Cloning - Knowledge

435: 547:(also called reproductive cloning) refers to the procedure of creating a new multicellular organism, genetically identical to another. In essence this form of cloning is an asexual method of reproduction, where fertilization or inter-gamete contact does not take place. Asexual reproduction is a naturally occurring phenomenon in many species, including most plants and some insects. Scientists have made some major achievements with cloning, including the asexual reproduction of sheep and cows. There is a lot of ethical debate over whether or not cloning should be used. However, cloning, or asexual propagation, has been common practice in the horticultural world for hundreds of years. 1695: 816: 1578:) is used as a reference, nearly 5% of the genome sequence is unrecoverable, with 1,661 genes recovered at lower than 90% completeness, and 26 completely absent", complicated further by that "distribution of regions affected is not random, but for example, if 90% completeness is used as the cutoff, genes related to immune response and olfaction are excessively affected" due to which "a reconstructed Christmas Island rat would lack attributes likely critical to surviving in its natural or natural-like environment". 1946:, which makes use of the trope of a "vast clandestine laboratory ... filled with row upon row of 'blank' human bodies kept floating in tanks of nutrient liquid or in suspended animation", clearly fear is to be incited. In Clark's view, the biotechnology is typically "given fantastic but visually arresting forms" while the science is either relegated to the background or fictionalised to suit a young audience. Genetic engineering methods are weakly represented in film; Michael Clark, writing for 931: 215: 1322:: (2020) A team of scientists cloned a female named Willa, who died in the mid-1980s and left no living descendants. Her clone, a female named Elizabeth Ann, was born on 10 December. Scientists hope that the contribution of this individual will alleviate the effects of inbreeding and help black-footed ferrets better cope with plague. Experts estimate that this female's genome contains three times as much genetic diversity as any of the modern black-footed ferrets. 500:

removing maternal DNA from an oocyte at metaphase II. Once this has been done, the somatic nucleus can be inserted into an egg cytoplasm. This creates a one-cell embryo. The grouped somatic cell and egg cytoplasm are then introduced to an electrical current. This energy will hopefully allow the cloned embryo to begin development. The successfully developed embryos are then placed in surrogate recipients, such as a cow or sheep in the case of farm animals.

1546:, but attempts to extract DNA from frozen mammoths have been unsuccessful, though a joint Russo-Japanese team is currently working toward this goal. In January 2011, it was reported by Yomiuri Shimbun that a team of scientists headed by Akira Iritani of Kyoto University had built upon research by Dr. Wakayama, saying that they will extract DNA from a mammoth carcass that had been preserved in a Russian laboratory and insert it into the egg cells of an 44: 2236: 845:, was the first mammal to have been successfully cloned from an adult somatic cell. Dolly was formed by taking a cell from the udder of her 6-year-old biological mother. Dolly's embryo was created by taking the cell and inserting it into a sheep ovum. It took 435 attempts before an embryo was successful. The embryo was then placed inside a female sheep that went through a normal pregnancy. She was cloned at the 828: 573: 488:. This process is also called "research cloning" or "therapeutic cloning". The goal is not to create cloned human beings (called "reproductive cloning"), but rather to harvest stem cells that can be used to study human development and to potentially treat disease. While a clonal human blastocyst has been created, stem cell lines are yet to be isolated from a clonal source. 492:

Alzheimer's disease, the nucleus from a skin cell of that patient is placed into an empty egg. The reprogrammed cell begins to develop into an embryo because the egg reacts with the transferred nucleus. The embryo will become genetically identical to the patient. The embryo will then form a blastocyst which has the potential to form/become any cell in the body.

2224:. This fails, as they were able to copy bodies, but unable to copy the souls of those they cloned. The project is abandoned and the clones are trapped exactly mirroring their above-ground counterparts' actions for generations. In the present day, the clones launch a surprise attack and manage to complete a mass-genocide of their unaware counterparts. 403:. Finally, the transfected cells are cultured. As the aforementioned procedures are of particularly low efficiency, there is a need to identify the cells that have been successfully transfected with the vector construct containing the desired insertion sequence in the required orientation. Modern cloning vectors include selectable 1367:. These ethical concerns have prompted several nations to pass legislation regarding human cloning and its legality. As of right now, scientists have no intention of trying to clone people and they believe their results should spark a wider discussion about the laws and regulations the world needs to regulate cloning. 1685:

A detailed study released in 2016 and less detailed studies by others suggest that once cloned animals get past the first month or two of life they are generally healthy. However, early pregnancy loss and neonatal losses are still greater with cloning than natural conception or assisted reproduction

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In 2012, a Japanese television series named "Bunshin" was created. The story's main character, Mariko, is a woman studying child welfare in Hokkaido. She grew up always doubtful about the love from her mother, who looked nothing like her and who died nine years before. One day, she finds some of her

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Opponents of cloning have concerns that technology is not yet developed enough to be safe and that it could be prone to abuse (leading to the generation of humans from whom organs and tissues would be harvested), as well as concerns about how cloned individuals could integrate with families and with

1408:. While many of these views are religious in origin, the questions raised by cloning are faced by secular perspectives as well. Perspectives on human cloning are theoretical, as human therapeutic and reproductive cloning are not commercially used; animals are currently cloned in laboratories and in 503:

SCNT is seen as a good method for producing agriculture animals for food consumption. It successfully cloned sheep, cattle, goats, and pigs. Another benefit is SCNT is seen as a solution to clone endangered species that are on the verge of going extinct. However, stresses placed on both the egg cell

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Natural cloning is the production of clones without the involvement of genetic engineering techniques or human intervention (i.e. artificial cloning). Natural cloning occurs through a variety of natural mechanisms, from single-celled organisms to complex multicellular organisms, and has allowed life

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In 2003, for the first time, an extinct animal, the Pyrenean ibex mentioned above was cloned, at the Centre of Food Technology and Research of Aragon, using the preserved frozen cell nucleus of the skin samples from 2001 and domestic goat egg-cells. The ibex died shortly after birth due to physical

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In practical terms, the inclusion of "licensing requirements for embryo research projects and fertility clinics, restrictions on the commodification of eggs and sperm, and measures to prevent proprietary interests from monopolizing access to stem cell lines" in international cloning regulations has

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Therapeutic cloning is achieved by creating embryonic stem cells in the hopes of treating diseases such as diabetes and Alzheimer's. The process begins by removing the nucleus (containing the DNA) from an egg cell and inserting a nucleus from the adult cell to be cloned. In the case of someone with

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with a milk productivity "nearly 1.7 times the amount of milk an average cow in the United States produced in 2021" and a plan for 1,000 of such super cows in the near-term. According to a news report "n many countries, including the United States, farmers breed clones with conventional animals to

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The reason why SCNT is used for cloning is because somatic cells can be easily acquired and cultured in the lab. This process can either add or delete specific genomes of farm animals. A key point to remember is that cloning is achieved when the oocyte maintains its normal functions and instead of

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The process of cloning a particular farm animal using SCNT is relatively the same for all animals. The first step is to collect the somatic cells from the animal that will be cloned. The somatic cells could be used immediately or stored in the laboratory for later use. The hardest part of SCNT is

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reproduce themselves. Some of the mechanisms are explored and used in plants and animals are binary fission, budding, fragmentation, and parthenogenesis. It can also occur during some forms of asexual reproduction, when a single parent organism produces genetically identical offspring by itself.

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After an eight-year project involving the use of a pioneering cloning technique, Japanese researchers created 25 generations of healthy cloned mice with normal lifespans, demonstrating that clones are not intrinsically shorter-lived than naturally born animals. Other sources have noted that the

2095:". Sontarans are depicted as squat, bald creatures who have been genetically engineered for combat. Their weak spot is a "probic vent", a small socket at the back of their neck which is associated with the cloning process. The concept of cloned soldiers being bred for combat was revisited in " 1550:

in hopes of producing a mammoth embryo. The researchers said they hoped to produce a baby mammoth within six years. It was noted, however that the result, if possible, would be an elephant-mammoth hybrid rather than a true mammoth. Another problem is the survival of the reconstructed mammoth:

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The first mammalian cloning (resulting in Dolly) had a success rate of 29 embryos per 277 fertilized eggs, which produced three lambs at birth, one of which lived. In a bovine experiment involving 70 cloned calves, one-third of the calves died quite young. The first successfully cloned horse,

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Dolly was publicly significant because the effort showed that genetic material from a specific adult cell, designed to express only a distinct subset of its genes, can be redesigned to grow an entirely new organism. Before this demonstration, it had been shown by John Gurdon that nuclei from

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somatic cell nucleus and activating the recipient egg was also far from being well understood. However, by 2014 researchers were reporting cloning success rates of seven to eight out of ten and in 2016, a Korean Company Sooam Biotech was reported to be producing 500 cloned embryos per day.

