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917:. It was impressed upon the emperor to what a huge extent the work of Clement-Mary Hofbauer had been appreciated. For Hofbauer's years of dedicated service, the emperor was encouraged to reward him by sanctioning a Redemptorist foundation in Austria. Instead of a writ of expulsion, Clement-Mary Hofbauer found himself invited to an audience with Emperor Franz. A church was selected and refurbished to become the first Redemptorist foundation in Austria. However, it was to be started without Hofbauer. He fell ill in early March 1820, and had died by 15 March. Clement-Mary Hofbauer's funeral was a big event in Vienna.
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1320:. It owed much also to the recent development in Britain of a parliamentary monarchy; some elements drawn also from older Polish parliamentary democracy. After the partition in 1772, stronger institutions became the goal of the Polish-Lithuanian nobility. Abolished was the previous requirement for unanimity in parliamentary voting. Rights and privileges of the nobility were now extended to citizens of towns. The peasantry was to be legally protected. Enshrined were both religious toleration and the separation of powers.
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organised religions had long been pervasive. Tensions with the state were often admixed with mutual mistrust whether within
Catholicism or between members of different Christian confessions. Whatever might have been the immediate cause, the Redemptorists' presence in Austria came to an end. Lost in the mĂȘlĂ©e were the provincial archives of the order, and documents relating to Clement-Mary Hofbauer's activities.
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794:. Memoranda to him from Hofbauer record that attending the elementary school were 256 boys and 187 girls; that this was Warsaw's only school for girls; that the children were poor and receiving their tuition free; that many were homeless and orphans, housed at school free of charge. All to no avail. The decree arrived to close the school.
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After an interval, Hofbauer again found himself under attack. For a short while he was prohibited from preaching. Because he had been communicating with his
Redemptorist Superior General in Rome, he was threatened with expulsion. Before this could be enacted, the authorising document had to be signed
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For Poland's neighbours, the links of Polish reformers with the French
National Assembly reeked of revolution; throwing down the gauntlet before the absolute monarchies. Catherine intervened. By chance, Russia had just extricated herself from separate entanglements with Turkey and Sweden. Support was
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With regard to resolutions of the
General Sejm, "Constitutionâ had been a reality in Poland since the late 15th century. Dating back to 1493, the oldest drafts arose from the Chamber of Deputies. Under the âNihil Noviâ constitution of 1505: an act passed by the Sejm required consensus from the King,
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They had arrived in Warsaw with no money; Clement-Mary
Hofbauer had given their last three silver coins to beggars along the way. They met the apostolic delegate, Archbishop Saluzzo. With bad roads and wintery weather, he signalled his guests should stay in the capital for the time being. The bishop
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From among the boys under his care, Clement-Mary
Hofbauer started to recruit future Redemptorists. After ensuring they got into junior high schools, he himself undertook teaching them philosophy and theology, maintaining this until presented for ordination. He had seven priests after eight years. A
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In 1791, four years after their arrival, the
Redemptorists enlarged the children's refuge into an academy. The number of orphan boys continued to grow steadily. A boarding school had been opened for young girls under the direction of some noble Warsaw women. Money came from some regular benefactors
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In the early days of the 19th century, Vienna was a major cultural centre of Europe. Hofbauer enjoyed spending time with the students and the intellectuals. Hofbauer took care of young people, especially students at the university. He was always ready to offer support, both spiritual and material.
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way of life. When the number of boys grew too large for the rectory, Hofbauer opened the Child Jesus Refuge for his homeless boys. To keep the boys fed and clothed, he had to beg constantly. He did so unashamedly. Going into a bakery to buy a loaf of bread he came upon a master baker without an
434:, appealing for himself and anyone who might neglect to pray. He made himself useful at the shrine, assisting pilgrims arriving there. After less than six months, however, he left Quintiliolo; while the force of praying for mankind could not be gainsaid, persistent was a call to the priesthood.
