Cleft lip and cleft palate

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prolonged feeding time, impaired growth and nutrition. Changes in swallowing mechanics may result in coughing, choking, gagging and nasal regurgitation. Even after cleft repair, the problem may still persist as significant motor learning of swallowing and sucking was absent for many months before repair. These difficulties in feeding may result in secondary problems such as poor weight gain, excessive energy expenditure during feeding, lengthy feeding times, discomfort during feeding, and stressful feeding interactions between the infant and the mother. A potential source of discomfort for the baby during or after feeding is bloating or frequent "spit up" which is due to the excessive air intake through the nose and mouth in the open cleft. Babies with cleft lip and or palate should be evaluated individually taking into account the size and location of the cleft and the mother's previous experience with breastfeeding.

379: 391: 1549:). The bone is cut then re-positioned and held together by wires or rigid fixation plates to ensure there's no anterior-posterior discrepancy, also to reduce scarring as it reduces growth. Single piece or multi-piece osteotomy exist. Single piece osteotomy is carried out where there is sufficient alveolar continuity achieved from a successful bone graft. Multi piece osteotomy is performed when there is a notable residual alveolar defect with a dental gap and oronasal fistula (communication between the oral and nasal cavities). The goal of both single and multi piece osteotomy is to displace the maxilla forward to obtain adequate occlusion as well to provide better support for upper lip and the nose and to close any 623:

negative self-concept in children with cleft palate. In the later preschool and early elementary years, the development of social skills is no longer only impacted by parental attitudes but is beginning to be shaped by their peers. A cleft lip or cleft palate may affect the behavior of preschoolers. Experts suggest that parents discuss with their children ways to handle negative social situations related to their cleft lip or cleft palate. A child who is entering school should learn the proper (and age-appropriate) terms related to the cleft. The ability to confidently explain the condition to others may limit feelings of awkwardness and embarrassment and reduce negative social experiences.

1611:, bottle feeding, spoon feeding and syringe feeding. Although breast-feeding is challenging, it improves weight-gain compared to spoon-feeding. Nasal regurgitation is common due to the open space between the oral cavity and the nasal cavity. Bottle feeding can help (with squeezable bottles being easier to use than rigid bottles). In addition, maxillary plates can be added to aid in feeding. Whatever feeding method is established, it is important to keep the baby's weight gain and hydration monitored. Infants with cleft lip or palate may require supplemental feeds for adequate growth and nutrition. Breast feeding position as suggested by specialists can also improve success rate. 1429: 367: 1441: 1417: 3205: 3217: 1470:. In this study, significant improvements in nasal symmetry were observed in multiple areas including measurements of the projected length of the nasal ala (lateral surface of the external nose), position of the superoinferior alar groove, position of the mediolateral nasal dome, and nasal bridge deviation. "The nasal ala projection length demonstrated an average ratio of 93.0 percent in the surgery-alone group and 96.5 percent in the nasoalveolar molding group," this study concluded. A 553: 2573: 3193: 1405: 1483: 1575:(VPI) can occur as a result of an unrepaired or repaired cleft lip and palate. VPI is the inability of the soft palate to close tightly against the back of the throat during speech, resulting in incomplete velopharyngeal closure. In turn, this results in speech abnormalities. Velopharyngeal closure is necessary during speech because it forms a seal between the nose and mouth, allowing the production of normal speech sounds. VPI can cause 55: 318: 1583:(reduced nasal resonance), or a mixed nasal resonance, which is when hypernasality and hyponasality occur simultaneously. In addition, CLP may cause abnormal positioning of individual teeth, which can in turn affect the patient's ability to make certain sounds when speaking such as the "f" or "v" sound and can also result in a lisp. The changes in speech may also be a manifestation on CLP's effects on the patient's occlusion. 330: 1599:, negative middle ear pressure and fluid build-up in the normally air-filled space of the middle ear. This is associated with hearing impairment or loss. The insertion of a ventilation tube into the eardrum is a surgical treatment option commonly used to improve hearing in children with otitis media. In addition, breast milk has been proven to decrease the incidence of otitis media in infants with clefts. 619:. Children who are judged as attractive tend to be perceived as more intelligent, exhibit more positive social behaviors, and are treated more positively than children with cleft lip or cleft palate. Children with clefts tend to report feelings of anger, sadness, fear, and alienation from their peers, but these children were similar to their peers in regard to "how well they liked themselves." 627:

related to self-esteem, dating and social acceptance. Adolescents, however, view appearance as the most important characteristic, above intelligence and humor. This being the case, adolescents are susceptible to additional problems because they cannot hide their facial differences from their peers. Adolescent boys typically deal with issues relating to withdrawal, attention, thought, and

607:. Self-concept may be adversely affected by the presence of a cleft lip or cleft palate, particularly among girls. Negative outcomes can also be associated with the long durations of hospitalization. Psychological issues could extend not just to the individual with CLP but also to their families, particularly their mothers, that experience varying levels of depression and anxiety. 544:(outermost layer of the tooth) is commonly found to be hypomineralized and hypoplastic, making the teeth more likely to decay. As CLP can make oral hygiene more difficult, there is an increased rate of cavities. In addition, abnormal positioning of individual teeth may affect occlusion, which can create an open bite or cross bite. This in turn can then affect the patient's speech. 1374:" coined by surgeons Wilhelmmesen and Musgrave in 1969 (the child is at least 10 weeks of age; weighs at least 10 pounds, and has at least 10g/dL hemoglobin). If the cleft is bilateral and extensive, two surgeries may be required to close the cleft, one side first, and the second side a few weeks later. The most common procedure to repair a cleft lip is the 528:, a furrow along the midline of the soft palate, and a notch in the back margin of the hard palate. The diagnosis of submucous cleft palate often occurs late in children as a result of the nature of the cleft. While the muscles of the soft palate are not joined, the mucosal membranes covering the roof of the mouth appear relatively normal and intact. 1494:(a prosthetic device made to fit the roof of the mouth covering the gap). This device re-positions displaced alveolar segments and helps reduce the cleft lip separation. The obturator will improve speech as there's now proper airflow and improve feeding and breathing as the gap in the hard and soft palate is closed over so cannot affect it. 572:. Another equipment commonly used for gravity feeding is a customized bottle with a combination of nipples and bottle inserts. A large hole, crosscut, or slit in the nipple, a protruding nipple and rhythmically squeezing the bottle insert can result in controllable flow to the infant without the stigma caused by specialized equipment. 687:

each other until they fuse in the middle. This process is very vulnerable to multiple toxic substances, environmental pollutants, and nutritional imbalance. The biologic mechanisms of mutual recognition of the two cabinets, and the way they are glued together, are quite complex and obscure despite intensive scientific research.

1530:. It provides bone for teeth to erupt into and to allow implants to be placed as a possible future treatment option. The procedure should be carried out before the upper canine has erupted. Ideally the root of the canine should be one to two-thirds formed and that there is a space available to place the bone graft. 1361:, thus saving the child from repeated corrective surgeries), while other teams correct the jaw earlier (argument: less speech therapy is needed than at a later age when speech therapy becomes harder). Within teams, treatment can differ between individual cases depending on the type and severity of the cleft. 1623:

Another option is feeding breast milk via bottle or syringe. Since babies with clip lip and cleft palate generate less section when breastfeeding, their nutrition, hydration and weight gain may be affected. This may result in the need for supplemental feeds. Modifying the position of holding the baby

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As children reach adolescence, the period of time between age 13 and 19, the dynamics of the parent-child relationship change as peer groups are now the focus of attention. An adolescent with cleft lip or cleft palate will deal with the typical challenges faced by most of their peers including issues

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People with CLP present with a multiplicity of problems. Therefore, effective management of CLP involves a wide range of specialists. The current model for delivery of this care is the multidisciplinary cleft team. This is a group of individuals from different specialist backgrounds who work closely

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The time period immediately after the diagnosis and the first year after the birth is most challenging for parents. A systematically planned treatment plan and support system will help assist parents. The ultimate aim is to help educate parents and create awareness so as to improve care provided for

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Orofacial clefts may be associated with a syndrome (syndromic) or may not be associated with a syndrome (nonsyndromic). Syndromic clefts are part of syndromes that are caused by a variety of factors such as environment and genetics or an unknown cause. Nonsyndromic clefts, which are not as common as

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The upper lip is formed earlier than the palate, from the first three lobes named a to c above. Formation of the palate is the last step in joining the five embryonic facial lobes, and involves the back portions of the lobes b and c. These back portions are called palatal shelves, which grow towards

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The International Consortium for Health Outcome Measurement (ICHOM) has proposed the Standard Set of Outcome Measures for Cleft Lip and Palate. The ICHOM Standard Set includes measures for many of the important outcome domains in cleft care (hearing, breathing, eating/drinking, speech, oral health,

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If these tissues fail to meet, a gap appears where the tissues should have joined (fused). This may happen in any single joining site, or simultaneously in several or all of them. The resulting birth defect reflects the locations and severity of individual fusion failures (e.g., from a small lip or

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Hodgkinson PD, Brown S, Duncan D, Grant C, McNaughton AM, Thomas P (February 2005). "Management of Children with Cleft Lip and Palate: A Review Describing the Application of Multidisciplinary Team Working in This Condition Based Upon the Experiences of a Regional Cleft Lip and Palate Centre in the

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forms. In the activation phase distraction of the callus induces bony ingrowth which can last up to 15 days depending on the required distraction. Once the required bone length is reached, the distraction device is left to remain in situ as it acts as a rigid skeletal fixation device until the new

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and external ear canals may be angled or tortuous, leading to food or other contamination of a part of the body that is normally self-cleaning. Hearing is related to learning to speak. Babies with palatal clefts may have compromised hearing and therefore, if the baby cannot hear, it cannot try to

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Due to lack of suction, an infant with a cleft may have trouble feeding. An infant with a cleft palate will have greater success feeding in a more upright position. Gravity will help prevent milk from coming through the baby's nose if he/she has cleft palate. Gravity feeding can be accomplished by

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Measuring the outcomes of CLP treatment has been laden with difficulty due to the complexity and longitudinal nature of cleft care, which spans birth through young adulthood. Prior attempts to study the effectiveness of specific interventions or overall treatment protocols have been hindered by a

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Accurate evaluation of craniofacial malformations is usually possible with the ultrasound scan performed during pregnancy. This is however not a routine procedure according to the American Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine. The accuracy of ultrasonography for prenatal diagnosis of cleft lip +/-

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Each person's treatment schedule is individualized. The table below shows a common sample treatment schedule. The colored squares indicate the average timeframe in which the indicated procedure occurs. In some cases, this is usually one procedure, for example lip repair. In other cases, it is an

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Preoperative feeding – using a squeezable bottle instead of a rigid bottle can allow a higher volume of food intake and less effort to extract food. Using a syringe is practical, easy to perform and allows greater administered volume of food. It also means there will be weight gain and less time

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The relationship between parental attitudes and a child's self-concept is crucial during the preschool years. It has been reported that elevated stress levels in mothers correlated with reduced social skills in their children. Strong parent support networks may help to prevent the development of

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African-Americans. The critical period for cleft development ranges from the 4th to the 12th week of intrauterine life. Clefts of the primary palate develop between the 4th and 7th weeks of intrauterine life, while clefts of the secondary palate develop between the 8th and 12th embryonic weeks.

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Babies with cleft lip are more likely to breastfeed successfully than those with cleft palate and cleft lip and palate. Larger clefts of the soft or hard palate may not be able to generate suction as the oral cavity cannot be separated from the nasal cavity when feeding which leads to fatigue,

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can reduce the incidence of clefting. Folic acid alone or in combination with vitamins and minerals prevents neural tube defects but does not have a clear effect on cleft lip palate incidence. The mechanism behind beneficial folate supplementation is due to folate playing a pivotal role in DNA

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An accurate prenatal diagnosis of the CLP anomaly is critical for establishing long-term treatment planning, prediction of treatment outcome, and discussion and education of the parent. Although there is no intrauterine treatment for CLP, both mother and child benefit from early diagnosis and

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Research has shown that during the early preschool years (ages 3–5), children with cleft lip or cleft palate tend to have a self-concept that is similar to their peers without a cleft. However, as they grow older and their social interactions increase, children with clefts tend to report more

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If the cleft does not affect the palate structure of the mouth, it is referred to as cleft lip. Cleft lip is formed in the top of the lip as either a small gap or an indentation in the lip (partial or incomplete cleft), or it continues into the nose (complete cleft). Lip cleft can occur as a

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and rapid proliferative expansion, and is thus highly susceptible to environmental and genetic factors, rationalising the high incidence of facial malformations. During the first six to eight weeks of pregnancy, the shape of the embryo's head is formed. Five primitive tissue lobes grow:

1176:, with the estimated attributable fraction of orofacial clefts due to smoking in early pregnancy being 6.1%. Orofacial clefts occur very early in pregnancy and so smoking cessation right after recognition of pregnancy is unlikely to reduce the exposure during the critical time period. 2447:

together to provide patients with comprehensive care from birth through adolescence. This system of delivery of care enables the individuals within the team to function in an interdisciplinary way, so that all aspects of care for CLP patients can be provided in the best way possible.

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Cleft lip with or without palate is classified as the most common congenital birth defect. It has been noted that the prevalence of orofacial clefts varies by race. The highest number of cases have been recorded among Asians and Native Americans, followed by Europeans, Hispanics and

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mimic the sounds of speech. Thus, even before expressive language acquisition, the baby with the cleft palate is at risk for receptive language acquisition. Because the lips and palate are both used in pronunciation, individuals with cleft usually need the aid of a speech therapist.

285:. Cleft lip is about twice as common in males as females, while cleft palate without cleft lip is more common in females. In 2017, it resulted in about 3,800 deaths globally, down from 14,600 deaths in 1990. The condition is also known as a "hare-lip" because of its resemblance to a 1559:– bone lengthening by gradual distraction. This involves cutting bone and moving ends apart incrementally to allow new bone to form in the gap. This consists of several phases. After attachment of the distracting device and the bone cuts, there is a latency phase of 3–7 days when a 699:

Genetic factors contributing to cleft lip and cleft palate formation have been identified for some syndromic cases. Many clefts run in families, even though in some cases there does not seem to be an identifiable syndrome present. A number of genes are involved including

540:, but most of the problems arise after the permanent teeth erupt. Problems may include fused teeth, missing teeth, and extra teeth erupting behind normal teeth. Missing teeth or extra teeth are both normal occurrences. Typically, the lateral incisors are missing. The 1393:

required to purse the lips run through the upper lip. To restore the complete group a full incision must be made. Secondly, to create a less obvious scar the surgeon tries to line up the scar with the natural lines in the upper lip (such as the edges of the

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problems, and may possibly develop anxiousness-depression and aggressive behaviors. Adolescent girls are more likely to develop problems relating to self-concept and appearance. Individuals with cleft lip or cleft palate often deal with threats to their

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ongoing therapy, for example speech therapy. In most cases of cleft lip and palate that involve the alveolar bone, patients will need a treatment plan including the prevention of cavities, orthodontics, alveolar bone grafting, and possibly jaw surgery.

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Most clefts are polygenic and multifactorial in origin with many genetic and environmental factors contributing. Genetic factors cause clefts in 20% to 50% of the cases and the remaining clefts are attributable to either environmental factors (such as

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instead. Studies suggest babies required less analgesics and shorter hospital stay with nasogastric feeding post-surgery. With bottle-feeding, there was higher feeding rejection and pain and required more frequent and prolonged feeding times.

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is often necessary, but corrective surgery in dogs can be done by the age of twelve weeks. For cleft palate, there is a high rate of surgical failure resulting in repeated surgeries. Surgical techniques for cleft palate in dogs include

649:) or gene-environment interactions. The polygenic/multifactorial inheritance model predicts that most individuals will be born without clefts; however with a number of genetic or environmental factors, it can result in cleft formation. 1369:

Within the first 2–3 months after birth, surgery is performed to close the cleft lip. While surgery to repair a cleft lip can be performed soon after birth, often the preferred age is at approximately 10 weeks of age, following the

1509:. The Latham is surgically inserted by use of pins during the child's fourth or fifth month. After it is in place, the doctor, or parents, turn a screw daily to bring the cleft together to assist with future lip or palate repair. 7541: 1077:

Many genes associated with syndromic cases of cleft lip/palate (see above) have been identified to contribute to the incidence of isolated cases of cleft lip/palate. This includes in particular sequence variants in the genes

1353:, ENT surgeons and audio-logical physicians. Treatment procedures can vary between craniofacial teams. For example, some teams wait on jaw correction until the child is aged 10 to 12 (argument: growth is less influential as 459: 471: 2648:, Inger (wife of the main character) has an uncorrected cleft lip which puts heavy limitations on her life, even causing her to kill her own child, who is also born with a cleft lip. The protagonist of the 1924 novel 4486:

Kanno K, Suzuki Y, Yamada A, Aoki Y, Kure S, Matsubara Y (May 2004). "Association between nonsyndromic cleft lip with or without cleft palate and the glutamic acid decarboxylase 67 gene in the Japanese population".

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Bell JC, Raynes-Greenow C, Turner RM, Bower C, Nassar N, O'Leary CM (July 2014). "Maternal alcohol consumption during pregnancy and the risk of orofacial clefts in infants: a systematic review and meta-analysis".

