diagnosis enables appropriate and timely education and discussion with parents by the cleft team. This helps improve the quality of treatment received by the child and improves quality of life.

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Zucchero TM, Cooper ME, Maher BS, Daack-Hirsch S, Nepomuceno B, Ribeiro L, et al. (August 2004). "Interferon regulatory factor 6 (IRF6) gene variants and the risk of isolated cleft lip or palate".

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Hurst JA, Houlston RS, Roberts A, Gould SJ, Tingey WG (October 1995). "Transverse limb deficiency, facial clefting and hypoxic renal damage: an association with treatment of maternal hypertension?".

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According to CDC, the prevalence of cleft palate in the United States is 6.35/10000 births and the prevalence of cleft lip with or without cleft palate is 10.63/10000 births. The highest prevalence

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If the cleft extends into the maxillary alveolar ridge, the gap is usually corrected by filling the gap with bone tissue. The bone tissue can be acquired from the individual's own chin, rib or hip.

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A mild form of a cleft lip is a microform cleft. A microform cleft can appear as small as a little dent in the red part of the lip or look like a scar from the lip up to the nostril. In some cases

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Bessell A, Hooper L, Shaw WC, Reilly S, Reid J, Glenny AM (February 2011). "Feeding interventions for growth and development in infants with cleft lip, cleft palate or cleft lip and palate".

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treatment have been linked to cleft lip and palate. Other environmental factors that have been studied include seasonal causes (such as pesticide exposure); maternal diet and vitamin intake;

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Matsunaka E, Ueki S, Makimoto K (October 2015). "Impact of breastfeeding or bottle-feeding on surgical wound dehiscence after cleft lip repair in infants: a systematic review protocol".

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prior to surgery can improve long-term nasal symmetry where there is complete unilateral cleft lip–cleft palate, compared to correction by surgery alone, according to a retrospective

2701:, Huck Finn meets the three Wilks sisters, Mary Jane, Susan, and Joanna. Joanna is described as, "the one who gives herself to good works and has a hare-lip." As a form of offensive 2688:, one of the people Gilderoy Lockhart stole credit from was a witch with a harelip who banished the Bandon Banshee. In later editions, this was changed to a witch with a hairy chin. 367: 6235:

Allori AC, Kelley T, Meara JG, Albert A, Bonanthaya K, Chapman K, et al. (September 2017). "A Standard Set of Outcome Measures for the Comprehensive Appraisal of Cleft Care".

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Barillas I, Dec W, Warren SM, Cutting CB, Grayson BH (March 2009). "Nasoalveolar molding improves long-term nasal symmetry in complete unilateral cleft lip-cleft palate patients".

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from a donor site (often the pelvic bone) is transplanted into the alveolar cleft region. This transplant of bone will close the osseous cleft of the alveolus, close any oro-nasal

379: 1494:. However, combinations of surgical methods and repeated surgeries are often necessary as the child grows. One of the new innovations of cleft lip and cleft palate repair is the 355: 9177: 8153: 5914:

Browning GG, Rovers MM, Williamson I, Lous J, Burton MJ (October 2010). "Grommets (ventilation tubes) for hearing loss associated with otitis media with effusion in children".

1490:, usually performed between 6 and 12 months. Approximately 20–25% only require one palatal surgery to achieve a competent velopharyngeal valve capable of producing normal, non- 1405: 263:

A cleft lip or palate can be successfully treated with surgery. This is often done in the first few months of life for cleft lip and before eighteen months for cleft palate.

1387:) and tuck away stitches as far up the nose as possible. Incomplete cleft gives the surgeon more tissue to work with, creating a more supple and natural-looking upper lip. 5958:"'ABM clinical protocol #18: guidelines for breastfeeding infants with cleft lip, cleft palate, or cleft lip and palate, revised 2013.', Academy of Breastfeeding Medicine" 6983: 2791: 2592:

In some countries, cleft lip or palate deformities are considered reasons (either generally tolerated or officially sanctioned) to perform an abortion beyond the legal

8146: 6118:"Secondary alveolar bone grafting using autologous versus alloplastic material in the treatment of cleft lip and palate patients: systematic review and meta-analysis" 3485:

Kim EK, Khang SK, Lee TJ, Kim TG (May 2010). "Clinical features of the microform cleft lip and the ultrastructural characteristics of the orbicularis oris muscle".

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is usually split. It occurs due to the failure of fusion of the lateral palatine processes, the nasal septum, or the median palatine processes (formation of the

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Snyder HT, Bilboul MJ, Pope AW (September 2005). "Psychosocial adjustment in adolescents with craniofacial anomalies: a comparison of parent and self-reports".

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Rivron RP (March 1989). "Bifid uvula: prevalence and association in otitis media with effusion in children admitted for routine otolaryngological operations".

5715:"Correlation between Nasoalveolar Molding and Surgical, Aesthetic, Functional and Socioeconomic Outcomes Following Primary Repair Surgery: a Systematic Review" 6664: 6449: 4363:

Dudas M, Li WY, Kim J, Yang A, Kaartinen V (2007). "Palatal fusion - where do the midline cells go? A review on cleft palate, a major human birth defect".

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Yuzuriha S, Mulliken JB (November 2008). "Minor-form, microform, and mini-microform cleft lip: anatomical features, operative techniques, and revisions".

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refers to either condition or to both occurring together. These disorders can result in feeding problems, speech problems, hearing problems, and frequent

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Note: the next images show the roof of the mouth. The top shows the nose, the lips are colored pink. For clarity the images depict a toothless infant.

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Sousa SB, Lambot-Juhan K, Rio M, Baujat G, Topouchian V, Hanna N, et al. (May 2011). "Expanding the skeletal phenotype of Loeys-Dietz syndrome".

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underneath the scar is affected and might require reconstructive surgery. It is advised to have newborn infants with a microform cleft checked with a

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palate is dependent on the experience of the sonologist, maternal body type, foetal position, the amount of amniotic fluid and the type of cleft.

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Pope AW, Ward J (September 1997). "Self-perceived facial appearance and psychosocial adjustment in preadolescents with craniofacial anomalies".

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who eventually comes to feel that her deformity is the source of her spiritual strength. The book was later adapted for television by both the

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Cox TC (March 2004). "Taking it to the max: the genetic and developmental mechanisms coordinating midfacial morphogenesis and dysmorphology".

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drugs; nitrate compounds; organic solvents; parental exposure to lead; alcohol; cigarette use; and a number of other psychoactive drugs (e.g.

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Age 7–12 years, for the children born with alveolar clefts, they may need to have a secondary alveolar bone graft. This is where autogenous

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found in conclusion that nasoalveolar molding had a positive effect on the primary surgery of cleft lip/or palate treatment and aesthetics.

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Prokhorov AV, Perry CL, Kelder SH, Klepp KI (1993). "Lifestyle values of adolescents: results from Minnesota Heart Health Youth Program".

1584:. This is due to the immature development of the different bones and muscles in the ear. Otitis media is caused by the obstruction of the 9398: 5957: 5858:

Nasser M, Fedorowicz Z, Newton JT, Nouri M (January 2008). Nasser M (ed.). "Interventions for the management of submucous cleft palate".

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Kronwith SD, Quinn G, McDonald DM, Cardonick E, Onyx P, LaRossa D, et al. (1990). "Stickler's syndrome in the Cleft Palate Clinic".

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Pope AW, Snyder HT (July 2005). "Psychosocial adjustment in children and adolescents with a craniofacial anomaly: age and sex patterns".

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of the midface, including molecular and cellular processes, has been greatly aided by research on animal models, including of the genes

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Leonard BJ, Brust JD, Abrahams G, Sielaff B (October 1991). "Self-concept of children and adolescents with cleft lip and/or palate".

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Cleft lip and cleft palate is an "umbrella term" for a collection of orofacial clefts. It includes clefting of the upper lip, the

8760: 8260: 5005:"Hyperoxia and hypoxia in pregnancy: simple experimental manipulation alters the incidence of cleft lip and palate in CL/Fr mice" 4528: 4401:

Meeks NJ, Saenz M, Tsai AC, Elias ER (2018). "Genetics & Dysmorphology". In Hay WW, Levin MJ, Deterding RR, Abzug MJ (eds.).

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appearance and psychosocial well-being). It includes clinician-reported, patient-reported, and family-reported outcome measures.

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through young adulthood. Care can be lifelong and are looked after by craniofacial cleft teams often consist of: cleft surgeons,

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Watkins SE, Meyer RE, Strauss RP, Aylsworth AS (April 2014). "Classification, epidemiology, and genetics of orofacial clefts".

2679:, one of the high-school aged protagonists is shy because she has a cleft lip, but learns to have more confidence in herself. 1378:

Often an incomplete cleft lip requires the same surgery as complete cleft. This is done for two reasons. Firstly the group of

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Griffiths LG, Sullivan M (2001). "Bilateral overlapping mucosal single-pedicle flaps for correction of soft palate defects".

7055: 6648: 5627: 3909: 3879: 3848: 3465: 2669:, Raven, has a cleft lip which he is sensitive about, and is described as "an ugly man dedicated to ugly deeds". In the 1976 7551: 6702: 5458:

Allori AC, Mulliken JB, Meara JG, Shusterman S, Marcus JR (March 2017). "Classification of Cleft Lip/Palate: Then and Now".

9441: 9051: 8732: 8641: 8363: 8344: 8265: 6587: 6278: 4956:"PHF8, a gene associated with cleft lip/palate and mental retardation, encodes for an Nepsilon-dimethyl lysine demethylase" 4651: 3205: 1633:, some studies believe that inappropriate negative pressure on the suture line may affect results. Babies can be fed by a 1150:, a factor considered important from reports on increased incidence of cleft lip/palate in mice that have been exposed to 9243: 8718: 734: 625:

for multiple reasons including unsuccessful social relationships, deviance in social appearance, and multiple surgeries.

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In some cases of a severe bilateral complete cleft, the premaxillary segment will be protruded far outside the mouth.

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Cleft lip and palate is very treatable; however, the kind of treatment depends on the type and severity of the cleft.

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Dass ihm, der Hasenscharte, dem Lispeln und der hellen Stimme wegen auf der Bühne Grenzen gesetzt sind, ist ihm klar.

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Costello BJ, Edwards SP, Clemens M (October 2008). "Fetal diagnosis and treatment of craniomaxillofacial anomalies".

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How new humans are made cells and embryos, twins and chimeras, left and right, mind/selfsoul, sex, and schizophrenia

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and just below, two additional lobes grow from each side, which form the chin and lower lip (mandibular prominence).

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education. A multidisciplinary team approach is now accepted as the standard of care in dealing with CLP patients.

724: 9480: 9185: 8287: 8255: 8111: 8106: 2573: 237: 127: 7508: 4265: 4139: 3987: 3671: 9499: 8877: 8302: 7968: 7825: 4099:

Tobiasen JM (July 1984). "Psychosocial correlates of congenital facial clefts: a conceptualization and model".

61: 7165: 6308: 4867: 2758:. The portrayal of enemy characters with cleft lips and cleft palates, dubbed mutants, in the 2019 video game 1243:

are even rarer and are frequently described as Tessier clefts using the numerical locator devised by Tessier.

9139: 9115: 8746: 8028: 7906: 1417: 1372: 1235:

Clefts can also affect other parts of the face, such as the eyes, ears, nose, cheeks, and forehead. In 1976,

3077:. Clefts of the hard and soft palate are sometimes seen with a cleft lip. The cause is usually hereditary. 1393: 741:); in addition to cleft lip or palate, symptoms include facial dysmorphism and mild intellectual disability. 9554: 8846: 8788: 8774: 8527: 8200: 8121: 8056: 6468: 5895:. AHRQ Comparative Effectiveness Reviews. Rockville (MD): Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (US). 3061:

Cleft lips and palates are occasionally seen in cattle and dogs, and rarely in goats, sheep, cats, horses,

2970: 2874: 2622: 1561: 1435:

Post-operation, the lip is swollen from surgery and will look more natural within weeks. See photos in the

1176:

cells. The degree of the effect, however, is unknown and requires further research. Some forms of maternal

808: 617: 564:

Individuals with cleft also face many middle ear infections which may eventually lead to hearing loss. The

475: 6858: 6535: 5337:

Wehby GL, Goco N, Moretti-Ferreira D, Felix T, Richieri-Costa A, Padovani C, et al. (November 2012).

604:. Experts conclude that this is probably due to the associated stigma of visible deformities and possible 447: 9238: 8427: 8348: 5589:

Lydiatt DD, Yonkers AJ, Schall DG (November 1989). "The management of the cleft lip and palate patient".

4252:

Endriga MC, Kapp-Simon KA (January 1999). "Psychological issues in craniofacial care: state of the art".

3935:"Cognitive functioning in children and adults with nonsyndromal cleft lip and/or palate: a meta-analysis" 2843: 2137: 525:

Tooth development can be delayed with increasing severity of CLP. Some of the dental problems affect the

459: 297: 5064:"Review on genetic variants and maternal smoking in the etiology of oral clefts and other birth defects" 3129:

to viral infections, trauma, drugs, or chemicals, or ingestion of toxins by the mother, such as certain

2521:

Cleft lip and cleft palate caused about 3,800 deaths globally in 2017, down from 14,600 deaths in 1990.

8903: 8373: 8250: 4177: 3658:

Sloan GM (March 2000). "Posterior pharyngeal flap and sphincter pharyngoplasty: the state of the art".

813: 229: 8168: 4722:

Siderius LE, Hamel BC, van Bokhoven H, de Jager F, van den Helm B, Kremer H, et al. (July 1999).

4426:

Beaty TH, Ruczinski I, Murray JC, Marazita ML, Munger RG, Hetmanski JB, et al. (September 2011).

1216:

Traditionally, the diagnosis is made at the time of birth by physical examination. Recent advances in

9494: 9093: 9077: 9065: 9037: 8946: 8802: 8674: 8588: 8494: 8358: 7798: 7732: 7633: 7134: 6279:"Prevalence of Cleft Lip & Cleft Palate | National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research" 3155: 1411:

Movement of the flaps; flap A is moved between B and C. C is rotated slightly while B is pushed down.

1229: 818: 292:

one-sided (unilateral) or two-sided (bilateral) condition. It is due to the failure of fusion of the

257: 6330:

Cervenka J, Shapiro BL (February 1970). "Cleft uvula in Chippewa Indians: prevalence and genetics".

6182: 5241:"Folate and one-carbon metabolism gene polymorphisms and their associations with oral facial clefts" 4213: 3755:

Hanny KH, de Vries IA, Haverkamp SJ, Oomen KP, Penris WM, Eijkemans MJ, et al. (January 2016).

1580:

Children with cleft palate have a very high risk of developing a middle ear infection, specifically

9539: 9323: 8983: 8898: 8353: 7883: 7747: 7727: 7287: 7283: 6913: 5423:

Tessier P (June 1976). "Anatomical classification facial, cranio-facial and latero-facial clefts".

1545: 1158: 759: 581: 6613: 5811:"Maxillary distraction osteogenesis versus orthognathic surgery for cleft lip and palate patients" 4880: 4402: 3181: 8660: 8508: 8282: 7943: 7774: 6956: 5290:"Effects and safety of periconceptional oral folate supplementation for preventing birth defects" 3693:

Hill JS (2001). "Velopharyngeal insufficiency: An update on diagnostic and surgical techniques".

3616:"The spectrum of isolated congenital nasal deformities resembling the cleft lip nasal morphology" 3078: 2486: 2210: 1487: 507: 342: 89: 5239:

Boyles AL, Wilcox AJ, Taylor JA, Meyer K, Fredriksen A, Ueland PM, et al. (February 2008).