1378:. Therapeutic cloning would involve cloning cells from a human for use in medicine and transplants, and is an active area of research, but is not in medical practice anywhere in the world, as of 2024. Two common methods of therapeutic cloning that are being researched are 600:

are clones, having been derived from a single individual, multiplied by some process other than sexual reproduction. As an example, some European cultivars of grapes represent clones that have been propagated for over two millennia. Other examples are potato and banana.

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medium. Nevertheless, these selection steps do not absolutely guarantee that the DNA insert is present in the cells obtained. Further investigation of the resulting colonies must be required to confirm that cloning was successful. This may be accomplished by means of

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Cloning of animals is opposed by animal-groups due to the number of cloned animals that suffer from malformations before they die, and while food from cloned animals has been approved as safe by the US FDA, its use is opposed by groups concerned about food safety.

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The process of cloning is represented variously in fiction. Many works depict the artificial creation of humans by a method of growing cells from a tissue or DNA sample; the replication may be instantaneous, or take place through slow growth of human embryos in

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from which the nucleus has been removed. If the egg begins to divide normally it is transferred into the uterus of the surrogate mother. Such clones are not strictly identical since the somatic cells may contain mutations in their nuclear DNA. Additionally, the

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Some posited that Dolly the sheep may have aged more quickly than naturally born animals, as she died relatively early for a sheep at the age of six. Ultimately, her death was attributed to a respiratory illness, and the "advanced aging" theory is disputed.

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Perrier, X.; De Langhe, E.; Donohue, M.; Lentfer, C.; Vrydaghs, L.; Bakry, F.; Carreel, F.; Hippolyte, I.; Horry, J. -P.; Jenny, C.; Lebot, V.; Risterucci, A. -M.; Tomekpe, K.; Doutrelepont, H.; Ball, T.; Manwaring, J.; De Maret, P.; Denham, T. (2011).

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Religious groups are divided, with some opposing the technology as usurping "God's place" and, to the extent embryos are used, destroying a human life; others support therapeutic cloning's potential life-saving benefits. There is at least one religion,

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Human cloning is the creation of a genetically identical copy of a human. The term is generally used to refer to artificial human cloning, which is the reproduction of human cells and tissues. It does not refer to the natural conception and delivery of

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who led the team that successfully cloned Dolly, argue that Dolly's early death due to respiratory infection was unrelated to problems with the cloning process. This idea that the nuclei have not irreversibly aged was shown in 2013 to be true for mice.

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was born after 277 eggs were used for SCNT, which created 29 viable embryos. Only three of these embryos survived until birth, and only one survived to adulthood. As the procedure could not be automated, and had to be performed manually under a

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for the entertainment of visitors. The scheme goes disastrously wrong when the dinosaurs escape their enclosures. Despite being selectively cloned as females to prevent them from breeding, the dinosaurs develop the ability to reproduce through

326:. In practice, localization of the gene to a chromosome or genomic region does not necessarily enable one to isolate or amplify the relevant genomic sequence. To amplify any DNA sequence in a living organism, that sequence must be linked to an 1173:

was the first cloned dog (2005). In 2017, the world's first gene-editing clone dog, Apple, was created by Sinogene Biotechnology. Sooam Biotech, South Korea, was reported in 2015 to have cloned 700 dogs to date for their owners, including two

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are left behind. The resulting hybrid cells retain those mitochondrial structures which originally belonged to the egg. As a consequence, clones such as Dolly that are born from SCNT are not perfect copies of the donor of the nucleus.

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resistance markers, which allow only cells in which the vector has been transfected, to grow. Additionally, the cloning vectors may contain colour selection markers, which provide blue/white screening (alpha-factor complementation) on

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Lin, Jianqing; Duchêne, David; Carøe, Christian; Smith, Oliver; Ciucani, Marta Maria; Niemann, Jonas; Richmond, Douglas; Greenwood, Alex D.; MacPhee, Ross; Zhang, Guojie; Gopalakrishnan, Shyam; Gilbert, M. Thomas P. (11 April 2022).

1480:. The best current cloning techniques have an average success rate of 9.4 percent (and as high as 25 percent) when working with familiar species such as mice, while cloning wild animals is usually less than 1 percent successful. 1617:

from a thawed frozen embryo. These successes provided hope that similar techniques (using surrogate mothers of another species) might be used to clone extinct species. Anticipating this possibility, tissue samples from the last

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in 1935 for his discovery of the effect now known as embryonic induction, exercised by various parts of the embryo, that directs the development of groups of cells into particular tissues and organs. In 1924 he and his student,

686:. The growth and development occurs without fertilization by a male. In plants, parthenogenesis means the development of an embryo from an unfertilized egg cell, and is a component process of apomixis. In species that use the 1596:

or bringing them back to life in general is controversial but some scientists have stated that it may be possible in the future and have outlined several issues or problems with such as well as broad rationales for doing so.

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genome is not the same as that of the nucleus donor cell from which it was produced. This may have important implications for cross-species nuclear transfer in which nuclear-mitochondrial incompatibilities may lead to death.

2207:, one of the story lines focuses on a genetically engineered fabricant clone named Sonmi~451, one of millions raised in an artificial "wombtank", destined to serve from birth. She is one of thousands created for manual and 756:" (SCNT) to create animals that are genetically identical. This process entails the transfer of a nucleus from a donor adult cell (somatic cell) to an egg from which the nucleus has been removed, or to a cell from a 1885:– shrunk to microscopic size to enter the Doctor's body to combat an alien virus. The clones in this story are short-lived, and can only survive a matter of minutes before they expire. Science fiction films such as 1507:

as a genetic backup. Similar proposals have been made since at least 2008. These also include sending human customer DNA, and a proposal for "a lunar backup record of humanity" that includes genetic information by

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Laws of Botanical Nomenclature adopted by the International Botanical Congress held at Paris in August 1867; together with an Historical Introduction and Commentary by Alphonse de Candolle, Translated from the

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A useful tissue culture technique used to clone distinct lineages of cell lines involves the use of cloning rings (cylinders). In this technique a single-cell suspension of cells that have been exposed to a

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Cloning a cell means to derive a population of cells from a single cell. In the case of unicellular organisms such as bacteria and yeast, this process is remarkably simple and essentially only requires the

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using sperm and egg genomes to replicate, the donor's somatic cell nucleus is inserted into the oocyte. The oocyte will react to the somatic cell nucleus, the same way it would to a sperm cell's nucleus.

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announced that she had cloned the dog, and was now "waiting for to get older so can see if they have brown eyes and her seriousness". The operation cost $ 50,000 through the pet cloning company

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is plated at high dilution to create isolated colonies, each arising from a single and potentially clonal distinct cell. At an early growth stage when colonies consist of only a few cells, sterile

1976:. The story, set in the near future, is structured around the conflict between a father (Salter) and his sons (Bernard 1, Bernard 2, and Michael Black) – two of whom are clones of the first one. 1229:: (2009) was the first extinct animal to be cloned back to life; the clone lived for seven minutes before dying of lung defects. The extinct Pyrenean ibex is a sub-species of the still-thriving 1566:

In 2022, scientists showed major limitations and the scale of challenge of genetic-editing-based de-extinction, suggesting resources spent on more comprehensive de-extinction projects such as

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Watanabe, S (September 2013). "Effect of calf death loss on cloned cattle herd derived from somatic cell nuclear transfer: clones with congenital defects would be removed by the death loss".