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Fukuyama E, Omura S, Fujita K, Soma K, Torikai K (November 2006). "Excessive rapid palatal expansion with Latham appliance for distal repositioning of protruded premaxilla in bilateral cleft lip and alveolus".

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Environmental influences may also cause, or interact with genetics to produce, orofacial clefts. An example of the link between environmental factors and genetics comes from a research on mutations in the gene

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Palate cleft can occur as complete (soft and hard palate, possibly including a gap in the jaw) or incomplete (a 'hole' in the roof of the mouth, usually as a cleft soft palate). When cleft palate occurs, the

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that increases the occurrence of these deformities threefold. Mutations in interferon regulatory factor 6 (IRF6) that cause cleft lip palate are also implicated in neural tube defects such as spina bifida.

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Prenatal diagnosis enables appropriate and timely education and discussion with parents by the cleft team. This helps improve the quality of treatment received by the child and improves quality of life.

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Zucchero TM, Cooper ME, Maher BS, Daack-Hirsch S, Nepomuceno B, Ribeiro L, et al. (August 2004). "Interferon regulatory factor 6 (IRF6) gene variants and the risk of isolated cleft lip or palate".

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Hurst JA, Houlston RS, Roberts A, Gould SJ, Tingey WG (October 1995). "Transverse limb deficiency, facial clefting and hypoxic renal damage: an association with treatment of maternal hypertension?".

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According to CDC, the prevalence of cleft palate in the United States is 6.35/10000 births and the prevalence of cleft lip with or without cleft palate is 10.63/10000 births. The highest prevalence

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If the cleft extends into the maxillary alveolar ridge, the gap is usually corrected by filling the gap with bone tissue. The bone tissue can be acquired from the individual's own chin, rib or hip.

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A mild form of a cleft lip is a microform cleft. A microform cleft can appear as small as a little dent in the red part of the lip or look like a scar from the lip up to the nostril. In some cases

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Bessell A, Hooper L, Shaw WC, Reilly S, Reid J, Glenny AM (February 2011). "Feeding interventions for growth and development in infants with cleft lip, cleft palate or cleft lip and palate".

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treatment have been linked to cleft lip and palate. Other environmental factors that have been studied include seasonal causes (such as pesticide exposure); maternal diet and vitamin intake;

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Matsunaka E, Ueki S, Makimoto K (October 2015). "Impact of breastfeeding or bottle-feeding on surgical wound dehiscence after cleft lip repair in infants: a systematic review protocol".

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prior to surgery can improve long-term nasal symmetry where there is complete unilateral cleft lip–cleft palate, compared to correction by surgery alone, according to a retrospective

2712:, Huck Finn meets the three Wilks sisters, Mary Jane, Susan, and Joanna. Joanna is described as, "the one who gives herself to good works and has a hare-lip." As a form of offensive 2699:, one of the people Gilderoy Lockhart stole credit from was a witch with a harelip who banished the Bandon Banshee. In later editions, this was changed to a witch with a hairy chin. 378: 6246:

Allori AC, Kelley T, Meara JG, Albert A, Bonanthaya K, Chapman K, et al. (September 2017). "A Standard Set of Outcome Measures for the Comprehensive Appraisal of Cleft Care".

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Barillas I, Dec W, Warren SM, Cutting CB, Grayson BH (March 2009). "Nasoalveolar molding improves long-term nasal symmetry in complete unilateral cleft lip-cleft palate patients".

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from a donor site (often the pelvic bone) is transplanted into the alveolar cleft region. This transplant of bone will close the osseous cleft of the alveolus, close any oro-nasal

390: 1505:. However, combinations of surgical methods and repeated surgeries are often necessary as the child grows. One of the new innovations of cleft lip and cleft palate repair is the 366: 9188: 8164: 5925:

Browning GG, Rovers MM, Williamson I, Lous J, Burton MJ (October 2010). "Grommets (ventilation tubes) for hearing loss associated with otitis media with effusion in children".

1501:, usually performed between 6 and 12 months. Approximately 20–25% only require one palatal surgery to achieve a competent velopharyngeal valve capable of producing normal, non- 1416: 274:

A cleft lip or palate can be successfully treated with surgery. This is often done in the first few months of life for cleft lip and before eighteen months for cleft palate.

1398:) and tuck away stitches as far up the nose as possible. Incomplete cleft gives the surgeon more tissue to work with, creating a more supple and natural-looking upper lip. 5969:"'ABM clinical protocol #18: guidelines for breastfeeding infants with cleft lip, cleft palate, or cleft lip and palate, revised 2013.', Academy of Breastfeeding Medicine" 6994: 2802: 2603:

In some countries, cleft lip or palate deformities are considered reasons (either generally tolerated or officially sanctioned) to perform an abortion beyond the legal

8157: 6129:"Secondary alveolar bone grafting using autologous versus alloplastic material in the treatment of cleft lip and palate patients: systematic review and meta-analysis" 3496:

Kim EK, Khang SK, Lee TJ, Kim TG (May 2010). "Clinical features of the microform cleft lip and the ultrastructural characteristics of the orbicularis oris muscle".

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is usually split. It occurs due to the failure of fusion of the lateral palatine processes, the nasal septum, or the median palatine processes (formation of the

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Snyder HT, Bilboul MJ, Pope AW (September 2005). "Psychosocial adjustment in adolescents with craniofacial anomalies: a comparison of parent and self-reports".

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Rivron RP (March 1989). "Bifid uvula: prevalence and association in otitis media with effusion in children admitted for routine otolaryngological operations".

5726:"Correlation between Nasoalveolar Molding and Surgical, Aesthetic, Functional and Socioeconomic Outcomes Following Primary Repair Surgery: a Systematic Review" 6675: 6460: 4374:

Dudas M, Li WY, Kim J, Yang A, Kaartinen V (2007). "Palatal fusion - where do the midline cells go? A review on cleft palate, a major human birth defect".

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Yuzuriha S, Mulliken JB (November 2008). "Minor-form, microform, and mini-microform cleft lip: anatomical features, operative techniques, and revisions".

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refers to either condition or to both occurring together. These disorders can result in feeding problems, speech problems, hearing problems, and frequent

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Note: the next images show the roof of the mouth. The top shows the nose, the lips are colored pink. For clarity the images depict a toothless infant.

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Sousa SB, Lambot-Juhan K, Rio M, Baujat G, Topouchian V, Hanna N, et al. (May 2011). "Expanding the skeletal phenotype of Loeys-Dietz syndrome".

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underneath the scar is affected and might require reconstructive surgery. It is advised to have newborn infants with a microform cleft checked with a

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palate is dependent on the experience of the sonologist, maternal body type, foetal position, the amount of amniotic fluid and the type of cleft.

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Pope AW, Ward J (September 1997). "Self-perceived facial appearance and psychosocial adjustment in preadolescents with craniofacial anomalies".

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who eventually comes to feel that her deformity is the source of her spiritual strength. The book was later adapted for television by both the

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Cox TC (March 2004). "Taking it to the max: the genetic and developmental mechanisms coordinating midfacial morphogenesis and dysmorphology".

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drugs; nitrate compounds; organic solvents; parental exposure to lead; alcohol; cigarette use; and a number of other psychoactive drugs (e.g.

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Age 7–12 years, for the children born with alveolar clefts, they may need to have a secondary alveolar bone graft. This is where autogenous

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found in conclusion that nasoalveolar molding had a positive effect on the primary surgery of cleft lip/or palate treatment and aesthetics.

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Prokhorov AV, Perry CL, Kelder SH, Klepp KI (1993). "Lifestyle values of adolescents: results from Minnesota Heart Health Youth Program".

1595:. This is due to the immature development of the different bones and muscles in the ear. Otitis media is caused by the obstruction of the 9409: 5968: 5869:

Nasser M, Fedorowicz Z, Newton JT, Nouri M (January 2008). Nasser M (ed.). "Interventions for the management of submucous cleft palate".

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Kronwith SD, Quinn G, McDonald DM, Cardonick E, Onyx P, LaRossa D, et al. (1990). "Stickler's syndrome in the Cleft Palate Clinic".

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Pope AW, Snyder HT (July 2005). "Psychosocial adjustment in children and adolescents with a craniofacial anomaly: age and sex patterns".

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of the midface, including molecular and cellular processes, has been greatly aided by research on animal models, including of the genes

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Leonard BJ, Brust JD, Abrahams G, Sielaff B (October 1991). "Self-concept of children and adolescents with cleft lip and/or palate".

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Cleft lip and cleft palate is an "umbrella term" for a collection of orofacial clefts. It includes clefting of the upper lip, the

8771: 8271: 5016:"Hyperoxia and hypoxia in pregnancy: simple experimental manipulation alters the incidence of cleft lip and palate in CL/Fr mice" 4539: 4412:

Meeks NJ, Saenz M, Tsai AC, Elias ER (2018). "Genetics & Dysmorphology". In Hay WW, Levin MJ, Deterding RR, Abzug MJ (eds.).

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appearance and psychosocial well-being). It includes clinician-reported, patient-reported, and family-reported outcome measures.

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through young adulthood. Care can be lifelong and are looked after by craniofacial cleft teams often consist of: cleft surgeons,

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Watkins SE, Meyer RE, Strauss RP, Aylsworth AS (April 2014). "Classification, epidemiology, and genetics of orofacial clefts".

2690:, one of the high-school aged protagonists is shy because she has a cleft lip, but learns to have more confidence in herself. 1389:

Often an incomplete cleft lip requires the same surgery as complete cleft. This is done for two reasons. Firstly the group of

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Griffiths LG, Sullivan M (2001). "Bilateral overlapping mucosal single-pedicle flaps for correction of soft palate defects".

7066: 6659: 5638: 3920: 3890: 3859: 3476: 2680:, Raven, has a cleft lip which he is sensitive about, and is described as "an ugly man dedicated to ugly deeds". In the 1976 7562: 6713: 5469:

Allori AC, Mulliken JB, Meara JG, Shusterman S, Marcus JR (March 2017). "Classification of Cleft Lip/Palate: Then and Now".

9452: 9062: 8743: 8652: 8374: 8355: 8276: 6598: 6289: 4967:"PHF8, a gene associated with cleft lip/palate and mental retardation, encodes for an Nepsilon-dimethyl lysine demethylase" 4662: 17: 3216: 1644:, some studies believe that inappropriate negative pressure on the suture line may affect results. Babies can be fed by a 1161:, a factor considered important from reports on increased incidence of cleft lip/palate in mice that have been exposed to 9254: 8729: 745: 636:

for multiple reasons including unsuccessful social relationships, deviance in social appearance, and multiple surgeries.

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In some cases of a severe bilateral complete cleft, the premaxillary segment will be protruded far outside the mouth.

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Cleft lip and palate is very treatable; however, the kind of treatment depends on the type and severity of the cleft.

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Dass ihm, der Hasenscharte, dem Lispeln und der hellen Stimme wegen auf der Bühne Grenzen gesetzt sind, ist ihm klar.

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Costello BJ, Edwards SP, Clemens M (October 2008). "Fetal diagnosis and treatment of craniomaxillofacial anomalies".

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How new humans are made cells and embryos, twins and chimeras, left and right, mind/selfsoul, sex, and schizophrenia

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and just below, two additional lobes grow from each side, which form the chin and lower lip (mandibular prominence).

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education. A multidisciplinary team approach is now accepted as the standard of care in dealing with CLP patients.

735: 9491: 9196: 8298: 8266: 8122: 8117: 2584: 248: 138: 7519: 4276: 4150: 3998: 3682: 9510: 8888: 8313: 7979: 7836: 4110:

Tobiasen JM (July 1984). "Psychosocial correlates of congenital facial clefts: a conceptualization and model".

72: 7176: 6319: 4878: 2769:. The portrayal of enemy characters with cleft lips and cleft palates, dubbed mutants, in the 2019 video game 1254:

are even rarer and are frequently described as Tessier clefts using the numerical locator devised by Tessier.

9150: 9126: 8757: 8039: 7917: 1428: 1383: 1246:

Clefts can also affect other parts of the face, such as the eyes, ears, nose, cheeks, and forehead. In 1976,

3088:. Clefts of the hard and soft palate are sometimes seen with a cleft lip. The cause is usually hereditary. 1404: 752:); in addition to cleft lip or palate, symptoms include facial dysmorphism and mild intellectual disability. 9565: 8857: 8799: 8785: 8538: 8211: 8132: 8067: 6479: 5906:. AHRQ Comparative Effectiveness Reviews. Rockville (MD): Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (US). 3072:

Cleft lips and palates are occasionally seen in cattle and dogs, and rarely in goats, sheep, cats, horses,

2981: 2885: 2633: 1572: 1446:

Post-operation, the lip is swollen from surgery and will look more natural within weeks. See photos in the

1187:

cells. The degree of the effect, however, is unknown and requires further research. Some forms of maternal

819: 628: 575:

Individuals with cleft also face many middle ear infections which may eventually lead to hearing loss. The

486: 6869: 6546: 5348:

Wehby GL, Goco N, Moretti-Ferreira D, Felix T, Richieri-Costa A, Padovani C, et al. (November 2012).

615:. Experts conclude that this is probably due to the associated stigma of visible deformities and possible 458: 9249: 8438: 8359: 5600:

Lydiatt DD, Yonkers AJ, Schall DG (November 1989). "The management of the cleft lip and palate patient".

4263:

Endriga MC, Kapp-Simon KA (January 1999). "Psychological issues in craniofacial care: state of the art".

3946:"Cognitive functioning in children and adults with nonsyndromal cleft lip and/or palate: a meta-analysis" 2854: 2148: 536:

Tooth development can be delayed with increasing severity of CLP. Some of the dental problems affect the

470: 308: 5075:"Review on genetic variants and maternal smoking in the etiology of oral clefts and other birth defects" 3140:

to viral infections, trauma, drugs, or chemicals, or ingestion of toxins by the mother, such as certain

2532:

Cleft lip and cleft palate caused about 3,800 deaths globally in 2017, down from 14,600 deaths in 1990.

8914: 8384: 8261: 4188: 3669:

Sloan GM (March 2000). "Posterior pharyngeal flap and sphincter pharyngoplasty: the state of the art".

824: 240: 8179: 4733:

Siderius LE, Hamel BC, van Bokhoven H, de Jager F, van den Helm B, Kremer H, et al. (July 1999).

4437:

Beaty TH, Ruczinski I, Murray JC, Marazita ML, Munger RG, Hetmanski JB, et al. (September 2011).

1227:

Traditionally, the diagnosis is made at the time of birth by physical examination. Recent advances in

9505: 9104: 9088: 9076: 9048: 8957: 8813: 8685: 8599: 8505: 8369: 7809: 7743: 7644: 7145: 6290:"Prevalence of Cleft Lip & Cleft Palate | National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research" 3166: 1422:

Movement of the flaps; flap A is moved between B and C. C is rotated slightly while B is pushed down.

1240: 829: 303:

one-sided (unilateral) or two-sided (bilateral) condition. It is due to the failure of fusion of the

268: 6341:

Cervenka J, Shapiro BL (February 1970). "Cleft uvula in Chippewa Indians: prevalence and genetics".

6193: 5252:"Folate and one-carbon metabolism gene polymorphisms and their associations with oral facial clefts" 4224: 3766:

Hanny KH, de Vries IA, Haverkamp SJ, Oomen KP, Penris WM, Eijkemans MJ, et al. (January 2016).

1591:

Children with cleft palate have a very high risk of developing a middle ear infection, specifically

9550: 9334: 8994: 8909: 8364: 7894: 7758: 7738: 7298: 7294: 6924: 5434:

Tessier P (June 1976). "Anatomical classification facial, cranio-facial and latero-facial clefts".

1556: 1169: 770: 592: 6624: 5822:"Maxillary distraction osteogenesis versus orthognathic surgery for cleft lip and palate patients" 4891: 4413: 3192: 8671: 8519: 8293: 7954: 7785: 6967: 5301:"Effects and safety of periconceptional oral folate supplementation for preventing birth defects" 3704:

Hill JS (2001). "Velopharyngeal insufficiency: An update on diagnostic and surgical techniques".

3627:"The spectrum of isolated congenital nasal deformities resembling the cleft lip nasal morphology" 3089: 2497: 2221: 1498: 518: 353: 100: 5250:

Boyles AL, Wilcox AJ, Taylor JA, Meyer K, Fredriksen A, Ueland PM, et al. (February 2008).