5113:"Prevention of orofacial clefts caused by smoking: implications of the Surgeon General's report" 3162:

are often seen with cleft palate and is a common cause of death. Providing nutrition through a

2470:

Rates for cleft lip with or without cleft palate and cleft palate alone varies within different

1596:

There are different options on how to feed a baby with cleft lip or cleft palate which include:

9549: 9271: 9069: 8935: 8893: 8841: 8246: 8126: 8061: 7978: 7737: 7640: 7581: 7543: 6802: 6177: 4428:"Evidence for gene-environment interaction in a genome wide study of nonsyndromic cleft palate" 4208: 2748: 2708:

Cleft lip and cleft palate are often portrayed negatively in popular culture. Examples include

785: 711: 494:, substitutions, and omissions) and compensatory misarticulations and mispronunciations (e.g., 487: 435: 361:

Six-month-old girl before going into surgery to have her unilateral complete cleft lip repaired

197:

that may extend into the nose. The opening may be on one side, both sides, or in the middle. A

7474: 7392: 7388: 6931: 5617: 3455: 2600:

is not in jeopardy of life or limb. Some political opponents contend this practice amounts to

9190: 8941: 8613: 8555: 8541: 8378: 8307: 8051: 7404: 7336: 7072: 6221: 3143: 2804: 1549: 1335: 1162: 1139: 823: 506:, prosthetics, augmentation of the posterior pharyngeal wall, lengthening of the palate, and 245: 233: 135: 123: 7400: 9291: 9253: 9109: 9081: 8960: 8919: 8627: 8513: 8173: 5647: 5016: 3900:

Peterson-Falzone SJ, Trost-Cardamone JE, Karnell MP, Hardin-Jones MA (September 21, 2016).

3151: 3019: 2754: 2670: 2356: 1531: 1169: 660:

two from the cheeks, which meet the first lobe to form the upper lip (maxillar prominence);

293: 225: 221: 6781: 3571:

Tosun Z, Hoşnuter M, Sentürk S, Savaci N (2003). "Reconstruction of microform cleft lip".

553:

Cleft may cause problems with feeding, ear disease, speech, socialization, and cognition.

306: 8: 9544: 8574: 8018: 7993: 7983: 7539: 7434: 7098: 6950: 5503:"Psychological Effect of Prenatal Diagnosis of Cleft Lip and Palate: A Systematic Review" 4673:

Kousa YA, Zhu H, Fakhouri WD, Lei Y, Kinoshita A, Roushangar RR, et al. (May 2019).

4011:"Effects of cleft lip and palate on children's psychological health: A systematic review" 3106: 2481:

for cleft lip, either with or without cleft palate are reported for Native Americans and

65: 5020: 3303: 654:

one from the top of the head down towards the future upper lip (frontonasal prominence);

513:

Submucous cleft palate can also occur, which is a cleft of the soft palate with a split

318: 8655: 8452: 8383: 7820: 7807: 7715: 7628: 7615: 7318: 7293: 7221: 7196: 6426: 6401: 6382: 6260: 6203: 6144: 6117: 6116:

Scalzone A, Flores-Mir C, Carozza D, d'Apuzzo F, Grassia V, Perillo L (February 2019).

6093: 6066: 5999: 5935: 5835: 5810: 5788: 5739: 5714: 5695: 5529: 5502: 5483: 5365: 5338: 5314: 5289: 5265: 5240: 5221: 5137: 5112: 5088: 5063: 4980: 4955: 4954:

Loenarz C, Ge W, Coleman ML, Rose NR, Cooper CD, Klose RJ, et al. (January 2010).

4933: 4850: 4699: 4674: 4625: 4576: 4551: 4501: 4452: 4427: 4315: 4234: 4035: 4010: 3781: 3756: 3710: 3596: 3553: 3510: 3403: 3378: 3232: 2798: 2735: 2717: 2628: 2478: 1240: 1217: 546: 422:

The hole in the roof of the mouth caused by a cleft connects the mouth directly to the

330: 249: 220:

Cleft lip and palate are the result of tissues of the face not joining properly during

139: 76: 7197:"Application of a temporary palatal prosthesis in a puppy suffering from cleft palate" 5436: 5039: 5004: 4520: 3394: 3175:. Affected animals should not be bred due to the hereditary nature of this condition. 3125:. Other contributing factors may include maternal nutritional deficiencies, exposure 2911: 8713: 8433: 8195: 7878: 7848: 7779: 7445: 7342: 7323: 7261: 7226: 7051: 6644: 6591: 6565: 6476: 6431: 6374: 6339: 6252: 6195: 6149: 6098: 6044: 5991: 5927: 5896: 5871: 5840: 5780: 5744: 5687: 5623: 5598: 5534: 5487: 5475: 5440: 5405: 5370: 5319: 5270: 5213: 5209: 5178: 5142: 5093: 5044: 4985: 4925: 4921: 4842: 4807: 4780: 4745: 4704: 4617: 4581: 4493: 4457: 4380: 4342: 4307: 4269: 4226: 4143: 4108: 4081: 4040: 3991: 3956: 3915: 3905: 3875: 3844: 3786: 3737: 3706: 3675: 3637: 3588: 3545: 3502: 3461: 3408: 3357: 3227: 3031: 2967: 2835: 2766: 2731: 2727: 2060: 1768: 1491: 1480: 1460: 1151: 749: 605: 479: 346: 56: 7439: 7396: 6836: 6502: 6386: 6264: 6207: 6003: 5939: 5792: 5699: 4937: 4854: 4505: 4319: 4238: 3714: 3600: 3514: 9466: 8323: 8169: 7830: 7815: 7769: 7720: 7679: 7485: 7313: 7305: 7253: 7216: 7208: 6421: 6413: 6366: 6244: 6187: 6139: 6129: 6088: 6078: 6034: 6026: 5983: 5923: 5919: 5867: 5863: 5830: 5826: 5822: 5772: 5734: 5726: 5679: 5524: 5514: 5467: 5432: 5397: 5360: 5350: 5309: 5305: 5301: 5260: 5252: 5225: 5205: 5170: 5132: 5124: 5083: 5075: 5034: 5024: 4975: 4967: 4917: 4834: 4772: 4735: 4724:"X-linked mental retardation associated with cleft lip/palate maps to Xp11.3-q21.3" 4694: 4686: 4629: 4609: 4571: 4563: 4485: 4447: 4439: 4372: 4299: 4261: 4218: 4135: 4071: 4030: 4022: 3983: 3946: 3834: 3776: 3768: 3702: 3667: 3627: 3580: 3557: 3537: 3494: 3398: 3390: 3349: 3118: 3110: 3003: 2868: 2742: 1634: 1495: 1360: 1208:

synthesis and methylation and contributes to both development and gene expression.

745:

In some cases, cleft palate is caused by syndromes that also cause other problems:

572:

Tentative evidence has found that those with clefts perform less well at language.

416: 267:

and dental care may also be needed. With appropriate treatment, outcomes are good.

4776: 4521:"Scientists find genetic mutation that causes cleft lip and palate, heart defects" 3899: 1625:

Post-operative feeding (isolated lip repair, or lip repair associated or not with

9010: 8796: 8707: 8101: 8003: 7860: 7671: 7538: 6765: 6710: 6529:"The Monster Without: Red Dragon, the Cleft-Lip, and the Politics of Recognition" 6469:"Does a cleft palate justify an abortion? Curate wins right to challenge doctors" 5683: 5288:

De-Regil LM, Peña-Rosas JP, Fernández-Gaxiola AC, Rayco-Solon P (December 2015).

4376: 4026: 3541: 3109:. In horses, it is a rare condition usually involving the caudal soft palate. In 2926: 2890: 2511: 2505: 2464: 1585: 1508: 1452: 1347: 1343: 791:

Cleft lip/palate may be present in many different chromosome disorders including

771: 622: 565: 558: 526: 271: 172: 6450:"MPs bring bill to ban late abortions for cleft lip, cleft palate and clubfoot," 6417: 6083: 6067:"Feeding methods for children with cleft lip and/or palate: a systematic review" 4797: 4643: 3839: 584:

of individuals with cleft palate. A cleft palate/lip may impact an individual's

545:

A baby being fed using a customized bottle. The upright sitting position allows

9215: 8466: 8216: 7853: 7652: 7587: 7450: 7099:"Surgical Repair of Congenital Cleft Palate in Horses: Eight Cases (1979–1997)" 5987: 5890: 5889:

Steele D, Adam GP, Di M, Halladay C, Pan I, Coppersmith N, et al. (2017).

5401: 5009:

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

3632: 3615: 3614:

Tollefson TT, Humphrey CD, Larrabee WF, Adelson RT, Karimi K, Kriet JD (2011).

3150:

Difficulty with nursing is the most common problem associated with clefts, but

3138: 3114: 3086: 3043: 2991: 2675: 2665: 2133: 1516: 1185: 1172:

has also been linked to cleft lip and palate due to the effects on the cranial

792: 781: 601: 503: 412: 264: 150: 7257: 6370: 6191: 6134: 6030: 5287: 3772: 3584: 3429: 3353: 256:). Cleft lip and cleft palate can often be diagnosed during pregnancy with an 9528: 9359: 9186: 8816: 8438: 7898: 7870: 7684: 7658: 7593: 7568: 6480: 6199: 5355: 3919: 3122: 2899: 2820: 2660: 2639: 2533: 1597: 1565: 1368: 1193: 1086: 767: 642: 589: 7424: 7420: 7212: 6222:"ICHOM | Cleft Lip & Palate Standard Set | Measuring Outcomes" 3951: 3934: 541: 217:. Less than half the time the condition is associated with other disorders. 9353: 9339: 9317: 9198: 7973: 7742: 7598: 7327: 7265: 7230: 7195:

Lee JI, Kim YS, Kim MJ, Lee J, Choi JH, Yeom DB, et al. (March 2006).

6562:"When I asked about Rage 2's worst character, I got an unexpected response" 6453: 6435: 6256: 6153: 6102: 6048: 5995: 5931: 5900: 5875: 5844: 5784: 5748: 5730: 5691: 5538: 5519: 5479: 5409: 5374: 5323: 5274: 5182: 5146: 5097: 5029: 4989: 4929: 4846: 4811: 4798:

Mrugacz M, Sredzińska-Kita D, Bakunowicz-Lazarczyk A, Piszcz M (2005). "".

4749: 4741:

10.1002/(SICI)1096-8628(19990730)85:3<216::AID-AJMG6>3.0.CO;2-X

4708: 4621: 4585: 4497: 4461: 4384: 4311: 4273: 4230: 4085: 4044: 3960: 3790: 3679: 3641: 3592: 3573:

Scandinavian Journal of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery and Hand Surgery

3549: 3506: 3412: 3361: 3163: 3159: 2962: 2950: 2815: 2617: 2283: 1630: 1626: 1581: 1569: 1456: 1339: 1331: 1236: 1221: 1177: 1173: 530: 495: 486:

and nasal emissions while talking. Secondary effects of VPI include speech

423: 407:

is in these cases cleft as well. In most cases, cleft lip is also present.

214: 206: 95: 7294:"Cleft lip and palate: understanding genetic and environmental influences" 6378: 6343: 5602: 5217: 5048: 4784: 4552:"Cleft lip and palate: understanding genetic and environmental influences" 4346: 4147: 4112: 3995: 3741: 478:(VPI). Because of the gap, air leaks into the nasal cavity resulting in a 9412: 8116: 8023: 7603: 7564: 7469: 5444: 5256: 4971: 4838: 4690: 4613: 4489: 4076: 4059: 3874:. Saarbrücken, Germany: LAP LAMBERT Academic Publishing. pp. 20–22. 3222: 3082: 2938: 2917: 2884: 2861:

who may have had a slightly cleft palate according to diagnostic imaging

2852: 2723: 2634: 2499: 1987: 1913: 1520: 1266: 1262: 1258: 763: 585: 491: 471: 404: 400: 396: 118: 6039: 2873:

Thorgils 'the hare-lipped'—a 10th-century Viking warrior and founder of

2705:, Huck Finn refers to Joanna as "the hare-lip" rather than by her name. 2561: 9474: 8688: 8091: 8013: 8008: 7988: 7761: 5128: 5079: 4443: 4060:"The psychosocial effects of cleft lip and palate: a systematic review" 3168: 3090: 3074: 3009: 2839: 2831: 2713: 2702: 2692: 2648: 2605: 1523:

are taken to determine the quantity of missing bone in the cleft area.

1204: 635: 69: 7371: 5174: 4358: 4356: 4303: 4222: 2528:" has varied from 0.02% to 18.8% with the highest numbers found among 1471: 9488: 9134: 8038: 7998: 7958: 7953: 7948: 7840: 7707: 7480: 6115: 3498: 3172: 3134: 3070: 2823: 2644: 2471: 1535: 499: 483: 194: 158: 7309: 5808: 4567: 1504:

At age 1–7 years the child is regularly reviewed by the cleft team.

43: 9460: 9389: 9306: 9281: 9207: 7963: 6248: 5776: 5471: 4675:"The TFAP2A-IRF6-GRHL3 genetic pathway is conserved in neurulation" 4353: 3833:, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd,., August 23, 2013, pp. 355–370, 3094: 2979: 2827: 2601: 2529: 2463:

Cleft lip and palate occurs in about 1 to 2 per 1000 births in the

1384: 1269:, in various combinations. Proposed anatomic combinations include: 1181: 593: 270:

Cleft lip and palate occurs in about 1 to 2 per 1000 births in the

253: 5809:

Kloukos D, Fudalej P, Sequeira-Byron P, Katsaros C (August 2018).

5713:

Maillard S, Retrouvey JM, Ahmed MK, Taub PJ (September 30, 2017).

3147:

by pregnant sheep have also been associated with cleft formation.

3089:

are most commonly affected. An inherited disorder with incomplete

9435: 6924: 6402:"Review of abortion law demanded after abortion for cleft palate" 5117:

Birth Defects Research. Part A, Clinical and Molecular Teratology

4721: 3102: 2858: 2604:

based on cosmetic defects rather than practical definitions of a

1539: 1512: 1189: 1135: 956: 241: 131: 3613: 3121:

trait. It is also inherited as an autosomal recessive trait in

1613:

may increase the effectiveness and efficiency of breastfeeding.

1085:. The understanding of the genetic complexities involved in the 1052: 1032: 1012: 996: 976: 940: 920: 904: 888: 872: 856: 738: 9421: 9225: 9194: 8929: 8924: 8549: 8535: 8480: 8460: 8297: 7757: 7560: 7503: 7415: 7383: 7106:

Proceedings of the American Association of Equine Practitioners

6703:"Tad Lincoln: The Not-so-Famous Son of A Most-Famous President" 5501:

Sreejith VP, Arun V, Devarajan AP, Gopinath A, Sunil M (2018).

4598: 3728:

Kaplan EN (October 1975). "The occult submucous cleft palate".

3066: 2770:

wondering if the condition would ever be portrayed positively.

2760: 2730:

does not mention this but leaves it implied) and serial killer

2709: 2482: 1379: 1225: 1197: 1147: 753: 202: 82: 6908: 6906: 5336: 4762: 2445:

lack of data standards for outcomes assessment in cleft care.