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Revolution broke out in Vienna on 13 March 1848. The State
Chancellor Metternich was overthrown. The press was released from censorship. A constitution was proclaimed. Within six months, all feudal obligations on peasants were abolished. In the lead up to 1848, polarisation between and within
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in 1787. The constitution âassumed a symbolic importance⊠It was the Bill of Rights of the Polish tradition, the embodiment of all that was enlightened and progressive in Polandâs past, a permanent reproach to the tyranny of the partitioning powers.â It âsought to create a modern, centralized
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to the
Prussian monarchy by voting a constitution". Were the PolishâLithuanian Commonwealth to grow in resilience, pressure would come to return what Prussia had recently purloined. The new constitution infuriated Empress Catherine. Poland's king was her former lover; she considered Poland a
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and cry out: "Lord, help! It's high time...". Hofbauer was loved not only by his pupils, but also in more intellectual circles. It is reported that he accompanied the struggles of his pupils, advising them, teaching them, feeding them and guiding them through everyday life.
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Street battles were to reach Warsaw (see above). Hofbauer and his companions appealed for peace. This only served to fuel suspicion and they became labelled as traitors. Persecutions started in 1795, when Warsaw came under
Prussian occupation. Hofbauer appealed directly to
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A coterie of the learned and educated among the Viennese gathered around Clement-Mary Hofbauer. Through them there developed a redeeming influence on others, fuelling religious revival in Austria. Notable and artistic people he shepherded into the Catholic Church included
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attacked Vienna, Hofbauer worked as a hospital chaplain caring for the many wounded soldiers. The archbishop, seeing Hofbauer's zeal, asked him to care for a little Italian church in Vienna. He remained there for four years until he was appointed chaplain to the
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After the French took over in 1806 a law was passed that forbade local pastors from letting the Redemptorists preach missions in their parishes. There followed an even harsher prohibition from preaching and hearing confessions in their own church of St. Benno's.
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In time St. Benno's became the thriving centre of the Catholic Church in Warsaw. By the year 1800, growth was palpable, both in the work at the church and in the Redemptorist community. Reception of the sacraments had risen from 2,000 (in 1787) to over 100,000.
321:, apparently signalling already a call to the priesthood, though a long and tortuous path lay ahead. When Hofbauer was just fourteen, extra studies ended abruptly with the death of the pastor. His replacement did not put aside time to continue the tuition.
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Throughout Hofbauer's 21 years in Warsaw, he can have counted upon neither public security nor institutional stability. The three partitions of Poland brought about great bloodshed. Enemy forces were overwhelming, notwithstanding the endeavours of
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Back in February 1787, when the trio reached Warsaw, it had almost 120,000 people. Despite some 160 churches and 20 religious houses, charitable work cried out for attention: lots of people were poor and uneducated, their houses in disrepair.
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At the same time, an orphanage and a school for the families of manual craftsmen were put under their care. Charged with all this, Hofbauer and his companions had to see things through. They ended up remaining in Warsaw.
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609:, as unsettling as the first, was to occur six years after Hofbauer arrived. This left 10 million (i.e. 71%) of the original population of 14 million disenfranchised; no longer under Polish rule. At yet another
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By 1793, Hofbauer had been appointed vicar-general of the Redemptorist Congregation north of the Alps. With Warsaw as centre, he founded new establishments of the Congregation in Germany and in Switzerland.
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When the Redemptorists first opened their church they preached to empty benches. People apparently found it hard to trust these foreign priests. Many others had lapsed from Catholicism, some to adopt
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gave way to a full-scale mission every day of the year. Attending St. Benno's any weekday a person might hear no less than five sermons, in German and Polish. The week's programme involved three
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that is now Poland. On their journey, the two were joined by Peter Kunzmann, another trained baker. Hofbauer and he had pilgrimaged together. He was to become the first non-Italian Redemptorist
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In German Austria (including Bohemia, Moravia, and Galicia), religious houses had totalled 915 in 1700: 762 for men, and 153 for women. Of these, 388 (42%) had been required, under Emperor
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Clement-Mary Hofbauer's father died when he was six years old. In those days the ninth of a dozen children of a poor widow in a small village could have had little hope of getting into a
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Sisters in July 1813. Attending to the spiritual welfare of the nuns and lay people who came to their chapel, Hofbauer gained a reputation as a powerful preacher and gentle confessor.