5124:"Prevention of orofacial clefts caused by smoking: implications of the Surgeon General's report" 3173:

are often seen with cleft palate and is a common cause of death. Providing nutrition through a

2481:

Rates for cleft lip with or without cleft palate and cleft palate alone varies within different

1607:

There are different options on how to feed a baby with cleft lip or cleft palate which include:

9560: 9282: 9080: 8946: 8904: 8852: 8257: 8137: 8072: 7989: 7748: 7651: 7592: 7554: 6813: 6188: 4439:"Evidence for gene-environment interaction in a genome wide study of nonsyndromic cleft palate" 4219: 2759: 2719:

Cleft lip and cleft palate are often portrayed negatively in popular culture. Examples include

796: 722: 505:, substitutions, and omissions) and compensatory misarticulations and mispronunciations (e.g., 498: 446: 372:

Six-month-old girl before going into surgery to have her unilateral complete cleft lip repaired

208:

that may extend into the nose. The opening may be on one side, both sides, or in the middle. A

7485: 7403: 7399: 6942: 5628: 3466: 2611:

is not in jeopardy of life or limb. Some political opponents contend this practice amounts to

9201: 8952: 8624: 8566: 8552: 8389: 8318: 8062: 7415: 7347: 7083: 6232: 3154: 2815: 1560: 1346: 1173: 1150: 834: 517:, prosthetics, augmentation of the posterior pharyngeal wall, lengthening of the palate, and 256: 244: 146: 134: 7411: 9302: 9264: 9120: 9092: 8971: 8930: 8638: 8524: 8184: 5658: 5027: 3911:

Peterson-Falzone SJ, Trost-Cardamone JE, Karnell MP, Hardin-Jones MA (September 21, 2016).

3162: 3030: 2765: 2681: 2367: 1542: 1180: 671:

two from the cheeks, which meet the first lobe to form the upper lip (maxillar prominence);

304: 236: 232: 6792: 3582:

Tosun Z, Hoşnuter M, Sentürk S, Savaci N (2003). "Reconstruction of microform cleft lip".

564:

Cleft may cause problems with feeding, ear disease, speech, socialization, and cognition.

317: 8: 9555: 8585: 8029: 8004: 7994: 7550: 7445: 7109: 6961: 5514:"Psychological Effect of Prenatal Diagnosis of Cleft Lip and Palate: A Systematic Review" 4684:

Kousa YA, Zhu H, Fakhouri WD, Lei Y, Kinoshita A, Roushangar RR, et al. (May 2019).

4022:"Effects of cleft lip and palate on children's psychological health: A systematic review" 3117: 2492:

for cleft lip, either with or without cleft palate are reported for Native Americans and

76: 5031: 3314: 665:

one from the top of the head down towards the future upper lip (frontonasal prominence);

524:

Submucous cleft palate can also occur, which is a cleft of the soft palate with a split

329: 8666: 8463: 8394: 7831: 7818: 7726: 7639: 7626: 7329: 7304: 7232: 7207: 6437: 6412: 6393: 6271: 6214: 6155: 6128: 6127:

Scalzone A, Flores-Mir C, Carozza D, d'Apuzzo F, Grassia V, Perillo L (February 2019).

6104: 6077: 6010: 5946: 5846: 5821: 5799: 5750: 5725: 5706: 5540: 5513: 5494: 5376: 5349: 5325: 5300: 5276: 5251: 5232: 5148: 5123: 5099: 5074: 4991: 4966: 4965:

Loenarz C, Ge W, Coleman ML, Rose NR, Cooper CD, Klose RJ, et al. (January 2010).

4944: 4861: 4710: 4685: 4636: 4587: 4562: 4512: 4463: 4438: 4326: 4245: 4046: 4021: 3792: 3767: 3721: 3607: 3564: 3521: 3414: 3389: 3243: 2809: 2746: 2728: 2639: 2489: 1251: 1228: 557: 433:

The hole in the roof of the mouth caused by a cleft connects the mouth directly to the

341: 260: 231:

Cleft lip and palate are the result of tissues of the face not joining properly during

150: 87: 7208:"Application of a temporary palatal prosthesis in a puppy suffering from cleft palate" 5447: 5050: 5015: 4531: 3405: 3186:. Affected animals should not be bred due to the hereditary nature of this condition. 3136:. Other contributing factors may include maternal nutritional deficiencies, exposure 2922: 8724: 8444: 8206: 7889: 7859: 7790: 7456: 7353: 7334: 7272: 7237: 7062: 6655: 6602: 6576: 6487: 6442: 6385: 6350: 6263: 6206: 6160: 6109: 6055: 6002: 5938: 5907: 5882: 5851: 5791: 5755: 5698: 5634: 5609: 5545: 5498: 5486: 5451: 5416: 5381: 5330: 5281: 5224: 5220: 5189: 5153: 5104: 5055: 4996: 4936: 4932: 4853: 4818: 4791: 4756: 4715: 4628: 4592: 4504: 4468: 4391: 4353: 4318: 4280: 4237: 4154: 4119: 4092: 4051: 4002: 3967: 3926: 3916: 3886: 3855: 3797: 3748: 3717: 3686: 3648: 3599: 3556: 3513: 3472: 3419: 3368: 3238: 3042: 2978: 2846: 2777: 2742: 2738: 2071: 1779: 1502: 1491: 1471: 1162: 760: 616: 490: 357: 67: 7450: 7407: 6847: 6513: 6397: 6275: 6218: 6014: 5950: 5803: 5710: 4948: 4865: 4516: 4330: 4249: 3725: 3611: 3525: 9477: 8334: 8180: 7841: 7826: 7780: 7731: 7690: 7496: 7324: 7316: 7264: 7227: 7219: 6432: 6424: 6377: 6255: 6198: 6150: 6140: 6099: 6089: 6045: 6037: 5994: 5934: 5930: 5878: 5874: 5841: 5837: 5833: 5783: 5745: 5737: 5690: 5535: 5525: 5478: 5443: 5408: 5371: 5361: 5320: 5316: 5312: 5271: 5263: 5236: 5216: 5181: 5143: 5135: 5094: 5086: 5045: 5035: 4986: 4978: 4928: 4845: 4783: 4746: 4735:"X-linked mental retardation associated with cleft lip/palate maps to Xp11.3-q21.3" 4705: 4697: 4640: 4620: 4582: 4574: 4496: 4458: 4450: 4383: 4310: 4272: 4229: 4146: 4082: 4041: 4033: 3994: 3957: 3845: 3787: 3779: 3713: 3678: 3638: 3591: 3568: 3548: 3505: 3409: 3401: 3360: 3129: 3121: 3014: 2879: 2753: 1645: 1506: 1371: 1219:

synthesis and methylation and contributes to both development and gene expression.

756:

In some cases, cleft palate is caused by syndromes that also cause other problems:

583:

Tentative evidence has found that those with clefts perform less well at language.

427: 278:

and dental care may also be needed. With appropriate treatment, outcomes are good.

4787: 4532:"Scientists find genetic mutation that causes cleft lip and palate, heart defects" 3910: 1636:

Post-operative feeding (isolated lip repair, or lip repair associated or not with

9021: 8807: 8718: 8112: 8014: 7871: 7682: 7549: 6776: 6721: 6540:"The Monster Without: Red Dragon, the Cleft-Lip, and the Politics of Recognition" 6480:"Does a cleft palate justify an abortion? Curate wins right to challenge doctors" 5694: 5299:

De-Regil LM, Peña-Rosas JP, Fernández-Gaxiola AC, Rayco-Solon P (December 2015).

4387: 4037: 3552: 3120:. In horses, it is a rare condition usually involving the caudal soft palate. In 2937: 2901: 2522: 2516: 2475: 1596: 1519: 1463: 1358: 1354: 802:

Cleft lip/palate may be present in many different chromosome disorders including

782: 633: 576: 569: 537: 282: 183: 6461:"MPs bring bill to ban late abortions for cleft lip, cleft palate and clubfoot," 6428: 6094: 6078:"Feeding methods for children with cleft lip and/or palate: a systematic review" 4808: 4654: 3850: 595:

of individuals with cleft palate. A cleft palate/lip may impact an individual's

556:

A baby being fed using a customized bottle. The upright sitting position allows

9226: 8477: 8227: 7864: 7663: 7598: 7461: 7110:"Surgical Repair of Congenital Cleft Palate in Horses: Eight Cases (1979–1997)" 5998: 5901: 5900:

Steele D, Adam GP, Di M, Halladay C, Pan I, Coppersmith N, et al. (2017).

5412: 5020:

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

3643: 3626: 3625:

Tollefson TT, Humphrey CD, Larrabee WF, Adelson RT, Karimi K, Kriet JD (2011).

3161:

Difficulty with nursing is the most common problem associated with clefts, but

3149: 3125: 3097: 3054: 3002: 2686: 2676: 2144: 1527: 1196: 1183:

has also been linked to cleft lip and palate due to the effects on the cranial

803: 792: 612: 514: 423: 275: 161: 7268: 6381: 6202: 6145: 6041: 5298: 3783: 3595: 3440: 3364: 267:). Cleft lip and cleft palate can often be diagnosed during pregnancy with an 9539: 9370: 9197: 8827: 8449: 7909: 7881: 7695: 7669: 7604: 7579: 6491: 6210: 5366: 3930: 3133: 2910: 2831: 2671: 2650: 2544: 1608: 1576: 1379: 1204: 1097: 778: 653: 600: 7435: 7431: 7223: 6233:"ICHOM | Cleft Lip & Palate Standard Set | Measuring Outcomes" 3962: 3945: 552: 228:. Less than half the time the condition is associated with other disorders. 9364: 9350: 9328: 9209: 7984: 7753: 7609: 7338: 7276: 7241: 7206:

Lee JI, Kim YS, Kim MJ, Lee J, Choi JH, Yeom DB, et al. (March 2006).

6573:"When I asked about Rage 2's worst character, I got an unexpected response" 6464: 6446: 6267: 6164: 6113: 6059: 6006: 5942: 5911: 5886: 5855: 5795: 5759: 5741: 5702: 5549: 5530: 5490: 5420: 5385: 5334: 5285: 5193: 5157: 5108: 5040: 5000: 4940: 4857: 4822: 4809:

Mrugacz M, Sredzińska-Kita D, Bakunowicz-Lazarczyk A, Piszcz M (2005). "".

4760: 4752:

10.1002/(SICI)1096-8628(19990730)85:3<216::AID-AJMG6>3.0.CO;2-X

4719: 4632: 4596: 4508: 4472: 4395: 4322: 4284: 4241: 4096: 4055: 3971: 3801: 3690: 3652: 3603: 3584:

Scandinavian Journal of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery and Hand Surgery

3560: 3517: 3423: 3372: 3174: 3170: 2973: 2961: 2826: 2628: 2294: 1641: 1637: 1592: 1580: 1467: 1350: 1342: 1247: 1232: 1188: 1184: 541: 506: 497:

and nasal emissions while talking. Secondary effects of VPI include speech

434: 418:

is in these cases cleft as well. In most cases, cleft lip is also present.

225: 217: 106: 7305:"Cleft lip and palate: understanding genetic and environmental influences" 6389: 6354: 5613: 5228: 5059: 4795: 4563:"Cleft lip and palate: understanding genetic and environmental influences" 4357: 4158: 4123: 4006: 3752: 489:(VPI). Because of the gap, air leaks into the nasal cavity resulting in a 9423: 8127: 8034: 7614: 7575: 7480: 5455: 5267: 4982: 4849: 4701: 4624: 4500: 4087: 4070: 3885:. Saarbrücken, Germany: LAP LAMBERT Academic Publishing. pp. 20–22. 3233: 3093: 2949: 2928: 2895: 2872:

who may have had a slightly cleft palate according to diagnostic imaging

2863: 2734: 2645: 2510: 1998: 1924: 1531: 1277: 1273: 1269: 774: 596: 502: 482: 415: 411: 407: 129: 6050: 2884:

Thorgils 'the hare-lipped'—a 10th-century Viking warrior and founder of

2716:, Huck Finn refers to Joanna as "the hare-lip" rather than by her name. 2572: 9485: 8699: 8102: 8024: 8019: 7999: 7772: 5139: 5090: 4454: 4071:"The psychosocial effects of cleft lip and palate: a systematic review" 3179: 3101: 3085: 3020: 2850: 2842: 2724: 2713: 2703: 2659: 2616: 1534:

are taken to determine the quantity of missing bone in the cleft area.

1215: 646: 80: 7382: 5185: 4369: 4367: 4314: 4233: 2539:" has varied from 0.02% to 18.8% with the highest numbers found among 1482: 9499: 9145: 8049: 8009: 7969: 7964: 7959: 7851: 7718: 7491: 6126: 3509: 3183: 3145: 3081: 2834: 2655: 2482: 1546: 510: 494: 205: 169: 7320: 5819: 4578: 1515:

At age 1–7 years the child is regularly reviewed by the cleft team.

54: 9471: 9400: 9317: 9292: 9218: 7974: 6259: 5787: 5482: 4686:"The TFAP2A-IRF6-GRHL3 genetic pathway is conserved in neurulation" 4364: 3844:, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd,., August 23, 2013, pp. 355–370, 3105: 2990: 2838: 2612: 2540: 2474:

Cleft lip and palate occurs in about 1 to 2 per 1000 births in the

1395: 1280:, in various combinations. Proposed anatomic combinations include: 1192: 604: 281:

Cleft lip and palate occurs in about 1 to 2 per 1000 births in the

264: 5820:

Kloukos D, Fudalej P, Sequeira-Byron P, Katsaros C (August 2018).

5724:

Maillard S, Retrouvey JM, Ahmed MK, Taub PJ (September 30, 2017).

3158:

by pregnant sheep have also been associated with cleft formation.

3100:

are most commonly affected. An inherited disorder with incomplete

9446: 6935: 6413:"Review of abortion law demanded after abortion for cleft palate" 5128:

Birth Defects Research. Part A, Clinical and Molecular Teratology

4732: 3113: 2869: 2615:

based on cosmetic defects rather than practical definitions of a

1550: 1523: 1200: 1146: 967: 252: 142: 3624: 3132:

trait. It is also inherited as an autosomal recessive trait in

1624:

may increase the effectiveness and efficiency of breastfeeding.

1096:. The understanding of the genetic complexities involved in the 1063: 1043: 1023: 1007: 987: 951: 931: 915: 899: 883: 867: 749: 9432: 9236: 9205: 8940: 8935: 8560: 8546: 8491: 8471: 8308: 7768: 7571: 7514: 7426: 7394: 7117:

Proceedings of the American Association of Equine Practitioners

6714:"Tad Lincoln: The Not-so-Famous Son of A Most-Famous President" 5512:

Sreejith VP, Arun V, Devarajan AP, Gopinath A, Sunil M (2018).

4609: 3739:

Kaplan EN (October 1975). "The occult submucous cleft palate".

3077: 2781:

wondering if the condition would ever be portrayed positively.

2771: 2741:

does not mention this but leaves it implied) and serial killer

2720: 2493: 1390: 1236: 1208: 1158: 764: 213: 93: 6919: 6917: 5347: 4773: 2456:

lack of data standards for outcomes assessment in cleft care.

1214:

Current research continues to investigate the extent to which

105:

Feeding problems, speech problems, hearing problems, frequent

9056: 8965: 8821: 8793: 8779: 8765: 8751: 8737: 8532: 8499: 5987:

JBI Database of Systematic Reviews and Implementation Reports

5511: 5468: 5170: 3706:

Current Opinion in Otolaryngology & Head and Neck Surgery

3141: 3073: 2608: 2604: 2536: 1116: 1086: 1029: 973: 709: 611:

dissatisfaction with peer relationships and higher levels of

525: 5924: 5122:

Honein MA, Devine O, Grosse SD, Reefhuis J (November 2014).

4436: 3350: 360:

as soon as possible to determine the severity of the cleft.

9378: 9070: 9042: 8846: 8693: 8679: 8660: 8646: 8632: 8618: 8593: 8574: 8513: 8485: 8457: 6914: 5967:

Reilly S, Reid J, Skeat J, Cahir P, Mei C, Bunik M (2013).

5868: 4277:

10.1597/1545-1569(1999)036<0001:PIICCS>2.3.CO;2

4151:

10.1597/1545-1569(1997)034<0396:SPFAAP>2.3.CO;2

3999:

10.1597/1545-1569(1991)028<0347:SCOCAA>2.3.CO;2

3984: 3765: 3683:

10.1597/1545-1569(2000)037<0112:PPFASP>2.3.CO;2

2667: 2637:

has a cleft lip that is never corrected. In the 1920 novel

1137: 1122: 1102: 1092: 1080: 1049: 993: 937: 851: 740: 727: 705: 406:

Cleft palate is a condition in which the two plates of the

286: 6177: 5723: 5121: 4835: 3581: 2819:, 1993–2012; born with cleft lip and without cleft palate 2563: 708:, One study found an association between mutations in the 92:

Opening in the upper lip that may extend into the nose or

7303:

Dixon MJ, Marazita ML, Beaty TH, Murray JC (March 2011).

5206: 4561:

Dixon MJ, Marazita ML, Beaty TH, Murray JC (March 2011).

4343: 2663: 1333:

Most children with a form of clefting are monitored by a

5680: 4560: 4068: 7088:

Proceedings of the North American Veterinary Conference

6896:"Schmitt is face of West Va. toughness| USA Today" 6245: 6027: 5772: 5249: 4184: 6599:"Rage 2 is a fun game that makes me feel like garbage" 5398: 4019: 1564:

bone has matured (known as the consolidation period).

652:

The development of the face is coordinated by complex

6076:

Duarte GA, Ramos RB, Cardoso MC (September 1, 2016).