1203:

Current research continues to investigate the extent to which

94:

Feeding problems, speech problems, hearing problems, frequent

9045: 8954: 8810: 8782: 8768: 8754: 8740: 8726: 8521: 8488: 5976:

JBI Database of Systematic Reviews and Implementation Reports

5500: 5457: 5159: 3695:

Current Opinion in Otolaryngology & Head and Neck Surgery

3130: 3062: 2597: 2593: 2525: 1105: 1075: 1018: 962: 698: 600:

dissatisfaction with peer relationships and higher levels of

514: 5913: 5111:

Honein MA, Devine O, Grosse SD, Reefhuis J (November 2014).

4425: 3339: 349:

as soon as possible to determine the severity of the cleft.

9367: 9059: 9031: 8835: 8682: 8668: 8649: 8635: 8621: 8607: 8582: 8563: 8502: 8474: 8446: 6903: 5956:

Reilly S, Reid J, Skeat J, Cahir P, Mei C, Bunik M (2013).

5857: 4266:

10.1597/1545-1569(1999)036<0001:PIICCS>2.3.CO;2

4140:

10.1597/1545-1569(1997)034<0396:SPFAAP>2.3.CO;2

3988:

10.1597/1545-1569(1991)028<0347:SCOCAA>2.3.CO;2

3973: 3754: 3672:

10.1597/1545-1569(2000)037<0112:PPFASP>2.3.CO;2

2656: 2626:

has a cleft lip that is never corrected. In the 1920 novel

1126: 1111: 1091: 1081: 1069: 1038: 982: 926: 840: 729: 716: 694: 395:

Cleft palate is a condition in which the two plates of the

275: 6166: 5712: 5110: 4824: 3570: 2808:, 1993–2012; born with cleft lip and without cleft palate 2552: 697:, One study found an association between mutations in the 81:

Opening in the upper lip that may extend into the nose or

7292:

Dixon MJ, Marazita ML, Beaty TH, Murray JC (March 2011).

5195: 4550:

Dixon MJ, Marazita ML, Beaty TH, Murray JC (March 2011).

4332: 2652: 1322:

Most children with a form of clefting are monitored by a

5669: 4549: 4057: 7077:

Proceedings of the North American Veterinary Conference

6885:"Schmitt is face of West Va. toughness| USA Today" 6234: 6016: 5761: 5238: 4173: 6588:"Rage 2 is a fun game that makes me feel like garbage" 5387: 4008: 1553:

bone has matured (known as the consolidation period).

641:

The development of the face is coordinated by complex

6065:

Duarte GA, Ramos RB, Cardoso MC (September 1, 2016).

5973: 5556:. Oakville, Ontaria, CA: Pulsus Group. pp. 1–92. 4474: 3932: 3902:

The clinician's guide to treating cleft palate speech

1534:– surgical cutting of bone to realign the upper jaw ( 205:(the roof of the mouth) contains an opening into the 7361: 6690:

Bloodfeud: Murder and Revenge in Anglo-Saxon England

5955: 5888: 5588: 4953: 4058:

Hunt O, Burden D, Hepper P, Johnston C (June 2005).

2838:, who is usually remembered for his friendship with 1161:

have also been linked to maternal hypoxia caused by

7246:

Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association

5002: 4672: 4400: 672:palate fissure up to a completely malformed face). 403:(roof of the mouth) are not completely joined. The 9074:Ectrodactyly–ectodermal dysplasia–cleft syndrome 3 8097:North Thames Regional Cleft Lip and Palate Service 7015:"Franz Rogowski im Porträt – Schönheit des Makels" 6064: 3904:(Second ed.). St. Louis, Missouri: Elsevier. 3199:Cleft lip in a Boxer with premaxillary involvement 8087:Craniofacial Society of Great Britain and Ireland 7243: 7096: 7041: 7039: 4765:Journal of Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus 4251: 4198: 3933:Roberts RM, Mathias JL, Wheaton P (August 2012). 1479:Often a cleft palate is temporarily covered by a 1239:described fifteen lines of cleft. Most of these 9526: 7070: 6665:"King Tut Not Murdered Violently, CT Scans Show" 6442: 5892:Tympanostomy Tubes in Children With Otitis Media 5554:Making faces: Logan's cleft lip and palate story 4944: 3527: 2647:, is a young woman living in 19th-century rural 752:can cause cleft lip and palate, joint pain, and 7045: 6329: 6305:"Who is affected by cleft lip and cleft palate" 6228: 4949: 4947: 4903: 4901: 1475:A repaired cleft palate on a 64-year-old female 701:gene and cleft lip and cleft palate formation. 7928: 7634:Tracheoesophageal fistula: types B, C, D and E 7338:Cleft Lip and Palate: Diagnosis and Management 7036: 5551: 5061: 4879:Wall J, Albanese CT (2015), Doherty GM (ed.), 4362: 4160: 3484: 3141:during pregnancy in dogs and the ingestion of 3133:by cattle during the second or third month of 3069:. Most commonly, the defect involves the lip, 1616: 1282:cleft lip and palate (with an intact alveolus) 714:is caused by a specific variation in the gene 549:to help the baby swallow the milk more easily. 385:The same girl, age eight, the scar almost gone 9374:Arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia 11 9346:Arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia 10 9171: 8966:Yemenite deaf-blind hypopigmentation syndrome 8154: 7914: 7524: 7188: 6611: 5003:Millicovsky G, Johnston MC (September 1981). 4404:Current Diagnosis & Treatment: Pediatrics 4396: 4394: 4285: 4283: 4015:Journal of Taibah University Medical Sciences 3872:Feeding in Cleft Lip And Cleft Palata Infants 1371:. Millard performed the first procedure at a 680:syndromic clefts, also have a genetic cause. 7284:FIGURE 1 | Development of the lip and palate 7194: 6614:"Once a Knight: The legendary man, Mr. Byrd" 5719:Journal of Oral & Maxillofacial Research 5569: 5567: 5565: 5563: 5245:American Journal of Medical Genetics. Part A 5068:Birth Defects Research. Part C, Embryo Today 4898: 4878: 4827:American Journal of Medical Genetics. Part A 4478:American Journal of Medical Genetics. Part A 4009:Al-Namankany A, Alhubaishi A (August 2018). 3809:American-Speech-Language-Hearing Association 3460:. Singapore: World Scientific. p. 283. 2659:in France. Similarly, the main character in 1253:Classification of cleft lip and cleft palate 691:cleft lip and palate transmembrane protein 1 7163: 6393: 6350: 6025:(2). John Wiley & Sons, Ltd: CD003315. 6019:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 5916:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 5860:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 5815:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 5619:SRB's Surgical Operations: Text & Atlas 5615: 5294:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 5189: 3211:Same dog as picture on left, one year later 470:A result of an open connection between the 9178: 9164: 8161: 8147: 7921: 7907: 7531: 7517: 6981: 5451: 4885:CURRENT Diagnosis & Treatment: Surgery 4391: 4289: 4280: 3373: 3371: 3298: 3296: 3294: 3292: 3290: 3288: 3286: 3284: 3282: 3280: 3278: 373:The same girl, one month after the surgery 7317: 7220: 6942: 6882: 6500: 6425: 6181: 6143: 6133: 6092: 6082: 6038: 5834: 5738: 5573: 5560: 5528: 5518: 5390:Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery 5364: 5354: 5313: 5264: 5136: 5087: 5062:Shi M, Wehby GL, Murray JC (March 2008). 5038: 5028: 4979: 4739: 4698: 4575: 4468: 4451: 4212: 4075: 4034: 3950: 3838: 3780: 3631: 3402: 3335: 3333: 3331: 3329: 3327: 3325: 3276: 3274: 3272: 3270: 3268: 3266: 3264: 3262: 3260: 3258: 2459:Clefting prevalence in different cultures 557:using specialized equipment, such as the 9304: 9279: 8570:Posterior polymorphous corneal dystrophy 8400:Autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome type 1 8047:Hearing loss with craniofacial syndromes 7629:Esophageal atresia: types A, B, C, and D 7048:Textbook of Veterinary Internal Medicine 6955:. London: Hodder and Stoughton. p. 6071:Brazilian Journal of Otorhinolaryngology 4125: 4098: 3653: 3651: 3474:from the original on September 10, 2017. 3304:"Facts about Cleft Lip and Cleft Palate" 2543: 1470: 1118: 804:Hearing loss with craniofacial syndromes 540: 18:Birth defect of the palate and upper lip 8761:Anterior segment mesenchymal dysgenesis 7176:from the original on September 20, 2004 7145:from the original on September 29, 2007 7115:from the original on September 29, 2007 7050:(4th ed.). W.B. Saunders Company. 7012: 6948: 6466: 5422: 4518: 3692: 3453: 3368: 3243:Face and neck development of the embryo 2685:Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets 2553:Handicap law and abortion controversies 1444: 1138:lysine demethylase, and is involved in 9527: 9442:Familial exudative vitreoretinopathy 5 9262:Surfactant metabolism dysfunction 1, 2 6920:from the original on January 21, 2013. 6638: 6585: 6559: 6399: 6359:The Journal of Laryngology and Otology 6356: 5339:"Oral cleft prevention program (OCPP)" 4887:(14th ed.), McGraw-Hill Education 4407:(24th ed.). McGraw-Hill Education 3727: 3721: 3322: 3255: 3113:, clefts are seen in combination with 2539: 2536:and the lowest generally in Africans. 2439: 1486:Cleft palate can also be corrected by 575: 502:). Possible treatment options include 228:. The cause is unknown in most cases. 9159: 8293:X-linked adrenal hypoplasia congenita 8142: 7902: 7512: 7073:"Surgery of the Soft and Hard Palate" 6963:from the original on February 6, 2015 6938:from the original on August 22, 2014. 6891:from the original on October 15, 2009 6503:"Edits and Changes to the Text of CS" 6237:The Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Journal 6060: 6058: 5951: 5949: 5804: 5802: 5765:The Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Journal 5576:Orthodontics: Principles and Practice 5460:The Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Journal 5163:Paediatric and Perinatal Epidemiology 4654:from the original on February 8, 2007 4531:from the original on January 29, 2017 4292:The Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Journal 4254:The Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Journal 4201:The Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Journal 4128:The Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Journal 3976:The Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Journal 3895: 3893: 3891: 3865: 3863: 3861: 3859: 3831:Orthodontics: Principles and Practice 3660:The Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Journal 3657: 3648: 3487:The Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Journal 2889:Fourth and youngest son of President 1641: 1289: 281: 8345:Greig cephalopolysyndactyly syndrome 6620:from the original on October 5, 2016 6526: 4728:American Journal of Medical Genetics 3869: 3424: 3422: 2556: 1515:and will become integrated with the 8719:Iridogoniodysgenesis, dominant type 6982:Cartwright G (September 30, 2017). 4907: 4602:The New England Journal of Medicine 3389:(10159): 1736–1788. November 2018. 3171:, mucosal flaps, and microvascular 2931:Australian professional footballer 2611: 1184:(members of the vitamin A family); 580:There is research dedicated to the 300:(formation of the primary palate). 13: 9399:cell surface receptor deficiencies 9324:Striate palmoplantar keratoderma 1 9244:Charcot–Marie–Tooth disease 1B, 2J 9003: 7542:malformations and deformations of 7276: 6757:Beverley Lyons, October 16, 2006. 6170:Fetal and Maternal Medicine Review 6055: 5946: 5799: 5672:Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery 3888: 3856: 3620:Archives of Facial Plastic Surgery 3530:Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery 3238:Cleft lip and palate organisations 2698:The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn 2489:have the lowest prevalence rates. 1526: 1399:The blue lines indicate incisions. 1334:, speech and language therapists, 453:Unilateral complete lip and palate 14: 9566: 9500:Limb-girdle muscular dystrophy 2B 7357: 7335:Berkowitz S (February 26, 2013). 7097:Semevolos SA, Ducharme N (1998). 6809:from the original on May 31, 2009 6759:Carmite Doing Her Bit For Charity 6733:"Carmit Bachar, smile ambassador" 4644:"Cleft palate genetic clue found" 4180:from the original on July 1, 2007 3419: 1603: 1466: 1246: 829: 799:Malpuech facial clefting syndrome 465:Bilateral complete lip and palate 8733:Lymphedema–distichiasis syndrome 8329:Tricho–rhino–phalangeal syndrome 8303:Familial partial lipodystrophy 3 8082:Cleft Lip and Palate Association 7237: 7157: 7127: 7090: 7064: 7046:Ettinger SJ, Feldman EC (1995). 7006: 6975: 6883:Whiteside K (November 4, 2006). 6876: 6851: 5644:"Biography and Personal Archive" 5425:Journal of Maxillofacial Surgery 5210:10.1097/00019605-199510000-00013 4922:10.1111/j.0009-9163.2004.00225.x 4064:European Journal of Orthodontics 3757:"Late detection of cleft palate" 3707:10.1097/00020840-200112000-00005 3310:from the original on May 8, 2015 3204: 3192: 3180: 3056: 2773: 2560: 2517:Africans: 0.18/1000 to 1.67/1000 2496:Japanese: 0.82/1000 to 3.36/1000 1428: 1416: 1404: 1392: 780:can cause cleft lip and palate, 727:, is caused by mutations in the 725:X-linked intellectual disability 536: 458: 446: 434: 378: 366: 354: 329: 317: 305: 42: 9481:HFE hereditary haemochromatosis 8997:(0) Other transcription factors 8288:Estrogen insensitivity syndrome 8256:Androgen insensitivity syndrome 8112:Shriners Hospitals for Children 8107:Overseas Plastic Surgery Appeal 7013:Bartels G (February 18, 2018). 6821: 6795: 6774: 6751: 6725: 6695: 6683: 6657: 6641:Doc Holliday: A Family Portrait 6632: 6605: 6579: 6553: 6520: 6494: 6460: 6323: 6296: 6271: 6214: 6160: 6109: 6010: 5967: 5907: 5882: 5851: 5755: 5706: 5663: 5636: 5622:. JP Medical Ltd. p. 414. 5609: 5597:(11): 325–8, discussion 328–9. 5582: 5545: 5507:Contemporary Clinical Dentistry 5494: 5416: 5381: 5330: 5281: 5232: 5153: 5104: 5055: 4996: 4872: 4861: 4818: 4791: 4756: 4715: 4666: 4636: 4592: 4543: 4512: 4419: 4326: 4245: 4192: 4166: 4154: 4119: 4092: 4051: 4002: 3967: 3939:Journal of Pediatric Psychology 3926: 3822: 3797: 3748: 3686: 2712:, the secondary villain of the 2452: 2423: 2420: 2417: 2414: 2350: 2347: 2344: 2341: 2338: 2335: 2332: 2329: 2326: 2323: 2317: 2256: 2253: 2250: 2168: 2165: 2162: 2159: 2076: 2073: 2070: 2003: 2000: 1929: 1926: 1846: 1784: 1781: 1778: 1775: 1772: 1279:cleft lip, alveolus, and palate 390: 51:Child with cleft lip and palate 9428:X-Linked mental retardation 58 9189:protein disorders (other than 8878:Hyperimmunoglobulin E syndrome 8283:PHA1AD pseudohypoaldosteronism 7969:Oral and maxillofacial surgery 6984:"He Was Born With a Cleft Lip" 6952:Antoinette Bourignon, Quietist 6932:"Who's That Guy? Dario Saric!" 6612:Nico Van Thyn (June 8, 2012). 6467:Allison R (December 2, 2003). 5924:10.1002/14651858.CD001801.pub3 5868:10.1002/14651858.CD006703.pub2 5827:10.1002/14651858.CD010403.pub3 5306:10.1002/14651858.CD007950.pub3 4519:Sandoiu A (January 17, 2017). 3761:European Journal of Pediatrics 3607: 3564: 3521: 3478: 3447: 2984:English author and journalist 2796:American sportswriter for the 1436: 1353: 474:and inside the nose is called 224:. As such, they are a type of 62:Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery 37:Hare-lip, cleft lip and palate 1: 9140:Atrichia with papular lesions 7201:Journal of Veterinary Science 6643:. University of Omaha Press. 5552:Bristow L, Bristow S (2007). 5437:10.1016/S0301-0503(76)80013-6 4777:10.3928/0191-3913-19900901-12 3395:10.1016/S0140-6736(18)32203-7 3248: 2623:Life & Times of Michael K 2430: 1568:(excessive nasal resonance), 1373:Mobile Army Surgical Hospital 9515:other cell membrane proteins 9234:Pelizaeus–Merzbacher disease 8847:Popliteal pterygium syndrome 8789:Enlarged vestibular aqueduct 8628:Waardenburg syndrome 1&3 8413:(3) Helix-turn-helix domains 8172:relating to deficiencies of 8122:Transforming Faces Worldwide 8057:Popliteal pterygium syndrome 7071:Rodriguez Garcia JF (2006). 6914:"Famous People with a Cleft" 6501:VanderArk S (June 6, 2017). 