888:, who stated in 1937: "The boom, not the slump, is the right time for austerity at the Treasury." However, this remarkable success did not stop conservative pundits from trying to discredit this achievement. Their argument essentially goes like this: Although debt held by the public was reduced, the surplus funds paid into Social Security were used to pay those bondholders, in effect borrowing from one pocket (future Social Security program recipients) to pay down the other (current bondholders), such that total debt rose. However, while this is true, this is also how the proverbial "math works" for all the other modern Presidents as well. It is not accurate to discredit the exceptional fiscal austerity of the Clinton era relative to other modern Presidents, which nevertheless coincided with a booming economy by virtually any measure. It is also relevant to point out that this booming economy occurred despite Republican warnings that such tax increases on the highest income taxpayers would slow the economy and job creation. Perhaps the boom would have been even greater if larger deficits had been run, but this was not the argument made at the time.
944:
AFDC. If the 1996 reforms had their intended effect of reducing welfare dependency, a leading indicator of success would be a declining welfare caseload. TANF administrative data reported by states to the federal government show that caseloads began declining in the spring of 1994 and fell even more rapidly after the federal legislation was enacted in 1996. Between 1994 and 2005, the caseload declined about 60 percent. The number of families receiving cash welfare is now the lowest it has been since 1969, and the percentage of children on welfare is lower than it has been since 1966." The effects were particularly significant on single mothers; the portion of employed single mothers grew from 58% in 1993 to 75% by 2000. Employment among never-married mothers increased from 44% to 66%. The report concluded that: "The pattern is clear: earnings up, welfare down. This is the very definition of reducing welfare dependency."
1165:
motion pictures. However, the agreement could only take effect if China was accepted into the WTO and was granted permanent "normal trade relations" status by the U.S. Congress. Under the pact, the United States would support China's membership in the WTO. Many
Democrats as well as Republicans were reluctant to grant permanent status to China because they were concerned about human rights in the country and the impact of Chinese imports on U.S. industries and jobs. Congress, however, voted in 2000 to grant permanent normal trade relations with China. Several economic studies have since been released that indicate the increase in trade resulting lowered American prices and increased the U.S. GDP by 0.7% throughout the following decade.
1251:
953:
530:
936:
AFDC and TANF caseloads dropped by 40% from 1994 to 1998 due to the booming economy. As a result, states had accumulated surpluses which could be spent in future years. States also had the flexibility to use these funds for child care and other programs. CBO also estimated that TANF outlays (actual spending) would total $ 12.6 billion in fiscal years 1999 and 2000, grow to $ 14.2 billion by 2002, and reach $ 19.4 billion by 2009. For scale, total spending in FY 2000 was approximately $ 2,000 billion, so this represents around 0.6%. Further, CBO estimated that unspent balances would grow from $ 7.1 billion in 2005 to $ 25.4 billion by 2008.
743:
844:
798:
removed from taxation profits on the sale of a house of up to $ 500,000 for individuals who are married, and $ 250,000 for single individuals. Educational savings and retirement funds were given tax relief. Some of the expiring tax provisions were extended for selected businesses. Since 1998, an exemption could be taken out for those family farms and small businesses that qualified for it. In 1999, the correction of inflation on the $ 10,000 annual gift tax exclusion was accomplished. By the year 2006, the $ 600,000 estate tax exemption had risen to $ 1 million.
1243:
751:
523:
968:
536:
1063:
complemented it with the North
American Agreement on Environmental Cooperation and the North American Agreement on Labor Cooperation, making NAFTA the first "green" trade treaty and the first trade treaty concerned with each country's labor laws, albeit with very weak sanctions. NAFTA provided for gradually reduced tariffs and the creation of a free-trade bloc between the United States, Canada, and Mexico. Opponents of NAFTA, led by 1992 independent presidential candidate
984:
637:
1414:(Burns and Taylor 390). Even if Clinton did cost Americans some jobs because of free trade support, some claim that he allowed for more jobs than were lost because the unemployment rate of his presidency, and especially his second term, were the lowest they had been in thirty years (Burns and Taylor 390). Others attribute this to sustained declines in interest rates, which fueled a booming stock market and job growth in a booming technology sector.
928:(AFDC) program, which had open-ended funding for those who qualified and a federal match for state spending. To receive the full TANF grant amounts, states had to meet certain requirements related to their own spending, as well as the percentage of recipients working or participating in training programs. This threshold could be reduced if welfare caseloads fell. The law also modified the eligibility rules for means-tested benefits programs such as
1330:
1186:
but downstream into rivers and lakes and urban areas as well. A major issue involved low fees charged ranchers who grazed cattle on public lands. The "animal unit month" (AUM) fee was only $ 1.35 and was far below the 1983 market value. The argument was that the federal government in effect was subsidizing ranchers, with a few major corporations controlling millions of acres of grazing land. Babbitt and
Oklahoma Congressman
1437:
1225:. While he disputes that claim, he expressed regret and conceded that in hindsight he would have vetoed the bill, mainly because it excluded risky financial derivatives from regulation, not because it removed the long-standing Glass-Steagall barrier between investment and depository banking. In his view, even if he had vetoed the bill, the Congress would have overridden the veto, as it had nearly unanimous support.
1234:
regulated and did not have the financial resources to make good on its insurance promises when housing defaults began and investors began to claim the insurance payments on mortgage securities in default. AIG collapsed spectacularly in
September 2008, and became a conduit for a large government bailout (over $ 100 billion) to many banks globally to which AIG owed money, one of the darkest episodes in the crisis.
38:
985:
986:
897:
733:... By the end of the Clinton presidency, the numbers were uniformly impressive. Besides the record-high surpluses and the record-low poverty rates, the economy could boast the longest economic expansion in history; the lowest unemployment since the early 1970s; and the lowest poverty rates for single mothers, black Americans, and the aged.
988:
771:) that would cut the deficit by $ 500 billion over five years by reducing $ 255 billion of spending and raising taxes on the wealthiest 1.2% of Americans. It also imposed a new energy tax on all Americans and subjected about a quarter of those receiving Social Security payments to higher taxes on their benefits.
658:, and the economic practices he implemented are held up by his supporters as having fostered a recovery and surplus, though some of the president's critics remained more skeptical of the cause-effect outcome of his initiatives. The Clintonomics policy focus could be summarized by the following four goals:
943:
reported in 2006 that: "With its emphasis on work, time limits, and sanctions against states that did not place a large fraction of its caseload in work programs and against individuals who refused to meet state work requirements, TANF was a historic reversal of the entitlement welfare represented by
833:
because agencies had no budget on which to operate. In April 1996, Clinton and
Congress finally agreed on a budget that provided money for government agencies until the end of the fiscal year in October. The budget included some of the spending cuts that the Republicans supported (decreasing the cost
804:
After
Republicans won control of Congress in 1994, Clinton vehemently fought their proposed tax cuts, believing that they favored the wealthy and would weaken economic growth. In August 1997, however, Clinton and Congressional Republicans were finally able to reach a compromise on a bill that reduced
797:
reduced some federal taxes. The 28% rate for capital gains was lowered to 20%. The 15% rate was lowered to 10%. In 1980, a tax credit was put into place based on the number of individuals under the age of 17 in a household. In 1998, it was $ 400 per child and in 1999, it was raised to $ 500. This Act
1164:
That same year, Clinton signed a landmark trade agreement with the People's
Republic of China. The agreement–the result of more than a decade of negotiations–would lower many trade barriers between the two countries, making it easier to export U.S. products such as automobiles, banking services, and
1040:
and relaxing rules on imports would cost
American jobs because people would buy cheaper products from other countries. Clinton countered that free trade would help America because it would allow the U.S. to boost its exports and grow the economy. Clinton also believed that free trade could help move
732:
The
Clinton years were unquestionably a time of progress, especially on the economy ... Clinton's 1992 slogan, 'Putting people first,' and his stress on 'the economy, stupid,' pitched an optimistic if still gritty populism at a middle class that had suffered under Ronald Reagan and George H.W. Bush.