6444: 4391: 670:(reproduction of an organism by itself without a mate). This is an asexual form of reproduction that is only found in females of some insects, crustaceans, nematodes, fish (for example the 2220:, at some point prior to the 1980s, the US Government creates clones of every citizen of the United States with the intention of using them to control their original counterparts, akin to 1589:

to potentially bring them back to life. The idea was described as absurd at least at this point in news reports and it was noted that Scythians likely weren't skilled warriors by default.

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in which cloned humans are created for the sole purpose of providing organ donations to naturally born humans, despite the fact that they are fully sentient and self-aware. The 2005 film

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can be regarded as cloning, since all the shoots and branches coming from the graft are genetically a clone of a single individual, but this particular kind of cloning has not come under

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Initially, the DNA of interest needs to be isolated to provide a DNA segment of suitable size. Subsequently, a ligation procedure is used where the amplified fragment is inserted into a

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of the appropriate medium. However, in the case of cell cultures from multi-cellular organisms, cell cloning is an arduous task as these cells will not readily grow in standard media.

148:; depictions commonly involve themes related to identity, the recreation of historical figures or extinct species, or cloning for exploitation (e.g. cloning soldiers for warfare). 391:. Following ligation, the vector with the insert of interest is transfected into cells. A number of alternative techniques are available, such as chemical sensitisation of cells, 330:, which is a sequence of DNA capable of directing the propagation of itself and any linked sequence. However, a number of other features are needed, and a variety of specialised 4759: 873:

differentiated cells could give rise to an entire organism after transplantation into an enucleated egg. However, this concept was not yet demonstrated in a mammalian system.

1758:, causing them to split into identical genetic copies of the original. Following renewed interest in cloning in the 1950s, the subject was explored further in works such as 2140:. Cloned soldiers are "manufactured" on an industrial scale, genetically conditioned for obedience and combat effectiveness. It is also revealed that the popular character 2211:; Sonmi herself works as a server in a restaurant. She later discovers that the sole source of food for clones, called 'Soap', is manufactured from the clones themselves. 1503:

Engineers have proposed a "lunar ark" in 2021 – storing millions of seed, spore, sperm and egg samples from Earth's contemporary species in a network of lava tubes on the

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Advocates support development of therapeutic cloning to generate tissues and whole organs to treat patients who otherwise cannot obtain transplants, to avoid the need for

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and lived there from her birth in 1996 until her death in 2003 when she was six. She was born on 5 July 1996 but not announced to the world until 22 February 1997. Her

1772: 4204: 1419:, and to stave off the effects of aging. Advocates for reproductive cloning believe that parents who cannot otherwise procreate should have access to the technology. 484:, popularly known as SCNT, can also be used to create embryos for research or therapeutic purposes. The most likely purpose for this is to produce embryos for use in 785:, a technique that creates monozygotic twins from a single embryo, is not considered in the same fashion as other methods of cloning. During that procedure, a donor 1902:

Cloning humans from body parts is also a common theme in science fiction. Cloning features strongly among the science fiction conventions parodied in Woody Allen's

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There were early claims that Dolly had pathologies resembling accelerated aging. Scientists speculated that Dolly's death in 2003 was related to the shortening of

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It also occurs accidentally in the case of identical twins, which are formed when a fertilized egg splits, creating two or more embryos that carry identical DNA.

3914: 1653:. However, on 15 February 2005 the museum announced that it was stopping the project after tests showed the specimens' DNA had been too badly degraded by the ( 5474: 198:

came into use to indicate the vowel is a "long o" instead of a "short o". Since the term entered the popular lexicon in a more general context, the spelling

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TV documentary Visions of the Future part 2 shows this process, explores the social implicatins of cloning and contains footage of monoculture in livestock

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and grow on to become separate clonal individuals. A common example is in the vegetative reproduction of moss and liverwort gametophyte clones by means of

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forms to spread for hundreds of millions of years. Versions of this reproduction method are used by plants, fungi, and bacteria, and is also the way that

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Streisinger, George; Walker, C.; Dower, N.; Knauber, D.; Singer, F. (1981), "Production of clones of homozygous diploid zebra fish (Brachydanio rerio)",

6603: 2062:, the bioengineering company InGen develops a technique to resurrect extinct species of dinosaurs by creating cloned creatures using DNA extracted from 881:, took 814 attempts. Notably, although the first clones were frogs, no adult cloned frog has yet been produced from a somatic adult nucleus donor cell. 7298: 4150: 5966: 1735:

The concept of cloning, particularly human cloning, has featured a wide variety of science fiction works. An early fictional depiction of cloning is

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Oldroyd, Benjamin P.; Yagound, Boris; Allsopp, Michael H.; Holmes, Michael J.; Buchmann, Gabrielle; Zayed, Amro; Beekman, Madeleine (9 June 2021).

2124: 2118: 1817: 6452: 4614: 4401: 3056: 1189:. Cloning of a successful rescue dog was also reported in 2009 and of a similar police dog in 2019. Cancer-sniffing dogs have also been cloned. A 7693: 7627: 2420: 1992:

mother's belongings at a relative's house, and heads to Tokyo to seek out the truth behind her birth. She later discovered that she was a clone.

314:, non-coding sequences and randomly fragmented DNA. It is used in a wide array of biological experiments and practical applications ranging from 5403: 6129: 3883: 2828: 7707: 6846: 6210: 980: 4880: 2277:, a Chinese company and in another news article in 2015 a Korean Company, Sooam Biotech, claimed 40 percent success rates with cloning dogs 5353: 4498: 4448: 1155:

Kurt, the first cloned Przewalski's horse, was born in 2020. He was cloned from the skin tissue of a stallion which was preserved in 1980.

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Campbell, K. H. S.; McWhir, J.; Ritchie, W. A.; Wilmut, I. (7 March 1996). "Sheep cloned by nuclear transfer from a cultured cell line".

1289:. Conducted in China in 2017, and reported in January 2018. In January 2019, scientists in China reported the creation of five identical 7882: 5993: 3473: 1657:) preservative. On 15 May 2005 it was announced that the thylacine project would be revived, with new participation from researchers in 7895: 5596: 3764: 1254:

successfully cloned the first Pashmina goat (Noori) using the advanced reproductive techniques under the leadership of Riaz Ahmad Shah.

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by inserting the DNA from a cell of a male carp into an egg from a female carp. He published the findings in a Chinese science journal.

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Although these steps are invariable among cloning procedures a number of alternative routes can be selected; these are summarized as a

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Wakayama S, Kohda T, Obokata H, Tokoro M, Li C, Terashita Y, Mizutani E, Nguyen VT, Kishigami S, Ishino F, Wakayama T (7 March 2013).

7802: 6316: 7876: 4518: 1442:(including in the future), and largely also not replication – also described as mind cloning – of potential whole brain emulations. 1086: 2880: 1438:

Contemporary work on this topic is concerned with the ethics, adequate regulation and issues of any cloning carried out by humans,

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Discussion of cloning in the popular media often presents the subject negatively. In an article in the 8 November 1993 article of

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Huberman, Jenny (2 January 2018). "Immortality transformed: mind cloning, transhumanism and the quest for digital immortality".

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10 March 1997 issue also critiqued the ethics of human cloning, and included a graphic depicting identical babies in beakers.

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to large scale protein production. Occasionally, the term cloning is misleadingly used to refer to the identification of the

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The exploitation of human clones for dangerous and undesirable work was examined in the 2009 British science fiction film

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offspring of clones tend to be healthier than the original clones and indistinguishable from animals produced naturally.

1516: 7879:, an accessible and comprehensive look at cloning research from the University of Utah's Genetic Science Learning Center 2763:

Campbell KH, McWhir J, Ritchie WA, Wilmut I (March 1996). "Sheep cloned by nuclear transfer from a cultured cell line".

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and the introduced nucleus can be enormous, which led to a high loss in resulting cells in early research. For example,

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working dogs can be produced by cloning a working dog that exhibits both an appropriate temperament and good health."

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rings (cloning rings), which have been dipped in grease, are placed over an individual colony and a small amount of

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achieved notoriety for being the first mammal cloned from a somatic cell. Another example of artificial cloning is

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revolves around a similar plot, with the exception that the clones are unaware of the reason for their existence.

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Cloning is a recurring theme in a number of contemporary science fiction films, ranging from action films such as

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in which a single living cell is used to clone a large population of cells that contain identical DNA molecules.