5684:10.1097/PRS.0b013e318199f46e 5591:The Nebraska Medical Journal 4377:10.1016/j.acthis.2006.05.009 4027:10.1016/j.jtumed.2018.04.007 3542:10.1097/PRS.0b013e31818820bc 2955:American actor and comedian 2943:American actor and narrator 2740:and its screen adaptations, 1649: 1562:Velopharyngeal insufficiency 1314: 1211: 1142:. The catalytic activity of 809:Popliteal pterygium syndrome 704: 476:velopharyngeal insufficiency 286: 252:(such as some used to treat 7: 8947:Premature ovarian failure 7 8803:Premature ovarian failure 3 8675:Congenital hypothyroidism 2 8072:National and international 8029:Speech and language therapy 7139:The Merck Veterinary Manual 6764:September 27, 2007, at the 6418:10.1136/bmj.327.7426.1250-c 6084:10.1016/j.bjorl.2015.10.020 3840:10.1002/9781118785041.index 3216: 3117:, which is inherited as an 3093:has also been suggested in 2904:American dancer and singer 2844:Gunfight at the O.K. Corral 2596:age limit, even though the 2493:Native Americans: 3.74/1000 1617:Alternative Feeding Methods 723:Another syndrome, Siderius 683: 193:contains an opening in the 10: 9571: 9094:Transcription coregulators 8864:with minor groove contacts 8251:Thyroid hormone resistance 7930:Cleft lip and cleft palate 7826:Johanson–Blizzard syndrome 7500:Cleft lip and cleft palate 6616:. nvanthyn.blogsport.com. 6560:Plante C (June 14, 2018). 6400:Dobson R (November 2003). 5988:10.11124/jbisrir-2015-2336 5574:Gill DS, Naini FB (2011). 5402:10.1016/j.joms.2008.01.042 4868:Hardikar syndrome symptoms 4161:Bristow & Bristow 2007 3633:10.1001/archfacial.2011.26 3342:Clinics in Plastic Surgery 2897: 2882: 2866: 2850: 2813: 2789: 2456: 1591: 1575: 1250: 1224:to diagnose facial clefts 1130:. The research found that 814:Cornelia de Lange syndrome 762:can cause cleft palate or 9535:Congenital oral disorders 9510: 9495:Distal muscular dystrophy 9452: 9411: 9388: 9334: 9300: 9270: 9252: 9224: 9206: 9126: 9116:Rubinstein–Taybi syndrome 9101: 9092: 9023: 8996: 8976: 8942:SRY XY gonadal dysgenesis 8912: 8886: 8870: 8861: 8827: 8747:Bamforth–Lazarus syndrome 8699: 8599: 8419: 8412: 8392: 8359:Duane-radial ray syndrome 8337: 8316: 8308:SF1 XY gonadal dysgenesis 8238: 8229: 8209: 8188: 8181: 8070: 8037: 7936: 7869: 7839: 7806: 7797: 7756: 7706: 7697: 7670: 7614: 7559: 7550: 7460: 7365: 7288:FIGURE 2 | Types of cleft 7258:10.5326/15473317-37-2-183 6586:Plante C (May 13, 2019). 6371:10.1017/S002221510010862X 6192:10.1017/S0965539505001452 6135:10.1186/s40510-018-0252-y 6031:10.1002/14651858.cd003315 4174:"Cleft Palate Foundation" 3773:10.1007/s00431-015-2590-9 3585:10.1080/02844310310016412 3430:"GBD Results Tool | GHDx" 3354:10.1016/j.cps.2013.12.003 2816:John Henry "Doc" Holliday 2783: 2780: 2663:'s 1936 crime noir novel 1556: 819:Treacher Collins syndrome 179: 167: 157: 145: 117: 109: 101: 88: 75: 55: 50: 41: 33: 28: 8984:Cleidocranial dysostosis 8201:Saethre–Chotzen syndrome 7944:Advance practice nursing 7884:Polycystic liver disease 7748:Enteric duplication cyst 7298:Nature Reviews. Genetics 6507:The Harry Potter Lexicon 6122:Progress in Orthodontics 5356:10.1186/1471-2431-12-184 4960:Human Molecular Genetics 4679:Human Molecular Genetics 4556:Nature Reviews. Genetics 4101:The Cleft Palate Journal 3730:The Cleft Palate Journal 2786: 2682:In the first edition of 2508:: 1.43/1000 to 1.86/1000 2502:: 1.45/1000 to 4.04/1000 1546:Distraction osteogenesis 1159:congenital abnormalities 1154:early during pregnancy. 628: 582:psychosocial development 520: 343:muscle tissue in the lip 234:smoking during pregnancy 124:Smoking during pregnancy 9239:Dejerine–Sottas disease 8961:Waardenburg syndrome 4c 8661:Coloboma of optic nerve 8509:Tooth and nail syndrome 8349:Pallister–Hall syndrome 7775:Rectovestibular fistula 7213:10.4142/jvs.2006.7.1.93 7019:Der Tagesspiegel Online 6863:Cleft Palate Foundation 6833:Cleft Palate Foundation 2916:German philosopher and 2211:Alveolar cleft grafting 1261:(dental arch), and the 441:Incomplete cleft palate 9272:Cell adhesion molecule 8904:Ulnar–mammary syndrome 8862:(4) β-Scaffold factors 8842:Van der Woude syndrome 8374:Townes–Brocks syndrome 8247:Intracellular receptor 8127:Smile Angel Foundation 8062:Van der Woude syndrome 7979:Orthodontic technology 7738:Intestinal malrotation 7733:Hirschsprung's disease 7641:Esophageal inlet patch 7582:Van der Woude syndrome 6803:"Chat To Ljubo...LIVE" 5731:10.5037/jomr.2017.8302 5616:Sriram Bhat M (2014). 5520:10.4103/ccd.ccd_673_17 5198:Clinical Dysmorphology 5030:10.1073/pnas.78.9.5722 3805:"Cleft Lip and Palate" 3008:Croatian professional 2616:The eponymous hero of 2549: 1476: 1375:(MASH) unit in Korea. 1276:cleft lip and alveolus 786:Intestinal obstruction 712:Van der Woude syndrome 550: 298:medial nasal processes 9191:Cell surface receptor 9078:Limb–mammary syndrome 9066:Rapp–Hodgkin syndrome 9038:Pitt–Hopkins syndrome 8614:Papillorenal syndrome 8589:Mowat–Wilson syndrome 8495:Nail–patella syndrome 8379:Acrocallosal syndrome 8052:Pierre Robin syndrome 7728:Meckel's diverticulum 7170:Veterinary Toxicology 6988:POPSUGAR Celebrity UK 6934:. September 3, 2014. 6713:on September 27, 2007 3952:10.1093/jpepsy/jss052 3144:Veratrum californicum 2805:Bossier Press-Tribune 2764:left Chris Plante of 2547: 2524:Prevalence of "cleft 1474: 1146:depends on molecular 1140:epigenetic regulation 1119:Environmental factors 824:Pierre Robin syndrome 544: 312:Unilateral incomplete 171:1.5 per 1000 births ( 163:Good (with treatment) 9254:Pulmonary surfactant 8920:Campomelic dysplasia 8899:Li–Fraumeni syndrome 8384:Myotonic dystrophy 2 8354:Denys–Drash syndrome 8174:transcription factor 7937:Related specialities 7577:Cleft lip and palate 7166:"Teratogenic Agents" 7164:Beasley, V. (1999). 6839:on February 13, 2007 6541:on February 21, 2014 5257:10.1002/ajmg.a.32162 4839:10.1002/ajmg.a.33813 4614:10.1056/NEJMoa032909 4490:10.1002/ajmg.a.20649 4432:Genetic Epidemiology 3306:. October 20, 2014. 3187:Cleft lip in a Boxer 3152:aspiration pneumonia 3020:Antoinette Bourignon 2671:Patricia A. McKillip 2643:, by English writer 2633:by Norwegian writer 2357:Orthognathic surgery 1532:Orthognathic surgery 1453:Nasoalveolar molding 1445:Pre-surgical devices 1336:restorative dentists 1157:Cleft lip and other 760:Loeys–Dietz syndrome 643:morphogenetic events 498:and posterior nasal 294:maxillary prominence 29:Cleft lip and palate 9555:Otorhinolaryngology 8714:Axenfeld syndrome 3 8528:Axenfeld syndrome 1 8467:SPD1 synpolydactyly 8232:DNA-binding domains 8019:Respiratory therapy 7994:Pediatric dentistry 6739:on October 30, 2007 5021:1981PNAS...78.5722M 4881:"Pediatric Surgery" 4650:. August 30, 2004. 3454:Boklage CE (2010). 3434:ghdx.healthdata.org 3119:autosomal recessive 2728:the film adaptation 2540:Society and culture 2440:Outcomes assessment 1241:craniofacial clefts 788:and other symptoms. 576:Psychosocial issues 508:surgical procedures 324:Unilateral complete 66:Otorhinolaryngology 9070:Hay–Wells syndrome 8894:Holt–Oram syndrome 8656:Gillespie syndrome 8575:Fuchs' dystrophy 3 8453:Currarino syndrome 7821:Accessory pancreas 7716:Intestinal atresia 7461:External resources 6949:MacEwen A (1910). 6692:, Richard Fletcher 6639:Tanner KH (1998). 5129:10.1002/bdra.23274 5080:10.1002/bdrc.20117 4972:10.1093/hmg/ddp480 4691:10.1093/hmg/ddz010 4525:Medical News Today 4444:10.1002/gepi.20595 4077:10.1093/ejo/cji004 3233:Vomer flap surgery 2799:Shreveport Journal 2629:Growth of the Soil 2572:. You can help by 2550: 1642:Treatment schedule 1477: 1290:Prenatal diagnosis 1259:maxillary alveolus 1218:prenatal diagnosis 606:speech impediments 551: 424:inside of the nose 336:Bilateral complete 282:Signs and symptoms 9522: 9521: 9407: 9406: 9384: 9383: 9153: 9152: 9149: 9148: 9019: 9018: 8992: 8991: 8857: 8856: 8434:Ohtahara syndrome 8408: 8407: 8278:Kennedy's disease 8225: 8224: 8196:Feingold syndrome 8182:(1) Basic domains 8170:Genetic disorders 8136: 8135: 8039:Related syndromes 7896: 7895: 7892: 7891: 7879:Alagille syndrome 7849:Choledochal cysts 7793: 7792: 7780:Persistent cloaca 7693: 7692: 7495: 7494: 7348:978-3-642-30770-6 7057:978-0-7216-6795-9 6916:. April 5, 2008. 6782:"Jurgen Habermas" 6650:978-0-8061-3036-1 6311:on March 30, 2008 6283:www.nidcr.nih.gov 6168:United Kingdom". 5629:978-93-5025-121-8 5396:(10): 1985–1995. 5175:10.1111/ppe.12131 4910:Clinical Genetics 4685:(10): 1726–1737. 4365:Acta Histochemica 4304:10.1597/04-043R.1 4223:10.1597/04-078R.1 3911:978-0-323-33934-6 3881:978-3-659-38212-3 3850:978-1-118-78504-1 3467:978-981-283-514-7 3228:Palatal obturator 3054: 3053: 2996:English musician 2968:American football 2836:American Old West 2802:, 1957–1991, and 2732:Francis Dolarhyde 2691:In chapter 26 of 2590: 2589: 2428: 2427: 2061:Tympanostomy tube 1841:Repair cleft lip 1769:Palatal obturator 1492:hypernasal speech 1481:palatal obturator 1461:systematic review 1365:Millard procedure 1328:craniofacial team 1324:cleft palate team 1064: 1063: 778:Hardikar syndrome 750:Stickler syndrome 347:craniofacial team 187: 186: 23:Medical condition 9562: 9467:Kindler syndrome 9310: 9302: 9301: 9285: 9277: 9276: 9216:Oguchi disease 1 9180: 9173: 9166: 9157: 9156: 9099: 9098: 9001: 9000: 8868: 8867: 8439:Lissencephaly X2 8417: 8416: 8324:Barakat syndrome 8236: 8235: 8186: 8185: 8163: 8156: 8149: 8140: 8139: 7923: 7916: 7909: 7900: 7899: 7831:Pancreas divisum 7816:Annular pancreas 7804: 7803: 7770:Imperforate anus 7721:Duodenal atresia 7704: 7703: 7680:Pyloric stenosis 7648:esophageal rings 7557: 7556: 7544:digestive system 7533: 7526: 7519: 7510: 7509: 7363: 7362: 7352: 7331: 7321: 7270: 7269: 7241: 7235: 7234: 7224: 7192: 7186: 7185: 7183: 7181: 7161: 7155: 7154: 7152: 7150: 7131: 7125: 7124: 7122: 7120: 7114: 7103: 7094: 7088: 7087: 7085: 7083: 7068: 7062: 7061: 7043: 7034: 7033: 7028: 7026: 7010: 7004: 7003: 7001: 6999: 6994:on June 30, 2019 6990:. Archived from 6979: 6973: 6972: 6970: 6968: 6946: 6940: 6939: 6928: 6922: 6921: 6910: 6901: 6900: 6898: 6896: 6880: 6874: 6873: 6871: 6869: 6855: 6849: 6848: 6846: 6844: 6835:. Archived from 6825: 6819: 6818: 6816: 6814: 6805:. May 28, 2009. 6799: 6793: 6792: 6790: 6788: 6778: 6772: 6770:The Daily Record 6755: 6749: 6748: 6746: 6744: 6735:. Archived from 6729: 6723: 6722: 6720: 6718: 6709:. Archived from 6699: 6693: 6687: 6681: 6680: 6678: 6676: 6667:. Archived from 6661: 6655: 6654: 6636: 6630: 6629: 6627: 6625: 6609: 6603: 6602: 6600: 6598: 6583: 6577: 6576: 6574: 6572: 6557: 6551: 6550: 6548: 6546: 6540: 6534:. Archived from 6533: 6524: 6518: 6517: 6515: 6513: 6498: 6492: 6491: 6489: 6487: 6464: 6458: 6446: 6440: 6439: 6429: 6397: 6391: 6390: 6354: 6348: 6347: 6327: 6321: 6320: 6318: 6316: 6307:. Archived from 6300: 6294: 6293: 6291: 6289: 6275: 6269: 6268: 6232: 6226: 6225: 6218: 6212: 6211: 6185: 6164: 6158: 6157: 6147: 6137: 6113: 6107: 6106: 6096: 6086: 6062: 6053: 6052: 6042: 6014: 6008: 6007: 5971: 5965: 5964: 5962: 5953: 5944: 5943: 5918:(10): CD001801. 5911: 5905: 5904: 5886: 5880: 5879: 5855: 5849: 5848: 5838: 5806: 5797: 5796: 5759: 5753: 5752: 5742: 5710: 5704: 5703: 5678:(3): 1002–1006. 5667: 5661: 5659: 5657: 5655: 5650:on June 17, 2007 5646:. Archived from 5640: 5634: 5633: 5613: 5607: 5606: 5586: 5580: 5579: 5571: 5558: 5557: 5549: 5543: 5542: 5532: 5522: 5498: 5492: 5491: 5455: 5449: 5448: 5420: 5414: 5413: 5385: 5379: 5378: 5368: 5358: 5334: 5328: 5327: 5317: 5300:(12): CD007950. 5285: 5279: 5278: 5268: 5236: 5230: 5229: 5193: 5187: 5186: 5157: 5151: 5150: 5140: 5108: 5102: 5101: 5091: 5059: 5053: 5052: 5042: 5032: 5015:(9): 5722–5723. 5000: 4994: 4993: 4983: 4951: 4942: 4941: 4905: 4896: 4895: 4894: 4892: 4876: 4870: 4865: 4859: 4858: 4833:(5): 1178–1183. 4822: 4816: 4815: 4806:(4–6): 369–371. 4795: 4789: 4788: 4760: 4754: 4753: 4743: 4719: 4713: 4712: 4702: 4670: 4664: 4663: 4661: 4659: 4640: 4634: 4633: 4596: 4590: 4589: 4579: 4547: 4541: 4540: 4538: 4536: 4516: 4510: 4509: 4472: 4466: 4465: 4455: 4423: 4417: 4416: 4414: 4412: 4398: 4389: 4388: 4360: 4351: 4350: 4341:(111): 637–647. 4330: 4324: 4323: 4287: 4278: 4277: 4249: 4243: 4242: 4216: 4196: 4190: 4189: 4187: 4185: 4170: 4164: 4163:, pp. 82–92 4158: 4152: 4151: 4123: 4117: 4116: 4096: 4090: 4089: 4079: 4055: 4049: 4048: 4038: 4006: 4000: 3999: 3971: 3965: 3964: 3954: 3930: 3924: 3923: 3897: 3886: 3885: 3867: 3854: 3853: 3842: 3826: 3820: 3819: 3817: 3815: 3801: 3795: 3794: 3784: 3752: 3746: 3745: 3725: 3719: 3718: 3690: 3684: 3683: 3655: 3646: 3645: 3635: 3611: 3605: 3604: 3568: 3562: 3561: 3536:(5): 1485–1493. 