1160:
Clinton faced yet another trade setback in
December 1999, when the WTO met in Seattle for a new round of trade negotiations. Clinton hoped that new agreements on issues such as agriculture and intellectual property could be proposed at the meeting, but the talks fell through. Anti-WTO protesters in
935:
CBO estimated in March 1999 that the TANF basic block grant (authorization to spend) would total $ 16.5 billion annually through 2002, with the amount allocated to each state based on the state's spending history. These block grant amounts proved to be more than the states could initially spend, as
908:
On taking office in early 1993, Clinton proposed a $ 16 billion stimulus package primarily to aid urban area programs favored by progressives. The package was quickly defeated by a Republican filibuster in the Senate. Serious efforts at welfare reform required bipartisan support. With the landslide
786:
Clinton signed the Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1993 into law on August 10, 1993. The law created a 36 percent to 39.6 percent income tax for high-income individuals in the top 1.2% of wage earners. Businesses were given an income tax rate of 35%. The cap was repealed on Medicare. Gas taxes
1185:
Environmentalists began taking a keen interest in agricultural policies. The feared that farming had a growing negative impact on the environment in terms of soil erosion and the destruction of wetlands. The expanding use of pesticides and fertilizers, polluted soil and water not just on each farm
1181:
With exports accounting for more than a fourth of farm output, farm organizations joined business interests to defeat human rights activists regarding Most Favored Nation (MFN) trade status for China They took the position that major tariff increases would hurt importers and consumers. They warned
774:
Republican Congressional leaders launched an aggressive opposition against the bill, claiming that the tax increase would only make matters worse. Republicans were united in this opposition, and every Republican in both houses of Congress voted against the proposal. In fact, it took Vice President
1090:
concluded that the "net overall effect of NAFTA on the U.S. economy appears to have been relatively modest, primarily because trade with Canada and Mexico accounts for a small percentage of U.S. GDP. However, there were worker and firm adjustment costs as the three countries adjusted to more open
883:
These surpluses 1998-2001 were attributed to a strong economy generating high tax revenues, tax increases on upper-income taxpayers, spending restraint, and capital gains tax revenue from a stock market boom. This pattern of raising taxes and cutting spending (i.e., austerity) in an economic boom
650:
Clinton's presidency included a great period of economic growth in America's history. Clintonomics encompassed both a set of economic policies as well as governmental philosophy. Clinton's economic approach entailed modernization of the federal government, making it more enterprise-friendly while
1314:
Clinton worked with the Republican-led Congress to enact welfare reform. As a result, welfare rolls dropped dramatically and were the lowest since 1969. Between January 1993 and September 1999, the number of welfare recipients dropped by 7.5 million (a 53% decline) to 6.6 million. In comparison,
1228:
Politifact in 2015 rated Clinton's claim that repeal of Glass-Steagall did not have "anything to do with the financial crash " as "Mostly True," with the caveat that his claim focused on removing the separation of investment and depository banking and not the broader exclusion of risky financial
1091:
trade and investment among their economies." CRS also pointed out that NAFTA to a great extent set rules for behavior already underway (e.g., U.S. manufacturing companies were already moving some jobs to Mexico, thus avoiding U.S. employment regulation and unions, in efforts to maximize profits.)
809:
to allow people to invest taxed income for retirement without having to pay taxes upon withdrawal. Additionally, the law raised the national minimum for cigarette taxes. The next year, Congress approved Clinton's proposal to make college more affordable by expanding federal student financial aid
596:(around 4% annually) and record job creation (22.7 million). He raised taxes on higher income taxpayers early in his first term and cut defense spending and welfare, which contributed to a rise in revenue and decline in spending relative to the size of the economy. These factors helped bring the
1233:
at the core of the 2008 crisis, were basically used to insure mortgage-related securities, with AIG the major provider. This encouraged more mortgage-related lending, as AIG theoretically stood behind the mortgage securities used to finance the mortgage lending. However, AIG was not effectively
1156:
Clinton faced his first defeat on trade legislation during his second term. In November 1997, the Republican-controlled Congress delayed voting on a bill to restore a presidential trade authority that had expired in 1994. The bill would have given the president the authority to negotiate trade
1405:
that began in the late 1970s and 1980s. The top marginal income tax rate for high-income individuals (the top 1.2% of earners) was 70 percent in 1980, then lowered to 28 percent in 1986 by Reagan; Clinton raised it back to 39.6 percent, but it remained far below pre-Reagan levels. Clinton's
1177:
told the president she had a new slogan for his reelection campaign: "I’m going to end welfare as we know it for farmers.” Clinton was annoyed and retorted, “Farmers are good people. I know we have to do these things. We’re going to make these cuts. But we don’t have to feel good about it.”
1121:(GATT), an international trade organization. The negotiations had been ongoing since 1986. In a rare move, Clinton convened Congress to ratify the trade agreement in the winter of 1994, during which the treaty was approved. As part of the GATT agreement, a new international trade body, the
1062:
The North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), the free trade agreement between the U.S., Canada, and Mexico, was signed by President George H. W. Bush in December 1992, pending its ratification by the legislatures of the three countries. Clinton did not alter the original agreement, but
1070:
When he signed NAFTA, Clinton said: "NAFTA means jobs. American jobs, and good-paying American jobs. If I didn't believe that, I wouldn't support this agreement." He convinced many Democrats to join most Republicans in supporting trade agreement and in 1993 the Congress passed the treaty.
1035:
Clinton made it one of his goals as president to pass trade legislation that lowered the barriers to trade with other nations. He broke with many of his supporters, including labor unions, and those in his own party to support free-trade legislation. Opponents argued that lowering
1012:
1067:, claimed it would force American companies to move their workforces to Mexico, where they could produce goods with cheaper labor and ship them back to the United States at lower prices. Clinton, however, argued that NAFTA would increase U.S. exports and create new jobs.
874:
Defense spending fell from 4.3% GDP in 1993 to 2.9% GDP by 2000, as the U.S. enjoyed a "peace dividend" in the wake of the fall of the Soviet Union. In dollar terms, defense spending fell from $ 292B in 1993 to $ 266B by 1996, then slowly rose to $ 295 billion by
864:
The ratio of debt held by the public to GDP, a primary measure of U.S. federal debt, fell from 47.8% in 1993 to 33.6% by 2000. Debt held by the public was actually paid down by $ 453 billion over the 1998-2001 periods, the only time this happened between 1970 and
843:
1161:
the streets of Seattle disrupted the meetings and the international delegates attending the meetings were unable to compromise mainly because delegates from smaller, poorer countries resisted Clinton's efforts to discuss labor and environmental standards.
1197:
Congress wrote a new farm bill in 1995. Clinton vetoed it on December 6, 1995 because it would "eliminate the safety net" and "provide windfall payments to producers when prices are high, but not protect family farm income would prices or low."
821:–the national service program that was passed by the Democratic Congress in the early days of the Clinton administration. The two sides, however, could not find a compromise and the budget battle came to a stalemate in 1995 over proposed cuts in
1157:
agreements which the Congress was not authorized to modify–known as "fast-track negotiating" because it streamlines the treaty process. Clinton was unable to generate sufficient support for the legislation, even among the Democratic Party.