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Hofbauer returned to the priory at Kloster Louka; to make himself useful baking bread again, and to resume studying Latin. At age 29, sponsored by two ladies he met while serving at
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etc. were frustrating. He was taught much that he found questionable. This notwithstanding, he had completed his philosophy studies by 1784. But he could proceed no further toward
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364:, also known as the White Canons. At that time, war and famine had left many dependent on this priory for help. Hofbauer slaved around the clock to feed those at the priory door.
897:(later to be ordained and become a great preacher) and Frederick von Held. This last mentioned became a Redemptorist and was instrumental in the Congregation being founded in
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assistant. Hofbauer spent the day working at the dough trough and the oven, using all his old baking skills. He got bread for his boys that day, and for many days to come.
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When he saw a homeless boy on the street, Clement-Mary Hofbauer brought him to the rectory, cleaned him up, fed him, and then taught him a trade and instructed him in the
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killed up to 20,000 civilians, regardless of gender and age. "The whole of Praga was strewn with dead bodies, blood was flowing in streams" wrote the Russian commander,
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the lords of the council (the Senate) and deputies representing landed gentry (Chamber of Deputies). Zbigniew SzczÄ
ska (2012), www.senat.gov.pl, accessed 19 March 2024.
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210:. For this he is considered a co-founder of the congregation. He was widely known for his lifelong dedication to care of the poor during a tumultuous period in
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under his command fought almost every European power, and acquired control of most of continental Europe, whether by conquest or alliance. In 1806 the
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republic.â. It was too late, however, to withstand the encircling hostile forces of autocracy. Such fears were voiced by the Prussian statesman
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Clement-Mary Hofbauer arrived in Vienna that September. He remained there until his death almost 13 years later. In 1809, when the forces of
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He remained a servant at the priory until 1775, when he embarked on the life of a hermit. That, however, was aborted after eight years; the
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Students came, singly and in groups, to his quarters to talk, share a meal, or get advice. A good many of them later became Redemptorists.
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No longer studying, Hofbauer had to learn a trade. He was sent to become an apprentice in a bakery 8 km away in the local capital of
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rule was subordinated to French requirements. What little remained in the Warsaw Duchy was now to resource military ambitions elsewhere.
453:. Emperor Joseph's government had closed all seminaries. Students for the priesthood had to study at government-controlled universities.
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Acknowledging Hofbauer's 21 most fruitful years in Warsaw, his inclusion in the catalogue of Polish saints was enacted by the
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Snyder, T. (2004) The Reconstruction of Nations: Poland, Ukraine, Lithuania, Belarus, 1569-1999. Yale University Press.
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and many others willing to help, but Hofbauer still had to beg from door to door seeking help for his many orphans.
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to others living in the area around their church. An expanded team (Hofbauer, five Redemptorist priests and three
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In his iconography Clement-Mary Hofbauer is depicted in the Redemptorist habit. His attribute is the cross.
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1262:"200th Anniversary of the death of Fr. Francesco Antonio de Paola | Redemptorist Conference of Europe"
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north of the Alps. But in Clement-Mary Hofbauer's homeland this was out of the question, given Emperor
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Davies, N. (2005). God's Playground. A History of Poland: Volume II: 1795 to the Present. OUP Oxford.
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wrote "The worst possible news has arrived from Warsaw: the Polish king has become almost sovereign".
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979:. Besides being a patron saint of bakers and waiters, he is one of the patron saints of Warsaw.
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novitiate was also founded. There were 18 priests by 1803. In 1808 there were 36 Redemptorists.