3525: 3519: 3518: 3499:10.1597/08-270.1 3482: 3476: 3475: 3451: 3445: 3444: 3442: 3440: 3426: 3417: 3416: 3406: 3375: 3366: 3365: 3337: 3320: 3319: 3317: 3315: 3300: 3208: 3196: 3184: 3111:Charolais cattle 2869:Thorgils Skarthi 2778: 2777: 2612:Works of fiction 2585: 2582: 2564: 2557: 1650: 1635:nasogastric tube 1496:Latham appliance 1432: 1420: 1408: 1396: 1346:are replaced by 1163:maternal smoking 834: 833: 566:Eustachian tubes 462: 450: 438: 417:secondary palate 382: 370: 358: 333: 321: 309: 201:occurs when the 105:Present at birth 46: 26: 25: 9570: 9569: 9565: 9564: 9563: 9561: 9560: 9559: 9540:Facial features 9525: 9524: 9523: 9518: 9506: 9448: 9403: 9380: 9330: 9305: 9296: 9280: 9266: 9248: 9220: 9202: 9184: 9154: 9145: 9122: 9088: 9015: 9011:Kabuki syndrome 8988: 8972: 8908: 8882: 8863: 8853: 8823: 8695: 8595: 8404: 8388: 8333: 8312: 8231: 8230:(2) Zinc finger 8221: 8205: 8177: 8176:or coregulators 8167: 8137: 8132: 8102:Operation Smile 8073: 8066: 8033: 8004:Plastic surgery 7932: 7927: 7897: 7888: 7865: 7861:Biliary atresia 7835: 7789: 7752: 7689: 7666: 7610: 7546: 7537: 7496: 7491: 7490: 7456: 7455: 7374: 7360: 7355: 7349: 7334: 7310:10.1038/nrg2933 7291: 7279: 7277:Further reading 7274: 7273: 7242: 7238: 7193: 7189: 7179: 7177: 7162: 7158: 7148: 7146: 7133: 7132: 7128: 7118: 7116: 7112: 7101: 7095: 7091: 7081: 7079: 7069: 7065: 7058: 7044: 7037: 7024: 7022: 7011: 7007: 6997: 6995: 6980: 6976: 6966: 6964: 6947: 6943: 6930: 6929: 6925: 6912: 6911: 6904: 6894: 6892: 6881: 6877: 6867: 6865: 6857: 6856: 6852: 6842: 6840: 6827: 6826: 6822: 6812: 6810: 6801: 6800: 6796: 6786: 6784: 6780: 6779: 6775: 6766:Wayback Machine 6756: 6752: 6742: 6740: 6731: 6730: 6726: 6716: 6714: 6707:HistoryBuff.com 6701: 6700: 6696: 6688: 6684: 6674: 6672: 6671:on July 3, 2007 6663: 6662: 6658: 6651: 6637: 6633: 6623: 6621: 6610: 6606: 6596: 6594: 6584: 6580: 6570: 6568: 6558: 6554: 6544: 6542: 6538: 6531: 6525: 6521: 6511: 6509: 6499: 6495: 6485: 6483: 6465: 6461: 6447: 6443: 6398: 6394: 6355: 6351: 6328: 6324: 6314: 6312: 6303: 6301: 6297: 6287: 6285: 6277: 6276: 6272: 6233: 6229: 6220: 6219: 6215: 6183:10.1.1.483.9042 6165: 6161: 6114: 6110: 6063: 6056: 6015: 6011: 5972: 5968: 5960: 5954: 5947: 5912: 5908: 5887: 5883: 5862:(1): CD006703. 5856: 5852: 5821:(8): CD010403. 5807: 5800: 5760: 5756: 5711: 5707: 5668: 5664: 5653: 5651: 5642: 5641: 5637: 5630: 5614: 5610: 5587: 5583: 5572: 5561: 5550: 5546: 5499: 5495: 5456: 5452: 5421: 5417: 5386: 5382: 5335: 5331: 5286: 5282: 5237: 5233: 5194: 5190: 5158: 5154: 5123:(11): 822–825. 5109: 5105: 5060: 5056: 5001: 4997: 4952: 4945: 4906: 4899: 4890: 4888: 4877: 4873: 4866: 4862: 4823: 4819: 4796: 4792: 4761: 4757: 4720: 4716: 4671: 4667: 4657: 4655: 4642: 4641: 4637: 4597: 4593: 4568:10.1038/nrg2933 4548: 4544: 4534: 4532: 4517: 4513: 4473: 4469: 4424: 4420: 4410: 4408: 4399: 4392: 4361: 4354: 4331: 4327: 4288: 4281: 4250: 4246: 4214:10.1.1.624.1274 4197: 4193: 4183: 4181: 4172: 4171: 4167: 4159: 4155: 4124: 4120: 4097: 4093: 4056: 4052: 4007: 4003: 3972: 3968: 3931: 3927: 3912: 3898: 3889: 3882: 3870:Goel S (2015). 3868: 3857: 3851: 3828: 3827: 3823: 3813: 3811: 3803: 3802: 3798: 3753: 3749: 3726: 3722: 3691: 3687: 3656: 3649: 3612: 3608: 3569: 3565: 3526: 3522: 3483: 3479: 3468: 3452: 3448: 3438: 3436: 3428: 3427: 3420: 3377: 3376: 3369: 3338: 3323: 3313: 3311: 3302: 3301: 3256: 3251: 3219: 3212: 3209: 3200: 3197: 3188: 3185: 3139:corticosteroids 3099:Swiss Sheepdogs 3087:Boston Terriers 3059: 3024:Flemish mystic 2927:Ljubo Milicevic 2912:Jürgen Habermas 2891:Abraham Lincoln 2776: 2614: 2586: 2580: 2577: 2570:needs expansion 2555: 2542: 2512:Latin Americans 2506:White Americans 2465:developed world 2461: 2455: 2442: 2433: 1763: 1758: 1753: 1748: 1743: 1738: 1733: 1728: 1723: 1718: 1713: 1708: 1703: 1698: 1693: 1688: 1683: 1678: 1673: 1668: 1663: 1658: 1644: 1622:spent feeding. 1619: 1606: 1594: 1586:Eustachian tube 1578: 1559: 1529: 1527:Other surgeries 1509:cancellous bone 1469: 1447: 1440: 1433: 1424: 1421: 1412: 1409: 1400: 1397: 1356: 1348:permanent teeth 1344:deciduous teeth 1317: 1292: 1255: 1249: 1230:ultrasonography 1214: 1121: 832: 772:aortic aneurysm 707: 686: 669: 631: 623:quality of life 578: 559:Haberman Feeder 539: 523: 466: 463: 454: 451: 442: 439: 393: 386: 383: 374: 371: 362: 359: 337: 334: 325: 322: 313: 310: 289: 284: 272:developed world 258:ultrasound exam 246:an older mother 211:orofacial cleft 173:developed world 113:Usually unknown 24: 19: 12: 11: 5: 9568: 9558: 9557: 9552: 9547: 9542: 9537: 9520: 9519: 9511: 9508: 9507: 9505: 9504: 9503: 9502: 9497: 9485: 9484: 9483: 9471: 9470: 9469: 9456: 9454: 9450: 9449: 9447: 9446: 9445: 9444: 9432: 9431: 9430: 9417: 9415: 9409: 9408: 9405: 9404: 9402: 9401: 9395: 9393: 9386: 9385: 9382: 9381: 9379: 9378: 9377: 9376: 9364: 9363: 9362: 9350: 9349: 9348: 9335: 9332: 9331: 9329: 9328: 9327: 9326: 9313: 9311: 9298: 9297: 9295: 9294: 9288: 9286: 9274: 9268: 9267: 9265: 9264: 9258: 9256: 9250: 9249: 9247: 9246: 9241: 9236: 9230: 9228: 9222: 9221: 9219: 9218: 9212: 9210: 9204: 9203: 9183: 9182: 9175: 9168: 9160: 9151: 9150: 9147: 9146: 9144: 9143: 9130: 9128: 9124: 9123: 9121: 9120: 9119: 9118: 9105: 9103: 9096: 9090: 9089: 9087: 9086: 9085: 9084: 9056: 9055: 9054: 9042: 9041: 9040: 9027: 9025: 9021: 9020: 9017: 9016: 9014: 9013: 9007: 9005: 8998: 8994: 8993: 8990: 8989: 8987: 8986: 8980: 8978: 8974: 8973: 8971: 8970: 8969: 8968: 8963: 8951: 8950: 8949: 8944: 8932: 8927: 8922: 8916: 8914: 8910: 8909: 8907: 8906: 8901: 8896: 8890: 8888: 8884: 8883: 8881: 8880: 8874: 8872: 8865: 8859: 8858: 8855: 8854: 8852: 8851: 8850: 8849: 8844: 8831: 8829: 8825: 8824: 8822: 8821: 8820: 8819: 8807: 8806: 8805: 8793: 8792: 8791: 8779: 8778: 8777: 8765: 8764: 8763: 8751: 8750: 8749: 8737: 8736: 8735: 8723: 8722: 8721: 8716: 8703: 8701: 8697: 8696: 8694: 8693: 8692: 8691: 8679: 8678: 8677: 8665: 8664: 8663: 8658: 8646: 8645: 8644: 8632: 8631: 8630: 8618: 8617: 8616: 8603: 8601: 8597: 8596: 8594: 8593: 8592: 8591: 8579: 8578: 8577: 8572: 8560: 8559: 8558: 8546: 8545: 8544: 8532: 8531: 8530: 8518: 8517: 8516: 8511: 8499: 8498: 8497: 8485: 8484: 8483: 8471: 8470: 8469: 8457: 8456: 8455: 8443: 8442: 8441: 8436: 8423: 8421: 8414: 8410: 8409: 8406: 8405: 8403: 8402: 8396: 8394: 8390: 8389: 8387: 8386: 8381: 8376: 8371: 8366: 8361: 8356: 8351: 8341: 8339: 8335: 8334: 8332: 8331: 8326: 8320: 8318: 8314: 8313: 8311: 8310: 8305: 8300: 8295: 8290: 8285: 8280: 8275: 8274: 8273: 8268: 8263: 8253: 8242: 8240: 8233: 8227: 8226: 8223: 8222: 8220: 8219: 8217:Tietz syndrome 8213: 8211: 8207: 8206: 8204: 8203: 8198: 8192: 8190: 8183: 8179: 8178: 8166: 8165: 8158: 8151: 8143: 8134: 8133: 8131: 8130: 8124: 8119: 8114: 8109: 8104: 8099: 8094: 8089: 8084: 8078: 8076: 8068: 8067: 8065: 8064: 8059: 8054: 8049: 8043: 8041: 8035: 8034: 8032: 8031: 8026: 8021: 8016: 8011: 8006: 8001: 7996: 7991: 7986: 7984:Otolaryngology 7981: 7976: 7971: 7966: 7961: 7956: 7951: 7946: 7940: 7938: 7934: 7933: 7926: 7925: 7918: 7911: 7903: 7894: 7893: 7890: 7889: 7887: 7886: 7881: 7875: 7873: 7867: 7866: 7864: 7863: 7858: 7857: 7856: 7854:Caroli disease 7845: 7843: 7837: 7836: 7834: 7833: 7828: 7823: 7818: 7812: 7810: 7801: 7795: 7794: 7791: 7790: 7788: 7787: 7785:Rectal atresia 7782: 7777: 7772: 7766: 7764: 7754: 7753: 7751: 7750: 7745: 7740: 7735: 7730: 7725: 7724: 7723: 7712: 7710: 7701: 7699:Lower GI tract 7695: 7694: 7691: 7690: 7688: 7687: 7682: 7676: 7674: 7668: 7667: 7665: 7664: 7663: 7662: 7656: 7653:Esophageal web 7644: 7643: 7638: 7637: 7636: 7631: 7620: 7618: 7612: 7611: 7609: 7608: 7607: 7606: 7601: 7596: 7584: 7579: 7573: 7571: 7554: 7552:Upper GI tract 7548: 7547: 7536: 7535: 7528: 7521: 7513: 7507: 7506: 7493: 7492: 7489: 7488: 7477: 7465: 7464: 7462: 7458: 7457: 7454: 7453: 7442: 7427: 7408: 7375: 7370: 7369: 7367: 7366:Classification 7359: 7358:External links 7356: 7354: 7353: 7347: 7332: 7304:(3): 167–178. 7280: 7278: 7275: 7272: 7271: 7252:(2): 183–186. 7236: 7187: 7156: 7126: 7089: 7063: 7056: 7035: 7005: 6974: 6941: 6923: 6902: 6875: 6859:"Cheech Marin" 6850: 6820: 6794: 6773: 6750: 6724: 6694: 6682: 6656: 6649: 6631: 6604: 6578: 6552: 6519: 6493: 6459: 6448:Hill, Amelia. 6441: 6412:(7426): 1250. 6392: 6365:(3): 249–252. 6349: 6322: 6295: 6270: 6249:10.1597/15-292 6243:(5): 540–554. 6227: 6213: 6159: 6108: 6077:(5): 602–609. 6054: 6009: 5966: 5945: 5906: 5881: 5850: 5798: 5777:10.1597/05-109 5771:(6): 673–677. 5754: 5705: 5662: 5635: 5628: 5608: 5581: 5578:. p. 257. 5559: 5544: 5513:(2): 304–308. 5493: 5472:10.1597/14-080 5466:(2): 175–188. 5450: 5415: 5380: 5343:BMC Pediatrics 5329: 5280: 5251:(4): 440–449. 5231: 5204:(4): 359–363. 5188: 5169:(4): 322–332. 5152: 5103: 5054: 4995: 4966:(2): 217–222. 4943: 4916:(3): 163–176. 4897: 4871: 4860: 4817: 4790: 4771:(5): 265–267. 4755: 4734:(3): 216–220. 4714: 4665: 4635: 4608:(8): 769–780. 4591: 4562:(3): 167–178. 4542: 4511: 4467: 4438:(6): 469–478. 4418: 4390: 4352: 4325: 4298:(4): 349–354. 4279: 4244: 4207:(5): 548–555. 4191: 4165: 4153: 4134:(5): 396–401. 4118: 4107:(3): 131–139. 4091: 4070:(3): 274–285. 4050: 4021:(4): 311–318. 4001: 3982:(4): 347–353. 3966: 3945:(7): 786–797. 3925: 3910: 3887: 3880: 3855: 3849: 3821: 3796: 3747: 3720: 3685: 3666:(2): 112–122. 3647: 3626:(3): 152–160. 3606: 3579:(4): 232–235. 3563: 3520: 3493:(3): 297–302. 3477: 3466: 3446: 3418: 3367: 3348:(2): 149–163. 3321: 3253: 3252: 3250: 3247: 3246: 3245: 3240: 3235: 3230: 3225: 3218: 3215: 3214: 3213: 3210: 3203: 3201: 3198: 3191: 3189: 3186: 3179: 3115:arthrogryposis 3079:Brachycephalic 3058: 3055: 3052: 3051: 3049: 3046: 3044:Franz Rogowski 3040: 3039: 3037: 3036:English actor 3034: 3028: 3027: 3025: 3022: 3016: 3015: 3013: 3006: 3000: 2999: 2997: 2994: 2992:Richard Hawley 2988: 2987: 2985: 2982: 2976: 2975: 2973: 2965: 2959: 2958: 2956: 2953: 2947: 2946: 2944: 2941: 2935: 2934: 2932: 2929: 2923: 2922: 2920: 2914: 2908: 2907: 2905: 2902: 2896: 2895: 2893: 2887: 2881: 2880: 2878: 2871: 2865: 2864: 2862: 2855: 2849: 2848: 2846: 2818: 2812: 2811: 2809: 2794: 2788: 2787: 2785: 2782: 2775: 2772: 2676:The Night Gift 2666:A Gun for Sale 2620:'s 1983 novel 2613: 2610: 2588: 2587: 2567: 2565: 2554: 2551: 2541: 2538: 2519: 2518: 2515: 2509: 2503: 2497: 2494: 2457:Main article: 2454: 2451: 2441: 2438: 2432: 2429: 2426: 2425: 2422: 2419: 2416: 2413: 2410: 2407: 2404: 2401: 2398: 2395: 2392: 2389: 2386: 2383: 2380: 2377: 2374: 2371: 2368: 2365: 2362: 2359: 2353: 2352: 2349: 2346: 2343: 2340: 2337: 2334: 2331: 2328: 2325: 2322: 2319: 2316: 2313: 2310: 2307: 2304: 2301: 2298: 2295: 2292: 2289: 2286: 2280: 2279: 2276: 2273: 2270: 2267: 2264: 2261: 2258: 2255: 2252: 2249: 2246: 2243: 2240: 2237: 2234: 2231: 2228: 2225: 2222: 2219: 2216: 2213: 2207: 2206: 2203: 2200: 2197: 2194: 2191: 2188: 2185: 2182: 2179: 2176: 2173: 2170: 2167: 2164: 2161: 2158: 2155: 2152: 2149: 2146: 2143: 2140: 2138:pharyngoplasty 2134:Speech therapy 2130: 2129: 2126: 2123: 2120: 2117: 2114: 2111: 2108: 2105: 2102: 2099: 2096: 2093: 2090: 2087: 2084: 2081: 2078: 2075: 2072: 2069: 2066: 2063: 2057: 2056: 2053: 2050: 2047: 2044: 2041: 2038: 2035: 2032: 2029: 2026: 2023: 2020: 2017: 2014: 2011: 2008: 2005: 2002: 1999: 1996: 1993: 1990: 1983: 1982: 1979: 1976: 1973: 1970: 1967: 1964: 1961: 1958: 1955: 1952: 1949: 1946: 1943: 1940: 1937: 1934: 1931: 1928: 1925: 1922: 1919: 1916: 1909: 1908: 1905: 1902: 1899: 1896: 1893: 1890: 1887: 1884: 1881: 1878: 1875: 1872: 1869: 1866: 1863: 1860: 1857: 1854: 1851: 1848: 1845: 1842: 1838: 1837: 1834: 1831: 1828: 1825: 1822: 1819: 1816: 1813: 1810: 1807: 1804: 1801: 1798: 1795: 1792: 1789: 1786: 1783: 1780: 1777: 1774: 1771: 1765: 1764: 1761: 1759: 1756: 1754: 1751: 1749: 1746: 1744: 1741: 1739: 1736: 1734: 1731: 1729: 1726: 1724: 1721: 1719: 1716: 1714: 1711: 1709: 1706: 1704: 1701: 1699: 1696: 1694: 1691: 1689: 1686: 1684: 1681: 1679: 1676: 1674: 1671: 1669: 1666: 1664: 1661: 1659: 1656: 1654: 1643: 1640: 1618: 1615: 1605: 1604:Breast-feeding 1602: 1598:breast-feeding 1593: 1590: 1577: 1574: 1558: 1555: 1528: 1525: 1517:maxillary bone 1468: 1465: 1446: 1443: 1442: 1441: 1434: 1427: 1425: 1422: 1415: 1413: 1410: 1403: 1401: 1398: 1391: 1355: 1352: 1316: 1313: 1291: 1288: 1287: 1286: 1283: 1280: 1277: 1274: 1251:Main article: 1248: 1247:Classification 1245: 1213: 1210: 1186:anticonvulsant 1134:encodes for a 1120: 1117: 1062: 1061: 1058: 1055: 1050: 1046: 1045: 1042: 1035: 1030: 1026: 1025: 1022: 1015: 1010: 1006: 1005: 1002: 999: 994: 990: 989: 986: 979: 974: 970: 969: 966: 959: 954: 950: 949: 946: 943: 938: 934: 933: 930: 923: 918: 914: 913: 910: 907: 902: 898: 897: 894: 891: 886: 882: 881: 878: 875: 870: 866: 865: 862: 859: 854: 850: 849: 846: 843: 838: 831: 830:Specific genes 828: 827: 826: 821: 816: 811: 806: 801: 796: 793:Patau syndrome 789: 782:Hydronephrosis 775: 757: 743: 742: 721: 706: 703: 685: 682: 668: 667: 661: 655: 648: 630: 627: 602:social anxiety 577: 574: 538: 535: 522: 519: 504:speech therapy 490:errors (e.g., 468: 467: 464: 457: 455: 452: 445: 443: 440: 433: 399:that form the 392: 389: 388: 387: 384: 377: 375: 372: 365: 363: 360: 353: 339: 338: 335: 328: 326: 323: 316: 314: 311: 304: 288: 285: 283: 280: 265:Speech therapy 248:, and certain 215:ear infections 185: 184: 181: 177: 176: 169: 165: 164: 161: 155: 154: 151:speech therapy 147: 143: 142: 121: 115: 114: 111: 107: 106: 103: 99: 98: 96:ear infections 92: 86: 85: 79: 73: 72: 59: 53: 52: 48: 47: 39: 38: 35: 31: 30: 22: 17: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 9567: 9556: 9553: 9551: 9550:Lip disorders 9548: 9546: 9543: 9541: 9538: 9536: 9533: 9532: 9530: 9517: 9516: 9509: 9501: 9498: 9496: 9493: 9492: 9491: 9490: 9486: 9482: 9479: 9478: 9477: 9476: 9472: 9468: 9465: 9464: 9463: 9462: 9458: 9457: 9455: 9451: 9443: 9440: 9439: 9438: 9437: 9433: 9429: 9426: 9425: 9424: 9423: 9419: 9418: 9416: 9414: 9410: 9400: 9397: 9396: 9394: 9391: 9387: 9375: 9372: 9371: 9370: 9369: 9365: 9361: 9358: 9357: 9356: 9355: 9351: 9347: 9344: 9343: 9342: 9341: 9337: 9336: 9333: 9325: 9322: 9321: 9320: 9319: 9315: 9314: 9312: 9308: 9303: 9299: 9293: 9290: 9289: 9287: 9283: 9278: 9275: 9273: 9269: 9263: 9260: 9259: 9257: 9255: 9251: 9245: 9242: 9240: 9237: 9235: 9232: 9231: 9229: 9227: 9223: 9217: 9214: 9213: 9211: 9209: 9205: 9200: 9196: 9192: 9188: 9187:Cell membrane 9181: 9176: 9174: 9169: 9167: 9162: 9161: 9158: 9141: 9137: 9136: 9132: 9131: 9129: 9125: 9117: 9114: 9113: 9112: 9111: 9107: 9106: 9104: 9100: 9097: 9095: 9091: 9083: 9079: 9075: 9071: 9067: 9064: 9063: 9062: 9061: 9057: 9053: 9050: 9049: 9048: 9047: 9043: 9039: 9036: 9035: 9034: 9033: 9029: 9028: 9026: 9022: 9012: 9009: 9008: 9006: 9002: 8999: 8995: 8985: 8982: 8981: 8979: 8975: 8967: 8964: 8962: 8959: 8958: 8957: 8956: 8952: 8948: 8945: 8943: 8940: 8939: 8938: 8937: 8933: 8931: 8928: 8926: 8923: 8921: 8918: 8917: 8915: 8911: 8905: 8902: 8900: 8897: 8895: 8892: 8891: 8889: 8885: 8879: 8876: 8875: 8873: 8869: 8866: 8860: 8848: 8845: 8843: 8840: 8839: 8838: 8837: 8833: 8832: 8830: 8826: 8818: 8815: 8814: 8813: 8812: 8808: 8804: 8801: 8800: 8799: 8798: 8794: 8790: 8787: 8786: 8785: 8784: 8780: 8776: 8773: 8772: 8771: 8770: 8766: 8762: 8759: 8758: 8757: 8756: 8752: 8748: 8745: 8744: 8743: 8742: 8738: 8734: 8731: 8730: 8729: 8728: 8724: 8720: 8717: 8715: 8712: 8711: 8710: 8709: 8705: 8704: 8702: 8698: 8690: 8687: 8686: 8685: 8684: 8680: 8676: 8673: 8672: 8671: 8670: 8666: 8662: 8659: 8657: 8654: 8653: 8652: 8651: 8647: 8643: 8640: 8639: 8638: 8637: 8633: 8629: 8626: 8625: 8624: 8623: 8619: 8615: 8612: 8611: 8610: 8609: 8605: 8604: 8602: 8598: 8590: 8587: 8586: 8585: 8584: 8580: 8576: 8573: 8571: 8568: 8567: 8566: 8565: 8561: 8557: 8554: 8553: 8552: 8551: 8547: 8543: 8540: 8539: 8538: 8537: 8533: 8529: 8526: 8525: 8524: 8523: 8519: 8515: 8512: 8510: 8507: 8506: 8505: 8504: 8500: 8496: 8493: 8492: 8491: 8490: 8486: 8482: 8479: 8478: 8477: 8476: 8472: 8468: 8465: 8464: 8463: 8462: 8458: 8454: 8451: 8450: 8449: 8448: 8444: 8440: 8437: 8435: 8432: 8431: 8430: 8429: 8425: 8424: 8422: 8418: 8415: 8411: 8401: 8398: 8397: 8395: 8391: 8385: 8382: 8380: 8377: 8375: 8372: 8370: 8367: 8365: 8362: 8360: 8357: 8355: 8352: 8350: 8346: 8343: 8342: 8340: 8336: 8330: 8327: 8325: 8322: 8321: 8319: 8315: 8309: 8306: 8304: 8301: 8299: 8296: 8294: 8291: 8289: 8286: 8284: 8281: 8279: 8276: 8272: 8269: 8267: 8264: 8262: 8259: 8258: 8257: 8254: 8252: 8248: 8244: 8243: 8241: 8237: 8234: 8228: 8218: 8215: 8214: 8212: 8208: 8202: 8199: 8197: 8194: 8193: 8191: 8187: 8184: 8180: 8175: 8171: 8164: 8159: 8157: 8152: 8150: 8145: 8144: 8141: 8128: 8125: 8123: 8120: 8118: 8115: 8113: 8110: 8108: 8105: 8103: 8100: 8098: 8095: 8093: 8090: 8088: 8085: 8083: 8080: 8079: 8077: 8075: 8074:organisations 8069: 8063: 8060: 8058: 8055: 8053: 8050: 8048: 8045: 8044: 8042: 8040: 8036: 8030: 8027: 8025: 8022: 8020: 8017: 8015: 8012: 8010: 8007: 8005: 8002: 8000: 7997: 7995: 7992: 7990: 7987: 7985: 7982: 7980: 7977: 7975: 7972: 7970: 7967: 7965: 7962: 7960: 7957: 7955: 7952: 7950: 7947: 7945: 7942: 7941: 7939: 7935: 7931: 7924: 7919: 7917: 7912: 7910: 7905: 7904: 7901: 7885: 7882: 7880: 7877: 7876: 7874: 7872: 7868: 7862: 7859: 7855: 7852: 7851: 7850: 7847: 7846: 7844: 7842: 7838: 7832: 7829: 7827: 7824: 7822: 7819: 7817: 7814: 7813: 7811: 7809: 7805: 7802: 7800: 7796: 7786: 7783: 7781: 7778: 7776: 7773: 7771: 7768: 7767: 7765: 7763: 7759: 7755: 7749: 7746: 7744: 7741: 7739: 7736: 7734: 7731: 7729: 7726: 7722: 7719: 7718: 7717: 7714: 7713: 7711: 7709: 7705: 7702: 7700: 7696: 7686: 7685:Hiatus hernia 7683: 7681: 7678: 7677: 7675: 7673: 7669: 7660: 7659:Schatzki ring 7657: 7654: 7651: 7650: 7649: 7646: 7645: 7642: 7639: 7635: 7632: 7630: 7627: 7626: 7625: 7622: 7621: 7619: 7617: 7613: 7605: 7602: 7600: 7597: 7595: 7594:Ankyloglossia 7592: 7591: 7590: 7589: 7585: 7583: 7580: 7578: 7575: 7574: 7572: 7570: 7566: 7562: 7558: 7555: 7553: 7549: 7545: 7541: 7534: 7529: 7527: 7522: 7520: 7515: 7514: 7511: 7505: 7501: 7498: 7497: 7487: 7483: 7482: 7478: 7476: 7472: 7471: 7467: 7466: 7463: 7459: 7452: 7448: 7447: 7443: 7441: 7437: 7436: 7432: 7428: 7426: 7422: 7418: 7417: 7413: 7409: 7406: 7402: 7398: 7394: 7390: 7386: 7385: 7381: 7377: 7376: 7373: 7368: 7364: 7350: 7344: 7340: 7339: 7333: 7329: 7325: 7320: 7315: 7311: 7307: 7303: 7299: 7295: 7289: 7285: 7282: 7281: 7267: 7263: 7259: 7255: 7251: 7247: 7240: 7232: 7228: 7223: 7218: 7214: 7210: 7206: 7202: 7198: 7191: 7175: 7171: 7167: 7160: 7144: 7140: 7136: 7130: 7111: 7107: 7100: 7093: 7078: 7074: 7067: 7059: 7053: 7049: 7042: 7040: 7032: 7020: 7016: 7009: 6993: 6989: 6985: 6978: 6962: 6958: 6954: 6953: 6945: 6937: 6933: 6927: 6919: 6915: 6909: 6907: 6890: 6886: 6879: 6864: 6860: 6854: 6838: 6834: 6830: 6829:"Stacy Keach" 6824: 6808: 6804: 6798: 6783: 6777: 6771: 6767: 6763: 6760: 6754: 6738: 6734: 6728: 6712: 6708: 6704: 6698: 6691: 6686: 6670: 6666: 6660: 6652: 6646: 6642: 6635: 6619: 6615: 6608: 6593: 6589: 6582: 6567: 6563: 6556: 6537: 6530: 6527:Harfield TD. 6523: 6512:September 12, 6508: 6504: 6497: 6486:September 13, 6482: 6478: 6474: 6470: 6463: 6456: 6455: 6451: 6445: 6437: 6433: 6428: 6423: 6419: 6415: 6411: 6407: 6403: 6396: 6388: 6384: 6380: 6376: 6372: 6368: 6364: 6360: 6353: 6345: 6341: 6337: 6333: 6332:Human Biology 6326: 6310: 6306: 6299: 6284: 6280: 6274: 6266: 6262: 6258: 6254: 6250: 6246: 6242: 6238: 6231: 6223: 6217: 6209: 6205: 6201: 6197: 6193: 6189: 6184: 6179: 6175: 6171: 6163: 6155: 6151: 6146: 6141: 6136: 6131: 6127: 6123: 6119: 6112: 6104: 6100: 6095: 6090: 6085: 6080: 6076: 6072: 6068: 6061: 6059: 6050: 6046: 6041: 6036: 6032: 6028: 6024: 6020: 6013: 6005: 6001: 5997: 5993: 5989: 5985: 5981: 5977: 5970: 5959: 5952: 5950: 5941: 5937: 5933: 5929: 5925: 5921: 5917: 5910: 5902: 5898: 5894: 5893: 5885: 5877: 5873: 5869: 5865: 5861: 5854: 5846: 5842: 5837: 5832: 5828: 5824: 5820: 5816: 5812: 5805: 5803: 5794: 5790: 5786: 5782: 5778: 5774: 5770: 5766: 5758: 5750: 5746: 5741: 5736: 5732: 5728: 5724: 5720: 5716: 5709: 5701: 5697: 5693: 5689: 5685: 5681: 5677: 5673: 5666: 5649: 5645: 5639: 5631: 5625: 5621: 5620: 5612: 5604: 5600: 5596: 5592: 5585: 5577: 5570: 5568: 5566: 5564: 5555: 5548: 5540: 5536: 5531: 5526: 5521: 5516: 5512: 5508: 5504: 5497: 5489: 5485: 5481: 5477: 5473: 5469: 5465: 5461: 5454: 5446: 5442: 5438: 5434: 5430: 5426: 5419: 5411: 5407: 5403: 5399: 5395: 5391: 5384: 5376: 5372: 5367: 5362: 5357: 5352: 5348: 5344: 5340: 5333: 5325: 5321: 5316: 5311: 5307: 5303: 5299: 5295: 5291: 5284: 5276: 5272: 5267: 5262: 5258: 5254: 5250: 5246: 5242: 5235: 5227: 5223: 5219: 5215: 5211: 5207: 5203: 5199: 5192: 5184: 5180: 5176: 5172: 5168: 5164: 5156: 5148: 5144: 5139: 5134: 5130: 5126: 5122: 5118: 5114: 5107: 5099: 5095: 5090: 5085: 5081: 5077: 5073: 5069: 5065: 5058: 5050: 5046: 5041: 5036: 5031: 5026: 5022: 5018: 5014: 5010: 5006: 4999: 4991: 4987: 4982: 4977: 4973: 4969: 4965: 4961: 4957: 4950: 4948: 4939: 4935: 4931: 4927: 4923: 4919: 4915: 4911: 4904: 4902: 4886: 4882: 4875: 4869: 4864: 4856: 4852: 4848: 4844: 4840: 4836: 4832: 4828: 4821: 4813: 4809: 4805: 4802:(in Polish). 4801: 4800:Klinika Oczna 4794: 4786: 4782: 4778: 4774: 4770: 4766: 4759: 4751: 4747: 4742: 4737: 4733: 4729: 4725: 4718: 4710: 4706: 4701: 4696: 4692: 4688: 4684: 4680: 4676: 4669: 4653: 4649: 4645: 4639: 4631: 4627: 4623: 4619: 4615: 4611: 4607: 4603: 4595: 4587: 4583: 4578: 4573: 4569: 4565: 4561: 4557: 4553: 4546: 4530: 4526: 4522: 4515: 4507: 4503: 4499: 4495: 4491: 4487: 4483: 4479: 4471: 4463: 4459: 4454: 4449: 4445: 4441: 4437: 4433: 4429: 4422: 4406: 4405: 4397: 4395: 4386: 4382: 4378: 4374: 4370: 4366: 4359: 4357: 4348: 4344: 4340: 4336: 4329: 4321: 4317: 4313: 4309: 4305: 4301: 4297: 4293: 4286: 4284: 4275: 4271: 4267: 4263: 4259: 4255: 4248: 4240: 4236: 4232: 4228: 4224: 4220: 4215: 4210: 4206: 4202: 4195: 4179: 4175: 4169: 4162: 4157: 4149: 4145: 4141: 4137: 4133: 4129: 4122: 4114: 4110: 4106: 4102: 4095: 4087: 4083: 4078: 4073: 4069: 4065: 4061: 4054: 4046: 4042: 4037: 4032: 4028: 4024: 4020: 4016: 4012: 4005: 3997: 3993: 3989: 3985: 3981: 3977: 3970: 3962: 3958: 3953: 3948: 3944: 3940: 3936: 3929: 3921: 3917: 3913: 3907: 3903: 3896: 3894: 3892: 3883: 3877: 3873: 3866: 3864: 3862: 3860: 3852: 3846: 3841: 3836: 3832: 3825: 3810: 3806: 3800: 3792: 3788: 3783: 3778: 3774: 3770: 3766: 3762: 3758: 3751: 3743: 3739: 3735: 3731: 3724: 3716: 3712: 3708: 3704: 3700: 3696: 3689: 3681: 3677: 3673: 3669: 3665: 3661: 3654: 3652: 3643: 3639: 3634: 3629: 3625: 3621: 3617: 3610: 3602: 3598: 3594: 3590: 3586: 3582: 3578: 3574: 3567: 3559: 3555: 3551: 3547: 3543: 3539: 3535: 3531: 3524: 3516: 3512: 3508: 3504: 3500: 3496: 3492: 3488: 3481: 3473: 3469: 3463: 3459: 3458: 3450: 3435: 3431: 3425: 3423: 3414: 3410: 3405: 3400: 3396: 3392: 3388: 3384: 3380: 3374: 3372: 3363: 3359: 3355: 3351: 3347: 3343: 3336: 3334: 3332: 3330: 3328: 3326: 3309: 3305: 3299: 3297: 3295: 3293: 3291: 3289: 3287: 3285: 3283: 3281: 3279: 3277: 3275: 3273: 3271: 3269: 3267: 3265: 3263: 3261: 3259: 3254: 3244: 3241: 3239: 3236: 3234: 3231: 3229: 3226: 3224: 3221: 3220: 3207: 3202: 3195: 3190: 3183: 3178: 3177: 3176: 3174: 3170: 3165: 3161: 3157: 3156:regurgitation 3153: 3148: 3146: 3145: 3140: 3137:. The use of 3136: 3132: 3128: 3124: 3120: 3116: 3112: 3108: 3104: 3100: 3096: 3092: 3088: 3084: 3081:dogs such as 3080: 3076: 3072: 3068: 3064: 3057:Other animals 3050: 3048:German actor 3047: 3045: 3042: 3041: 3038: 3035: 3033: 3030: 3029: 3026: 3023: 3021: 3018: 3017: 3014: 3011: 3007: 3005: 3002: 3001: 2998: 2995: 2993: 2990: 2989: 2986: 2983: 2981: 2978: 2977: 2974: 2972: 2969: 2966: 2964: 2961: 2960: 2957: 2954: 2952: 2949: 2948: 2945: 2942: 2940: 2937: 2936: 2933: 2930: 2928: 2925: 2924: 2921: 2919: 2915: 2913: 2910: 2909: 2906: 2903: 2901: 2900:Carmit Bachar 2898: 2894: 2892: 2888: 2886: 2883: 2879: 2876: 2872: 2870: 2867: 2863: 2860: 2856: 2854: 2851: 2847: 2845: 2841: 2837: 2833: 2829: 2825: 2822: 2819: 2817: 2814: 2810: 2807: 2806: 2801: 2800: 2795: 2793: 2790: 2779: 2774:Notable cases 2771: 2769: 2768: 2763: 2762: 2757: 2756: 2751: 2750: 2745: 2744: 2739: 2738: 2734:in the novel 2733: 2729: 2725: 2721: 2720: 2715: 2711: 2706: 2704: 2700: 2699: 2694: 2689: 2687: 2686: 2680: 2678: 2677: 2672: 2668: 2667: 2662: 2661:Graham Greene 2658: 2654: 2650: 2646: 2642: 2641: 2640:Precious Bane 2636: 2632: 2630: 2625: 2624: 2619: 2609: 2607: 2603: 2599: 2595: 2584: 2575: 2571: 2568:This section 2566: 2563: 2559: 2558: 2548:Moche pottery 2546: 2537: 2535: 2531: 2527: 2522: 2516: 2513: 2510: 2507: 2504: 2501: 2498: 2495: 2492: 2491: 2490: 2488: 2484: 2480: 2475: 2473: 2468: 2466: 2460: 2450: 2446: 2437: 2411: 2408: 2405: 2402: 2399: 2396: 2393: 2390: 2387: 2384: 2381: 2378: 2375: 2372: 2369: 2366: 2363: 2360: 2358: 2355: 2354: 2320: 2314: 2311: 2308: 2305: 2302: 2299: 2296: 2293: 2290: 2287: 2285: 2282: 2281: 2277: 2274: 2271: 2268: 2265: 2262: 2259: 2247: 2244: 2241: 2238: 2235: 2232: 2229: 2226: 2223: 2220: 2217: 2214: 2212: 2209: 2208: 2204: 2201: 2198: 2195: 2192: 2189: 2186: 2183: 2180: 2177: 2174: 2171: 2156: 2153: 2150: 2147: 2144: 2141: 2139: 2135: 2132: 2131: 2127: 2124: 2121: 2118: 2115: 2112: 2109: 2106: 2103: 2100: 2097: 2094: 2091: 2088: 2085: 2082: 2079: 2067: 2064: 2062: 2059: 2058: 2054: 2051: 2048: 2045: 2042: 2039: 2036: 2033: 2030: 2027: 2024: 2021: 2018: 2015: 2012: 2009: 2006: 1997: 1994: 1991: 1989: 1985: 1984: 1980: 1977: 1974: 1971: 1968: 1965: 1962: 1959: 1956: 1953: 1950: 1947: 1944: 1941: 1938: 1935: 1932: 1923: 1920: 1917: 1915: 1911: 1910: 1906: 1903: 1900: 1897: 1894: 1891: 1888: 1885: 1882: 1879: 1876: 1873: 1870: 1867: 1864: 1861: 1858: 1855: 1852: 1849: 1843: 1840: 1839: 1835: 1832: 1829: 1826: 1823: 1820: 1817: 1814: 1811: 1808: 1805: 1802: 1799: 1796: 1793: 1790: 1787: 1770: 1767: 1766: 1760: 1755: 1750: 1745: 1740: 1735: 1730: 1725: 1720: 1715: 1710: 1705: 1700: 1695: 1690: 1685: 1680: 1675: 1670: 1665: 1660: 1655: 1652: 1651: 1648: 1639: 1636: 1632: 1628: 1623: 1614: 1610: 1601: 1599: 1589: 1587: 1583: 1573: 1571: 1567: 1566:hypernasality 1563: 1554: 1551: 1547: 1543: 1541: 1537: 1533: 1524: 1522: 1518: 1514: 1510: 1505: 1502: 1499: 1497: 1493: 1489: 1484: 1482: 1473: 1464: 1462: 1458: 1454: 1450: 1438: 1437:section above 1431: 1426: 1423:Pre-operation 1419: 1414: 1407: 1402: 1395: 1390: 1389: 1388: 1386: 1381: 1376: 1374: 1370: 1369:Ralph Millard 1367:pioneered by 1366: 1362: 1351: 1349: 1345: 1341: 1340:psychologists 1337: 1333: 1332:orthodontists 1329: 1325: 1320: 1312: 1308: 1304: 1300: 1296: 1284: 1281: 1278: 1275: 1272: 1271: 1270: 1268: 1264: 1260: 1254: 1244: 1242: 1238: 1233: 1231: 1227: 1223: 1222:obstetricians 1220:have allowed 1219: 1209: 1206: 1201: 1199: 1195: 1194:crack cocaine 1191: 1187: 1183: 1179: 1175: 1171: 1166: 1164: 1160: 1155: 1153: 1149: 1145: 1141: 1137: 1133: 1129: 1128: 1116: 1114: 1113: 1108: 1107: 1102: 1098: 1094: 1093: 1088: 1087:morphogenesis 1084: 1083: 1078: 1077: 1072: 1071: 1059: 1056: 1054: 1051: 1048: 1047: 1043: 1041: 1040: 1036: 1034: 1031: 1028: 1027: 1023: 1021: 1020: 1016: 1014: 1011: 1008: 1007: 1003: 1000: 998: 995: 992: 991: 987: 985: 984: 980: 978: 975: 972: 971: 967: 965: 964: 960: 958: 955: 952: 951: 947: 944: 942: 939: 936: 935: 931: 929: 928: 924: 922: 919: 916: 915: 911: 908: 906: 903: 900: 899: 895: 892: 890: 887: 884: 883: 879: 876: 874: 871: 868: 867: 863: 860: 858: 855: 852: 851: 847: 844: 842: 839: 836: 835: 825: 822: 820: 817: 815: 812: 810: 807: 805: 802: 800: 797: 795:(trisomy 13). 