7180: 5452: 4954: 2001:, cloning is used as a scientific study on the behavioral adaptation of the clones. In a similar vein, the book 983:: thirty-five complete embryos and twenty-seven tadpoles from one-hundred and four successful nuclear transfers. 6124: 2855: 1386:. Reproductive cloning would involve making an entire cloned human, instead of just specific cells or tissues. 6611: 6289: 5940: 5749: 1918:

spontaneously grows from his severed hand, which had been cut off in a sword fight during an earlier episode.

1271:, thought to have been extinct since 1983 was cloned in Australia, although the embryos died after a few days. 1250:, is the first cloned pashmina goat. Scientists at the faculty of veterinary sciences and animal husbandry of 769:

also contains DNA and during SCNT this mitochondrial DNA is wholly from the cytoplasmic donor's egg, thus the

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is added. Cloned cells are collected from inside the ring and transferred to a new vessel for further growth.

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and substantially limited. Their analyses "show that even when the extremely high-quality Norway brown rat (

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immediately after it died in 2000. Researchers are also considering cloning endangered species such as the

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been proposed, albeit e.g. effective oversight mechanisms or cloning requirements have not been described.

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Molecular cloning refers to the process of making multiple molecules. Cloning is commonly used to amplify

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from the world's rarest and most endangered species. This is also referred to as "Conservation cloning".

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species has, for decades, been a dream. Possible implications of this were dramatized in the 1984 novel

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The artificial cloning of organisms, sometimes known as reproductive cloning, is often accomplished via

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Religions reveal little consensus on cloning – Health – Special Reports – Beyond Dolly: Human Cloning

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from embryo splitting and not nuclear transfer: a process more akin to artificial formation of twins.

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Diversity and evolution of root-knot nematodes, genus Meloidogyne: new insights from the genomic era

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The Star Wars Heresies: Interpreting the Themes, Symbols and Philosophies of Episodes I, II and III

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Kim, Min Jung; Oh, Hyun Ju; Hwang, Sun Young; Hur, Tai Young; Lee, Byeong Chun (1 September 2018).

3891: 2129: 2096: 514: 35: 7711: 6836: 6527: 6091: 1046:: (1986) A mouse was successfully cloned from an early embryonic cell. In 1987, Soviet scientists 7345: 7238: 6736: 6207: 3400: 2170: 1736: 1416: 1286: 675: 589: 567: 387:, and incubated with the fragment of interest under appropriate conditions with an enzyme called 368:

screening/selection – selecting out the cells that were successfully transfected with the new DNA

283: 7386: 4456: 2559:"Blackwell Publishing Ltd Clonal dynamics in western North American aspen (Populus tremuloides)" 7761: 6949: 6943: 5669:"Inhibition of class IIb histone deacetylase significantly improves cloning efficiency in mice" 3124: 2184: 2113: 2083:

The use of cloning for military purposes has also been explored in several fictional works. In

1823: 793:. It is optimally performed at the 6- to 8-cell stage, where it can be used as an expansion of 692: 315: 7801:, edited by K. Lee Lerner and Brenda Wilmoth Lerner, 5th ed., Gale, 2014. Science in Context, 7540: 7506: 7472: 7034: 7000: 6894:

Huxley, Aldous; "Brave New World and Brave New World Revisited"; p. 19; HarperPerennial, 2005.

3212: 2998:"Adaptive, caste-specific changes to recombination rates in a thelytokous honeybee population" 2697: 1097:

add desirable traits, such as high milk production or disease resistance, into the gene pool".

942: 797:

to increase the number of available embryos. If both embryos are successful, it gives rise to

226: 7438: 7102: 7068: 6939: 6905: 5971: 3725: 3524: 3477: 2050: 1767: 1524: 1264: 1137: 815: 521:

In SCNT, not all of the donor cell's genetic information is transferred, as the donor cell's

327: 144:. In popular culture, the concept of cloning—particularly human cloning—is often depicted in 137: 7892: 7179: 5593: 3772: 3499: 7931: 6553:"CNN – Nature – First cloned endangered species dies 2 days after birth – January 12, 2001" 6343: 5625: 5514: 5009: 4969:

Ending Aging: The Rejuvenation Breakthroughs that Could Reverse Human Aging in Our Lifetime

4802: 3597: 3547: 2977: 2915: 2772: 1793: 1662: 1290: 1223:'s Karnal National Diary Research Institute but died five days later due to lung infection. 539: 261: 75: 5708: 5354:"The science of Black Mirror's Ashley Too: will 'whole brain emulation' ever be possible?" 3869: 3331: 3240: 2814: 2338: 74:, either by natural or artificial means. In nature, some organisms produce clones through 8: 4615:"These monkey twins are the first primate clones made by the method that developed Dolly" 4522: 4428: 3285: 2741: 2199: 1845: 1571: 1531: 1319: 1296:

monkeys, using the same cloning technique that was used with Zhong Zhong and Hua Hua and

1145: 588:

is used in horticulture to refer to descendants of a single plant which were produced by

456: 273: 133: 6737:"Generations of Cloned Mice With Normal Lifespans Created: 25th Generation and Counting" 6577: 6552: 5629: 4806: 4086: 4003: 3977: 3601: 3551: 2919: 2877: 2776: 2019:

Cloning has been used in fiction as a way of recreating historical figures. In the 1976

1581:

In a 2021 online session of the Russian Geographical Society, Russia's defense minister

334:(small piece of DNA into which a foreign DNA fragment can be inserted) exist that allow 7946: 7886: 7474:

Doctor Who FAQ: All That's Left to Know About the Most Famous Time Lord in the Universe

7261: 7211: 6275: 6262: 6229: 6057: 5879: 5649: 5572: 5397: 5334: 5295: 5114: 4993: 4927: 4910: 4833: 4790: 4396: 4359: 4346: 4313: 3851: 3690: 3621: 3571: 3305: 3297: 3109: 3084: 3043: 3030: 2997: 2982: 2938: 2899: 2796: 2674: 2586: 2539: 2204: 2100: 1973: 1947: 1937: 1868: 1829: 1799: 1337: 1114: 1107: 1007: 977: 485: 384: 335: 323: 311: 180:, which is the process whereby a new plant is created from a twig. In botany, the term 6165: 3366:

Gurdon J (April 1962). "Adult frogs derived from the nuclei of single somatic cells".

2746: 1329:

in mammals: (2022) Viable mice offspring was born from unfertilized eggs via targeted

7786:

Guo, Owen. "World's Biggest Animal Cloning Center Set for '16 in a Skeptical China".

7687: 7621: 7548: 7512: 7478: 7444: 7269: 7171: 7110: 7074: 7040: 7006: 6953: 6911: 6818: 6810: 6767: 6640: 6279: 6267: 6249: 6077: 5871: 5802: 5796: 5690: 5641: 5637: 5564: 5556: 5475:"An HSUS Report: Welfare Issues with Genetic Engineering and Cloning of Farm Animals" 5434: 5383: 5338: 5299: 5287: 5106: 5102: 5036: 4972: 4932: 4838: 4820: 4619: 4595: 4351: 4333: 4034: 3843: 3749: 3682: 3613: 3563: 3440: 3383: 3379: 3289: 3216: 3205: 3185: 3180: 3163: 3114: 3047: 3035: 3017: 2943: 2788: 2633: 2613: 2593: 2531: 2394: 2273:

One news article in 2014 reported success rates of 70-80 percent for cloning pigs by

2179: 2067: 1950:, calls the portrayal of genetic engineering and biotechnology "seriously distorted" 1642: 1470: 1395: 1364: 1333: 1190: 1149: 1047: 798: 577: 563: 526: 396: 297: 157: 129: 118: 114: 5883: 5653: 5576: 5118: 4363: 3919: 3855: 3694: 3301: 2543: 7921: 7796: 7253: 6800: 6257: 6241: 6067: 5861: 5792: 5680: 5633: 5548: 5426: 5326: 5279: 5170: 5098: 4922: 4828: 4810: 4624: 4585: 4341: 4325: 4107: 4039: 3833: 3674: 3625: 3605: 3575: 3555: 3430: 3375: 3281: 3175: 3104: 3096: 3025: 3009: 2933: 2923: 2800: 2780: 2625: 2523: 2511: 2330: 2193: 2161: 2108: 2092: 2045: 1926: 1881: 1835: 1719: 1497: 1282: 1093: 1024: 962: 846: 671: 513:, SCNT was very resource intensive. The biochemistry involved in reprogramming the 7215: 5685: 5668: 5283: 3678: 2512:""Pando" Lives: Molecular Genetic Evidence of a Giant Aspen Clone in Central Utah" 2008: 965:

have been successfully performed on several species. Notable experiments include:

322:

location of a gene associated with a particular phenotype of interest, such as in

7904: 7899: 6841: 6634: 6214: 6183: 5613: 5600: 5510: 2884: 2208: 2157: 2072: 1969: 1922: 1854: 1745: 1713: 1658: 1627: 1614: 1330: 1326: 1028: 1017: 790: 697: 667: 392: 145: 79: 7290:

Science Fiction Storytelling and Identity: Seeing the Human Through Android Eyes

5616:(2006). "Transgenics and Vertebrate Cloning as Tools for Species Conservation". 2562: 2332: 666:

Clonal derivation exists in nature in some animal species and is referred to as

5967:"Engineers Propose Solar-Powered Lunar Ark as 'Modern Global Insurance Policy'" 4590: 4576: 4571: 4030:"Gordon Woods dies at 57; Veterinary scientist helped create first cloned mule" 3435: 3418: 3236: 2961: 2887:

Utah State University, Deseret News (Salt Lake City) Retrieved 21 February 2014

2527: 2299: 2241: 2216: 2165: 1547: 1543: 1360: 1293: 1186: 1175: 1158:"Trey" was born in 2023. He was cloned from the same stallion's tissue as Kurt. 1061: 1013: 842: 639: 418: 331: 87: 51:, reproduce by cloning, often creating large groups of organisms with the same 7835: 6245: 5667:

Ono T, Li C, Mizutani E, Terashita Y, Yamagata K, Wakayama T (December 2010).

4881:"Watch: Scientists clone monkeys using technique that created Dolly the sheep" 4760:"A black-footed ferret has been cloned, a first for a U.S. endangered species" 4329: 2653:"California biotech says it cloned a human embryo, but no stem cells produced" 2629: 2398: 1980:

was adapted by Caryl Churchill for television, in a co-production between the

611:

scrutiny and is generally treated as an entirely different kind of operation.

383:(piece of DNA). The vector (which is frequently circular) is linearised using 7915: 7175: 6868: 6814: 6317:"Russia Is Going to Try to Clone an Army of 3,000-Year-Old Scythian Warriors" 6253: 6081: 5723:"This Korean lab has nearly perfected dog cloning, and that's just the start" 5560: 5291: 4824: 4337: 3021: 2833: 2535: 2485: 2156:

A recurring sub-theme of cloning fiction is the use of clones as a supply of

2133: 2055: 2034: 2011:

explores the emotional experience of a man who discovers that he is a clone.

1959: 1876: 1864: 1759: 1750: 1740: 1623: 1586: 1582: 1575: 1493: 1459: 1405: 1350: 1313: 1297: 1243: 1226: 1212: 1053: 1035: 905: 835: 810: 770: 762: 733: 679: 631: 505: 253: 141: 110: 83: 56: 31: 7870: 5330: 4815: 4628: 4182:"Chinese firm clones gene-edited dog in bid to treat cardiovascular disease" 2928: 2509: 1252:

Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir

7808: 7138:"Twice as nice: Barbra Streisand cloned her beloved dog and has 2 new pups" 6822: 6271: 6072: 6045: 5917: 5875: 5727: 5694: 5645: 5568: 5438: 5110: 4936: 4842: 4650: 4599: 4355: 3847: 3686: 3444: 3387: 3293: 3189: 3118: 3039: 3013: 2947: 2637: 2556: 2038: 1997: 1915: 1593: 1424: 1230: 1170: 990: 901: 862: 724: 720: 522: 362: 339: 269: 187: 102: 7273: 6217:("When the Mammoths Return"), 5 February 2015 (retrieved 6 September 2015) 5552: 3617: 3567: 3162:

Illmensee K, Levanduski M, Vidali A, Husami N, Goudas VT (February 2009).

2792: 2592:. San Francisco, California, United States of America: Pearson Education. 2099:" (2008), when the Doctor's DNA is used to create a female warrior called 1530:

Many such "De-extinction" projects are being championed by the non-profit

690:, the offspring will always be female. An example is the little fire ant ( 7324:"Uma Thurman, Rhys Ifans and Tom Wilkinson star in two plays for BBC Two" 6230:"Probing the genomic limits of de-extinction in the Christmas Island rat" 4709: 2557:

Mock, K.E.; Rowe, C.A.; Hooten, M.B.; Dewoody, J.; Hipkins, V.D. (2008).

2221: 2148:, a mercenary who served as the genetic template for the clone troopers. 2116:. The events of this war were not fully explored until the prequel films 1942: 1930: 1840: 1805: 1631: 1357: 1182: 993: 839: 460: 444: 7668: 7641: 7602: 7576: 7412: 7360: 6974: 6019: 3267:"After Dolly—Ethical limits to the use of biotechnology on farm animals" 930: 700:

and South America but has spread throughout many tropical environments.

658:, resulting in clonal populations of genetically identical individuals. 214: 78:; this reproduction of an organism by itself without a mate is known as 7265: 5539:

Sandel, Michael J (2005). "The Ethical Implications of Human Cloning".

5220:"Raelian leader says cloning first step to immortality - Feb. 12, 2004" 4953:. U.S. Department of Energy Genome Program. 11 May 2009. Archived from 3401:

this is a source that was used in List of animals that have been cloned

2249: 2145: 1887: 1859: 1703: 1560: 1489: 1309: 1219:

was the first cloned water buffalo. It was born on 6 February 2009, at

893: 889: 850: 757: 647: 627: 510: 404: 400: 388: 356: 319: 48: 6805: 6788: 6370:"Russia's Defense Minister Wants to Clone 3000-Year-Old Scythian Army" 5430: 5314: 1972:

which addresses the subject of human cloning and identity, especially

1609:, an endangered species, but the calf died after two days. In 2003, a 1464:

Cloning, or more precisely, the reconstruction of functional DNA from

6290:"Forget mammoths, study shows how to resurrect Christmas Island rats" 5460: 5157:

Bob Sullivan, Technology correspondent for NBC News. November 262003

5086: 5073:

The Perfect Baby: Parenthood in the New World of Cloning and Genetics

4791:"Viable offspring derived from single unfertilized mammalian oocytes" 4377: 3609: 3559: 2784: 2141: 2020: 1985: 1646: 1556: 1423:

society at large. Cloning humans could lead to serious violations of

1409: 1401: 1124: 1003: 858: 820: 766: 741: 643: 171: 130:

ethical positions regarding the practice and possibilities of cloning

125: 7885:. Try it yourself in the virtual mouse cloning laboratory, from the 7257: 6476:"Harvard Prof Says Neanderthal Clones Possible but Experts Doubt It" 5380:

The age of em : work, love, and life when robots rule the Earth

4205:"You Look Familiar! Cloned Puppy Meets Her 'Mom' For the First Time" 3948:"China says it successfully cloned 3 highly productive 'super cows'" 3419:"Successful serial recloning in the mouse over multiple generations" 3100: 1717:, cloning was portrayed in a negative way, modifying Michelangelo's 1527:

would be the subject of a cloning attempt to resurrect the species.

1074:

in China was producing 500 cloned pigs a year to test new medicines.

43: 6872: 6062: 6044:

Ezell, Carson; Lazarian, Alexandre; Loeb, Abraham (December 2022).

5456: 4655: 3057:"A single honeybee has cloned itself hundreds of millions of times" 2734:"Early and delayed aspects of nuclear reprogramming during cloning" 2235: 2088: 1964: 1754: 1725: 1698: 1552: 1509: 1261:

successfully cloned the first goat which use the adult female cell.

1131: 1103: 885: 878: 789:

is split in two distinct embryos, that can then be transferred via

655: 604: 597: 593: 106: 67: 5866: 5849: 5246:"Lawmakers Propose Human Cloning Ban, Alien Order Notwithstanding" 3838: 3821: 3164:"Human embryo twinning with applications in reproductive medicine" 1686:(IVF). Current research is attempting to overcome these problems. 1178:

hunting dogs, which are seriously endangered due to crossbreeding.

