274:, a phenomenon also explained by clonal selection. This is the organism's ability to tolerate the introduction of cells prior to the development of an immune response as long as it occurs early in the organism's development. There are a vast number of lymphocytes occurring in the immune system, ranging from cells that tolerate self tissue to cells that do not. However, only cells tolerant of self tissue survive the embryonic stage. If non-self tissue is introduced, lymphocytes that develop are the ones that include the non-self tissues as self tissue.
189:" (i.e. membrane-bound antibodies) able to react with different antigens. When an antigen is present, it binds to a matching side chain. Then the cell stops producing all other side chains and starts intensive synthesis and secretion of the antigen-binding side chain as a soluble antibody. Though distinct from clonal selection, Ehrlich's idea was a selection theory far more accurate than the instructive theories that dominated immunology in the next decades.
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hypothesized that antigens bind to antibodies on the surface of antibody-producing cells and "only those cells are selected for multiplication whose synthesized product has affinity for the antigen". The key difference from
Ehrlich's theory was that every cell was presumed to synthesize only one sort
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they produce. When an antigen enters the blood or tissue fluids it is assumed that it will attach to the surface of any lymphocyte carrying reactive sites that correspond to one of its antigenic determinants. Then the cell is activated and undergoes proliferation to produce a variety of descendants.
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In this way, preferential proliferation is initiated of all those clones whose reactive sites correspond to the antigenic determinants on the antigens present in the body. The descendants are capable of active liberation of soluble antibody and lymphocytes, the same functions as the parental forms.
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that occur in biological material other than those characteristic of the body itself. Each type of pattern is a specific product of a clone of lymphocytes and it is the essence of the hypothesis that each cell automatically has available on its surface representative reactive sites equivalent to
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as the cloning of two types of lymphocyte. One clone acts immediately to combat infection whilst the other is longer lasting, remaining in the immune system for a long time and causing immunity to that antigen. According to Burnet's hypothesis, among antibodies are molecules that can probably
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In 1959, Burnet proposed that under certain circumstances, tissues could be successfully transplanted into foreign recipients. This work has led to a much greater understanding of the immune system and also great advances in tissue transplantation. Burnet and
Medawar shared the
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The theory states that in a pre-existing group of lymphocytes (both B and T cells), a specific antigen activates (i.e. selects) only its counter-specific cell, which then induces that particular cell to multiply, producing identical
200:
prior to any infection. The entrance of an antigen into the body results in the selection of only one type of antibody to match it. This supposedly occurred by certain cells
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is firmly based on the concept of clonal selection. Jerne won the Nobel Prize in
Physiology or Medicine in 1984, largely for his contributions to immune network theory.
127:. In short, the theory is an explanation of the mechanism for the generation of diversity of antibody specificity. The first experimental evidence came in 1958, when
381:
Cohn, Melvin; Av
Mitchison, N.; Paul, William E.; Silverstein, Arthur M.; Talmage, David W.; Weigert, Martin (2007). "Reflections on the clonal-selection theory".
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proposed that the immune system functions as a network that is regulated via interactions between the variable parts of lymphocytes and their secreted molecules.
228:. In it Burnet expanded the ideas of Talmage and named the resulting theory the "clonal selection theory". He further formalised the theory in his 1959 book
915:
786:
511:
Jordan, Margaret A; Baxter, Alan G (2007). "Quantitative and qualitative approaches to GOD: the first 10 years of the clonal selection theory".
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published a paper titled "A modification of Jerne's theory of antibody production using the concept of clonal selection" in the rather obscure
135:
showed that one B cell always produces only one antibody. The idea turned out to be the foundation of molecular immunology, especially in
258:
showed that one B cell always produces only one antibody, which was the first direct evidence supporting the clonal selection theory.
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proposed the so-called "side chain theory" of antibody production. According to it, certain cells exhibit on their surface different "
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Hodgkin, Philip D; Heath, William R; Baxter, Alan G (2007). "The clonal selection theory: 50 years since the revolution".
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of antibody. After antigen binding the cell proliferates, forming clones with identical antibodies.
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derived from an activated lymphocyte bear receptors of identical specificity as the parent cell.
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The
Generation of Diversity : Clonal Selection Theory and the Rise of Molecular Immunology
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the immune complexes and somehow replicating the antibody structure to produce more of it.
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put forward a hypothesis that there is already a vast array of soluble antibodies in the
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for antibody production. This activation occurs in secondary lymphoid organs such as the
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Each lymphocyte bears a single type of receptor with a unique specificity (generated by
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3) antigens from the body's own tissues are destroyed, while the rest mature into
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Rajewsky, Klaus (1996). "Clonal selection and learning in the antibody system".
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The clonal selection theory can be summarised with the following four tenets:
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765:(1st paperback ed.). Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard Univ. Press.