5984: 5567:. Oakville, Ontaria, CA: Pulsus Group. pp. 1–92. 4485: 3943: 3913:

The clinician's guide to treating cleft palate speech

1545:– surgical cutting of bone to realign the upper jaw ( 216:(the roof of the mouth) contains an opening into the 7372: 6701:

Bloodfeud: Murder and Revenge in Anglo-Saxon England

5966: 5899: 5599: 4964: 4069:

Hunt O, Burden D, Hepper P, Johnston C (June 2005).

2849:, who is usually remembered for his friendship with 1172:

have also been linked to maternal hypoxia caused by

7257:

Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association

5013: 4683: 4411: 683:palate fissure up to a completely malformed face). 414:(roof of the mouth) are not completely joined. The 9085:Ectrodactyly–ectodermal dysplasia–cleft syndrome 3 8108:North Thames Regional Cleft Lip and Palate Service 7026:"Franz Rogowski im Porträt – Schönheit des Makels" 6075: 3915:(Second ed.). St. Louis, Missouri: Elsevier. 3210:Cleft lip in a Boxer with premaxillary involvement 8098:Craniofacial Society of Great Britain and Ireland 7254: 7107: 7052: 7050: 4776:Journal of Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus 4262: 4209: 3944:Roberts RM, Mathias JL, Wheaton P (August 2012). 1490:Often a cleft palate is temporarily covered by a 1250:described fifteen lines of cleft. Most of these 9537: 7081: 6676:"King Tut Not Murdered Violently, CT Scans Show" 6453: 5903:Tympanostomy Tubes in Children With Otitis Media 5565:Making faces: Logan's cleft lip and palate story 4955: 3538: 2658:, is a young woman living in 19th-century rural 763:can cause cleft lip and palate, joint pain, and 7056: 6340: 6316:"Who is affected by cleft lip and cleft palate" 6239: 4960: 4958: 4914: 4912: 1486:A repaired cleft palate on a 64-year-old female 712:gene and cleft lip and cleft palate formation. 7939: 7645:Tracheoesophageal fistula: types B, C, D and E 7349:Cleft Lip and Palate: Diagnosis and Management 7047: 5562: 5072: 4890:Wall J, Albanese CT (2015), Doherty GM (ed.), 4373: 4171: 3495: 3152:during pregnancy in dogs and the ingestion of 3144:by cattle during the second or third month of 3080:. Most commonly, the defect involves the lip, 1627: 1293:cleft lip and palate (with an intact alveolus) 725:is caused by a specific variation in the gene 560:to help the baby swallow the milk more easily. 396:The same girl, age eight, the scar almost gone 9385:Arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia 11 9357:Arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia 10 9182: 8977:Yemenite deaf-blind hypopigmentation syndrome 8165: 7925: 7535: 7199: 6622: 5014:Millicovsky G, Johnston MC (September 1981). 4415:Current Diagnosis & Treatment: Pediatrics 4407: 4405: 4296: 4294: 4026:Journal of Taibah University Medical Sciences 3883:Feeding in Cleft Lip And Cleft Palata Infants 1382:. Millard performed the first procedure at a 691:syndromic clefts, also have a genetic cause. 7295:FIGURE 1 | Development of the lip and palate 7205: 6625:"Once a Knight: The legendary man, Mr. Byrd" 5730:Journal of Oral & Maxillofacial Research 5580: 5578: 5576: 5574: 5256:American Journal of Medical Genetics. Part A 5079:Birth Defects Research. Part C, Embryo Today 4909: 4889: 4838:American Journal of Medical Genetics. Part A 4489:American Journal of Medical Genetics. Part A 4020:Al-Namankany A, Alhubaishi A (August 2018). 3820:American-Speech-Language-Hearing Association 3471:. Singapore: World Scientific. p. 283. 2670:in France. Similarly, the main character in 1264:Classification of cleft lip and cleft palate 702:cleft lip and palate transmembrane protein 1 7174: 6404: 6361: 6036:(2). John Wiley & Sons, Ltd: CD003315. 6030:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 5927:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 5871:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 5826:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 5630:SRB's Surgical Operations: Text & Atlas 5626: 5305:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 5200: 3222:Same dog as picture on left, one year later 481:A result of an open connection between the 9189: 9175: 8172: 8158: 7932: 7918: 7542: 7528: 6992: 5462: 4896:CURRENT Diagnosis & Treatment: Surgery 4402: 4300: 4291: 3384: 3382: 3309: 3307: 3305: 3303: 3301: 3299: 3297: 3295: 3293: 3291: 3289: 384:The same girl, one month after the surgery 7328: 7231: 6953: 6893: 6511: 6436: 6192: 6154: 6144: 6103: 6093: 6049: 5845: 5749: 5584: 5571: 5539: 5529: 5401:Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery 5375: 5365: 5324: 5275: 5147: 5098: 5073:Shi M, Wehby GL, Murray JC (March 2008). 5049: 5039: 4990: 4750: 4709: 4586: 4479: 4462: 4223: 4086: 4045: 3961: 3849: 3791: 3642: 3413: 3346: 3344: 3342: 3340: 3338: 3336: 3287: 3285: 3283: 3281: 3279: 3277: 3275: 3273: 3271: 3269: 2470:Clefting prevalence in different cultures 568:using specialized equipment, such as the 9315: 9290: 8581:Posterior polymorphous corneal dystrophy 8411:Autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome type 1 8058:Hearing loss with craniofacial syndromes 7640:Esophageal atresia: types A, B, C, and D 7059:Textbook of Veterinary Internal Medicine 6966:. London: Hodder and Stoughton. p. 6082:Brazilian Journal of Otorhinolaryngology 4136: 4109: 3664: 3662: 3485:from the original on September 10, 2017. 3315:"Facts about Cleft Lip and Cleft Palate" 2554: 1481: 1129: 815:Hearing loss with craniofacial syndromes 551: 29:Birth defect of the palate and upper lip 8772:Anterior segment mesenchymal dysgenesis 7187:from the original on September 20, 2004 7156:from the original on September 29, 2007 7126:from the original on September 29, 2007 7061:(4th ed.). W.B. Saunders Company. 7023: 6959: 6477: 5433: 4529: 3703: 3464: 3379: 3254:Face and neck development of the embryo 2696:Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets 2564:Handicap law and abortion controversies 1455: 1149:lysine demethylase, and is involved in 14: 9538: 9453:Familial exudative vitreoretinopathy 5 9273:Surfactant metabolism dysfunction 1, 2 6931:from the original on January 21, 2013. 6649: 6596: 6570: 6410: 6370:The Journal of Laryngology and Otology 6367: 5350:"Oral cleft prevention program (OCPP)" 4898:(14th ed.), McGraw-Hill Education 4418:(24th ed.). McGraw-Hill Education 3738: 3732: 3333: 3266: 3124:, clefts are seen in combination with 2550: 2547:and the lowest generally in Africans. 2450: 1497:Cleft palate can also be corrected by 586: 513:). Possible treatment options include 239:. The cause is unknown in most cases. 9170: 8304:X-linked adrenal hypoplasia congenita 8153: 7913: 7523: 7084:"Surgery of the Soft and Hard Palate" 6974:from the original on February 6, 2015 6949:from the original on August 22, 2014. 6902:from the original on October 15, 2009 6514:"Edits and Changes to the Text of CS" 6248:The Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Journal 6071: 6069: 5962: 5960: 5815: 5813: 5776:The Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Journal 5587:Orthodontics: Principles and Practice 5471:The Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Journal 5174:Paediatric and Perinatal Epidemiology 4665:from the original on February 8, 2007 4542:from the original on January 29, 2017 4303:The Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Journal 4265:The Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Journal 4212:The Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Journal 4139:The Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Journal 3987:The Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Journal 3906: 3904: 3902: 3876: 3874: 3872: 3870: 3842:Orthodontics: Principles and Practice 3671:The Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Journal 3668: 3659: 3498:The Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Journal 2900:Fourth and youngest son of President 1652: 1300: 292: 8356:Greig cephalopolysyndactyly syndrome 6631:from the original on October 5, 2016 6537: 4739:American Journal of Medical Genetics 3880: 3435: 3433: 2567: 1526:and will become integrated with the 8730:Iridogoniodysgenesis, dominant type 6993:Cartwright G (September 30, 2017). 4918: 4613:The New England Journal of Medicine 3400:(10159): 1736–1788. November 2018. 3182:, mucosal flaps, and microvascular 2942:Australian professional footballer 2622: 1195:(members of the vitamin A family); 591:There is research dedicated to the 311:(formation of the primary palate). 24: 9410:cell surface receptor deficiencies 9335:Striate palmoplantar keratoderma 1 9255:Charcot–Marie–Tooth disease 1B, 2J 9014: 7553:malformations and deformations of 7287: 6768:Beverley Lyons, October 16, 2006. 6181:Fetal and Maternal Medicine Review 6066: 5957: 5810: 5683:Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery 3899: 3867: 3631:Archives of Facial Plastic Surgery 3541:Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery 3249:Cleft lip and palate organisations 2709:The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn 2500:have the lowest prevalence rates. 1537: 1410:The blue lines indicate incisions. 1345:, speech and language therapists, 464:Unilateral complete lip and palate 25: 9577: 9511:Limb-girdle muscular dystrophy 2B 7368: 7346:Berkowitz S (February 26, 2013). 7108:Semevolos SA, Ducharme N (1998). 6820:from the original on May 31, 2009 6770:Carmite Doing Her Bit For Charity 6744:"Carmit Bachar, smile ambassador" 4655:"Cleft palate genetic clue found" 4191:from the original on July 1, 2007 3430: 1614: 1477: 1257: 840: 810:Malpuech facial clefting syndrome 476:Bilateral complete lip and palate 8744:Lymphedema–distichiasis syndrome 8340:Tricho–rhino–phalangeal syndrome 8314:Familial partial lipodystrophy 3 8093:Cleft Lip and Palate Association 7248: 7168: 7138: 7101: 7075: 7057:Ettinger SJ, Feldman EC (1995). 7017: 6986: 6894:Whiteside K (November 4, 2006). 6887: 6862: 5655:"Biography and Personal Archive" 5436:Journal of Maxillofacial Surgery 5221:10.1097/00019605-199510000-00013 4933:10.1111/j.0009-9163.2004.00225.x 4075:European Journal of Orthodontics 3768:"Late detection of cleft palate" 3718:10.1097/00020840-200112000-00005 3321:from the original on May 8, 2015 3215: 3203: 3191: 3067: 2784: 2571: 2528:Africans: 0.18/1000 to 1.67/1000 2507:Japanese: 0.82/1000 to 3.36/1000 1439: 1427: 1415: 1403: 791:can cause cleft lip and palate, 738:, is caused by mutations in the 736:X-linked intellectual disability 547: 469: 457: 445: 389: 377: 365: 340: 328: 316: 53: 9492:HFE hereditary haemochromatosis 9008:(0) Other transcription factors 8299:Estrogen insensitivity syndrome 8267:Androgen insensitivity syndrome 8123:Shriners Hospitals for Children 8118:Overseas Plastic Surgery Appeal 7024:Bartels G (February 18, 2018). 6832: 6806: 6785: 6762: 6736: 6706: 6694: 6668: 6652:Doc Holliday: A Family Portrait 6643: 6616: 6590: 6564: 6531: 6505: 6471: 6334: 6307: 6282: 6225: 6171: 6120: 6021: 5978: 5918: 5893: 5862: 5766: 5717: 5674: 5647: 5633:. JP Medical Ltd. p. 414. 5620: 5608:(11): 325–8, discussion 328–9. 5593: 5556: 5518:Contemporary Clinical Dentistry 5505: 5427: 5392: 5341: 5292: 5243: 5164: 5115: 5066: 5007: 4883: 4872: 4829: 4802: 4767: 4726: 4677: 4647: 4603: 4554: 4523: 4430: 4337: 4256: 4203: 4177: 4165: 4130: 4103: 4062: 4013: 3978: 3950:Journal of Pediatric Psychology 3937: 3833: 3808: 3759: 3697: 2723:, the secondary villain of the 2463: 2434: 2431: 2428: 2425: 2361: 2358: 2355: 2352: 2349: 2346: 2343: 2340: 2337: 2334: 2328: 2267: 2264: 2261: 2179: 2176: 2173: 2170: 2087: 2084: 2081: 2014: 2011: 1940: 1937: 1857: 1795: 1792: 1789: 1786: 1783: 1290:cleft lip, alveolus, and palate 401: 62:Child with cleft lip and palate 9439:X-Linked mental retardation 58 9200:protein disorders (other than 8889:Hyperimmunoglobulin E syndrome 8294:PHA1AD pseudohypoaldosteronism 7980:Oral and maxillofacial surgery 6995:"He Was Born With a Cleft Lip" 6963:Antoinette Bourignon, Quietist 6943:"Who's That Guy? Dario Saric!" 6623:Nico Van Thyn (June 8, 2012). 6478:Allison R (December 2, 2003). 5935:10.1002/14651858.CD001801.pub3 5879:10.1002/14651858.CD006703.pub2 5838:10.1002/14651858.CD010403.pub3 5317:10.1002/14651858.CD007950.pub3 4530:Sandoiu A (January 17, 2017). 