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A few months after their ordination the first two Germanic Redemptorists were summoned by their
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Clement-Mary Hofbauer and his team had been in Warsaw twelve years when, on 19 November 1799,
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of a hermit. This was when Hofbauer took the name of Clement Mary: Clement, most likely after
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had been forced on the country, land being distributed between Austria, Russia, and Prussia.
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For more than two centuries the PolishâLithuanian Commonwealth had been a large and unwieldy
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The Holiness of the Church in the Nineteenth Century: Saintly Men and Women of Our Own Times
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https://www.visittivoli.eu/luoghi-di-culto/chiesa-della-maria-ss-di-quintiliolo&lang=EN
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Memorial plaque on the Znojmo building where Hofbauer had been apprenticed to a baker
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was powerless to stop those who wished rid of the Redemptorists. At the request of
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https://www.redemptor.pl/swieciiblogoslawieni/sw-klemens-maria-hofbauer-1751-1820/
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When Clement-Mary Hofbauer felt overwhelmed it is said he would stand before the
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469:: the emperor had forbidden religious communities from accepting new candidates.
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was promulgated; historically the second written constitution after that of the
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Hofbauer's mortal remains were exhumed in 1862 and transferred to Vienna's
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Magnier, John. "Blessed Clement Mary Hofbauer." The Catholic Encyclopedia
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1496:"A College-Church Partnership | Dartmouth Alumni Magazine | June 1962"
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Living Redemptorist Spirituality: Prayers, Devotions and Reflections
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1535: This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
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379:. Hofbauer moved to Vienna, once more to earn his keep as a baker.
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to close; 280 for men, 108 for women. See Catholic Encyclopaedia.
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Vol. 4. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1908. 27 December 2019
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This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
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This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
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took over the city where Hofbauer and his team were working. The
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As they began to learn Polish, the Redemptorists expanded their
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fourteen years earlier, the church had fallen into disrepair.
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was established under his patronage at West 44th Street and
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plan to include Vienna in a German national church failed.
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autocracy. He was not about to countenance an evangelical
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protectorate. A chief author of Russian foreign policy,
1178:"New Catholic Dictionary â Saint Clement Mary Hofbauer"
901:. It is very much thanks to Clement-Mary Hofbauer that
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that had inspired this. Drawing from the work of the
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Klemens Maria Hofbauer statue, Minoritenplatz, Vienna
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https://benon.redemptor.pl/swiety-klemens-hofbauer/
1551:. Vol. 4. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
1011:in the late 1960s. Two years later, in 1911, the
646:was established as a client state. The impact of
558:was virtually a puppet. Fifteen years earlier, a
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1500:Dartmouth Alumni Magazine | The Complete Archive
1364:https://carnegieeurope.eu/strategiceurope/84461
1030:Hofbauer is one of the figures immortalised in
964:, and 21 years later Clement-Mary Hofbauer was
762:brothers) began a "Perpetual Mission". Weekday
995:A few months after Hofbauer's canonisation, a
774:, public visits to the Blessed Sacrament, the
202:. He established his congregation, founded in
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1018:Clement-Mary Hofbauer is the patron saint of
833:window portraying St. Clement-Mary Hofbauer,
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3075:19th-century Austrian Roman Catholic priests
1316:, the new Polish Constitution resembled the
1161:https://www.suedmaehren.at/ort/klosterbruck/
1007:, which served the Polish community. It was
944:of St. Clement-Mary Hofbauer on display for
317:studies nevertheless started with the local
1518:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
1280:https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/08508b.htm
441:in the priory's basilica (dedicated to the
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225:Clement-Mary Hofbauer is remembered as a
1459:"Book of Saints â Clement Mary Hofbauer"
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1377:. See also the portrait of Hofbauer at:
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1437:, (Francis Breymann, SJ, trans.), 1916
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674:. Whether in reprisal or revenge, the
498:Congregation of the Most Holy Redeemer
47:Hofbauer's tombstone in the Church of
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1310:Declaration of Human and Civil Rights
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1433:Constantine Kempf, SJ, Constantine.
603:Polish loyalist forces were routed.
430:. As a hermit, Hofbauer focused on
313:, nor of joining a religious order.