260:

Many plants are well known for natural cloning ability, including

7851: 4737: 2112:

was set against the backdrop of a historical conflict called the

1958:

Science fiction has used cloning, most commonly and specifically

1654: 1649:(Tasmanian tiger), at the time extinct for about 65 years, using 1635: 1610: 1465: 1278: 1274: 1216: 1134:, a Haflinger female born 28 May 2003, was the first horse clone. 969: 683: 464: 452: 136:, which can be produced through SCNT, in some stem cell research 4180:

Wang, Serenitie; Rivers, Matt; Wang, Shunhe (27 December 2017).

4130:"Przewalski's Foal Offers Further Hope for Conservation Cloning" 2447:"Natural Cloning: Definition & Examples | StudySmarter" 1316:. The monkey clones were made to study several medical diseases. 1127:, a john mule born 4 May 2003, was the first horse-family clone. 27:

Process of producing individual organisms with identical genomes

3665:

McLaren A (2000). "Cloning: pathways to a pluripotent future".

3161: 2829:"Inside the cloning factory that creates 500 new animals a day" 2063: 1301: 1166: 1034:

In July 1996, PPL Therapeutics and the Roslin Institute cloned

786: 634:

naturally. Parts of an individual plant may become detached by

608: 346:

or DNA production and a host of other molecular biology tools.

278: 98: 71: 4789:

Wei, Yanchang; Yang, Cai-Rong; Zhao, Zhen-Ao (22 March 2022).

3720:(5): 874–887. Archived from the original on 11 September 2016. 3085:"Spemann's organizer and self-regulation in amphibian embryos" 2896: 2066:. The cloned dinosaurs are used to populate the Jurassic Park 1488:

Several tissue banks have come into existence, including the "

1370:

Two commonly discussed types of theoretical human cloning are

1070:: (March 2000) PPL Therapeutics cloned five piglets. By 2014, 827: 572: 310:, but it can also be used to amplify any DNA sequence such as 7508:

The Language of Doctor Who: From Shakespeare to Alien Tongues

6151: 5315:"Everything and More: The Prospects of Whole Brain Emulation" 4572:"Cloning of Macaque Monkeys by Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer" 4546:"Scientists clone extinct frog – Jurassic Park here we come?" 4499:"India gets its second cloned animal Noorie, a pashmina goat" 3537: 1896: 1542:

One of the most anticipated targets for cloning was once the

1404:

positions regarding the possibilities of cloning, especially

1237: 1220: 1194: 1043: 1020:

produced the first cloned mammal from early embryonic cells.

615: 409: 307: 265: 165: 7036:

Ethics at the Beginning of Life: A Phenomenological Critique

6092:"The moon is the perfect spot for humanity's offsite backup" 5711:

BBC News Science and Environment, Retrieved 27 February 2016

5051:"Universal Declaration on the Human Genome and Human Rights" 4733:"China's Latest Cloned-Monkey Experiment Is an Ethical Mess" 4678:"Scientists Successfully Clone Monkeys; Are Humans Up Next?" 4236:"'Super clone' sniffer dogs: Coming to an airport near you?" 2331:

American Association for the Advancement of Science (1903).

349:

Cloning of any DNA fragment essentially involves four steps

7410: 7239:"How Popular media represent cloning as an ethical problem" 7208:"Genetic themes in fiction films: Genetics meets Hollywood" 5035:. American Institute of Biological Sciences. Archived from 3872:

BBC News Science and Environment, Retrieved 14 January 2014

3710:"Электростимулируемое слияние клеток в клеточной инженерии" 3587: 2995: 2762: 2675:"Extensive new study shows abnormalities in cloned animals" 2510:

DeWoody, J.; Rowe, C.A.; Hipkins, V.D.; Mock, K.E. (2008).

2361:"Natural Cloning: Definition & Examples | StudySmarter" 1899:

being cultured on an industrial scale in mechanical tanks.

1606: 1504: 1305: 1202: 1120: 1077: 986: 651: 623: 619: 5824:"'Frozen zoos' may be a Noah's Ark for endangered animals" 3416: 1185:

was reported in 2011, four years afterwards when the dogs

1092:

In 2023, Chinese scientists reported the cloning of three

1050:, Veprencev, Sviridova, and Nikitin cloned Masha, a mouse. 6344:"Does Russia really think it can clone ancient warriors?" 6120:"Resurrecting the Extinct Frog with a Stomach for a Womb" 5592:

Holt, W. V., Pickard, A. R., & Prather, R. S. (2004)

3884:"First cloned endangered species dies 2 days after birth" 2817:

BBC News Science and Environment, Retrieved 10 April 2014

2486:"Cloning | Definition, Process, & Types | Britannica" 1981: 1605:

In 2001, a cow named Bessie gave birth to a cloned Asian

1453: 1067: 794: 343: 303: 86:, cloning is the process of creating cloned organisms of 52: 4853:"Mice Birthed From Unfertilized Eggs for the First Time" 2616:(2000). "Preparation of pure cell cultures by cloning". 1766:, which describes a technology called "exogenesis", and 7873:

Freeview video by the Vega Science Trust and the BBC/OU

5941:"Scientists want to build a doomsday vault on the moon" 3211:. Chicago, Illinois: Carus Publishing Company. p. 3002:

Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences

1523:

announced in March 2013 that the very recently extinct

1110:, 2004, was the first cat cloned for commercial reasons 888:, DNA-protein complexes that protect the end of linear 6528:"Could a Surrogate Mother Deliver a Neanderthal Baby?" 5666: 4234:

Webster, George; Anderson, Becky (30 September 2011).

3796:"You, again: Are we getting closer to cloning humans?" 3519: 3517: 2305:. translated by H.A. Weddell. London: L. Reeve and Co. 2087:, an alien race of armour-clad, warlike beings called 1871:

were cloned in a matter of seconds from DNA samples ("

1312:

in creating the first ever gene-modified human babies

194:

was used until the early twentieth century; the final

7073:. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 10. 5748:

Ferris Jabr for Scientific American. 11 March 2013.

5087:"Human reproductive cloning: a conflict of liberties" 4062:"World's first cloned horse is born – 06 August 2003" 580:, such as grape vines, is an ancient form of cloning. 365:– inserting the newly formed pieces of DNA into cells 359:– gluing together pieces of DNA in a desired sequence 7708:"Technology News – 2017 Innovations and Future Tech" 6226: 6111: 5459:. Associated Press. 28 December 2006. Archived from 5078: 3125:

Box 1: Explanation of the Spemann-Mangold experiment

2231: 1962:, to raise the controversial questions of identity. 6787:Burgstaller, Jörg Patrick; Brem, Gottfried (2017). 6680:"Researchers revive plan to clone the Tassie tiger" 4904: 4902: 4702: 4651:"First monkey clones created in Chinese laboratory" 4087:"Przewalski's Horse Project - Revive & Restore" 3514: 3264: 708:Artificial cloning of organisms may also be called 4287:"China's first cloned police dog reports for duty" 3204: 3139:. Human Genome Project Information. Archived from 2585: 911: 908:cell, and Parton is known for her ample cleavage. 744:embryos – one of the first steps towards cloning. 703: 7757:"'Us' Ending Explained: Could There Be A Sequel?" 6945:Science Fact and Science Fiction: An Encyclopedia 6152:"Long Now Foundation, Revive and Restore Project" 6043: 4262:"Dog hailed as hero cloned by California company" 3978:"Americas | Pet kitten cloned for Christmas" 1080:: (2001) was the first endangered species cloned. 904:because the cells cloned to make her were from a 7913: 7164:"Barbra Streisand Explains: Why I Cloned My Dog" 6766:. London, UK: Icon Books Ltd. pp. 149–150. 6705:Gray, Richard; Dobson, Roger (31 January 2009). 6020:"Sending DNA-infused Space Crystals to the moon" 5760: 4967:de Grey, Aubrey; Rae, Michael (September 2007). 4899: 4496: 4314:"Health and temperaments of cloned working dogs" 3915:"Embrapa clona raça de boi ameaçada de extinção" 3730:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ( 3462:BBC On This Day: 1997: Dolly the sheep is cloned 2978:"Birds Do It. Bees Do It. Dragons Don't Need To" 2391:"Tasmanian bush could be oldest living organism" 1857:. In the long-running British television series 1776:, which popularised the term "cloning" in 1963. 429: 7411:Christian Lee Pyle (CLPyle) (12 October 1978). 7107:Doctor Who and Philosophy: Bigger on the Inside 6845:. Vol. 142, no. 19. 8 November 1993. 6786: 5132:Engineering, Berkeley Master of (11 May 2020). 4795:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 4233: 3129: 2908:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 2878:Proliferate favorite trees by grafting, cloning 2820: 2583: 2297: 1363:. The possibility of human cloning has raised 7867:from Human Genome Project Information website. 7732: 7505:Barr, Jason; Mustachio, Camille D. G. (2014). 7002:A Critical History of Doctor Who on Television 6910:. Atlantic Publishers & Dist. p. 58. 6698: 5594:Wildlife conservation and reproductive cloning 4472:"World's first cloned camel unveiled in Dubai" 4179: 4108:"Major Kurt Milestones - Revive & Restore" 3765:"Researchers clone monkey by splitting embryo" 3202: 1645:announced that they had replicated DNA of the 438:Cloning cell-line colonies using cloning rings 353:fragmentation - breaking apart a strand of DNA 7754: 7504: 7066: 6972: 5958: 4705:"Gene-edited disease monkeys cloned in China" 4563: 4311: 2972: 2970: 1749:. The process is applied to fertilized human 1277:monkey: (2017) First successful cloning of a 7600: 7201: 7199: 7100: 4971:. New York, NY: St. Martin's Press, 416 pp. 4724: 4696: 4670: 4642: 4606: 3265:Lassen, J.; Gjerris, M.; Sandøe, P. (2005). 2606: 2132:waged by a massive army of heavily armoured 1893:Star Wars: Episode II – Attack of the Clones 1818:Star Wars: Episode II – Attack of the Clones 1389: 1209:, the first two cloned female wolves (2005). 7692:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 7626:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 7574: 6931: 5750:Will cloning ever saved endangered species? 5131: 4961: 4850: 4788: 4543: 4449:"Pyrenean Ibex – Capra pyrenaica pyrenaica" 3793: 3707: 3412: 3410: 3408: 3082: 2900:"Multidisciplinary perspectives on banana ( 2151: 1921:After the death of her beloved 14-year-old 1613:was successfully cloned, followed by three 555:For the use of cloning in viticulture, see 97:(SCNT), a cloning method in which a viable 7067:Humber, James M.; Almeder, Robert (1998). 6937: 6704: 6525: 5904: 5821: 5606: 5402:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 5312: 5084: 4911:"Therapeutic cloning: promises and issues" 4851:Magazine, Smithsonian; Osborne, Margaret. 4730: 4570:Liu, Zhen; et al. (24 January 2018). 4259: 3456: 3454: 2967: 2324: 2014: 1723:to depict Adam with five identical hands. 1585:mentioned using the DNA of 3,000-year-old 1285:, with the birth of two live clones named 981:successfully cloned northern leopard frogs 140:. Cloning has been proposed as a means of 7666: 7532: 7511:. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 219. 7464: 7358: 7196: 7161: 7101:Lewis, Courtland; Smithka, Paula (2010). 6804: 6261: 6071: 6061: 5865: 5684: 5612: 5410: 5169:Bainbridge, William Sims (October 2003). 5138:Fung Institute for Engineering Leadership 4926: 4832: 4814: 4589: 4569: 4345: 3837: 3664: 3434: 3179: 3108: 3029: 2937: 2927: 2727: 2725: 2723: 2721: 2719: 2717: 2715: 2612: 7538: 7470: 7384: 7103:"What's Continuity without Persistence?" 7094: 6789:"Aging of Cloned Animals: A Mini-Review" 6707:"Extinct ibex is resurrected by cloning" 6659: 6203: 6201: 5938: 5847: 5798:Cloning After Dolly: Who's Still Afraid? 5588: 5586: 5416: 5269: 4878: 4424:"Extinct ibex is resurrected by cloning" 3405: 3365: 2756: 2668: 2666: 2316:"Torrey Botanical Club: Volumes 42–45". 1693: 1600: 961:The modern cloning techniques involving 892:. However, other researchers, including 826: 814: 571: 433: 42: 7236: 7032: 6903: 5785: 5453:"FDA says cloned animals are OK to eat" 5351: 4731:Mandelbaum, Ryan F. (23 January 2019). 4703:Science China Press (23 January 2019). 4612: 4537: 4469: 3912: 3819: 3451: 2826: 2677:. Massachusetts Institute of Technology 1953: 1483: 1435:, in which cloning plays a major role. 1058:Oregon National Primate Research Center 417:, restriction fragment analysis and/or 66:is the process of producing individual 14: 7914: 7430: 7304:from the original on 28 September 2011 6729: 6633:Khan, Firdos Alam (3 September 2018). 6578:"Fresh effort to clone extinct animal" 6341: 6017: 5994:"Plans for 'doomsday ark' on the moon" 5714: 5709:China cloning on an 'industrial scale' 5538: 5501: 5491:from the original on 24 December 2010. 5377: 5243: 4908: 4648: 4202: 3870:China cloning on an 'industrial scale' 3258: 3089:Nature Reviews. Molecular Cell Biology 2815:China cloning on an 'industrial scale' 2745:. pp. 97, 119–132. Archived from 2731: 2712: 2078: 1454:Cloning extinct and endangered species 849:in Scotland by British scientists Sir 7436: 6992: 6761: 6499: 6198: 5964: 5910: 5791: 5763:"Scientists Close on Extinct Cloning" 5583: 5030: 5024: 4389: 3958:from the original on 16 February 2023 3881: 3323: 3203:Rantala, M.; Milgram, Arthur (1999). 2672: 2663: 2550: 1968:is a 2002 play by English playwright 1689: 1010:produced the first cloned vertebrate. 918:List of animals that have been cloned 752:Reproductive cloning generally uses " 729:Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 470: 30:For the cloning of human beings, see 7387:"'The Double': The Tears of a Clone" 6998: 6907:Science Fiction: Fantasy and Reality 6849:from the original on 5 November 2017 6632: 6526:Lallanilla, Marc (21 January 2013). 6367: 6117: 6089: 5720: 5541:Perspectives in Biology and Medicine 5033:"Primer on Ethics and Human Cloning" 4446: 4392:"India clones world's first buffalo" 4390:Sinha, Kounteya (13 February 2009). 3286:10.1016/j.theriogenology.2005.09.012 2964:Annu Rev Phytopathol. 2013;51:203-20 2695: 2689: 2255:The President's Council on Bioethics 2136:that leads to the foundation of the 1440:not potentially by extraterrestrials 1267:: (2013) The gastric brooding frog, 1140:: An ongoing cloning program by the 1031:from differentiated embryonic cells. 