3772:European Journal of Pediatrics 3618: 3575: 3532: 3489: 3458: 2995:English author and journalist 2807:American sportswriter for the 1447: 1364: 485:and inside the nose is called 235:. As such, they are a type of 73:Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery 48:Hare-lip, cleft lip and palate 13: 1: 9151:Atrichia with papular lesions 7212:Journal of Veterinary Science 6654:. University of Omaha Press. 5563:Bristow L, Bristow S (2007). 5448:10.1016/S0301-0503(76)80013-6 4788:10.3928/0191-3913-19900901-12 3406:10.1016/S0140-6736(18)32203-7 3259: 2634:Life & Times of Michael K 2441: 1579:(excessive nasal resonance), 1384:Mobile Army Surgical Hospital 9526:other cell membrane proteins 9245:Pelizaeus–Merzbacher disease 8858:Popliteal pterygium syndrome 8800:Enlarged vestibular aqueduct 8639:Waardenburg syndrome 1&3 8424:(3) Helix-turn-helix domains 8183:relating to deficiencies of 8133:Transforming Faces Worldwide 8068:Popliteal pterygium syndrome 7082:Rodriguez Garcia JF (2006). 6925:"Famous People with a Cleft" 6512:VanderArk S (June 6, 2017). 5695:10.1097/PRS.0b013e318199f46e 5602:The Nebraska Medical Journal 4388:10.1016/j.acthis.2006.05.009 4038:10.1016/j.jtumed.2018.04.007 3553:10.1097/PRS.0b013e31818820bc 2966:American actor and comedian 2954:American actor and narrator 2751:and its screen adaptations, 1660: 1573:Velopharyngeal insufficiency 1325: 1222: 1153:. The catalytic activity of 820:Popliteal pterygium syndrome 715: 487:velopharyngeal insufficiency 297: 263:(such as some used to treat 7: 8958:Premature ovarian failure 7 8814:Premature ovarian failure 3 8686:Congenital hypothyroidism 2 8083:National and international 8040:Speech and language therapy 7150:The Merck Veterinary Manual 6775:September 27, 2007, at the 6429:10.1136/bmj.327.7426.1250-c 6095:10.1016/j.bjorl.2015.10.020 3851:10.1002/9781118785041.index 3227: 3128:, which is inherited as an 3104:has also been suggested in 2915:American dancer and singer 2855:Gunfight at the O.K. Corral 2607:age limit, even though the 2504:Native Americans: 3.74/1000 1628:Alternative Feeding Methods 734:Another syndrome, Siderius 694: 204:contains an opening in the 10: 9582: 9105:Transcription coregulators 8875:with minor groove contacts 8262:Thyroid hormone resistance 7941:Cleft lip and cleft palate 7837:Johanson–Blizzard syndrome 7511:Cleft lip and cleft palate 6627:. nvanthyn.blogsport.com. 6571:Plante C (June 14, 2018). 6411:Dobson R (November 2003). 5999:10.11124/jbisrir-2015-2336 5585:Gill DS, Naini FB (2011). 5413:10.1016/j.joms.2008.01.042 4879:Hardikar syndrome symptoms 4172:Bristow & Bristow 2007 3644:10.1001/archfacial.2011.26 3353:Clinics in Plastic Surgery 2908: 2893: 2877: 2861: 2824: 2800: 2467: 1602: 1586: 1261: 1235:to diagnose facial clefts 1141:. The research found that 825:Cornelia de Lange syndrome 773:can cause cleft palate or 9546:Congenital oral disorders 9521: 9506:Distal muscular dystrophy 9463: 9422: 9399: 9345: 9311: 9281: 9263: 9235: 9217: 9137: 9127:Rubinstein–Taybi syndrome 9112: 9103: 9034: 9007: 8987: 8953:SRY XY gonadal dysgenesis 8923: 8897: 8881: 8872: 8838: 8758:Bamforth–Lazarus syndrome 8710: 8610: 8430: 8423: 8403: 8370:Duane-radial ray syndrome 8348: 8327: 8319:SF1 XY gonadal dysgenesis 8249: 8240: 8220: 8199: 8192: 8081: 8048: 7947: 7880: 7850: 7817: 7808: 7767: 7717: 7708: 7681: 7625: 7570: 7561: 7471: 7376: 7299:FIGURE 2 | Types of cleft 7269:10.5326/15473317-37-2-183 6597:Plante C (May 13, 2019). 6382:10.1017/S002221510010862X 6203:10.1017/S0965539505001452 6146:10.1186/s40510-018-0252-y 6042:10.1002/14651858.cd003315 4185:"Cleft Palate Foundation" 3784:10.1007/s00431-015-2590-9 3596:10.1080/02844310310016412 3441:"GBD Results Tool | GHDx" 3365:10.1016/j.cps.2013.12.003 2827:John Henry "Doc" Holliday 2794: 2791: 2674:'s 1936 crime noir novel 1567: 830:Treacher Collins syndrome 190: 178: 168: 156: 128: 120: 112: 99: 86: 66: 61: 52: 44: 39: 8995:Cleidocranial dysostosis 8212:Saethre–Chotzen syndrome 7955:Advance practice nursing 7895:Polycystic liver disease 7759:Enteric duplication cyst 7309:Nature Reviews. Genetics 6518:The Harry Potter Lexicon 6133:Progress in Orthodontics 5367:10.1186/1471-2431-12-184 4971:Human Molecular Genetics 4690:Human Molecular Genetics 4567:Nature Reviews. Genetics 4112:The Cleft Palate Journal 3741:The Cleft Palate Journal 2797: 2693:In the first edition of 2519:: 1.43/1000 to 1.86/1000 2513:: 1.45/1000 to 4.04/1000 1557:Distraction osteogenesis 1170:congenital abnormalities 1165:early during pregnancy. 639: 593:psychosocial development 531: 354:muscle tissue in the lip 245:smoking during pregnancy 135:Smoking during pregnancy 9250:Dejerine–Sottas disease 8972:Waardenburg syndrome 4c 8672:Coloboma of optic nerve 8520:Tooth and nail syndrome 8360:Pallister–Hall syndrome 7786:Rectovestibular fistula 7224:10.4142/jvs.2006.7.1.93 7030:Der Tagesspiegel Online 6874:Cleft Palate Foundation 6844:Cleft Palate Foundation 2927:German philosopher and 2222:Alveolar cleft grafting 1272:(dental arch), and the 452:Incomplete cleft palate 9283:Cell adhesion molecule 8915:Ulnar–mammary syndrome 8873:(4) β-Scaffold factors 8853:Van der Woude syndrome 8385:Townes–Brocks syndrome 8258:Intracellular receptor 8138:Smile Angel Foundation 8073:Van der Woude syndrome 7990:Orthodontic technology 7749:Intestinal malrotation 7744:Hirschsprung's disease 7652:Esophageal inlet patch 7593:Van der Woude syndrome 6814:"Chat To Ljubo...LIVE" 5742:10.5037/jomr.2017.8302 5627:Sriram Bhat M (2014). 5531:10.4103/ccd.ccd_673_17 5209:Clinical Dysmorphology 5041:10.1073/pnas.78.9.5722 3816:"Cleft Lip and Palate" 3019:Croatian professional 2627:The eponymous hero of 2560: 1487: 1386:(MASH) unit in Korea. 1287:cleft lip and alveolus 797:Intestinal obstruction 723:Van der Woude syndrome 561: 309:medial nasal processes 9202:Cell surface receptor 9089:Limb–mammary syndrome 9077:Rapp–Hodgkin syndrome 9049:Pitt–Hopkins syndrome 8625:Papillorenal syndrome 8600:Mowat–Wilson syndrome 8506:Nail–patella syndrome 8390:Acrocallosal syndrome 8063:Pierre Robin syndrome 7739:Meckel's diverticulum 7181:Veterinary Toxicology 6999:POPSUGAR Celebrity UK 6945:. September 3, 2014. 6724:on September 27, 2007 3963:10.1093/jpepsy/jss052 3155:Veratrum californicum 2816:Bossier Press-Tribune 2775:left Chris Plante of 2558: 2535:Prevalence of "cleft 1485: 1157:depends on molecular 1151:epigenetic regulation 1130:Environmental factors 835:Pierre Robin syndrome 555: 323:Unilateral incomplete 182:1.5 per 1000 births ( 174:Good (with treatment) 9265:Pulmonary surfactant 8931:Campomelic dysplasia 8910:Li–Fraumeni syndrome 8395:Myotonic dystrophy 2 8365:Denys–Drash syndrome 8185:transcription factor 7948:Related specialities 7588:Cleft lip and palate 7177:"Teratogenic Agents" 7175:Beasley, V. (1999). 6850:on February 13, 2007 6552:on February 21, 2014 5268:10.1002/ajmg.a.32162 4850:10.1002/ajmg.a.33813 4625:10.1056/NEJMoa032909 4501:10.1002/ajmg.a.20649 4443:Genetic Epidemiology 3317:. October 20, 2014. 3198:Cleft lip in a Boxer 3163:aspiration pneumonia 3031:Antoinette Bourignon 2682:Patricia A. McKillip 2654:, by English writer 2644:by Norwegian writer 2368:Orthognathic surgery 1543:Orthognathic surgery 1464:Nasoalveolar molding 1456:Pre-surgical devices 1347:restorative dentists 1168:Cleft lip and other 771:Loeys–Dietz syndrome 654:morphogenetic events 509:and posterior nasal 305:maxillary prominence 40:Cleft lip and palate 18:Cleft lip and palate 9566:Otorhinolaryngology 8725:Axenfeld syndrome 3 8539:Axenfeld syndrome 1 8478:SPD1 synpolydactyly 8243:DNA-binding domains 8030:Respiratory therapy 8005:Pediatric dentistry 6750:on October 30, 2007 5032:1981PNAS...78.5722M 4892:"Pediatric Surgery" 4661:. August 30, 2004. 3465:Boklage CE (2010). 3445:ghdx.healthdata.org 3130:autosomal recessive 2739:the film adaptation 2551:Society and culture 2451:Outcomes assessment 1252:craniofacial clefts 799:and other symptoms. 587:Psychosocial issues 519:surgical procedures 335:Unilateral complete 77:Otorhinolaryngology 9081:Hay–Wells syndrome 8905:Holt–Oram syndrome 8667:Gillespie syndrome 8586:Fuchs' dystrophy 3 8464:Currarino syndrome 7832:Accessory pancreas 7727:Intestinal atresia 7472:External resources 6960:MacEwen A (1910). 6703:, Richard Fletcher 6650:Tanner KH (1998). 5140:10.1002/bdra.23274 5091:10.1002/bdrc.20117 4983:10.1093/hmg/ddp480 4702:10.1093/hmg/ddz010 4536:Medical News Today 4455:10.1002/gepi.20595 4088:10.1093/ejo/cji004 3244:Vomer flap surgery 2810:Shreveport Journal 2640:Growth of the Soil 2583:. You can help by 2561: 1653:Treatment schedule 1488: 1301:Prenatal diagnosis 1270:maxillary alveolus 1229:prenatal diagnosis 617:speech impediments 562: 435:inside of the nose 347:Bilateral complete 293:Signs and symptoms 9533: 9532: 9418: 9417: 9395: 9394: 9164: 9163: 9160: 9159: 9030: 9029: 9003: 9002: 8868: 8867: 8445:Ohtahara syndrome 8419: 8418: 8289:Kennedy's disease 8236: 8235: 8207:Feingold syndrome 8193:(1) Basic domains 8181:Genetic disorders 8147: 8146: 8050:Related syndromes 7907: 7906: 7903: 7902: 7890:Alagille syndrome 7860:Choledochal cysts 7804: 7803: 7791:Persistent cloaca 7704: 7703: 7506: 7505: 7359:978-3-642-30770-6 7068:978-0-7216-6795-9 6927:. April 5, 2008. 6793:"Jurgen Habermas" 6661:978-0-8061-3036-1 6322:on March 30, 2008 6294:www.nidcr.nih.gov 6179:United Kingdom". 5640:978-93-5025-121-8 5407:(10): 1985–1995. 5186:10.1111/ppe.12131 4921:Clinical Genetics 4696:(10): 1726–1737. 4376:Acta Histochemica 4315:10.1597/04-043R.1 4234:10.1597/04-078R.1 3922:978-0-323-33934-6 3892:978-3-659-38212-3 3861:978-1-118-78504-1 3478:978-981-283-514-7 3239:Palatal obturator 3065: 3064: 3007:English musician 2979:American football 2847:American Old West 2813:, 1957–1991, and 2743:Francis Dolarhyde 2702:In chapter 26 of 2601: 2600: 2439: 2438: 2072:Tympanostomy tube 1852:Repair cleft lip 1780:Palatal obturator 1503:hypernasal speech 1492:palatal obturator 1472:systematic review 1376:Millard procedure 1339:craniofacial team 1335:cleft palate team 1075: 1074: 789:Hardikar syndrome 761:Stickler syndrome 358:craniofacial team 198: 197: 34:Medical condition 16:(Redirected from 9573: 9478:Kindler syndrome 9321: 9313: 9312: 9296: 9288: 9287: 9227:Oguchi disease 1 9191: 9184: 9177: 9168: 9167: 9110: 9109: 9012: 9011: 8879: 8878: 8450:Lissencephaly X2 8428: 8427: 8335:Barakat syndrome 8247: 8246: 8197: 8196: 8174: 8167: 8160: 8151: 8150: 7934: 7927: 7920: 7911: 7910: 7842:Pancreas divisum 7827:Annular pancreas 7815: 7814: 7781:Imperforate anus 7732:Duodenal atresia 7715: 7714: 7691:Pyloric stenosis 7659:esophageal rings 7568: 7567: 7555:digestive system 7544: 7537: 7530: 7521: 7520: 7374: 7373: 7363: 7342: 7332: 7281: 7280: 7252: 7246: 7245: 7235: 7203: 7197: 7196: 7194: 7192: 7172: 7166: 7165: 7163: 7161: 7142: 7136: 7135: 7133: 7131: 7125: 7114: 7105: 7099: 7098: 7096: 7094: 7079: 7073: 7072: 7054: 7045: 7044: 7039: 7037: 7021: 7015: 7014: 7012: 7010: 7005:on June 30, 2019 7001:. Archived from 6990: 6984: 6983: 6981: 6979: 6957: 6951: 6950: 6939: 6933: 6932: 6921: 6912: 6911: 6909: 6907: 6891: 6885: 6884: 6882: 6880: 6866: 6860: 6859: 6857: 6855: 6846:. Archived from 6836: 6830: 6829: 6827: 6825: 6816:. May 28, 2009. 6810: 6804: 6803: 6801: 6799: 6789: 6783: 6781:The Daily Record 6766: 6760: 6759: 6757: 6755: 6746:. Archived from 6740: 6734: 6733: 6731: 6729: 6720:. Archived from 6710: 6704: 6698: 6692: 6691: 6689: 6687: 6678:. Archived from 6672: 6666: 6665: 6647: 6641: 6640: 6638: 6636: 6620: 6614: 6613: 6611: 6609: 6594: 6588: 6587: 6585: 6583: 6568: 6562: 6561: 6559: 6557: 6551: 6545:. Archived from 6544: 6535: 6529: 6528: 6526: 6524: 6509: 6503: 6502: 6500: 6498: 6475: 6469: 6457: 6451: 6450: 6440: 6408: 6402: 6401: 6365: 6359: 6358: 6338: 6332: 6331: 6329: 6327: 6318:. Archived from 6311: 6305: 6304: 6302: 6300: 6286: 6280: 6279: 6243: 6237: 6236: 6229: 6223: 6222: 6196: 6175: 6169: 6168: 6158: 6148: 6124: 6118: 6117: 6107: 6097: 6073: 6064: 6063: 6053: 6025: 6019: 6018: 5982: 5976: 5975: 5973: 5964: 5955: 5954: 5929:(10): CD001801. 5922: 5916: 5915: 5897: 5891: 5890: 5866: 5860: 5859: 5849: 5817: 5808: 5807: 5770: 5764: 5763: 5753: 5721: 5715: 5714: 5689:(3): 1002–1006. 5678: 5672: 5670: 5668: 5666: 5661:on June 17, 2007 5657:. Archived from 5651: 5645: 5644: 5624: 5618: 5617: 5597: 5591: 5590: 5582: 5569: 5568: 5560: 5554: 5553: 5543: 5533: 5509: 5503: 5502: 5466: 5460: 5459: 5431: 5425: 5424: 5396: 5390: 5389: 5379: 5369: 5345: 5339: 5338: 5328: 5311:(12): CD007950. 