278:(December 26) 1751, in TaĂwitz (now
672:massacre of Warsaw's Praga district
324:
13:
601:War in Defence of the Constitution
375:, abolished all hermitages in the
14:
3151:
1555:
1545:". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.).
887:Friedrich August von Klinkowström
772:office of the Blessed Virgin Mary
742:
713:King StanisĆaw August Poniatowski
3140:Austrian people of Czech descent
3032:
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2957:
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1439:
1314:Constitution of 3 September 1791
1114:
1078:
1062:
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717:Commission of National Education
483:poverty, chastity, and obedience
3115:Beatifications by Pope Leo XIII
1915:Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite
1487:
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875:Karl Wilhelm Friedrich Schlegel
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16:Austrian Redemptorist and saint
3105:Austrian Roman Catholic saints
1628:History of the Catholic Church
1399:PolishâLithuanian Commonwealth
1268:
1254:
1206:
1195:
1153:
889:the artist, Joseph von Pilat (
514:PolishâLithuanian Commonwealth
414:, Barnabas Chiaramonte (later
302:"Hofbauer"). His father was a
233:. He is called the Apostle of
1:
3130:19th-century Christian saints
3125:18th-century Christian saints
2277:Giovanni Pico della Mirandola
1674:History of Christian theology
1318:American Constitution of 1787
1233:"Saint Clement Mary Hofbauer"
931:
881:(daughter of the philosopher
533:
261:
3120:Canonizations by Pope Pius X
1605:History of Catholic theology
1239:. 2016-03-16. Archived from
670:of 1794. There followed the
658:. Soon after his victory at
578:: "The Poles have given the
256:
7:
3095:Czech Roman Catholic saints
3065:People from Znojmo District
1306:French Constituent Assembly
1015:was established in Berlin.
992:is celebrated on 15 March.
617:), Poland ceased to exist.
406:. He resumed the life of a
268:Johannes ("Hansl") Hofbauer
10:
3156:
2703:Pierre Teilhard de Chardin
2693:Reginald Garrigou-Lagrange
1978:Transubstantiation dispute
1483:https://home.dartmouth.edu
1395:dissolution of the Jesuits
1375:https://benon.redemptor.pl
1312:of 26 August 1789 and the
1043:
1037:Constitution of 3 May 1791
685:
418:), who clothed him in the
290:region of what is now the
195:and later a priest of the
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1928:
1788:
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1543:Bl. Clement Mary Hofbauer
1415:"ĆwiÄty Klemens Hofbauer"
1308:, which had produced the
1025:
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808:King Frederick Augustus I
565:In 1791, a parliamentary
528:
485:. Ten days later, at the
152:
142:
129:
116:
106:
82:
56:
40:
21:
2617:Matthias Joseph Scheeben
1810:Athanasius of Alexandria
1702:First Epistle of Clement
1214:"SĂŒdmĂ€hren Klosterbruck"
1147:January 8, 2016, at the
1138:"St. Clement Hofbauer",
1094:
648:King Frederick Augustus'
426:, and Mary in honour of
2728:Dietrich von Hildebrand
2592:Giovanni Maria Cornoldi
2466:Jacques-BĂ©nigne Bossuet
2446:Mary of Jesus of Ăgreda
1988:Paulinus II of Aquileia
1983:Predestination disputes
1541:Magnier, John (1908). "
1089:von Adelsfried, c. 1902
711:After an audience with
666:engulfed Warsaw during
597:Targowica Confederation
524:Mission beyond the Alps
2964:Catholicism portal
2813:Hans Urs von Balthasar
2612:Tommaso Maria Zigliara
2552:Félicité de La Mennais