1409:
Lower unemployment rates were another large part of Clinton's macroeconomic policies. Many argue that Clinton cost many Americans jobs because he supported free trade, which some argue caused the U.S. to lose jobs to countries like
790:
Clinton signed Small Business Job Protection Act of 1996 which reduced taxes for many small business. Furthermore, he signed legislation that increased the tax deduction for self-employed business owners from 30% to 80% by 1997. The
987:
3067:
3060:
600:
into surplus from fiscal years 1998 to 2001, the only surplus years since 1969. Debt held by the public, a primary measure of the national debt, fell relative to GDP throughout his two terms, from 47.8% in 1993 to 31.4% in 2001.
1283:
Non-farm payrolls increased by 22.7 million from February 1993 to January 2001 (236,000 per month average, the fastest on record for a Presidential tenure) while civilian employment increased by 18.5 million (193,000 per month
1310:
The homeownership rate reached 67.7% near the end of the Clinton administration, the highest rate on record. In contrast, the homeownership rate fell from 65.6% in the first quarter of 1981 to 63.7% in the first quarter of
1306:
The poverty rate declined from 15.1% in 1993 to 11.3% in 2000, the largest six-year drop in poverty in nearly 30 years. The number in poverty fell from 39.2 million in 1993 to 31.58 million in 2000, a decline of 7.6
1220:
which had been in place since 1932. It also prevented further regulation of risky financial derivatives. His deregulation of finance (both tacit and overt through GLBA) was criticized as a contributing factor to the
775:
Gore's tie-breaking vote in the Senate to pass the bill. After extensive lobbying by the Clinton Administration, the House narrowly voted in favor of the bill by a vote of 218 to 216. The budget package expanded the
1010:
878:
Non-defense discretionary spending fell from 3.6% GDP in 1993 to 3.2% GDP by 2000. In dollar terms, it grew from $ 248B in 1993 to $ 343B in 2000; robust economic growth still enabled the ratio to fall relative to
829:, education, and the environment. After Clinton vetoed numerous Republican spending bills, Republicans in Congress twice refused to pass temporary spending authorizations, forcing the federal government to
1048:, stated that the lowered tariffs that resulted from Clinton's trade policies, which reduced prices to consumers and kept inflation low, were technically "the largest tax cut in the history of the world."
805:
capital gain and estate taxes and gave taxpayers a credit of $ 500 per child and tax credits for college tuition and expenses. The bill also called for a new individual retirement account (IRA) called the
1082:
review found that NAFTA was a net benefit to the United States. A 2015 study found that US welfare increased by 0.08% as a result of the NAFTA tariff reductions, and that US intra-bloc trade increased by
1011:
1601:
754:
Job Growth by U.S. president, measured as cumulative percentage change from month after inauguration to end of term. More jobs were created under the Clinton administration than any other President.
651:
dispensing greater authority to state and local governments. The ultimate goal involved rendering the American government smaller, less wasteful, and more agile in light of a newly globalized era.
977:
3247:
2704:
1643:
4111:
1487:
1270:
Real GDP per capita increased from about $ 36,000 in 1992 to $ 44,470 in 2000 (in 2009 dollars), about 23%, roughly the same as it did from 1981 to 1989 during the Reagan administration.
1173:
Although Governor Clinton had a large farm base in Arkansas; as president he sharply cut support for farmers and raised taxes on tobacco. At one high level policy meeting budget expert
1351:
2937:
2972:
535:
3778:
2964:
1074:
While economists generally view free trade as an overall positive for the nation's involved, certain groups may be adversely affected, such as manufacturing workers. For example:
1461:
1287:
The unemployment rate was 7.3% in January 1993, fell steadily to 3.8% by April 2000 and was 4.2% in January 2001 when his second term ended. It was below 5.0% after May 1997.
3987:
3053:
258:
379:
2053:
913:, Clinton was forced to triangulate policies, wherein he adopted mostly conservative proposals supported by most Republicans, while claiming the major credit for them.
3992:
3811:
3713:
830:
817:
Clinton also battled Congress nearly every session on the federal budget, in an attempt to secure spending on education, government entitlements, the environment, and
1254:
The poverty rate declined from 15.1% in 1993 to 11.9% in 1999. The number in poverty fell from 39.2 million in 1993 to 32.8 million in 1999, a decline of 6.4 million.
3997:
3821:
2930:
1417:
As mentioned previously, Clinton has been criticized by some observers as having played a long-term role in leading to the Great Recession with the aforementioned
263:
2289:
1810:
3796:
3736:
3731:
3653:
2835:
1003:
3856:
3831:
115:
3969:
3903:
746:
The Ominibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1993 increased the average federal tax rates for the top 1%, while lowering average tax rates for the middle class.
374:
4106:
3826:
3816:
3741:
3606:
3540:
2731:
2604:
1598:
1467:
1182:
that China would retaliate to hurt American exporters. They wanted more liberal trade policies and less attention to internal Chinese human rights abuses.
3866:
3801:
3535:
1721:
That he has presided over the longest economic expansion in US history is undeniable. The US entered its 107th consecutive month of growth last February.
3942:
3851:
3836:
3616:
3611:
3550:
3545:
105:
1098:
credits NAFTA with increasing U.S. trade in goods and services with Canada and Mexico from $ 337 billion in 1993 to $ 1.2 trillion in 2011, while the
3876:
3871:
3861:
3846:
3037:
1647:
384:
4038:
3921:
3841:
3676:
2900:
917:
901:
441:
362:
4071:
4066:
3773:
3621:
3573:
3304:
2914:
2675:
2135:
4020:
3881:
3463:
3403:
3277:
2828:
2821:
2814:
2807:
2800:
2793:
2786:
1125:(WTO), replaced GATT in 1995. The new WTO had stronger authority to enforce trade agreements and covered a wider range of trade than did GATT.
834:
of cultural, labor, and housing programs) but also preserved many programs that Clinton wanted, including educational and environmental ones.
4048:
2891:
2019:"Remarks by President Clinton, President Bush, President Carter, President Ford, and Vice President Gore in Signing of Nafta Side Agreements"
560:
409:
2687:
1539:
4076:
3311:
2110:
495:
468:
801:
The economy continued to grow, and in February 2000 it broke the record for the longest uninterrupted economic expansion in U.S. history.
1422:
2560:
HHS Administration for Children and Families, December 1999 and August 2000; White House, Office of the Press Secretary, August 22, 2000
3956:
3708:
3648:
3473:
2582:
1263:
Clinton presided over the following economic results, measured from January 1993 to December 2000, with alternate dates as indicated:
3768:
3695:
2946:
2923:
1044:
The Clinton administration negotiated a total of about 300 trade agreements with other countries. Clinton's last treasury secretary,
929:
768:
764:
246:
3438:
3423:
2724:
640:
Four charts showing real GDP growth, unemployment rate, non-farm jobs added, inflation rate, and interest rates in the Clinton era.
510:
483:
1401:
Some liberals and nearly all progressives believe that Clinton did not do enough to reverse the trends toward widening income and
3913:
3763:
3703:
3478:
3240:
3178:
2851:
2779:
2758:
2749:
925:
921:
780:
505:
490:
478:
463:
251:
209:
202:
75:
2061:
3660:
3643:
3560:
3493:
1991:
1293:
Unemployment for Hispanics fell from 11.3% in January 1993 to 5.1% in October 2000, the lowest rate on record up to that point.