5296: 5290: 5289: 5279: 5247: 5241: 5240: 5204: 5198: 5197: 5168: 5162: 5161: 5151: 5119: 5113: 5112: 5102: 5070: 5064: 5063: 5053: 5043: 5026:(9): 5722–5723. 5011: 5005: 5004: 4994: 4962: 4953: 4952: 4916: 4907: 4906: 4905: 4903: 4887: 4881: 4876: 4870: 4869: 4844:(5): 1178–1183. 4833: 4827: 4826: 4817:(4–6): 369–371. 4806: 4800: 4799: 4771: 4765: 4764: 4754: 4730: 4724: 4723: 4713: 4681: 4675: 4674: 4672: 4670: 4651: 4645: 4644: 4607: 4601: 4600: 4590: 4558: 4552: 4551: 4549: 4547: 4527: 4521: 4520: 4483: 4477: 4476: 4466: 4434: 4428: 4427: 4425: 4423: 4409: 4400: 4399: 4371: 4362: 4361: 4352:(111): 637–647. 4341: 4335: 4334: 4298: 4289: 4288: 4260: 4254: 4253: 4227: 4207: 4201: 4200: 4198: 4196: 4181: 4175: 4174:, pp. 82–92 4169: 4163: 4162: 4134: 4128: 4127: 4107: 4101: 4100: 4090: 4066: 4060: 4059: 4049: 4017: 4011: 4010: 3982: 3976: 3975: 3965: 3941: 3935: 3934: 3908: 3897: 3896: 3878: 3865: 3864: 3853: 3837: 3831: 3830: 3828: 3826: 3812: 3806: 3805: 3795: 3763: 3757: 3756: 3736: 3730: 3729: 3701: 3695: 3694: 3666: 3657: 3656: 3646: 3622: 3616: 3615: 3579: 3573: 3572: 3547:(5): 1485–1493. 3536: 3530: 3529: 3510:10.1597/08-270.1 3493: 3487: 3486: 3462: 3456: 3455: 3453: 3451: 3437: 3428: 3427: 3417: 3386: 3377: 3376: 3348: 3331: 3330: 3328: 3326: 3311: 3219: 3207: 3195: 3122:Charolais cattle 2880:Thorgils Skarthi 2789: 2788: 2623:Works of fiction 2596: 2593: 2575: 2568: 1661: 1646:nasogastric tube 1507:Latham appliance 1443: 1431: 1419: 1407: 1357:are replaced by 1174:maternal smoking 845: 844: 577:Eustachian tubes 473: 461: 449: 428:secondary palate 393: 381: 369: 344: 332: 320: 212:occurs when the 116:Present at birth 57: 37: 36: 21: 9581: 9580: 9576: 9575: 9574: 9572: 9571: 9570: 9551:Facial features 9536: 9535: 9534: 9529: 9517: 9459: 9414: 9391: 9341: 9316: 9307: 9291: 9277: 9259: 9231: 9213: 9195: 9165: 9156: 9133: 9099: 9026: 9022:Kabuki syndrome 8999: 8983: 8919: 8893: 8874: 8864: 8834: 8706: 8606: 8415: 8399: 8344: 8323: 8242: 8241:(2) Zinc finger 8232: 8216: 8188: 8187:or coregulators 8178: 8148: 8143: 8113:Operation Smile 8084: 8077: 8044: 8015:Plastic surgery 7943: 7938: 7908: 7899: 7876: 7872:Biliary atresia 7846: 7800: 7763: 7700: 7677: 7621: 7557: 7548: 7507: 7502: 7501: 7467: 7466: 7385: 7371: 7366: 7360: 7345: 7321:10.1038/nrg2933 7302: 7290: 7288:Further reading 7285: 7284: 7253: 7249: 7204: 7200: 7190: 7188: 7173: 7169: 7159: 7157: 7144: 7143: 7139: 7129: 7127: 7123: 7112: 7106: 7102: 7092: 7090: 7080: 7076: 7069: 7055: 7048: 7035: 7033: 7022: 7018: 7008: 7006: 6991: 6987: 6977: 6975: 6958: 6954: 6941: 6940: 6936: 6923: 6922: 6915: 6905: 6903: 6892: 6888: 6878: 6876: 6868: 6867: 6863: 6853: 6851: 6838: 6837: 6833: 6823: 6821: 6812: 6811: 6807: 6797: 6795: 6791: 6790: 6786: 6777:Wayback Machine 6767: 6763: 6753: 6751: 6742: 6741: 6737: 6727: 6725: 6718:HistoryBuff.com 6712: 6711: 6707: 6699: 6695: 6685: 6683: 6682:on July 3, 2007 6674: 6673: 6669: 6662: 6648: 6644: 6634: 6632: 6621: 6617: 6607: 6605: 6595: 6591: 6581: 6579: 6569: 6565: 6555: 6553: 6549: 6542: 6536: 6532: 6522: 6520: 6510: 6506: 6496: 6494: 6476: 6472: 6458: 6454: 6409: 6405: 6366: 6362: 6339: 6335: 6325: 6323: 6314: 6312: 6308: 6298: 6296: 6288: 6287: 6283: 6244: 6240: 6231: 6230: 6226: 6194:10.1.1.483.9042 6176: 6172: 6125: 6121: 6074: 6067: 6026: 6022: 5983: 5979: 5971: 5965: 5958: 5923: 5919: 5898: 5894: 5873:(1): CD006703. 5867: 5863: 5832:(8): CD010403. 5818: 5811: 5771: 5767: 5722: 5718: 5679: 5675: 5664: 5662: 5653: 5652: 5648: 5641: 5625: 5621: 5598: 5594: 5583: 5572: 5561: 5557: 5510: 5506: 5467: 5463: 5432: 5428: 5397: 5393: 5346: 5342: 5297: 5293: 5248: 5244: 5205: 5201: 5169: 5165: 5134:(11): 822–825. 5120: 5116: 5071: 5067: 5012: 5008: 4963: 4956: 4917: 4910: 4901: 4899: 4888: 4884: 4877: 4873: 4834: 4830: 4807: 4803: 4772: 4768: 4731: 4727: 4682: 4678: 4668: 4666: 4653: 4652: 4648: 4608: 4604: 4579:10.1038/nrg2933 4559: 4555: 4545: 4543: 4528: 4524: 4484: 4480: 4435: 4431: 4421: 4419: 4410: 4403: 4372: 4365: 4342: 4338: 4299: 4292: 4261: 4257: 4225:10.1.1.624.1274 4208: 4204: 4194: 4192: 4183: 4182: 4178: 4170: 4166: 4135: 4131: 4108: 4104: 4067: 4063: 4018: 4014: 3983: 3979: 3942: 3938: 3923: 3909: 3900: 3893: 3881:Goel S (2015). 3879: 3868: 3862: 3839: 3838: 3834: 3824: 3822: 3814: 3813: 3809: 3764: 3760: 3737: 3733: 3702: 3698: 3667: 3660: 3623: 3619: 3580: 3576: 3537: 3533: 3494: 3490: 3479: 3463: 3459: 3449: 3447: 3439: 3438: 3431: 3388: 3387: 3380: 3349: 3334: 3324: 3322: 3313: 3312: 3267: 3262: 3230: 3223: 3220: 3211: 3208: 3199: 3196: 3150:corticosteroids 3110:Swiss Sheepdogs 3098:Boston Terriers 3070: 3035:Flemish mystic 2938:Ljubo Milicevic 2923:Jürgen Habermas 2902:Abraham Lincoln 2787: 2625: 2597: 2591: 2588: 2581:needs expansion 2566: 2553: 2523:Latin Americans 2517:White Americans 2476:developed world 2472: 2466: 2453: 2444: 1774: 1769: 1764: 1759: 1754: 1749: 1744: 1739: 1734: 1729: 1724: 1719: 1714: 1709: 1704: 1699: 1694: 1689: 1684: 1679: 1674: 1669: 1655: 1633:spent feeding. 1630: 1617: 1605: 1597:Eustachian tube 1589: 1570: 1540: 1538:Other surgeries 1520:cancellous bone 1480: 1458: 1451: 1444: 1435: 1432: 1423: 1420: 1411: 1408: 1367: 1359:permanent teeth 1355:deciduous teeth 1328: 1303: 1266: 1260: 1241:ultrasonography 1225: 1132: 843: 783:aortic aneurysm 718: 697: 680: 642: 634:quality of life 589: 570:Haberman Feeder 550: 534: 477: 474: 465: 462: 453: 450: 404: 397: 394: 385: 382: 373: 370: 348: 345: 336: 333: 324: 321: 300: 295: 283:developed world 269:ultrasound exam 257:an older mother 222:orofacial cleft 184:developed world 124:Usually unknown 35: 30: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 9579: 9569: 9568: 9563: 9558: 9553: 9548: 9531: 9530: 9522: 9519: 9518: 9516: 9515: 9514: 9513: 9508: 9496: 9495: 9494: 9482: 9481: 9480: 9467: 9465: 9461: 9460: 9458: 9457: 9456: 9455: 9443: 9442: 9441: 9428: 9426: 9420: 9419: 9416: 9415: 9413: 9412: 9406: 9404: 9397: 9396: 9393: 9392: 9390: 9389: 9388: 9387: 9375: 9374: 9373: 9361: 9360: 9359: 9346: 9343: 9342: 9340: 9339: 9338: 9337: 9324: 9322: 9309: 9308: 9306: 9305: 9299: 9297: 9285: 9279: 9278: 9276: 9275: 9269: 9267: 9261: 9260: 9258: 9257: 9252: 9247: 9241: 9239: 9233: 9232: 9230: 9229: 9223: 9221: 9215: 9214: 9194: 9193: 9186: 9179: 9171: 9162: 9161: 9158: 9157: 9155: 9154: 9141: 9139: 9135: 9134: 9132: 9131: 9130: 9129: 9116: 9114: 9107: 9101: 9100: 9098: 9097: 9096: 9095: 9067: 9066: 9065: 9053: 9052: 9051: 9038: 9036: 9032: 9031: 9028: 9027: 9025: 9024: 9018: 9016: 9009: 9005: 9004: 9001: 9000: 8998: 8997: 8991: 8989: 8985: 8984: 8982: 8981: 8980: 8979: 8974: 8962: 8961: 8960: 8955: 8943: 8938: 8933: 8927: 8925: 8921: 8920: 8918: 8917: 8912: 8907: 8901: 8899: 8895: 8894: 8892: 8891: 8885: 8883: 8876: 8870: 8869: 8866: 8865: 8863: 8862: 8861: 8860: 8855: 8842: 8840: 8836: 8835: 8833: 8832: 8831: 8830: 8818: 8817: 8816: 8804: 8803: 8802: 8790: 8789: 8788: 8776: 8775: 8774: 8762: 8761: 8760: 8748: 8747: 8746: 8734: 8733: 8732: 8727: 8714: 8712: 8708: 8707: 8705: 8704: 8703: 8702: 8690: 8689: 8688: 8676: 8675: 8674: 8669: 8657: 8656: 8655: 8643: 8642: 8641: 8629: 8628: 8627: 8614: 8612: 8608: 8607: 8605: 8604: 8603: 8602: 8590: 8589: 8588: 8583: 8571: 8570: 8569: 8557: 8556: 8555: 8543: 8542: 8541: 8529: 8528: 8527: 8522: 8510: 8509: 8508: 8496: 8495: 8494: 8482: 8481: 8480: 8468: 8467: 8466: 8454: 8453: 8452: 8447: 8434: 8432: 8425: 8421: 8420: 8417: 8416: 8414: 8413: 8407: 8405: 8401: 8400: 8398: 8397: 8392: 8387: 8382: 8377: 8372: 8367: 8362: 8352: 8350: 8346: 8345: 8343: 8342: 8337: 8331: 8329: 8325: 8324: 8322: 8321: 8316: 8311: 8306: 8301: 8296: 8291: 8286: 8285: 8284: 8279: 8274: 8264: 8253: 8251: 8244: 8238: 8237: 8234: 8233: 8231: 8230: 8228:Tietz syndrome 8224: 8222: 8218: 8217: 8215: 8214: 8209: 8203: 8201: 8194: 8190: 8189: 8177: 8176: 8169: 8162: 8154: 8145: 8144: 8142: 8141: 8135: 8130: 8125: 8120: 8115: 8110: 8105: 8100: 8095: 8089: 8087: 8079: 8078: 8076: 8075: 8070: 8065: 8060: 8054: 8052: 8046: 8045: 8043: 8042: 8037: 8032: 8027: 8022: 8017: 8012: 8007: 8002: 7997: 7995:Otolaryngology 7992: 7987: 7982: 7977: 7972: 7967: 7962: 7957: 7951: 7949: 7945: 7944: 7937: 7936: 7929: 7922: 7914: 7905: 7904: 7901: 7900: 7898: 7897: 7892: 7886: 7884: 7878: 7877: 7875: 7874: 7869: 7868: 7867: 7865:Caroli disease 7856: 7854: 7848: 7847: 7845: 7844: 7839: 7834: 7829: 7823: 7821: 7812: 7806: 7805: 7802: 7801: 7799: 7798: 7796:Rectal atresia 7793: 7788: 7783: 7777: 7775: 7765: 7764: 7762: 7761: 7756: 7751: 7746: 7741: 7736: 7735: 7734: 7723: 7721: 7712: 7710:Lower GI tract 7706: 7705: 7702: 7701: 7699: 7698: 7693: 7687: 7685: 7679: 7678: 7676: 7675: 7674: 7673: 7667: 7664:Esophageal web 7655: 7654: 7649: 7648: 7647: 7642: 7631: 7629: 7623: 7622: 7620: 7619: 7618: 7617: 7612: 7607: 7595: 7590: 7584: 7582: 7565: 7563:Upper GI tract 7559: 7558: 7547: 7546: 7539: 7532: 7524: 7518: 7517: 7504: 7503: 7500: 7499: 7488: 7476: 7475: 7473: 7469: 7468: 7465: 7464: 7453: 7438: 7419: 7386: 7381: 7380: 7378: 7377:Classification 7370: 7369:External links 7367: 7365: 7364: 7358: 7343: 7315:(3): 167–178. 7291: 7289: 7286: 7283: 7282: 7263:(2): 183–186. 7247: 7198: 7167: 7137: 7100: 7074: 7067: 7046: 7016: 6985: 6952: 6934: 6913: 6886: 6870:"Cheech Marin" 6861: 6831: 6805: 6784: 6761: 6735: 6705: 6693: 6667: 6660: 6642: 6615: 6589: 6563: 6530: 6504: 6470: 6459:Hill, Amelia. 6452: 6423:(7426): 1250. 6403: 6376:(3): 249–252. 6360: 6333: 6306: 6281: 6260:10.1597/15-292 6254:(5): 540–554. 6238: 6224: 6170: 6119: 6088:(5): 602–609. 6065: 6020: 5977: 5956: 5917: 5892: 5861: 5809: 5788:10.1597/05-109 5782:(6): 673–677. 5765: 5716: 5673: 5646: 5639: 5619: 5592: 5589:. p. 257. 5570: 5555: 5524:(2): 304–308. 5504: 5483:10.1597/14-080 5477:(2): 175–188. 5461: 5426: 5391: 5354:BMC Pediatrics 5340: 5291: 5262:(4): 440–449. 5242: 5215:(4): 359–363. 5199: 5180:(4): 322–332. 5163: 5114: 5065: 5006: 4977:(2): 217–222. 4954: 4927:(3): 163–176. 4908: 4882: 4871: 4828: 4801: 4782:(5): 265–267. 4766: 4745:(3): 216–220. 4725: 4676: 4646: 4619:(8): 769–780. 4602: 4573:(3): 167–178. 4553: 4522: 4478: 4449:(6): 469–478. 4429: 4401: 4363: 4336: 4309:(4): 349–354. 4290: 4255: 4218:(5): 548–555. 4202: 4176: 4164: 4145:(5): 396–401. 4129: 4118:(3): 131–139. 4102: 4081:(3): 274–285. 4061: 4032:(4): 311–318. 4012: 3993:(4): 347–353. 3977: 3956:(7): 786–797. 3936: 3921: 3898: 3891: 3866: 3860: 3832: 3807: 3758: 3731: 3696: 3677:(2): 112–122. 3658: 3637:(3): 152–160. 3617: 3590:(4): 232–235. 3574: 3531: 3504:(3): 297–302. 3488: 3477: 3457: 3429: 3378: 3359:(2): 149–163. 