2231:The Cloud of Unknowing
1732:The Shepherd of Hermas
1568:Klemens Maria Hofbauer
1302:European Enlightenment
953:
853:
543:
387:
373:enlightened absolutism
338:
186:Klemens Maria Hofbauer
185:
73:Margraviate of Moravia
2738:Marie-Dominique Chenu
2657:Marie-Joseph Lagrange
2642:Désiré-Joseph Mercier
2526:Clement Mary Hofbauer
2521:Johann Michael Sailer
1948:Maximus the Confessor
1640:History of the papacy
1548:Catholic Encyclopedia
1389:This was next to the
939:
879:Dorothea von Schlegel
829:
676:Russian imperial army
613:two years later (see
541:
457:courses permeated by
385:
332:
168:Clement Mary Hofbauer
111:Roman Catholic Church
29:Clement Mary Hofbauer
2914:Raniero Cantalamessa
2884:Alice von Hildebrand
2833:Edward Schillebeeckx
2511:Maria Gaetana Agnesi
2396:Lawrence of Brindisi
2326:Francisco de Vitoria
2116:Beatrice of Nazareth
2091:Hugh of Saint Victor
2071:Bernard of Clairvaux
2051:Anselm of Canterbury
2013:John Scotus Eriugena
2008:Paschasius Radbertus
1855:Gregory of Nazianzus
1749:Epistle to Diognetus
1570:at Wikimedia Commons
909:off by the Austrian
893:private secretary),
615:Partitions of Poland
589:Alexander Bezborodko
451:University of Vienna
3110:Redemptorist saints
2889:Carlo Maria Martini
2853:Johann Baptist Metz
2823:Frederick Copleston
2647:Friedrich von HĂŒgel
2607:Joseph Hergenröther
2587:Gaetano Sanseverino
2567:Ignaz von Döllinger
2491:Nicolas Malebranche
2331:Thomas of Villanova
2292:Counter-Reformation
2272:Girolamo Savonarola
2086:Hildegard of Bingen
1895:Cyril of Alexandria
1738:Aristides of Athens
1725:Epistle of Barnabas
1714:Ignatius of Antioch
1652:Ecumenical councils
1494:JORDAN '45, CLIFF.
1463:CatholicSaints.Info
1362:Dempsey, J. (2021)
1182:CatholicSaints.Info
926:Redemptorist church
576:Ewald von Hertzberg
542:Portrait by R. Rinn
506:religious institute
487:Cathedral of Alatri
432:oversight in prayer
424:St. Clement of Rome
237:, where he is a co-
122:29 January 1888 by
2904:Alasdair MacIntyre
2783:Nouvelle théologie
2672:ThérÚse of Lisieux
2516:Alfonso Muzzarelli
2456:Jean-Jacques Olier
2426:Tommaso Campanella
2341:Francisco de Osuna
2336:Ignatius of Loyola
2205:Catherine of Siena
2101:Robert Grosseteste
1998:Benedict of Aniane
1938:Isidore of Seville
1880:Augustine of Hippo
1845:Cyril of Jerusalem
1840:Hilary of Poitiers
1087:August von Wörndle
1034:'s 1891 painting,
1013:St.-Clemens-Kirche
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2894:Pope Benedict XVI
2879:Pope John Paul II
2778:JosemarĂa EscrivĂĄ
2768:Henri Daniel-Rops
2652:Vladimir Solovyov
2632:Neo-scholasticism
2572:John Henry Newman
2506:Louis de Montfort
2501:Alphonsus Liguori
2496:Giambattista Vico
2431:Pierre de BĂ©rulle
2417:French Revolution
2386:Robert Bellarmine
2366:John of the Cross
2252:Julian of Norwich
2210:Bridget of Sweden
2200:John of Ruusbroec
2190:William of Ockham
2106:Francis of Assisi
2096:Dominic de GuzmĂĄn
2066:Decretum Gratiani
2041:Berengar of Tours
1930:Early Middle Ages
1900:Peter Chrysologus
1850:Basil of Caesarea
1835:Ephrem the Syrian
1775:Antipope Novatian
1566:Media related to
1020:Dartmouth College
977:Polish Episcopate
883:Moses Mendelssohn
816:Kostrzyn nad OdrÄ
792:the Prussian king
736:Blessed Sacrament
680:Alexander Suvorov
607:Another partition
390:In 1782, after a
371:, a proponent of
369:Emperor Joseph II
359:Premonstratensian
251:St Peter Canisius
165:
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160:Dartmouth College
158:Vienna, Austria;
107:Venerated in