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616:"Pattern Recognition Theory and the Launch of Modern Innate Immunity"
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95:. The theory has become the widely accepted model for how the human
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antigens produced within the body) are destroyed at an early stage.
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invading the body. The concept was introduced by
Australian doctor
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4) inactive lymphocytes. Most of these never encounter a matching
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5) foreign antigen, but those that do are activated and produce
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undergoes differentiation and genetic rearrangement to produce
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Those lymphocytes bearing receptors for self molecules (i.e.,
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For the use of clonal selection in general horticulture, see
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in 1957, in an attempt to explain the great diversity of
799:"The Origins of the Clonal Selection Theory of Immunity"
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23:. For the use of clonal selection in viticulture, see
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Receptor occupation is required for cell activation.
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230:The Clonal Selection Theory of Acquired Immunity
16:Model of the immune system response to infection
99:responds to infection and how certain types of
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759:Podolsky, Alfred I. Tauber; Scott H. (1997).
785:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
557:Nossal, G. J. V.; Lederberg, Joshua (1958).
856:from the Walter & Elisa Hall institute.
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71:explains the functions of cells of the
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262:Theories supported by clonal selection
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559:"Antibody Production by Single Cells"
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280:Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
661:CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians
485:Janeway's Immunobiology 8th Edition
338:CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians
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487:. New York, NY: Garland Science.
270:worked together on understanding
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216:Burnet's clonal selection theory
91:formed during initiation of the
1243:Immunoglobulin class switching
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847:Animation of clonal selection
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226:Australian Journal of Science
192:In 1955, Danish immunologist
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59:6) many clones of themselves.
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513:Immunology and Cell Biology
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1072:Polyclonal B cell response
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308:Clonal selection algorithm
79:) in response to specific
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620:The Journal of Immunology
383:Nature Reviews Immunology
351:10.3322/canjclin.26.2.119
25:Propagation of grapevines
633:10.4049/jimmunol.1302427
483:Murphy, Kenneth (2012).
272:immunological tolerance
222:Frank Macfarlane Burnet
85:Frank Macfarlane Burnet
69:clonal selection theory
47:hematopoietic stem cell
37:Clonal selection theory
1186:Tolerance in pregnancy
928:adaptive immune system
797:Forsdyke D.R. (1995).
655:Burnet, F. M. (1976).
614:Medzhitov, R. (2013).
525:10.1038/sj.icb.7100140
303:Adaptive immune system
239:antigenic determinants
60:
1221:Somatic hypermutation
1055:Polyclonal antibodies
1050:Monoclonal antibodies
291:Immune network theory
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1238:Junctional diversity
1006:Antigen presentation
234:immunological memory
1233:V(D)J recombination
1216:Affinity maturation
968:Antigenic variation
852:6 July 2011 at the
726:10.1038/ni1007-1019
575:1958Natur.181.1419N
569:(4620): 1419–1420.
438:1996Natur.381..751R
332:Burnet, FM (1976).
313:Universal Darwinism
161:The differentiated
153:V(D)J recombination
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1010:professional APCs
720:(10): 1019–1026.
714:Nature Immunology
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137:adaptive immunity
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1226:Clonal selection
1198:Immune privilege
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266:Burnet and
194:Niels Jerne
187:side chains
125:lymph nodes
77:lymphocytes
41:lymphocytes
1345:Immunology
1339:Categories
1307:Substances
1171:Peripheral
1159:Inaction:
1038:Antibodies
1019:Macrophage
932:complement
319:References
177:Early work
170:endogenous
143:Postulates
89:antibodies
65:immunology
1324:Cytolysin
1314:Cytokines
1161:Tolerance
1110:tolerance
1029:Immunogen
781:cite book
683:0007-9235
454:0028-0836
285:In 1974,
282:in 1960.
250:In 1958,
207:In 1957,
181:In 1900,
1274:Cellular
1118:Immunity
1116:Action:
1099:Paratope
1087:Idiotype
1077:Allotype
1045:Antibody
999:Mimotope
963:Allergen
946:Antigens
939:Lymphoid
888:Medicine
850:Archived
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368:40609269
297:See also
244:globulin
123:and the
109:antigens
81:antigens
1319:Opsonin
1298:NK cell
1286:Humoral
1166:Central
1133:Allergy
1082:Isotype
982:Epitope
953:Antigen
876:Biology
862:Portals
825:7781918
592:2082245
571:Bibcode
470:4279640
462:8657279
434:Bibcode
1291:B cell
1279:T cell
1024:B cell
987:Linear
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466:S2CID
407:S2CID
364:S2CID
198:serum
45:1) A
930:and
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787:link
767:ISBN
730:PMID
687:PMID
679:ISSN
638:PMID
597:PMID
529:PMID
489:ISBN
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450:ISSN
399:PMID
356:PMID
254:and
131:and
103:and
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1248:MHC
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