1118:
3964:
3448:
3443:
3336:
3171:
2907:
2649:
2315:
853:
He had budget surpluses for fiscal years 1998–2001, the only such years from 1970 to 2023. Clinton's final four budgets were
446:
328:
276:
2250:
1973:
868:
Federal spending fell from 20.7% GDP in 1993 to 17.6% GDP in 2000, below the historical average (1966 to 2015) of 20.2% GDP.
3568:
3433:
1213:
1078:
In a 2012 survey of leading economists, 95% supported the notion that on average, U.S. citizens benefited on NAFTA. A 2001
180:
175:
170:
165:
160:
155:
1940:
4015:
4007:
3755:
3123:
3116:
3076:
2772:
2717:
2699:
2006:
1406:
administration also afforded no benefit to unionized labor and did not favor strengthening collective bargaining rights.
1391:
1315:
between 1981 and 1992, the number of welfare recipients increased by 2.5 million (a 22% increase) to 13.6 million people.
995:
605:
500:
473:
394:
224:
4030:
3937:
3635:
3468:
3453:
3428:
3412:
3396:
2765:
871:
Tax revenues rose steadily from 17.0% GDP in 1993 to 20.0% GDP in 2000, well above the historical average of 17.4% GDP.
219:
2860:
1617:
1267:
Average real GDP growth of 3.8%, compared to average growth of 3.1% from 1970 to 1992. The economy grew every quarter.
436:
4058:
3895:
3343:
1377:
1138:
1095:
553:
333:
150:
1359:
1290:
Unemployment for African Americans fell from 14.1% in January 1993 to 7.0% in April 2000, the lowest rate on record.
1117:
Officials in the Clinton administration also participated in the final round of trade negotiations sponsored by the
3806:
3483:
3219:
357:
2573:
1250:
3359:
3297:
3022:
3015:
3008:
3001:
2994:
2987:
2980:
2844:
1955:
318:
281:
125:
3254:
3233:
3199:
3090:
1848:
Bruce F. Nesmith, and Paul J. Quirk, "Triangulation: Position and Leadership in Clinton’s Domestic Policy." in
1418:
1355:
1087:
621:
4043:
3681:
3458:
3389:
1939:
Kate Bronfenbrenner, 'We'll Close', The Multinational Monitor, March 1997, based on the study she directed, '
1914:
1455:
1216:
or GLBA in 1999. It allowed banks, insurance companies and investment houses to merge and thus repealed the
140:
2098:
952:
4101:
3368:
3320:
2614:
Burns, John W. and Andrew J. Taylor. "A New Democrat? The Economic Performance of the Clinton Presidency."
2527:
2139:
1758:
910:
597:
546:
323:
214:
120:
110:
17:
1770:
924:(TANF) food assistance program, which was funded by block grants to the states. This program replaced the
3288:
3226:
2160:
1941:
Final Report: The Effects of Plant Closing or Threat of Plant Closing on the Right of Workers to Organize
1149:, which was attended by the leaders of 12 Pacific Rim nations. In 1994, Clinton arranged an agreement in
960:
at Cornell University showed the adverse effect of plants threatening to move to Mexico because of NAFTA.
793:
367:
313:
231:
3261:
3139:
2875:
2740:
2594:
2114:
1450:
787:
were raised 4.3 cents per gallon. The taxable portion of Social Security benefits were also increased.
586:
306:
197:
145:
2476:
2407:
2356:
2018:
3132:
2600:"Bill Clinton’s Economic Legacy." BBC. 15 January 2001. British Broadcast Corporation. 8 March 2008
1785:
1564:
Jack Godwin, Clintonomics: How Bill Clinton Reengineered the Reagan Revolution (Amacom Books, 2009)
1340:
1303:
Real median household income increased from $ 50,725 in 1992 to $ 57,790 in 2000, a 13.9% increase.
1207:
1122:
1112:
822:
776:
645:
293:
3192:
2382:
1344:
414:
93:
3185:
3104:
1680:
779:(EITC) as relief to low-income families. It reduced the amount they paid in federal income and
419:
271:
1102:
blames the agreement for sending 700,000 American manufacturing jobs to Mexico over that time.
3979:
1191:
940:
694:
288:
2432:
742:
3146:
2232:
Richard Lowitt, “Oklahoma's Mike Synar Confronts the Western Grazing Question, 1987-2000,”
2202:
John W. Dietrich, "Interest groups and foreign policy: Clinton and the China MFN debates."
655:
609:
522:
301:
2245:
Julie Andersen Hill, "Public Lands Council v. Babbitt: Herding Ranchers Off Public Land."
1574:
8:
2709:
1402:
1230:
1137:
nations to discuss lowering trade barriers. In November 1993, he hosted a meeting of the
957:
885:
2613:
2595:
Bartlett, Bruce. “Clinton Economics.” NRO NationalreviewONLINE 7 July 2004. 8 March 2008
2099:
2 Dec 2013"Contentious Nafta pact continues to generate a sparky debate" By James Politi
1705:
1242:
2659:
1217:
1146:
725:
98:
88:
1889:"Testimony on CBO's Spending Projections for the TANF and Federal Child Care Programs"
3381:
2446:
763:
In proposing a plan to cut the deficit, Clinton submitted a budget and corresponding
702:
1988:
1644:"U.S. Senate Roll Call Vote – H.R. 2264 (Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1993)"
1618:"Asking American to 'Face Facts,' Clinton Presents Plan to Raise Taxes, Cut Deficit"
1153:
with Pacific Rim nations to gradually remove trade barriers and open their markets.
750:
3097:
3046:
2501:
2323:
1578:
1442:
1398:
jobs to foreign countries and then import their product back to the United States.
1045:
592:
President Clinton oversaw a healthy economy during his tenure. The U.S. had strong
399:
389:
2599:
1970:
1734:
1681:"H.R.2264 - 103rd Congress (1993-1994): Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1993"
3506:
1995:
1977:
1959:
1605:
1222:
854:
706:
625:
593:
1668:
U.S. House Recorded Vote – H.R. 2264 (Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1993)
3530:
2656:
The roaring nineties : a new history of the world's most prosperous decade
2551:
Office of Management! and Budget; National Economic Council, September 27, 2000
1814:
858:
849:
Below are the budgetary results for President Clinton's two terms in office:
693:
Prior to the 1992 presidential campaign, America had undergone twelve years of
673:
669:
663:
613:
80:
2041:
1667:
783:(FICA), providing $ 21 billion in savings for 15 million low-income families.
4095:
3526:
3083:
2694:
2174:
Congress and the Nation: A Review of Government and Politics. Vol 9 1993-1996
698:
2290:"Bill Clinton:Glass-Steagall repeal had nothing to do with financial crisis"
3521:
3328:
2344:
1174:
714:
617:
582:
52:
1599:
Speech by President Address to Joint Session of Congress February 17, 1993
1229:
instruments (derivatives) from regulation. These derivatives, such as the
3596:
3501:
3268:
2082:
1540:"Bill Clinton fires back at critics of his financial regulatory policies"
1477:
1395:
1134:
1099:
811:
2207:
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1862:
1510:
1273:
Inflation averaged 2.6%, versus 6.1% from 1970 to 1992 and 3.0% in 1992.
636:
3591:
3164:
1482:
1472:
1390:
Clinton has been heavily criticized for overseeing the creation of the
1190:
tried to rally environmentalists and raise fees, but senators from the
1187:
1064:
1027:
939:
The law's effect goes far beyond the minor budget impact, however. The
902:
Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act of 1996
818:
718:
581:, encapsulates the economic policies of president of the United States
345:
1952:
1394:(NAFTA), which made it more affordable for manufacturing companies to
3516:
2884:
2587:
Midgley, James. "The United States: Welfare, Work, and Development."