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2471:François Fénelon
2401:Francis de Sales
2391:Francisco SuĂĄrez
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2146:Siger of Brabant
2131:Boetius of Dacia
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2863:Henri Nouwen
2773:Jean Guitton
2753:Fulton Sheen
2681:20th century
2582:Jaime Balmes
2540:19th century
2525:
2361:Luis de LeĂłn
2242:Geert Groote
2229:
2046:Peter Damian
1885:John Cassian
1825:Nestorianism
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1684:Early Church
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479:Saint Joseph
476:
473:Redemptorist
436:
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366:
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308:
267:
266:He was born
265:
239:patron saint
224:
200:congregation
197:Redemptorist
167:
166:
3060:1820 deaths
3055:1751 births
3015:Catholicism
2934:TomĂĄĆĄ HalĂk
2858:Jean Vanier
2843:René Girard
2828:Alfred Delp
2793:Yves Congar
2788:Karl Rahner
2763:Dorothy Day
2748:Edith Stein
2718:Ronald Knox
2316:John Fisher
2311:Thomas More
2288:Reformation
2180:Duns Scotus
2175:Ramon Llull
2168:and reforms
2156:Roger Bacon
2121:Bonaventure
2031:Roscellinus
1820:Pelagianism
1791:Constantine
1614:Key figures
1300:It was the
1085:Drawing by
1069:Tombstone,
1032:Jan Matejko
1001:10th Avenue
846: [
768:High Masses
749:Freemasonry
630:in faraway
627:coup d'Ă©tat
518:lay brother
502:Joseph II's
463:rationalism
459:Josephinism
137:Pope Pius X
3049:Categories
2944:Scott Hahn
2321:Johann Eck
1973:Iconoclasm
1905:Pope Leo I
1765:Tertullian
1505:2023-10-25
1469:2020-08-10
1247:2020-08-10
1188:2020-08-10
987:liturgical
966:recognised
950:Lima, Ohio
946:veneration
932:Veneration
756:apostolate
534:Background
467:ordination
443:Assumption
392:pilgrimage
282:), in the
262:Early life
247:St Leopold
90:1820-03-16
3003:Biography
2848:Hans KĂŒng
2637:LĂ©on Bloy
2627:Modernism
2480:Jansenism
2166:Mysticism
1760:Montanism
1391:cathedral
1276:Joseph II
1159:See also
956:In 1888,
724:Christian
668:Holy Week
660:RacĆawice
611:partition
560:partition
257:Biography
243:St ColmĂĄn
178:âčSee Tfdâș
154:Patronage
131:Canonized
118:Beatified
2380:Molinism
1958:Ecthesis
1910:Boethius
1815:Arianism
1805:Eusebius
1755:Irenaeus
1719:Polycarp
1633:Timeline
1514:cite web
1145:Archived
1073:, Vienna
863:Ursuline
858:Napoleon
701:St Benno
664:fighting
622:Napoleon
585:de facto
455:Theology
311:seminary
288:Moravian
280:Tasovice
190:Moravian
148:15 March
3027:Austria
2977:Portals
2301:Erasmus
2151:Thomism
1890:Orosius
1865:Ambrose
1780:Cyprian
1708:Didache
1662:Vulgate
1621:General
1539::
1397:in the
1044:Gallery
899:Ireland
839:Liesing
780:vespers
686:Poverty
357:of the
304:grazier
286:of the
270:on the
229:in the
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2991:Saints
1993:Alcuin
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852:(2006)
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770:, the
697:PoznaĆ
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636:France
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548:polity
529:Warsaw
412:bishop
408:hermit
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335:Znojmo
300:German
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235:Vienna
216:Polish
212:Europe
193:hermit
182:German
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510:Scala
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315:Latin
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