3332: 3264: 3263: 3261: 3258: 3257: 3256: 3251: 3246: 3241: 3236: 3229: 3226: 3225: 3224: 3221: 3214: 3212: 3209: 3202: 3200: 3197: 3190: 3126:arthrogryposis 3090:Brachycephalic 3069: 3066: 3063: 3062: 3060: 3057: 3055:Franz Rogowski 3051: 3050: 3048: 3047:English actor 3045: 3039: 3038: 3036: 3033: 3027: 3026: 3024: 3017: 3011: 3010: 3008: 3005: 3003:Richard Hawley 2999: 2998: 2996: 2993: 2987: 2986: 2984: 2976: 2970: 2969: 2967: 2964: 2958: 2957: 2955: 2952: 2946: 2945: 2943: 2940: 2934: 2933: 2931: 2925: 2919: 2918: 2916: 2913: 2907: 2906: 2904: 2898: 2892: 2891: 2889: 2882: 2876: 2875: 2873: 2866: 2860: 2859: 2857: 2829: 2823: 2822: 2820: 2805: 2799: 2798: 2796: 2793: 2786: 2783: 2687:The Night Gift 2677:A Gun for Sale 2631:'s 1983 novel 2624: 2621: 2599: 2598: 2578: 2576: 2565: 2562: 2552: 2549: 2530: 2529: 2526: 2520: 2514: 2508: 2505: 2468:Main article: 2465: 2462: 2452: 2449: 2443: 2440: 2437: 2436: 2433: 2430: 2427: 2424: 2421: 2418: 2415: 2412: 2409: 2406: 2403: 2400: 2397: 2394: 2391: 2388: 2385: 2382: 2379: 2376: 2373: 2370: 2364: 2363: 2360: 2357: 2354: 2351: 2348: 2345: 2342: 2339: 2336: 2333: 2330: 2327: 2324: 2321: 2318: 2315: 2312: 2309: 2306: 2303: 2300: 2297: 2291: 2290: 2287: 2284: 2281: 2278: 2275: 2272: 2269: 2266: 2263: 2260: 2257: 2254: 2251: 2248: 2245: 2242: 2239: 2236: 2233: 2230: 2227: 2224: 2218: 2217: 2214: 2211: 2208: 2205: 2202: 2199: 2196: 2193: 2190: 2187: 2184: 2181: 2178: 2175: 2172: 2169: 2166: 2163: 2160: 2157: 2154: 2151: 2149:pharyngoplasty 2145:Speech therapy 2141: 2140: 2137: 2134: 2131: 2128: 2125: 2122: 2119: 2116: 2113: 2110: 2107: 2104: 2101: 2098: 2095: 2092: 2089: 2086: 2083: 2080: 2077: 2074: 2068: 2067: 2064: 2061: 2058: 2055: 2052: 2049: 2046: 2043: 2040: 2037: 2034: 2031: 2028: 2025: 2022: 2019: 2016: 2013: 2010: 2007: 2004: 2001: 1994: 1993: 1990: 1987: 1984: 1981: 1978: 1975: 1972: 1969: 1966: 1963: 1960: 1957: 1954: 1951: 1948: 1945: 1942: 1939: 1936: 1933: 1930: 1927: 1920: 1919: 1916: 1913: 1910: 1907: 1904: 1901: 1898: 1895: 1892: 1889: 1886: 1883: 1880: 1877: 1874: 1871: 1868: 1865: 1862: 1859: 1856: 1853: 1849: 1848: 1845: 1842: 1839: 1836: 1833: 1830: 1827: 1824: 1821: 1818: 1815: 1812: 1809: 1806: 1803: 1800: 1797: 1794: 1791: 1788: 1785: 1782: 1776: 1775: 1772: 1770: 1767: 1765: 1762: 1760: 1757: 1755: 1752: 1750: 1747: 1745: 1742: 1740: 1737: 1735: 1732: 1730: 1727: 1725: 1722: 1720: 1717: 1715: 1712: 1710: 1707: 1705: 1702: 1700: 1697: 1695: 1692: 1690: 1687: 1685: 1682: 1680: 1677: 1675: 1672: 1670: 1667: 1665: 1654: 1651: 1629: 1626: 1616: 1615:Breast-feeding 1613: 1609:breast-feeding 1604: 1601: 1588: 1585: 1569: 1566: 1539: 1536: 1528:maxillary bone 1479: 1476: 1457: 1454: 1453: 1452: 1445: 1438: 1436: 1433: 1426: 1424: 1421: 1414: 1412: 1409: 1402: 1366: 1363: 1327: 1324: 1302: 1299: 1298: 1297: 1294: 1291: 1288: 1285: 1262:Main article: 1259: 1258:Classification 1256: 1224: 1221: 1197:anticonvulsant 1145:encodes for a 1131: 1128: 1073: 1072: 1069: 1066: 1061: 1057: 1056: 1053: 1046: 1041: 1037: 1036: 1033: 1026: 1021: 1017: 1016: 1013: 1010: 1005: 1001: 1000: 997: 990: 985: 981: 980: 977: 970: 965: 961: 960: 957: 954: 949: 945: 944: 941: 934: 929: 925: 924: 921: 918: 913: 909: 908: 905: 902: 897: 893: 892: 889: 886: 881: 877: 876: 873: 870: 865: 861: 860: 857: 854: 849: 842: 841:Specific genes 839: 838: 837: 832: 827: 822: 817: 812: 807: 804:Patau syndrome 800: 793:Hydronephrosis 786: 768: 754: 753: 732: 717: 714: 696: 693: 679: 678: 672: 666: 659: 641: 638: 613:social anxiety 588: 585: 549: 546: 533: 530: 515:speech therapy 501:errors (e.g., 479: 478: 475: 468: 466: 463: 456: 454: 451: 444: 410:that form the 403: 400: 399: 398: 395: 388: 386: 383: 376: 374: 371: 364: 350: 349: 346: 339: 337: 334: 327: 325: 322: 315: 299: 296: 294: 291: 276:Speech therapy 259:, and certain 226:ear infections 196: 195: 192: 188: 187: 180: 176: 175: 172: 166: 165: 162:speech therapy 158: 154: 153: 132: 126: 125: 122: 118: 117: 114: 110: 109: 107:ear infections 103: 97: 96: 90: 84: 83: 70: 64: 63: 59: 58: 50: 49: 46: 42: 41: 33: 28: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 9578: 9567: 9564: 9562: 9561:Lip disorders 9559: 9557: 9554: 9552: 9549: 9547: 9544: 9543: 9541: 9528: 9527: 9520: 9512: 9509: 9507: 9504: 9503: 9502: 9501: 9497: 9493: 9490: 9489: 9488: 9487: 9483: 9479: 9476: 9475: 9474: 9473: 9469: 9468: 9466: 9462: 9454: 9451: 9450: 9449: 9448: 9444: 9440: 9437: 9436: 9435: 9434: 9430: 9429: 9427: 9425: 9421: 9411: 9408: 9407: 9405: 9402: 9398: 9386: 9383: 9382: 9381: 9380: 9376: 9372: 9369: 9368: 9367: 9366: 9362: 9358: 9355: 9354: 9353: 9352: 9348: 9347: 9344: 9336: 9333: 9332: 9331: 9330: 9326: 9325: 9323: 9319: 9314: 9310: 9304: 9301: 9300: 9298: 9294: 9289: 9286: 9284: 9280: 9274: 9271: 9270: 9268: 9266: 9262: 9256: 9253: 9251: 9248: 9246: 9243: 9242: 9240: 9238: 9234: 9228: 9225: 9224: 9222: 9220: 9216: 9211: 9207: 9203: 9199: 9198:Cell membrane 9192: 9187: 9185: 9180: 9178: 9173: 9172: 9169: 9152: 9148: 9147: 9143: 9142: 9140: 9136: 9128: 9125: 9124: 9123: 9122: 9118: 9117: 9115: 9111: 9108: 9106: 9102: 9094: 9090: 9086: 9082: 9078: 9075: 9074: 9073: 9072: 9068: 9064: 9061: 9060: 9059: 9058: 9054: 9050: 9047: 9046: 9045: 9044: 9040: 9039: 9037: 9033: 9023: 9020: 9019: 9017: 9013: 9010: 9006: 8996: 8993: 8992: 8990: 8986: 8978: 8975: 8973: 8970: 8969: 8968: 8967: 8963: 8959: 8956: 8954: 8951: 8950: 8949: 8948: 8944: 8942: 8939: 8937: 8934: 8932: 8929: 8928: 8926: 8922: 8916: 8913: 8911: 8908: 8906: 8903: 8902: 8900: 8896: 8890: 8887: 8886: 8884: 8880: 8877: 8871: 8859: 8856: 8854: 8851: 8850: 8849: 8848: 8844: 8843: 8841: 8837: 8829: 8826: 8825: 8824: 8823: 8819: 8815: 8812: 8811: 8810: 8809: 8805: 8801: 8798: 8797: 8796: 8795: 8791: 8787: 8784: 8783: 8782: 8781: 8777: 8773: 8770: 8769: 8768: 8767: 8763: 8759: 8756: 8755: 8754: 8753: 8749: 8745: 8742: 8741: 8740: 8739: 8735: 8731: 8728: 8726: 8723: 8722: 8721: 8720: 8716: 8715: 8713: 8709: 8701: 8698: 8697: 8696: 8695: 8691: 8687: 8684: 8683: 8682: 8681: 8677: 8673: 8670: 8668: 8665: 8664: 8663: 8662: 8658: 8654: 8651: 8650: 8649: 8648: 8644: 8640: 8637: 8636: 8635: 8634: 8630: 8626: 8623: 8622: 8621: 8620: 8616: 8615: 8613: 8609: 8601: 8598: 8597: 8596: 8595: 8591: 8587: 8584: 8582: 8579: 8578: 8577: 8576: 8572: 8568: 8565: 8564: 8563: 8562: 8558: 8554: 8551: 8550: 8549: 8548: 8544: 8540: 8537: 8536: 8535: 8534: 8530: 8526: 8523: 8521: 8518: 8517: 8516: 8515: 8511: 8507: 8504: 8503: 8502: 8501: 8497: 8493: 8490: 8489: 8488: 8487: 8483: 8479: 8476: 8475: 8474: 8473: 8469: 8465: 8462: 8461: 8460: 8459: 8455: 8451: 8448: 8446: 8443: 8442: 8441: 8440: 8436: 8435: 8433: 8429: 8426: 8422: 8412: 8409: 8408: 8406: 8402: 8396: 8393: 8391: 8388: 8386: 8383: 8381: 8378: 8376: 8373: 8371: 8368: 8366: 8363: 8361: 8357: 8354: 8353: 8351: 8347: 8341: 8338: 8336: 8333: 8332: 8330: 8326: 8320: 8317: 8315: 8312: 8310: 8307: 8305: 8302: 8300: 8297: 8295: 8292: 8290: 8287: 8283: 8280: 8278: 8275: 8273: 8270: 8269: 8268: 8265: 8263: 8259: 8255: 8254: 8252: 8248: 8245: 8239: 8229: 8226: 8225: 8223: 8219: 8213: 8210: 8208: 8205: 8204: 8202: 8198: 8195: 8191: 8186: 8182: 8175: 8170: 8168: 8163: 8161: 8156: 8155: 8152: 8139: 8136: 8134: 8131: 8129: 8126: 8124: 8121: 8119: 8116: 8114: 8111: 8109: 8106: 8104: 8101: 8099: 8096: 8094: 8091: 8090: 8088: 8086: 8085:organisations 8080: 8074: 8071: 8069: 8066: 8064: 8061: 8059: 8056: 8055: 8053: 8051: 8047: 8041: 8038: 8036: 8033: 8031: 8028: 8026: 8023: 8021: 8018: 8016: 8013: 8011: 8008: 8006: 8003: 8001: 7998: 7996: 7993: 7991: 7988: 7986: 7983: 7981: 7978: 7976: 7973: 7971: 7968: 7966: 7963: 7961: 7958: 7956: 7953: 7952: 7950: 7946: 7942: 7935: 7930: 7928: 7923: 7921: 7916: 7915: 7912: 7896: 7893: 7891: 7888: 7887: 7885: 7883: 7879: 7873: 7870: 7866: 7863: 7862: 7861: 7858: 7857: 7855: 7853: 7849: 7843: 7840: 7838: 7835: 7833: 7830: 7828: 7825: 7824: 7822: 7820: 7816: 7813: 7811: 7807: 7797: 7794: 7792: 7789: 7787: 7784: 7782: 7779: 7778: 7776: 7774: 7770: 7766: 7760: 7757: 7755: 7752: 7750: 7747: 7745: 7742: 7740: 7737: 7733: 7730: 7729: 7728: 7725: 7724: 7722: 7720: 7716: 7713: 7711: 7707: 7697: 7696:Hiatus hernia 7694: 7692: 7689: 7688: 7686: 7684: 7680: 7671: 7670:Schatzki ring 7668: 7665: 7662: 7661: 7660: 7657: 7656: 7653: 7650: 7646: 7643: 7641: 7638: 7637: 7636: 7633: 7632: 7630: 7628: 7624: 7616: 7613: 7611: 7608: 7606: 7605:Ankyloglossia 7603: 7602: 7601: 7600: 7596: 7594: 7591: 7589: 7586: 7585: 7583: 7581: 7577: 7573: 7569: 7566: 7564: 7560: 7556: 7552: 7545: 7540: 7538: 7533: 7531: 7526: 7525: 7522: 7516: 7512: 7509: 7508: 7498: 7494: 7493: 7489: 7487: 7483: 7482: 7478: 7477: 7474: 7470: 7463: 7459: 7458: 7454: 7452: 7448: 7447: 7443: 7439: 7437: 7433: 7429: 7428: 7424: 7420: 7417: 7413: 7409: 7405: 7401: 7397: 7396: 7392: 7388: 7387: 7384: 7379: 7375: 7361: 7355: 7351: 7350: 7344: 7340: 7336: 7331: 7326: 7322: 7318: 7314: 7310: 7306: 7300: 7296: 7293: 7292: 7278: 7274: 7270: 7266: 7262: 7258: 7251: 7243: 7239: 7234: 7229: 7225: 7221: 7217: 7213: 7209: 7202: 7186: 7182: 7178: 7171: 7155: 7151: 7147: 7141: 7122: 7118: 7111: 7104: 7089: 7085: 7078: 7070: 7064: 7060: 7053: 7051: 7043: 7031: 7027: 7020: 7004: 7000: 6996: 6989: 6973: 6969: 6965: 6964: 6956: 6948: 6944: 6938: 6930: 6926: 6920: 6918: 6901: 6897: 6890: 6875: 6871: 6865: 6849: 6845: 6841: 6840:"Stacy Keach" 6835: 6819: 6815: 6809: 6794: 6788: 6782: 6778: 6774: 6771: 6765: 6749: 6745: 6739: 6723: 6719: 6715: 6709: 6702: 6697: 6681: 6677: 6671: 6663: 6657: 6653: 6646: 6630: 6626: 6619: 6604: 6600: 6593: 6578: 6574: 6567: 6548: 6541: 6538:Harfield TD. 6534: 6523:September 12, 6519: 6515: 6508: 6497:September 13, 6493: 6489: 6485: 6481: 6474: 6467: 6466: 6462: 6456: 6448: 6444: 6439: 6434: 6430: 6426: 6422: 6418: 6414: 6407: 6399: 6395: 6391: 6387: 6383: 6379: 6375: 6371: 6364: 6356: 6352: 6348: 6344: 6343:Human Biology 6337: 6321: 6317: 6310: 6295: 6291: 6285: 6277: 6273: 6269: 6265: 6261: 6257: 6253: 6249: 6242: 6234: 6228: 6220: 6216: 6212: 6208: 6204: 6200: 6195: 6190: 6186: 6182: 6174: 6166: 6162: 6157: 6152: 6147: 6142: 6138: 6134: 6130: 6123: 6115: 6111: 6106: 6101: 6096: 6091: 6087: 6083: 6079: 6072: 6070: 6061: 6057: 6052: 6047: 6043: 6039: 6035: 6031: 6024: 6016: 6012: 6008: 6004: 6000: 5996: 5992: 5988: 5981: 5970: 5963: 5961: 5952: 5948: 5944: 5940: 5936: 5932: 5928: 5921: 5913: 5909: 5905: 5904: 5896: 5888: 5884: 5880: 5876: 5872: 5865: 5857: 5853: 5848: 5843: 5839: 5835: 5831: 5827: 5823: 5816: 5814: 5805: 5801: 5797: 5793: 5789: 5785: 5781: 5777: 5769: 5761: 5757: 5752: 5747: 5743: 5739: 5735: 5731: 5727: 5720: 5712: 5708: 5704: 5700: 5696: 5692: 5688: 5684: 5677: 5660: 5656: 5650: 5642: 5636: 5632: 5631: 5623: 5615: 5611: 5607: 5603: 5596: 5588: 5581: 5579: 5577: 5575: 5566: 5559: 5551: 5547: 5542: 5537: 5532: 5527: 5523: 5519: 5515: 5508: 5500: 5496: 5492: 5488: 5484: 5480: 5476: 5472: 5465: 5457: 5453: 5449: 5445: 5441: 5437: 5430: 5422: 5418: 5414: 5410: 5406: 5402: 5395: 5387: 5383: 5378: 5373: 5368: 5363: 5359: 5355: 5351: 5344: 5336: 5332: 5327: 5322: 5318: 5314: 5310: 5306: 5302: 5295: 5287: 5283: 5278: 5273: 5269: 5265: 5261: 5257: 5253: 5246: 5238: 5234: 5230: 5226: 5222: 5218: 5214: 5210: 5203: 5195: 5191: 5187: 5183: 5179: 5175: 5167: 5159: 5155: 5150: 5145: 5141: 5137: 5133: 5129: 5125: 5118: 5110: 5106: 5101: 5096: 5092: 5088: 5084: 5080: 5076: 5069: 5061: 5057: 5052: 5047: 5042: 5037: 5033: 5029: 5025: 5021: 5017: 5010: 5002: 4998: 4993: 4988: 4984: 4980: 4976: 4972: 4968: 4961: 4959: 4950: 4946: 4942: 4938: 4934: 4930: 4926: 4922: 4915: 4913: 4897: 4893: 4886: 4880: 4875: 4867: 4863: 4859: 4855: 4851: 4847: 4843: 4839: 4832: 4824: 4820: 4816: 4813:(in Polish). 4812: 4811:Klinika Oczna 4805: 4797: 4793: 4789: 4785: 4781: 4777: 4770: 4762: 4758: 4753: 4748: 4744: 4740: 4736: 4729: 4721: 4717: 4712: 4707: 4703: 4699: 4695: 4691: 4687: 4680: 4664: 4660: 4656: 4650: 4642: 4638: 4634: 4630: 4626: 4622: 4618: 4614: 4606: 4598: 4594: 4589: 4584: 4580: 4576: 4572: 4568: 4564: 4557: 4541: 4537: 4533: 4526: 4518: 4514: 4510: 4506: 4502: 4498: 4494: 4490: 4482: 4474: 4470: 4465: 4460: 4456: 4452: 4448: 4444: 4440: 4433: 4417: 4416: 4408: 4406: 4397: 4393: 4389: 4385: 4381: 4377: 4370: 4368: 4359: 4355: 4351: 4347: 4340: 4332: 4328: 4324: 4320: 4316: 4312: 4308: 4304: 4297: 4295: 4286: 4282: 4278: 4274: 4270: 4266: 4259: 4251: 4247: 4243: 4239: 4235: 4231: 4226: 4221: 4217: 4213: 4206: 4190: 4186: 4180: 4173: 4168: 4160: 4156: 4152: 4148: 4144: 4140: 4133: 4125: 4121: 4117: 4113: 4106: 4098: 4094: 4089: 4084: 4080: 4076: 4072: 4065: 4057: 4053: 4048: 4043: 4039: 4035: 4031: 4027: 4023: 4016: 4008: 4004: 4000: 3996: 3992: 3988: 3981: 3973: 3969: 3964: 3959: 3955: 3951: 3947: 3940: 3932: 3928: 3924: 3918: 3914: 3907: 3905: 3903: 3894: 3888: 3884: 3877: 3875: 3873: 3871: 3863: 3857: 3852: 3847: 3843: 3836: 3821: 3817: 3811: 3803: 3799: 3794: 3789: 3785: 3781: 3777: 3773: 3769: 3762: 3754: 3750: 3746: 3742: 3735: 3727: 3723: 3719: 3715: 3711: 3707: 3700: 3692: 3688: 3684: 3680: 3676: 3672: 3665: 3663: 3654: 3650: 3645: 3640: 3636: 3632: 3628: 3621: 3613: 3609: 3605: 3601: 3597: 3593: 3589: 3585: 3578: 3570: 3566: 3562: 3558: 3554: 3550: 3546: 3542: 3535: 3527: 3523: 3519: 3515: 3511: 3507: 3503: 3499: 3492: 3484: 3480: 3474: 3470: 3469: 3461: 3446: 3442: 3436: 3434: 3425: 3421: 3416: 3411: 3407: 3403: 3399: 3395: 3391: 3385: 3383: 3374: 3370: 3366: 3362: 3358: 3354: 3347: 3345: 3343: 3341: 3339: 3337: 3320: 3316: 3310: 3308: 3306: 3304: 3302: 3300: 3298: 3296: 3294: 3292: 3290: 3288: 3286: 3284: 3282: 3280: 3278: 3276: 3274: 3272: 3270: 3265: 3255: 3252: 3250: 3247: 3245: 3242: 3240: 3237: 3235: 3232: 3231: 3218: 3213: 3206: 3201: 3194: 3189: 3188: 3187: 3185: 3181: 3176: 3172: 3168: 3167:regurgitation 3164: 3159: 3157: 3156: 3151: 3148:. The use of 3147: 3143: 3139: 3135: 3131: 3127: 3123: 3119: 3115: 3111: 3107: 3103: 3099: 3095: 3092:dogs such as 3091: 3087: 3083: 3079: 3075: 3068:Other animals 3061: 3059:German actor 3058: 3056: 3053: 3052: 3049: 3046: 3044: 3041: 