1150:
710:
683:
1488:
U.S. economic performance under Democratic and Republican presidents
1329:
3511:
826:
806:
687:
1246:
U.S. cumulative real (inflation-adjusted) GDP growth by President.
2868:
2161:
U.S.-China Relations: An Affirmative Agenda, a Responsible Course
1142:
1037:
1989:
Address by Lawrence H. Summers, Deputy Secretary of the Treasury
1462:
Back to Work: Why We Need Smart Government for a Strong Economy
1436:
37:
1852:
edited by Michael Nelson at al. (Cornell UP, 2016) pp. 46-76.
1511:"CBO Budget and Economic Outlook 2016-2026 Historical tables"
1411:
1057:
724:
David Greenberg, a professor of history and media studies at
4112:
Economic policy by United States presidential administration
2583:
Anonymous. "S&P 500." Standard & Poor's. 8 Mar. 2008
1575:"Memo to Obama Fans: Clinton's presidency was not a failure"
717:, and continuing the traditionally conservative policies of
2400:
2739:
1811:"Bill Clinton says his administration paid down the debt"
994:
Clinton's December 8, 1993 remarks on the signing of the
896:
1863:"The Economic and Budget Outlook:Fiscal Years 1999-2008"
3411:
2375:
624:) has been criticized as a contributing factor to the
1432:
2172:For his farm policies see Congressional Quarterly,
1971:
Clinton on Foreign Policy at University of Nebraska
1041:foreign nations to economic and political reform.
1004:Remarks on the Signing of NAFTA (December 8, 1993)
978:Remarks on the Signing of NAFTA (December 8, 1993)
589:, which lasted from January 1993 to January 2001.
575:economic policy of the Bill Clinton administration
2692:
2316:"Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission-Conclusions"
2083:"The North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)"
1106:
4093:
2447:"Civilian Employment and Total Nonfarm Payrolls"
2282:
918:Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Act
814:, and lowering interest rates on student loans.
3305:1996 United States campaign finance controversy
3241:National Highway System Designation Act of 1995
2644:Frankel, Jeffrey A. and Peter R. Orszag, eds.
1534:
1532:
2973:Joint session of Congress (health care reform)
2520:
1803:
662:Establish fiscal discipline and eliminate the
654:Clinton assumed office following the end of a
3397:
2892:Commerce Department trade mission controversy
2725:
2178:Congress and the Nation: Volume 10: 1997-2001
1773:. February 3, 2008 – via factcheck.org.
1505:
1503:
1468:George W. Bush administration economic policy
620:of finance (both tacit and overt through the
554:
3930:
3789:
3724:
3669:
3584:
3312:Lincoln Bedroom for contributors controversy
2471:
2469:
2467:
2349:
2176:(1998) pp 479-508; Congressional Quarterly,
1763:
1529:
767:(the final, signed version was known as the
4107:Public policy of the Clinton administration
2308:
2111:"Security Increased for WTO Protests – PBS"
1881:
1423:Commodity Futures Modernization Act of 2000
1358:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
1237:
1133:Clinton also held meetings with leaders of
3404:
3390:
3193:Safe Drinking Water Act Amendments of 1996
2732:
2718:
2605:Bartlett, Bruce. "Those Were the Days."
2494:
2439:
1732:
1697:
1500:
1201:
705:. Clinton ran on the economic platform of
561:
547:
2464:
1907:
1855:
1850:42: Inside the Presidency of Bill Clinton
1777:
1378:Learn how and when to remove this message
769:Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1993
116:Sexual assault and misconduct allegations
2703:) is being considered for deletion. See
1249:
1241:
951:
932:and Supplemental Security Income (SSI).
895:
749:
741:
635:
608:(NAFTA) into law, along with many other
3179:National Voter Registration Act of 1993
2956:
2688:The Clinton Presidency: Historic Growth
2589:International Journal of Social Welfare
1783:
926:Aid to Families with Dependent Children
922:Temporary Assistance for Needy Families
884:coincides precisely with the advice of
781:Federal Insurance Contributions Act tax
14:
4094:
3172:Lead-Based Paint Disclosure Regulation
1771:"The Budget and Deficit Under Clinton"
1733:Schifferes, Steve (January 15, 2001).
1703:
1194:successfully blocked their proposals.
1119:General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade
3385:
2713:
2646:American Economic Policy in the 1990s
2632:Congress and the Nation: IX 1993-1996
2159:Council on Foreign Relations (2007).
1915:"The Outcomes of 1996 Welfare Reform"
1706:"How history will judge Bill Clinton"
2639:Congress and the Nation: X 1997-2000
2345:FRED-Real GDP-Retrieved July 1, 2018
1678:
1356:adding citations to reliable sources
1323:
1214:Financial Services Modernization Act
837:
3077:North American Free Trade Agreement
2545:
2502:"FRED Real median household income"
2279:Vol 10 1997-2001 (2002) pp 130–140.
2234:Nevada Historical Society Quarterly
2007:North American Free Trade Agreement
1837:On the Edge: The Clinton Presidency
1567:
1392:North American Free Trade Agreement
996:North American Free Trade Agreement
606:North American Free Trade Agreement
192:42nd President of the United States
24:
3413:Public policy of the United States
3360:← George H. W. Bush administration
2665:
2624:
2578:of 1997. File Tax.Com. 8 Mar. 2008
2221:Congress and the Nation: 1989–1992
1784:Krugman, Paul (30 December 2011).
1759:"Government Shutdown Battle" – PBS
1026:Problems playing these files? See
966:
135:40th and 42nd Governor of Arkansas
25:
4123:
2707:to help reach a consensus. ›
2681:
1704:Bryant, Nick (January 15, 2001).
1139:Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation
1096:United States Chamber of Commerce
920:(PRWORA) of 1996 established the
891:
861:, beginning with the 1997 budget.
2672:Economic Report of the President
1735:"Bill Clinton's economic legacy"
1679:Sabo, Martin Olav (1993-08-10).
1435:
1328:
1080:Journal of Economic Perspectives
1008:
982:
842:
737:
682:Invest in human capital through
534:
528:
521:
36:
3369:George W. Bush administration →
2554:
2425:
2408:"FRED CPI and 10-Year Treasury"
2338:
2269:
2266:. Vol 9 1993-1996 (1998) p 496.
2256:
2239:
2226:
2213:
2196:
2183:
2166:
2153:
2128:
2103:
2092:
2075:
2060:. 13 March 2012. Archived from
2046:
2035:
2011:
2000:
1982:
1964:
1946:
1933:
1842:
1829:
1752:
1726:
1277:
679:Eliminate protectionist tariffs
3255:Telecommunications Act of 1996
3200:White House Millennium Council
3111:Cruise missile strikes on Iraq
2322:. January 2011. Archived from
2204:Presidential Studies Quarterly
1672:
1661:
1636:
1610:
1592:
1558:
1212:Clinton signed the bipartisan
1168:
1107:World Trade Organization (WTO)
1088:Congressional Research Service
900:President Clinton signing the
612:. He also enacted significant
13:
1:
2567:
1297:
758:
585:that were implemented during
2477:"Unemployment rates by race"
1319:
598:United States federal budget
7:
3654:Low-level radioactive waste
3227:Balanced Budget Act of 1997
2609:. 1 July 2004. 4 March 2008
2528:"Historical Poverty Tables"
2435:. Politics that Work. 2015.