794: 790: 787: 783: 779: 776: 773: 769: 768:hypertelorism 765: 761: 758: 755: 751: 748: 747: 746: 740: 736: 732: 731: 726: 722: 719: 718: 713: 709: 708: 702: 700: 696: 692: 681: 677: 673: 665: 662: 659: 656: 653: 650: 649: 647: 644: 639: 637: 626: 624: 619: 618:internalizing 613: 609: 607: 603: 597: 595: 591: 590:social skills 587: 583: 573: 570: 567: 562: 560: 554: 548: 543: 537:Complications 534: 532: 528: 527:primary teeth 518: 516: 511: 509: 505: 501: 497: 496:glottal stops 493: 489: 485: 481: 477: 473: 461: 456: 449: 444: 437: 432: 431: 430: 427: 425: 420: 418: 414: 408: 406: 402: 398: 381: 376: 369: 364: 357: 352: 351: 350: 348: 344: 332: 327: 320: 315: 308: 303: 302: 301: 299: 295: 279: 277: 273: 268: 266: 261: 259: 255: 251: 247: 243: 239: 235: 231: 227: 223: 218: 216: 212: 208: 204: 200: 196: 192: 182: 178: 174: 170: 166: 162: 160: 156: 153:, dental care 152: 148: 144: 141: 137: 133: 129: 125: 122: 120: 116: 112: 108: 104: 100: 97: 93: 91: 90:Complications 87: 84: 80: 78: 74: 71: 67: 63: 60: 58: 54: 49: 45: 40: 36: 32: 27: 21: 16: 9512: 9487: 9473: 9459: 9434: 9420: 9366: 9352: 9338: 9316: 9199:cytoskeleton 9133: 9127:Corepressor: 9108: 9102:Coactivator: 9058: 9044: 9030: 8953: 8934: 8834: 8809: 8795: 8781: 8767: 8753: 8739: 8725: 8706: 8681: 8667: 8648: 8634: 8620: 8606: 8581: 8562: 8548: 8534: 8520: 8501: 8487: 8473: 8459: 8445: 8426: 7974:Orthodontics 7929: 7743:Dolichocolon 7647: 7623: 7599:Macroglossia 7586: 7576: 7479: 7468: 7444: 7429: 7410: 7378: 7341:. Springer. 7337: 7301: 7297: 7249: 7245: 7239: 7207:(1): 93–95. 7204: 7200: 7190: 7178:. Retrieved 7169: 7159: 7147:. Retrieved 7138: 7129: 7117:. Retrieved 7105: 7092: 7080:. Retrieved 7076: 7066: 7047: 7030: 7023:. Retrieved 7018: 7008: 6996:. Retrieved 6992:the original 6987: 6977: 6965:. Retrieved 6951: 6944: 6926: 6893:. Retrieved 6878: 6866:. Retrieved 6862: 6853: 6841:. Retrieved 6837:the original 6832: 6823: 6813:December 23, 6811:. Retrieved 6797: 6787:December 18, 6785:. Retrieved 6776: 6769: 6753: 6741:. Retrieved 6737:the original 6727: 6715:. Retrieved 6711:the original 6706: 6697: 6689: 6685: 6673:. Retrieved 6669:the original 6659: 6640: 6634: 6622:. Retrieved 6607: 6595:. Retrieved 6581: 6569:. Retrieved 6555: 6543:. Retrieved 6536:the original 6522: 6510:. Retrieved 6506: 6496: 6484:. Retrieved 6473:The Guardian 6472: 6462: 6454:The Guardian 6452: 6444: 6409: 6405: 6395: 6362: 6358: 6352: 6338:(1): 47–52. 6335: 6331: 6325: 6313:. Retrieved 6309:the original 6298: 6286:. Retrieved 6282: 6273: 6240: 6236: 6230: 6216: 6173: 6169: 6162: 6125: 6121: 6111: 6074: 6070: 6040:10072/172084 6022: 6018: 6012: 5982:(10): 3–11. 5979: 5975: 5969: 5915: 5909: 5891: 5884: 5859: 5853: 5818: 5814: 5768: 5764: 5757: 5722: 5718: 5708: 5675: 5671: 5665: 5660:at miami.edu 5652:. Retrieved 5648:the original 5638: 5618: 5611: 5594: 5590: 5584: 5575: 5553: 5547: 5510: 5506: 5496: 5463: 5459: 5453: 5431:(2): 69–92. 5428: 5424: 5418: 5393: 5389: 5383: 5346: 5342: 5332: 5297: 5293: 5283: 5248: 5244: 5234: 5201: 5197: 5191: 5166: 5162: 5155: 5120: 5116: 5106: 5074:(1): 16–29. 5071: 5067: 5057: 5012: 5008: 4998: 4963: 4959: 4913: 4909: 4889:, retrieved 4884: 4874: 4863: 4830: 4826: 4820: 4803: 4799: 4793: 4768: 4764: 4758: 4731: 4727: 4717: 4682: 4678: 4668: 4656:. Retrieved 4647: 4638: 4605: 4601: 4594: 4559: 4555: 4545: 4533:. Retrieved 4524: 4514: 4484:(1): 11–16. 4481: 4477: 4470: 4435: 4431: 4421: 4409:. Retrieved 4403: 4368: 4364: 4338: 4334: 4328: 4295: 4291: 4257: 4253: 4247: 4204: 4200: 4194: 4182:. Retrieved 4168: 4156: 4131: 4127: 4121: 4104: 4100: 4094: 4067: 4063: 4053: 4018: 4014: 4004: 3979: 3975: 3969: 3942: 3938: 3928: 3901: 3871: 3830: 3824: 3812:. Retrieved 3808: 3799: 3767:(1): 71–80. 3764: 3760: 3750: 3733: 3729: 3723: 3701:(6): 365–8. 3698: 3694: 3688: 3663: 3659: 3623: 3619: 3609: 3576: 3572: 3566: 3533: 3529: 3523: 3490: 3486: 3480: 3456: 3449: 3437:. Retrieved 3433: 3386: 3382: 3345: 3341: 3312:. Retrieved 3164:feeding tube 3160:malnutrition 3149: 3142: 3126: 3060: 2963:Owen Schmitt 2951:Cheech Marin 2803: 2797: 2765: 2759: 2753: 2747: 2741: 2736: 2718: 2707: 2696: 2690: 2683: 2681: 2674: 2664: 2638: 2627: 2621: 2618:J.M. Coetzee 2615: 2591: 2578: 2574:adding to it 2569: 2523: 2520: 2476: 2469: 2462: 2453:Epidemiology 2447: 2443: 2434: 2284:Orthodontics 1645: 1631:palatoplasty 1627:palatoplasty 1624: 1620: 1611: 1607: 1595: 1582:otitis media 1579: 1570:hyponasality 1560: 1544: 1530: 1521:Radio-graphs 1506: 1503: 1500: 1485: 1478: 1467:Cleft palate 1457:cohort study 1451: 1448: 1377: 1364: 1357: 1327: 1323: 1321: 1318: 1309: 1305: 1301: 1297: 1293: 1285:cleft palate 1256: 1237:Paul Tessier 1234: 1215: 1202: 1178:hypertension 1174:neural crest 1167: 1156: 1143: 1131: 1125: 1122: 1110: 1104: 1100: 1096: 1090: 1080: 1074: 1068: 1065: 1037: 1017: 1004:13q33.1-q34 981: 961: 925: 744: 728: 715: 687: 678: 674: 670: 663: 657: 651: 640: 632: 614: 610: 598: 579: 571: 563: 555: 552: 524: 512: 488:articulation 469: 428: 421: 409: 394: 391:Cleft palate 340: 290: 269: 262: 230:Risk factors 226:birth defect 219: 210: 199:cleft palate 198: 190: 188: 183:3,800 (2017) 136:older mother 119:Risk factors 20: 15: 9413:Tetraspanin 8117:Smile Train 8024:Social work 7604:Hypoglossia 7470:MedlinePlus 7025:February 6, 7021:(in German) 6743:October 13, 6545:February 5, 6176:(1): 1–27. 4535:January 31, 4371:(1): 1–14. 4335:Adolescence 4260:(1): 3–11. 3736:: 356–368. 3223:Smile Pinki 3123:Texel sheep 3004:Dario Šarić 2939:Stacy Keach 2918:sociologist 2885:Tad Lincoln 2877:, England. 2875:Scarborough 2853:Tutankhamen 2724:Ian Fleming 2635:Knut Hamsun 2514:: 1.04/1000 1988:hard palate 1914:soft palate 1361:rule of 10s 1311:the child. 1267:soft palate 1170:alcohol use 1024:2q32.2-q33 764:bifid uvula 586:self-esteem 492:distortions 405:soft palate 401:hard palate 278:or rabbit. 250:medications 222:development 209:. The term 140:medications 102:Usual onset 34:Other names 9545:Dog health 9529:Categories 8092:Interplast 8014:Psychology 8009:Psychiatry 7989:Pediatrics 7762:anal canal 7708:Intestines 7540:Congenital 7446:DiseasesDB 5349:(1): 184. 3249:References 3173:free flaps 3169:prosthesis 3091:penetrance 3075:premaxilla 3010:basketball 2840:Wyatt Earp 2832:gunfighter 2792:Jerry Byrd 2749:Red Dragon 2737:Red Dragon 2719:Goldfinger 2714:James Bond 2703:synecdoche 2693:Mark Twain 2649:Shropshire 2606:disability 2581:April 2024 2431:Cleft team 1205:folic acid 636:teratogens 500:fricatives 480:hypernasal 138:, certain 70:pediatrics 9513:See also 9024:Ungrouped 7999:Physician 7959:Dietetics 7954:Dentistry 7949:Audiology 7841:Bile duct 7799:Accessory 7616:Esophagus 7481:eMedicine 7180:April 28, 7149:April 28, 7119:April 28, 7082:April 28, 6895:April 30, 6624:April 22, 6481:0261-3077 6288:August 2, 6200:1469-5065 6178:CiteSeerX 5725:(3): e2. 5488:207236616 4891:August 6, 4411:August 6, 4209:CiteSeerX 3920:936145822 3829:"Index", 3439:August 2, 3135:gestation 3095:Shih tzus 3071:rhinarium 3032:Tom Burke 2857:Egyptian 2784:Comments 2743:Manhunter 2645:Mary Webb 1629:) – post 1536:osteotomy 1354:Cleft lip 1315:Treatment 1273:cleft lip 1212:Diagnosis 1182:retinoids 1168:Maternal 705:Syndromes 484:resonance 287:Cleft lip 195:upper lip 191:cleft lip 168:Frequency 159:Prognosis 149:Surgery, 146:Treatment 57:Specialty 9390:Integrin 9307:Cadherin 9282:IgSF CAM 9208:Arrestin 7964:Genetics 7808:Pancreas 7486:ped/2679 7328:21331089 7266:11300527 7231:16434860 7174:Archived 7143:Archived 7141:. 2006. 7110:Archived 6961:Archived 6936:Archived 6918:Archived 6889:Archived 6807:Archived 6762:Archived 6618:Archived 6436:14644964 6387:32750501 6315:June 20, 6265:43371901 6257:27223626 6208:36404355 6154:30740615 6128:(1): 6. 6103:26997574 6049:21328261 6004:45396841 5996:26571277 5940:43568574 5932:20927726 5901:28817250 5876:18254111 5845:30095853 5793:34126577 5785:17105324 5749:29142654 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128:diabetes 77:Symptoms 9436:TSPAN12 9195:enzymes 8775:ACD/MPV 8129:(China) 7672:Stomach 7661:(lower) 7655:(upper) 7569:pharynx 7319:3086810 7222:3242096 7135:"Mouth" 6998:May 15, 6967:May 15, 6868:July 1, 6843:July 1, 6717:July 1, 6675:July 1, 6597:May 15, 6592:Polygon 6571:May 15, 6566:Polygon 6457:, 2020. 6427:1126893 6379:2784825 6344:5445084 6145:6369233 6094:9444722 5836:6513261 5740:5676312 5654:July 1, 5603:2586685 5530:5968700 5366:3532199 5315:8783750 5266:2366099 5226:6330050 5218:8574428 5138:4559232 5089:2570345 5049:6946511 5017:Bibcode 4981:4673897 4785:2246742 4700:6494790 4658:July 1, 4630:3324418 4577:3086810 4453:3180858 4347:8237549 4184:July 1, 4148:9345606 4113:6592056 4036:6694901 3996:1742302 3782:4709386 3742:1058746 3558:8551875 3404:6227606 3131:lupines 3067:ferrets 3012:player 2859:pharaoh 2834:of the 2828:gambler 2824:dentist 2767:Polygon 2500:Chinese 2424: 2421: 2418: 2415: 2412: 2409: 2406: 2403: 2400: 2397: 2394: 2391: 2388: 2385: 2382: 2379: 2376: 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7102:(PDF) 6539:(PDF) 6532:(PDF) 6383:S2CID 6261:S2CID 6204:S2CID 6000:S2CID 5961:(PDF) 5936:S2CID 5789:S2CID 5696:S2CID 5484:S2CID 5222:S2CID 4934:S2CID 4851:S2CID 4626:S2CID 4502:S2CID 4316:S2CID 4235:S2CID 3711:S2CID 3597:S2CID 3554:S2CID 3511:S2CID 2781:Name 2598:fetus 2594:fetal 2526:uvula 2479:rates 1228:with 1106:FGF10 1101:SHOX2 1076:PVRL1 1019:SUMO1 993:OFC9 988:3q27 973:OFC8 963:PVRL1 953:OFC7 937:OFC6 917:OFC5 901:OFC4 885:OFC3 880:2p13 869:OFC2 864:6p24 853:OFC1 845:Gene 837:Type 699:HYAL2 629:Cause 521:Teeth 515:uvula 472:mouth 413:uvula 397:skull 9489:DYSF 9368:DSC2 9360:LAH1 9354:DSG4 9340:DSG2 9318:DSG1 9292:OFC7 9082:OFC8 9060:TP63 9032:TCF4 8977:4.11 8836:IRF6 8817:IPEX 8683:PAX9 8669:PAX8 8650:PAX6 8636:PAX4 8622:PAX3 8608:PAX2 8583:ZEB2 8564:ZEB1 8514:OFC5 8503:MSX1 8475:PDX1 8447:MNX1 8271:CAIS 8266:MAIS 8261:PAIS 7567:and 7435:9-CM 7405:LA52 7401:LA51 7393:LA41 7389:LA41 7343:ISBN 7324:PMID 7286:and 7262:PMID 7227:PMID 7182:2007 7151:2007 7121:2007 7084:2007 7052:ISBN 7027:2021 7000:2019 6969:2015 6897:2010 6870:2007 6845:2007 6815:2009 6789:2008 6745:2007 6719:2007 6677:2007 6645:ISBN 6626:2016 6599:2019 6573:2019 6547:2014 6514:2020 6488:2024 6477:ISSN 6432:PMID 6375:PMID 6340:PMID 6317:2008 6302:See 6290:2019 6253:PMID 6196:ISSN 6150:PMID 6099:PMID 6045:PMID 6023:2011 5992:PMID 5928:PMID 5897:PMID 5872:PMID 5841:PMID 5781:PMID 5745:PMID 5688:PMID 5656:2007 5624:ISBN 5599:PMID 5535:PMID 5476:PMID 5441:PMID 5406:PMID 5371:PMID 5320:PMID 5298:2015 5271:PMID 5249:146A 5214:PMID 5179:PMID 5143:PMID 5094:PMID 5045:PMID 4986:PMID 4926:PMID 4893:2019 4843:PMID 4831:155A 4808:PMID 4781:PMID 4746:PMID 4705:PMID 4660:2007 4618:PMID 4582:PMID 4537:2017 4494:PMID 4482:127A 4458:PMID 4413:2019 4381:PMID 4343:PMID 4308:PMID 4270:PMID 4227:PMID 4186:2007 4144:PMID 4109:PMID 4082:PMID 4041:PMID 3992:PMID 3957:PMID 3916:OCLC 3906:ISBN 3876:ISBN 3845:ISBN 3816:2019 3787:PMID 3738:PMID 3676:PMID 3638:PMID 3589:PMID 3546:PMID 3503:PMID 3462:ISBN 3441:2019 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