3040: 3037: 3034: 3032: 3029: 3028: 3025: 3022: 3018: 3016: 3013: 3012: 3009: 3006: 3004: 3001: 3000: 2997: 2994: 2992: 2989: 2988: 2985: 2983: 2980: 2977: 2975: 2972: 2971: 2968: 2965: 2963: 2960: 2959: 2956: 2953: 2951: 2948: 2947: 2944: 2941: 2939: 2936: 2935: 2932: 2930: 2926: 2924: 2921: 2920: 2917: 2914: 2912: 2911:Carmit Bachar 2909: 2905: 2903: 2899: 2897: 2894: 2890: 2887: 2883: 2881: 2878: 2874: 2871: 2867: 2865: 2862: 2858: 2856: 2852: 2848: 2844: 2840: 2836: 2833: 2830: 2828: 2825: 2821: 2818: 2817: 2812: 2811: 2806: 2804: 2801: 2790: 2785:Notable cases 2782: 2780: 2779: 2774: 2773: 2768: 2767: 2762: 2761: 2756: 2755: 2750: 2749: 2745:in the novel 2744: 2740: 2736: 2732: 2731: 2726: 2722: 2717: 2715: 2711: 2710: 2705: 2700: 2698: 2697: 2691: 2689: 2688: 2683: 2679: 2678: 2673: 2672:Graham Greene 2669: 2665: 2661: 2657: 2653: 2652: 2651:Precious Bane 2647: 2643: 2641: 2636: 2635: 2630: 2620: 2618: 2614: 2610: 2606: 2595: 2586: 2582: 2579:This section 2577: 2574: 2570: 2569: 2559:Moche pottery 2557: 2548: 2546: 2542: 2538: 2533: 2527: 2524: 2521: 2518: 2515: 2512: 2509: 2506: 2503: 2502: 2501: 2499: 2495: 2491: 2486: 2484: 2479: 2477: 2471: 2461: 2457: 2448: 2422: 2419: 2416: 2413: 2410: 2407: 2404: 2401: 2398: 2395: 2392: 2389: 2386: 2383: 2380: 2377: 2374: 2371: 2369: 2366: 2365: 2331: 2325: 2322: 2319: 2316: 2313: 2310: 2307: 2304: 2301: 2298: 2296: 2293: 2292: 2288: 2285: 2282: 2279: 2276: 2273: 2270: 2258: 2255: 2252: 2249: 2246: 2243: 2240: 2237: 2234: 2231: 2228: 2225: 2223: 2220: 2219: 2215: 2212: 2209: 2206: 2203: 2200: 2197: 2194: 2191: 2188: 2185: 2182: 2167: 2164: 2161: 2158: 2155: 2152: 2150: 2146: 2143: 2142: 2138: 2135: 2132: 2129: 2126: 2123: 2120: 2117: 2114: 2111: 2108: 2105: 2102: 2099: 2096: 2093: 2090: 2078: 2075: 2073: 2070: 2069: 2065: 2062: 2059: 2056: 2053: 2050: 2047: 2044: 2041: 2038: 2035: 2032: 2029: 2026: 2023: 2020: 2017: 2008: 2005: 2002: 2000: 1996: 1995: 1991: 1988: 1985: 1982: 1979: 1976: 1973: 1970: 1967: 1964: 1961: 1958: 1955: 1952: 1949: 1946: 1943: 1934: 1931: 1928: 1926: 1922: 1921: 1917: 1914: 1911: 1908: 1905: 1902: 1899: 1896: 1893: 1890: 1887: 1884: 1881: 1878: 1875: 1872: 1869: 1866: 1863: 1860: 1854: 1851: 1850: 1846: 1843: 1840: 1837: 1834: 1831: 1828: 1825: 1822: 1819: 1816: 1813: 1810: 1807: 1804: 1801: 1798: 1781: 1778: 1777: 1771: 1766: 1761: 1756: 1751: 1746: 1741: 1736: 1731: 1726: 1721: 1716: 1711: 1706: 1701: 1696: 1691: 1686: 1681: 1676: 1671: 1666: 1663: 1662: 1659: 1650: 1647: 1643: 1639: 1634: 1625: 1621: 1612: 1610: 1600: 1598: 1594: 1584: 1582: 1578: 1577:hypernasality 1574: 1565: 1562: 1558: 1554: 1552: 1548: 1544: 1535: 1533: 1529: 1525: 1521: 1516: 1513: 1510: 1508: 1504: 1500: 1495: 1493: 1484: 1475: 1473: 1469: 1465: 1461: 1449: 1448:section above 1442: 1437: 1434:Pre-operation 1430: 1425: 1418: 1413: 1406: 1401: 1400: 1399: 1397: 1392: 1387: 1385: 1381: 1380:Ralph Millard 1378:pioneered by 1377: 1373: 1362: 1360: 1356: 1352: 1351:psychologists 1348: 1344: 1343:orthodontists 1340: 1336: 1331: 1323: 1319: 1315: 1311: 1307: 1295: 1292: 1289: 1286: 1283: 1282: 1281: 1279: 1275: 1271: 1265: 1255: 1253: 1249: 1244: 1242: 1238: 1234: 1233:obstetricians 1231:have allowed 1230: 1220: 1217: 1212: 1210: 1206: 1205:crack cocaine 1202: 1198: 1194: 1190: 1186: 1182: 1177: 1175: 1171: 1166: 1164: 1160: 1156: 1152: 1148: 1144: 1140: 1139: 1127: 1125: 1124: 1119: 1118: 1113: 1109: 1105: 1104: 1099: 1098:morphogenesis 1095: 1094: 1089: 1088: 1083: 1082: 1070: 1067: 1065: 1062: 1059: 1058: 1054: 1052: 1051: 1047: 1045: 1042: 1039: 1038: 1034: 1032: 1031: 1027: 1025: 1022: 1019: 1018: 1014: 1011: 1009: 1006: 1003: 1002: 998: 996: 995: 991: 989: 986: 983: 982: 978: 976: 975: 971: 969: 966: 963: 962: 958: 955: 953: 950: 947: 946: 942: 940: 939: 935: 933: 930: 927: 926: 922: 919: 917: 914: 911: 910: 906: 903: 901: 898: 895: 894: 890: 887: 885: 882: 879: 878: 874: 871: 869: 866: 863: 862: 858: 855: 853: 850: 847: 846: 836: 833: 831: 828: 826: 823: 821: 818: 816: 813: 811: 808: 806:(trisomy 13). 805: 801: 798: 794: 790: 787: 784: 780: 779:hypertelorism 776: 772: 769: 766: 762: 759: 758: 757: 751: 747: 743: 742: 737: 733: 730: 729: 724: 720: 719: 713: 711: 707: 703: 692: 688: 684: 676: 673: 670: 667: 664: 661: 660: 658: 655: 650: 648: 637: 635: 630: 629:internalizing 624: 620: 618: 614: 608: 606: 602: 601:social skills 598: 594: 584: 581: 578: 573: 571: 565: 559: 554: 548:Complications 545: 543: 539: 538:primary teeth 529: 527: 522: 520: 516: 512: 508: 507:glottal stops 504: 500: 496: 492: 488: 484: 472: 467: 460: 455: 448: 443: 442: 441: 438: 436: 431: 429: 425: 419: 417: 413: 409: 392: 387: 380: 375: 368: 363: 362: 361: 359: 355: 343: 338: 331: 326: 319: 314: 313: 312: 310: 306: 290: 288: 284: 279: 277: 272: 270: 266: 262: 258: 254: 250: 246: 242: 238: 234: 229: 227: 223: 219: 215: 211: 207: 203: 193: 189: 185: 181: 177: 173: 171: 167: 164:, dental care 163: 159: 155: 152: 148: 144: 140: 136: 133: 131: 127: 123: 119: 115: 111: 108: 104: 102: 101:Complications 98: 95: 91: 89: 85: 82: 78: 74: 71: 69: 65: 60: 56: 51: 47: 43: 38: 32: 27: 19: 9523: 9498: 9484: 9470: 9445: 9431: 9377: 9363: 9349: 9327: 9210:cytoskeleton 9144: 9138:Corepressor: 9119: 9113:Coactivator: 9069: 9055: 9041: 8964: 8945: 8845: 8820: 8806: 8792: 8778: 8764: 8750: 8736: 8717: 8692: 8678: 8659: 8645: 8631: 8617: 8592: 8573: 8559: 8545: 8531: 8512: 8498: 8484: 8470: 8456: 8437: 7985:Orthodontics 7940: 7754:Dolichocolon 7658: 7634: 7610:Macroglossia 7597: 7587: 7490: 7479: 7455: 7440: 7421: 7389: 7352:. Springer. 7348: 7312: 7308: 7260: 7256: 7250: 7218:(1): 93–95. 7215: 7211: 7201: 7189:. Retrieved 7180: 7170: 7158:. Retrieved 7149: 7140: 7128:. Retrieved 7116: 7103: 7091:. Retrieved 7087: 7077: 7058: 7041: 7034:. Retrieved 7029: 7019: 7007:. Retrieved 7003:the original 6998: 6988: 6976:. Retrieved 6962: 6955: 6937: 6904:. Retrieved 6889: 6877:. Retrieved 6873: 6864: 6852:. Retrieved 6848:the original 6843: 6834: 6824:December 23, 6822:. Retrieved 6808: 6798:December 18, 6796:. Retrieved 6787: 6780: 6764: 6752:. Retrieved 6748:the original 6738: 6726:. Retrieved 6722:the original 6717: 6708: 6700: 6696: 6684:. Retrieved 6680:the original 6670: 6651: 6645: 6633:. Retrieved 6618: 6606:. Retrieved 6592: 6580:. Retrieved 6566: 6554:. Retrieved 6547:the original 6533: 6521:. Retrieved 6517: 6507: 6495:. Retrieved 6484:The Guardian 6483: 6473: 6465:The Guardian 6463: 6455: 6420: 6416: 6406: 6373: 6369: 6363: 6349:(1): 47–52. 6346: 6342: 6336: 6324:. Retrieved 6320:the original 6309: 6297:. Retrieved 6293: 6284: 6251: 6247: 6241: 6227: 6184: 6180: 6173: 6136: 6132: 6122: 6085: 6081: 6051:10072/172084 6033: 6029: 6023: 5993:(10): 3–11. 5990: 5986: 5980: 5926: 5920: 5902: 5895: 5870: 5864: 5829: 5825: 5779: 5775: 5768: 5733: 5729: 5719: 5686: 5682: 5676: 5671:at miami.edu 5663:. Retrieved 5659:the original 5649: 5629: 5622: 5605: 5601: 5595: 5586: 5564: 5558: 5521: 5517: 5507: 5474: 5470: 5464: 5442:(2): 69–92. 5439: 5435: 5429: 5404: 5400: 5394: 5357: 5353: 5343: 5308: 5304: 5294: 5259: 5255: 5245: 5212: 5208: 5202: 5177: 5173: 5166: 5131: 5127: 5117: 5085:(1): 16–29. 5082: 5078: 5068: 5023: 5019: 5009: 4974: 4970: 4924: 4920: 4900:, retrieved 4895: 4885: 4874: 4841: 4837: 4831: 4814: 4810: 4804: 4779: 4775: 4769: 4742: 4738: 4728: 4693: 4689: 4679: 4667:. Retrieved 4658: 4649: 4616: 4612: 4605: 4570: 4566: 4556: 4544:. Retrieved 4535: 4525: 4495:(1): 11–16. 4492: 4488: 4481: 4446: 4442: 4432: 4420:. 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Coetzee 2626: 2602: 2589: 2585:adding to it 2580: 2534: 2531: 2487: 2480: 2473: 2464:Epidemiology 2458: 2454: 2445: 2295:Orthodontics 1656: 1642:palatoplasty 1638:palatoplasty 1635: 1631: 1622: 1618: 1606: 1593:otitis media 1590: 1581:hyponasality 1571: 1555: 1541: 1532:Radio-graphs 1517: 1514: 1511: 1496: 1489: 1478:Cleft palate 1468:cohort study 1462: 1459: 1388: 1375: 1368: 1338: 1334: 1332: 1329: 1320: 1316: 1312: 1308: 1304: 1296:cleft palate 1267: 1248:Paul Tessier 1245: 1226: 1213: 1189:hypertension 1185:neural crest 1178: 1167: 1154: 1142: 1136: 1133: 1121: 1115: 1111: 1107: 1101: 1091: 1085: 1079: 1076: 1048: 1028: 1015:13q33.1-q34 992: 972: 936: 755: 739: 726: 698: 689: 685: 681: 674: 668: 662: 651: 643: 625: 621: 609: 590: 582: 574: 566: 563: 535: 523: 499:articulation 480: 439: 432: 420: 405: 402:Cleft palate 351: 301: 280: 273: 241:Risk factors 237:birth defect 230: 221: 210:cleft palate 209: 201: 199: 194:3,800 (2017) 147:older mother 130:Risk factors 31: 26: 9424:Tetraspanin 8128:Smile Train 8035:Social work 7615:Hypoglossia 7481:MedlinePlus 7036:February 6, 7032:(in German) 6754:October 13, 6556:February 5, 6187:(1): 1–27. 4546:January 31, 4382:(1): 1–14. 4346:Adolescence 4271:(1): 3–11. 3747:: 356–368. 3234:Smile Pinki 3134:Texel sheep 3015:Dario Šarić 2950:Stacy Keach 2929:sociologist 2896:Tad Lincoln 2888:, England. 2886:Scarborough 2864:Tutankhamen 2735:Ian Fleming 2646:Knut Hamsun 2525:: 1.04/1000 1999:hard palate 1925:soft palate 1372:rule of 10s 1322:the child. 1278:soft palate 1181:alcohol use 1035:2q32.2-q33 775:bifid uvula 597:self-esteem 503:distortions 416:soft palate 412:hard palate 289:or rabbit. 261:medications 233:development 220:. The term 151:medications 113:Usual onset 45:Other names 9556:Dog health 9540:Categories 8103:Interplast 8025:Psychology 8020:Psychiatry 8000:Pediatrics 7773:anal canal 7719:Intestines 7551:Congenital 7457:DiseasesDB 5360:(1): 184. 3260:References 3184:free flaps 3180:prosthesis 3102:penetrance 3086:premaxilla 3021:basketball 2851:Wyatt Earp 2843:gunfighter 2803:Jerry Byrd 2760:Red Dragon 2748:Red Dragon 2730:Goldfinger 2725:James Bond 2714:synecdoche 2704:Mark Twain 2660:Shropshire 2617:disability 2592:April 2024 2442:Cleft team 1216:folic acid 647:teratogens 511:fricatives 491:hypernasal 149:, certain 81:pediatrics 9524:See also 9035:Ungrouped 8010:Physician 7970:Dietetics 7965:Dentistry 7960:Audiology 7852:Bile duct 7810:Accessory 7627:Esophagus 7492:eMedicine 7191:April 28, 7160:April 28, 7130:April 28, 7093:April 28, 6906:April 30, 6635:April 22, 6492:0261-3077 6299:August 2, 6211:1469-5065 6189:CiteSeerX 5736:(3): e2. 5499:207236616 4902:August 6, 4422:August 6, 4220:CiteSeerX 3931:936145822 3840:"Index", 3450:August 2, 3146:gestation 3106:Shih tzus 3082:rhinarium 3043:Tom Burke 2868:Egyptian 2795:Comments 2754:Manhunter 2656:Mary Webb 1640:) – post 1547:osteotomy 1365:Cleft lip 1326:Treatment 1284:cleft lip 1223:Diagnosis 1193:retinoids 1179:Maternal 716:Syndromes 495:resonance 298:Cleft lip 206:upper lip 202:cleft lip 179:Frequency 170:Prognosis 160:Surgery, 157:Treatment 68:Specialty 9401:Integrin 9318:Cadherin 9293:IgSF CAM 9219:Arrestin 7975:Genetics 7819:Pancreas 7497:ped/2679 7339:21331089 7277:11300527 7242:16434860 7185:Archived 7154:Archived 7152:. 2006. 7121:Archived 6972:Archived 6947:Archived 6929:Archived 6900:Archived 6818:Archived 6773:Archived 6629:Archived 6447:14644964 6398:32750501 6326:June 20, 6276:43371901 6268:27223626 6219:36404355 6165:30740615 6139:(1): 6. 6114:26997574 6060:21328261 6015:45396841 6007:26571277 5951:43568574 5943:20927726 5912:28817250 5887:18254111 5856:30095853 5804:34126577 5796:17105324 5760:29142654 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139:diabetes 88:Symptoms 9447:TSPAN12 9206:enzymes 8786:ACD/MPV 8140:(China) 7683:Stomach 7672:(lower) 7666:(upper) 7580:pharynx 7330:3086810 7233:3242096 7146:"Mouth" 7009:May 15, 6978:May 15, 6879:July 1, 6854:July 1, 6728:July 1, 6686:July 1, 6608:May 15, 6603:Polygon 6582:May 15, 6577:Polygon 6468:, 2020. 6438:1126893 6390:2784825 6355:5445084 6156:6369233 6105:9444722 5847:6513261 5751:5676312 5665:July 1, 5614:2586685 5541:5968700 5377:3532199 5326:8783750 5277:2366099 5237:6330050 5229:8574428 5149:4559232 5100:2570345 5060:6946511 5028:Bibcode 4992:4673897 4796:2246742 4711:6494790 4669:July 1, 4641:3324418 4588:3086810 4464:3180858 4358:8237549 4195:July 1, 4159:9345606 4124:6592056 4047:6694901 4007:1742302 3793:4709386 3753:1058746 3569:8551875 3415:6227606 3142:lupines 3078:ferrets 3023:player 2870:pharaoh 2845:of the 2839:gambler 2835:dentist 2778:Polygon 2511:Chinese 2435: 2432: 2429: 2426: 2423: 2420: 2417: 2414: 2411: 2408: 2405: 2402: 2399: 2396: 2393: 2390: 2387: 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