2433:"Job Creation by President"
2136:"Wrapping Up the WTO – PBS"
1994:September 27, 2007, at the
1428:
631:
10:
4128:
3262:Communications Decency Act
3091:Israel–Jordan peace treaty
2938:Presidential proclamations
2741:Presidency of Bill Clinton
2700:Presidency of Bill Clinton
2383:"FRED Real GDP per Capita"
2054:"Poll Results | IGM Forum"
2042:Roll Call Vote – H.R. 3450
1451:Presidency of Bill Clinton
1258:
1205:
1110:
1055:
643:
4057:
4029:
4006:
3978:
3955:
3912:
3894:
3754:
3694:
3634:
3559:
3492:
3419:
3353:
3287:
3278:Transportation Equity Act
3209:
3156:
3036:
2965:Joint session of Congress
2748:
2637:Congressional Quarterly.
2630:Congressional Quarterly.
577:, referred to by some as
277:White House travel office
3321:Clinton–Lewinsky scandal
3133:Operation Infinite Reach
2705:templates for discussion
1493:
1238:Economic results summary
1208:Subprime mortgage crisis
1123:World Trade Organization
1113:World Trade Organization
1051:
947:
777:earned income tax credit
697:policies implemented by
646:1990s United States boom
447:Supreme Court candidates
324:Clinton–Lewinsky scandal
294:Operation Infinite Reach
85:Nonprofit organizations
45:This article is part of
2277:Congress and the Nation
2264:Congress and the Nation
1604:March 26, 2007, at the
1202:Deregulation of banking
1128:
94:Clinton Bush Haiti Fund
3234:Gramm–Leach–Bliley Act
3186:One America Initiative
3105:2000 Camp David Summit
2616:The Independent Review
2023:www.historycentral.com
1419:Gramm–Leach–Bliley Act
1255:
1247:
971:
961:
911:1994 midterm elections
909:Republican win in the
905:
755:
747:
735:
641:
622:Gramm–Leach–Bliley Act
458:Presidential campaigns
420:One America Initiative
3140:Bombing of Yugoslavia
3068:by Madeleine Albright
3061:by Warren Christopher
2901:Judicial appointments
2591:10:7 (2000): 284–293.
2320:FCIC.law.stanford.edu
2236:(2004) 47#2 pp 77-111
2206:29.2 (1999): 280-296
1253:
1245:
1192:Western United States
970:
955:
941:Brookings Institution
899:
753:
745:
730:
639:
610:free trade agreements
358:1993 health care plan
289:Republican Revolution
3922:Same-sex immigration
3147:1998 bombing of Iraq
2654:Stiglitz, Joseph E.
2326:on November 18, 2016
1817:. September 23, 2010
1352:improve this section
1231:credit default swaps
707:balancing the budget
232:Presidential library
4102:Economic ideologies
3054:International trips
2618:V.3 (2001): 387-408
2576:Taxpayer Relief Act
2193:(2002) pp. 127–128.
1624:. February 18, 1993
1622:The Washington Post
958:Kate Bronfenbrenner
886:John Maynard Keynes
831:partially shut down
794:Taxpayer Relief Act
368:Balanced Budget Act
3464:Telecommunications
2607:The New York Times
2180:(2002) pp 417-428.
2058:www.igmchicago.org
1976:2015-04-28 at the
1958:2011-05-11 at the
1839:(1994) pp 114–122.
1790:The New York Times
1786:"Keynes was right"
1256:
1248:
1218:Glass-Steagall Act
1018:audio only version
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726:Rutgers University
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264:1995–1996 shutdown
99:One America Appeal
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3016:1999 SOTU Address
3009:1998 SOTU Address
3002:1997 SOTU Address
2995:1996 SOTU Address
2988:1995 SOTU Address
2981:1994 SOTU Address
2924:Executive actions
2296:. August 19, 2015
1869:. January 8, 1998
1517:. 25 January 2016
1403:wealth inequality
1388:
1387:
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838:Deficits and debt
703:George H. W. Bush
571:
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247:Executive actions
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16:(Redirected from
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2113:. Archived from
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1895:. March 16, 1999
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1685:www.congress.gov
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956:Studies done by
855:balanced budgets
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2357:"FRED Real GDP"
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2064:on 22 June 2016
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1996:Wayback Machine
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1666:
1662:
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1611:
1606:Wayback Machine
1597:
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1537:
1530:
1520:
1518:
1509:
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1496:
1441:
1434:
1431:
1421:as well as the
1384:
1373:
1367:
1364:
1349:
1333:
1322:
1300:
1280:
1261:
1240:
1223:Great Recession
1210:
1204:
1171:
1131:
1115:
1109:
1060:
1054:
1033:
1032:
1024:
1022:
1021:
1020:
1019:
1016:
1009:
1006:
1000:
999:
998:
992:
983:
980:
973:
967:
950:
894:
840:
765:tax legislation
761:
740:
728:, opined that:
648:
634:
626:Great Recession
604:Clinton signed
594:economic growth
567:
529:
526:
519:
518:
517:
459:
455:
454:
453:
432:
428:
427:
426:
410:1994 Crime Bill
348:
342:
341:
340:
242:
238:
237:
236:
193:
189:
188:
187:
136:
132:
131:
130:
126:Post-presidency
71:
67:
53:
51:
50:
49:
46:
44:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4125:
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4087:
4086:
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4082:
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4079:
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4055:
4054:
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4046:
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4027:
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4018:
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4010:
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4000:
3995:
3990:
3984:
3982:
3976:
3975:
3973:
3972:
3967:
3961:
3959:
3957:Infrastructure
3953:
3952:
3949:
3948:
3946:
3945:
3940:
3934:
3932:
3925:
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3918:
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3809:
3804:
3799:
3793:
3791:
3784:
3783:
3782:
3781:
3771:
3766:
3760:
3758:
3752:
3751:
3748:
3747:
3745:
3744:
3739:
3734:
3728:
3726:
3719:
3718:
3717:
3716:
3709:Climate change
3706:
3700:
3698:
3692:
3691:
3688:
3687:
3685:
3684:
3679:
3673:
3671:
3664:
3663:
3658:
3657:
3656:
3649:Nuclear energy
3646:
3640:
3638:
3632:
3631:
3628:
3627:
3625:
3624:
3619:
3614:
3609:
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3577:
3576:
3565:
3563:
3557:
3556:
3554:
3553:
3548:
3543:
3538:
3533:
3531:War on Poverty
3524:
3519:
3514:
3509:
3504:
3498:
3496:
3487:
3486:
3481:
3476:
3474:Transportation
3471:
3466:
3461:
3456:
3451:
3446:
3441:
3436:
3431:
3426:
3420:
3417:
3416:
3409:
3408:
3401:
3394:
3386:
3377:
3376:
3374:
3373:
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3354:
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3350:
3348:
3347:
3340:
3333:
3324:
3317:
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3308:
3293:
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3282:
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3251:
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3207:
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3189:
3182:
3175:
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3154:
3153:
3151:
3150:
3143:
3136:
3129:
3128:
3127:
3120:
3108:
3101:
3094:
3087:
3080:
3073:
3072:
3071:
3064:
3050:
3042:
3040:
3038:Foreign policy
3034:
3033:
3030:
3029:
3027:
3026:
3019:
3012:
3005:
2998:
2991:
2984:
2977:
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2897:
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2804:
2797:
2790:
2776:
2769:
2762:
2754:
2752:
2746:
2745:
2737:
2736:
2729:
2722:
2714:
2691:
2690:
2683:
2682:External links
2680:
2679:
2678:
2667:
2664:
2663:
2662:
2652:
2642:
2635:
2626:
2623:
2622:
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2602:
2597:
2592:
2585:
2580:
2569:
2566:
2563:
2562:
2553:
2544:
2519:
2508:. January 1984
2493:
2463:
2438:
2424:
2399:
2374:
2348:
2337:
2307:
2294:Politifact.com
2281:
2268:
2255:
2249:(2000): 1273+
2247:BYU Law Review
2238:
2225:
2223:(1993) p. 536.
2212:
2195:
2189:Bob Woodward,
2182:
2165:
2152:
2127:
2102:
2091:
2074:
2045:
2034:
2010:
1999:
1981:
1963:
1945:
1932:
1906:
1880:
1854:
1841:
1828:
1815:PolitiFact.com
1802:
1776:
1762:
1751:
1725:
1696:
1671:
1660:
1635:
1609:
1591:
1566:
1557:
1546:. May 14, 2014
1528:
1498:
1497:
1495:
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1491:
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1475:
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1200:
1170:
1167:
1130:
1127:
1108:
1105:
1104:
1103:
1092:
1084:
1056:Main article:
1053:
1050:
1023:
1017:
1007:
1002:
1001:
993:
981:
976:
975:
974:
965:
964:
963:
949:
946:
893:
892:Welfare reform
890:
881:
880:
876:
872:
869:
866:
862:
839:
836:
760:
757:
739:
736:
691:
690:
680:
677:
674:private-sector
672:and encourage
670:interest rates
666:
664:budget deficit
633:
630:
614:welfare reform
587:his presidency
569:
568:
566:
565:
558:
551:
543:
540:
539:
520:
516:
515:
514:
513:
508:
503:
498:
488:
487:
486:
481:
476:
471:
460:
457:
456:
452:
451:
450:
449:
442:Federal judges
439:
433:
430:
429:
425:
424:
423:
422:
417:
412:
406:Social issues
404:
403:
402:
397:
392:
385:Foreign policy
382:
377:
372:
371:
370:
365:
360:
349:
344:
343:
339:
338:
337:
336:
331:
326:
321:
311:
310:
309:
304:
296:
291:
286:
285:
284:
279:
274:
268:Controversies
266:
261:
256:
255:
254:
243:
240:
239:
235:
234:
229:
228:
227:
222:
212:
207:
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205:
194:
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190:
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178:
173:
168:
163:
158:
148:
143:
137:
134:
133:
129:
128:
123:
118:
113:
108:
103:
102:
101:
96:
91:
83:
78:
72:
69:
68:
64:
63:
60:
59:
47:a series about
43:
41:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4124:
4113:
4110:
4108:
4105:
4103:
4100:
4099:
4097:
4078:
4075:
4073:
4070:
4068:
4065:
4064:
4062:
4060:
4056:
4050:
4047:
4045:
4042:
4040:
4037:
4036:
4034:
4032:
4028:
4022:
4019:
4017:
4014:
4013:
4011:
4009:
4005:
3999:
3996:
3994:
3991:
3989:
3986:
3985:
3983:
3981:
3977:
3971:
3968:
3966:
3963:
3962:
3960:
3958:
3954:
3944:
3941:
3939:
3936:
3935:
3933:
3931:By Presidency
3929:
3923:
3920:
3919:
3917:
3915:
3911:
3905:
3902:
3901:
3899:
3897:
3893:
3883:
3880:
3878:
3875:
3873:
3870:
3868:
3865:
3863:
3860:
3858:
3857:G. H. W. Bush
3855:
3853:
3850:
3848:
3845:
3843:
3840:
3838:
3835:
3833:
3832:L. B. Johnson
3830:
3828:
3825:
3823:
3820:
3818:
3815:
3813:
3810:
3808:
3805:
3803:
3800:
3798:
3795:
3794:
3792:
3790:By Presidency
3788:
3780:
3777:
3776:
3775:
3772:
3770:
3767:
3765:
3762:
3761:
3759:
3757:
3753:
3743:
3740:
3738:
3735:
3733:
3730:
3729:
3727:
3725:By Presidency
3723:
3715:
3712:
3711:
3710:
3707:
3705:
3702:
3701:
3699:
3697:
3696:Environmental
3693:
3683:
3680:
3678:
3675:
3674:
3672:
3670:By Presidency
3668:
3662:
3659:
3655:
3652:
3651:
3650:
3647:
3645:
3642:
3641:
3639:
3637:
3633:
3623:
3620:
3618:
3615:
3613:
3610:
3608:
3605:
3603:
3600:
3598:
3595:
3593:
3590:
3589:
3587:
3585:By Presidency
3583:
3575:
3572:
3571:
3570:
3567:
3566:
3564:
3562:
3558:
3552:
3549:
3547:
3544:
3542:
3539:
3537:
3534:
3532:
3528:
3527:Great Society
3525:
3523:
3520:
3518:
3515:
3513:
3510:
3508:
3505:
3503:
3500:
3499:
3497:
3495:
3491:
3485:
3482:
3480:
3477:
3475:
3472:
3470:
3467:
3465:
3462:
3460:
3457:
3455:
3452:
3450:
3447:
3445:
3442:
3440:
3437:
3435:
3432:
3430:
3427:
3425:
3422:
3421:
3418:
3414:
3407:
3402:
3400:
3395:
3393:
3388:
3387:
3384:
3371:
3370:
3365:
3362:
3361:
3356:
3355:
3352:
3345:
3341:
3338:
3334:
3331:
3330:
3325:
3322:
3318:
3313:
3309:
3306:
3302:
3301:
3299:
3295:
3294:
3292:
3290:
3286:
3279:
3275:
3270:
3266:
3263:
3259:
3258:
3256:
3252:
3249:
3245:
3242:
3238:
3235:
3231:
3228:
3224:
3221:
3217:
3216:
3214:
3212:
3208:
3201:
3197:
3194:
3190:
3187:
3183:
3180:
3176:
3173:
3169:
3166:
3162:
3161:
3159:
3155:
3148:
3144:
3141:
3137:
3134:
3130:
3125:
3121:
3118:
3114:
3113:
3109:
3106:
3102:
3099:
3095:
3092:
3088:
3085:
3084:Oslo I Accord
3081:
3078:
3074:
3069:
3065:
3062:
3058:
3057:
3055:
3051:
3048:
3044:
3043:
3041:
3039:
3035:
3024:
3020:
3017:
3013:
3010:
3006:
3003:
2999:
2996:
2992:
2989:
2985:
2982:
2978:
2974:
2970:
2966:
2962:
2961:
2959:
2955:
2948:
2944:
2939:
2935:
2932:
2928:
2927:
2925:
2921:
2916:
2915:controversies
2912:
2909:
2908:Supreme Court
2905:
2904:
2902:
2898:
2893:
2889:
2886:
2882:
2877:
2873:
2872:
2870:
2865:
2864:
2862:
2858:
2853:
2849:
2848:
2846:
2842:
2837:
2833:
2830:
2826:
2823:
2819:
2816:
2812:
2809:
2805:
2802:
2798:
2795:
2791:
2788:
2784:
2783:
2781:
2777:
2774:
2770:
2767:
2763:
2760:
2756:
2755:
2753:
2751:
2747:
2742:
2735:
2730:
2728:
2723:
2721:
2716:
2715:
2712:
2706:
2702:
2701:
2696:
2689:
2686:
2685:
2677:
2673:
2670:
2669:
2661:
2657:
2653:
2651:
2647:
2643:
2640:
2636:
2633:
2629:
2628:
2619:
2617:
2612:
2610:
2608:
2603:
2601:
2598:
2596:
2593:
2590:
2586:
2584:
2581:
2579:
2577:
2572:
2571:
2557:
2548:
2533:
2529:
2523:
2507:
2503:
2497:
2482:
2478:
2472:
2470:
2468:
2452:
2448:
2442:
2434:
2428:
2413:
2409:
2403:
2388:
2384:
2378:
2362:
2358:
2352:
2346:
2341:
2325:
2321:
2317:
2311:
2295:
2291:
2285:
2278:
2272:
2265:
2259:
2252:
2248:
2242:
2235:
2229:
2222:
2216:
2209:
2205:
2199:
2192:
2186:
2179:
2175:
2169:
2162:
2156:
2142:on 2012-09-06
2141:
2137:
2131:
2117:on 2012-09-06
2116:
2112:
2106:
2100:
2095:
2084:
2078:
2063:
2059:
2055:
2049:
2043:
2038:
2024:
2020:
2014:
2008:
2003:
1997:
1993:
1990:
1985:
1979:
1975:
1972:
1967:
1961:
1957:
1954:
1949:
1942:
1936:
1920:
1916:
1910:
1894:
1890:
1884:
1868:
1864:
1858:
1851:
1845:
1838:
1832:
1816:
1812:
1806:
1791:
1787:
1780:
1772:
1766:
1760:
1755:
1740:
1736:
1729:
1722:
1711:
1707:
1700:
1686:
1682:
1675:
1669:
1664:
1650:on 2012-07-13
1649:
1645:
1639:
1623:
1619:
1613:
1607:
1603:
1600:
1595:
1580:
1576:
1570:
1561:
1545:
1541:
1535:
1533:
1516:
1512:
1506:
1504:
1499:
1489:
1486:
1484:
1481:
1479:
1476:
1474:
1471:
1469:
1466:
1464:
1463:
1459:
1457:
1456:New Democrats
1454:
1452:
1449:
1448:
1444:
1438:
1433:
1426:
1424:
1420:
1415:
1413:
1407:
1404:
1399:
1397:
1393:
1382:
1379:
1371:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1347:
1346:
1342:
1337:This section
1335:
1331:
1326:
1325:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1302:
1301:
1292:
1289:
1286:
1282:
1281:
1272:
1269:
1266:
1265:
1264:
1252:
1244:
1235:
1232:
1226:
1224:
1219:
1215:
1209:
1199:
1195:
1193:
1189:
1183:
1179:
1176:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1126:
1124:
1120:
1114:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1086:In 2015, the
1085:
1081:
1077:
1076:
1075:
1072:
1068:
1066:
1059:
1049:
1047:
1042:
1039:
1031:
1029:
1005:
997:
979:
959:
954:
945:
942:
937:
933:
931:
927:
923:
919:
914:
912:
903:
898:
889:
887:
877:
873:
870:
867:
863:
860:
856:
852:
851:
850:
847:
845:
835:
832:
828:
824:
820:
815:
813:
808:
802:
799:
796:
795:
788:
784:
782:
778:
772:
770:
766:
752:
744:
738:Fiscal policy
734:
729:
727:
722:
720:
716:
712:
708:
704:
700:
699:Ronald Reagan
696:
689:
685:
681:
678:
675:
671:
668:Maintain low
667:
665:
661:
660:
659:
657:
652:
647:
638:
629:
627:
623:
619:
615:
611:
607:
602:
599:
595:
590:
588:
584:
580:
576:
564:
559:
557:
552:
550:
545:
544:
542:
541:
537:
533:
524:
512:
509:
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431:Appointments
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334:Senate trial
121:Bibliography
111:Public image
54:Bill Clinton
26:
18:Clintonomics
3914:Immigration
3896:Gun control
3774:Middle East
3704:Solid waste
3507:New Freedom
3502:Square Deal
3479:Vaccination
3289:Impeachment
3269:Section 230
2743:(1993–2001)
2693:‹ The
2574:Anonymous.
1478:Reaganomics
1169:Agriculture
1135:Pacific Rim
930:food stamps
812:Pell Grants
713:, lowering
709:, lowering
380:Environment
375:Gun control
314:Impeachment
146:Troopergate
4096:Categories
3867:G. W. Bush
3822:Eisenhower
3714:G. W. Bush
3661:Smart grid
3644:Hydropower
3607:G. W. Bush
3541:G. W. Bush
3165:AmeriCorps
2759:Transition
2568:References
2532:Census.gov
2191:The Agenda
2146:2017-08-26
2121:2017-08-26
2068:2016-01-01
2028:2011-02-20
1690:2022-04-13
1654:2016-12-30
1483:Rubinomics
1473:Orbanomics
1298:Households
1206:See also:
1188:Mike Synar
1147:Washington
1141:(APEC) in
1111:See also:
1065:Ross Perot
1028:media help
819:AmeriCorps
759:Tax reform
719:free trade
676:investment
644:See also:
501:convention
474:convention
307:Yugoslavia
272:Whitewater
210:Transition
198:Presidency
89:Foundation
4021:Stem cell
3769:Criticism
3517:Fair Deal
3449:Fireworks
3444:Education
2885:Nannygate
2674:(annual)
1821:March 20,
1744:March 24,
1715:March 24,
1396:outsource
1339:does not
1320:Criticism
1284:average).
1151:Indonesia
904:into law.
859:surpluses
711:inflation
684:education
656:recession
496:primaries
469:primaries
298:Bombings
151:Elections
3569:Monetary
3561:Economic
3512:New Deal
3494:Domestic
3459:Taxation
3434:Cultural
2957:Speeches
2780:Timeline
2750:Timeline
2695:template
2537:April 5,
2512:April 5,
1992:Archived
1974:Archived
1956:Archived
1739:BBC News
1710:BBC News
1602:Archived
1544:The Hill
1429:See also
1307:million.
827:Medicaid
823:Medicare
810:through
807:Roth IRA
688:research
632:Overview
511:election
484:election
353:Economic
346:Policies
203:timeline
70:Personal
4016:Genetic
4008:Science
3904:Clinton
3862:Clinton
3827:Kennedy
3764:History
3756:Foreign
3602:Clinton
3574:history
3337:Inquiry
3298:Efforts
2869:Al Gore
2861:Cabinet
2845:Pardons
2836:2000–01
2697:below (
2658:(2003)
2648:(2002)
2163:, p. 62
1628:May 22,
1360:removed
1345:sources
1259:Overall
1143:Seattle
1100:AFL–CIO
1038:tariffs
506:debates
479:debates
437:Cabinet
319:efforts
252:pardons
76:Eponyms
4031:Social
3852:Reagan
3847:Carter
3817:Truman
3807:Hoover
3802:Wilson
3636:Energy
3597:Reagan
3536:Reagan
3454:Fiscal
3429:Arctic
2975:(1993)
2967:(1993)
2876:tenure
2676:online
2660:online
2641:(2002)
2634:(1998)
2251:online
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616:. His
363:PRWORA
282:pardon
241:Tenure
225:second
106:Honors
81:Family
4077:Biden
4072:Trump
4067:Obama
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3998:Obama
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3592:Nixon
3551:Trump
3546:Obama
3469:Trade
3344:Trial
2086:(PDF)
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1494:Notes
1412:China
1311:1993.
1058:NAFTA
1052:NAFTA
948:Trade
875:2000.
865:2018.
857:with
395:NAFTA
220:first
3842:Ford
3484:Visa
3439:Drug
3124:1996
3117:1993
2852:list
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