925: 291: 246: 209: 164:derives from the Ancient Greek word 7857:Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy 7807:Dutchen, Stephanie (11 July 2018). 6662:"Cloning to revive extinct species" 6395:"Yes, We Should Clone Neanderthals" 6046:"A Lunar Backup Record of Humanity" 5822:Strickland, Ashley (2 April 2022). 5761:Heidi B. Perlman (8 October 2000). 5482:Humane Society of the United States 5176:Journal of Evolution and Technology 5075:. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield. 4879:Martinez, Bobby (26 January 2018). 4684:. Associated Press. 24 January 2018 4613:Normile, Dennis (24 January 2018). 4447:Maas, Peter H. J. (15 April 2012). 3945: 3338:. Science in the Contemporary World 2650: 2091:was introduced in the 1973 serial " 1875:", 1977) and then – in an apparent 533: 24: 7889:'s Genetic Science Learning Center 7793:Lerner, K. Lee. "Animal cloning". 7780: 7577:"Star Wars: The Clone Wars (2008)" 7385:Banville, John (10 October 2004). 7326:(Press release). BBC. 19 June 2008 7162:Streisand, Barbra (2 March 2018). 6973:planktonrules (17 December 1973). 6473: 5769:. Associated Press. Archived from 4766:. 18 February 2021. Archived from 4497:Ishfaq-ul-Hassan (15 March 2012). 4470:Spencer, Richard (14 April 2009). 4004:"Rat called Ralph is latest clone" 3329: 3235: 804: 661: 205: 25: 7958: 7815: 7601:espenshade55 (11 February 2011). 7361:"Orphan Black (TV Series 2013– )" 7205: 6948:. Taylor & Francis. pp. 6287: 6018:Werner, Debra (24 October 2022). 5707:Shukman, David (14 January 2014) 5502:Hansen, Michael (27 April 2007). 5171:"Religious Opposition to Cloning" 5006:"AAAS Statement on Human Cloning" 4649:Briggs, Helen (24 January 2018). 4432:. 31 January 2009. Archived from 3868:Shukman, David (14 January 2014) 3771:. 13 January 2000. Archived from 2976:Shubin, Neil (24 February 2008). 2827:Zastrow, Mark (8 February 2016). 2813:Shukman, David (14 January 2014) 2516:Western North American Naturalist 2423:. Ibiza Spotlight. Archived from 2037:uses cloning to create copies of 1563:in their stomachs for digestion. 7748: 7726: 7700: 7660: 7634: 7594: 7568: 7498: 7404: 7378: 7352: 7338: 7316: 7280: 7230: 7155: 7130: 7060: 7026: 6966: 6897: 6888: 6861: 6829: 6780: 6755: 6672: 6653: 6626: 6596: 6570: 6545: 6519: 6493: 6467: 6437: 6412: 6387: 6361: 6335: 6309: 6220: 6176: 6158: 6144: 6037: 6011: 5986: 5932: 5890: 5841: 5815: 5754: 5742: 5721:Baer, Drake (8 September 2015). 5701: 5660: 5638:10.1111/j.1523-1739.2006.00399.x 5532: 5495: 5467: 5445: 5371: 5345: 5306: 5263: 5237: 5103:10.1111/j.1467-8519.2008.00692.x 4380:Phys.Org, Retrieved 9 April 2015 4127: 3794:Dean Irvine (19 November 2007). 3181:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2008.12.098 2876:Sagers, Larry A. (2 March 2009) 2267: 2234: 1537: 1344: 1089:(males, 2001) and (2005), Brazil 929: 900:Dolly was named after performer 550: 213: 7755:Jason Spiegel (23 March 2019). 7547:. McFarland. pp. 167–171. 6660:Holloway, Grant (28 May 2002). 6502:"Should we clone Neanderthals?" 6420:"Could we clone a Neanderthal?" 6166:"Scientists 'to clone mammoth'" 5939:Woodyatt, Amy (16 March 2021). 5244:Zitner, Aaron (29 March 2001). 5212: 5186: 5163: 5151: 5134:"Op-ed: The dangers of cloning" 5125: 5065: 5043: 4998: 4994:In the news: Antinori and Zavos 4982: 4943: 4872: 4782: 4752: 4519:"家畜体细胞克隆技术取得重大突破 ——成年体细胞克隆山羊诞生" 4511: 4490: 4463: 4440: 4416: 4383: 4370: 4305: 4279: 4260:Pilkington, Ed (18 June 2009). 4253: 4227: 4196: 4173: 4143: 4121: 4100: 4079: 4054: 4022: 3996: 3970: 3946:Gan, Nectar (2 February 2023). 3939: 3923:(in Portuguese). Archived from 3906: 3882:Tobin, Kate (12 January 2001). 3875: 3862: 3813: 3787: 3757: 3738: 3701: 3658: 3632: 3581: 3531: 3492: 3466: 3394: 3359: 3350: 3229: 3196: 3155: 3076: 2989: 2954: 2890: 2870: 2848: 2807: 2651:Gil, Gideon (17 January 2008). 2644: 2588:iGenetics: A Molecular Approach 2577: 2503: 1384:pluripotent stem cell induction 1142:San Diego Zoo Wildlife Alliance 912:Species cloned and applications 704:Artificial cloning of organisms 424: 55:. One example depicted here is 7733:Daniel Kurland (23 May 2019). 7575:compel_bast (15 August 2008). 7109:. Open Court. pp. 32–33. 6500:Brown, Andrew (23 June 2011). 6451:. 6 March 2013. Archived from 6368:Lang, Fabienne (14 May 2021). 5911:Baker, Harry (14 March 2021). 4849:News article about the study: 4378:World's first cloned wolf dies 4203:Bender, Kelli (27 June 2017). 3913:Camacho, Keite (20 May 2005). 3083:De Robertis, EM (April 2006). 3054:News article about the study: 2478: 2453: 2439: 2421:"Ibiza's Monster Marine Plant" 2413: 2383: 2353: 2309: 2291: 1995:In the 2013 television series 1914:", a duplicate version of the 1895:have featured scenes of human 715: 13: 1: 7413:"The Boys from Brazil (1978)" 7005:. McFarland. pp. 258–9. 6938:Stableford, Brian M. (2006). 6904:Bhelkar, Ratnakar D. (2009). 5686:10.1095/biolreprod.110.085282 5352:Godfrey, Alex (6 June 2019). 5284:10.1080/13576275.2017.1304366 4544:Hickman, L. (18 March 2013). 4318:Journal of Veterinary Science 3820:Grisham, Julie (April 2000). 3679:10.1126/science.288.5472.1775 2858:. Aggie-horticulture.tamu.edu 2284: 1925:named Samantha in late 2017, 1521:University of New South Wales 1380:somatic-cell nuclear transfer 1240:, was the first cloned camel. 1117:, the first cloned rat (2003) 799:monozygotic (identical) twins 754:somatic cell nuclear transfer 738:somatic-cell nuclear transfer 482:Somatic-cell nuclear transfer 477:Somatic-cell nuclear transfer 430:Cloning unicellular organisms 95:somatic-cell nuclear transfer 7841:Resources in other libraries 6604:"Endangered Species Cloning" 6445:"Return of the Neanderthals" 6342:Wehner, Mike (24 May 2021). 5801:. Rowman & Littlefield. 3822:"Pigs cloned for first time" 3380:10.1016/0012-1606(62)90043-x 2986:. Retrieved 21 February 2014 2960:Castagnone-Sereno P, et al. 2673:Halim, N. (September 2002). 1641:In 2002, geneticists at the 1308:technique allegedly used by 1259:Northwest A&F University 1152:to this endangered species. 867:National Museums of Scotland 736:, were the first to perform 678:, and lizards including the 642:. Some vascular plants e.g. 455:agent or drug used to drive 172: 151: 7: 7908:, 15 July 2002 8:45 am 7735:"Us: Who Are the Tethered?" 7477:. Hal Leonard Corporation. 7039:. OUP Oxford. p. 108. 6999:Muir, John Kenneth (2007). 6096:Universe Today via phys.org 4155:National Geographic Society 3746:"Кто изобрел клонирование?" 3708:Chaylakhyan, Levon (1987). 2227: 1839:(2009) to comedies such as 1672: 1257:Goat: (2001) Scientists of 861:were placed at Edinburgh's 688:XY sex-determination system 596:. Many horticultural plant 306:fragments containing whole 202:has been used exclusively. 10: 7963: 7667:larry-411 (17 July 2009). 7539:McDonald, Paul F. (2013). 7246:The Hastings Center Report 6869:"Today The Sheep ..." 6764:The Epigenetics Revolution 6636:Biotechnology Fundamentals 6424:BBC Science Focus Magazine 6374:interestingengineering.com 6286:News report on the study: 6118:Yong, Ed (15 March 2013). 5850:"Cloning for conservation" 5382:(First ed.). Oxford. 5053:. UNESCO. 11 November 1997 5031:McGee, G. (October 2011). 4591:10.1016/j.cell.2018.01.020 3502:. National Academies Press 3436:10.1016/j.stem.2013.01.005 2528:10.3398/1527-0904-68.4.493 2197:. In the futuristic novel 1782:Anna to the Infinite Power 1707:are a cloned warrior race. 1570:may currently not be well 1457: 1393: 1348: 1193:concluded that "qualified 1106:"CC" (female, late 2001), 915: 808: 747: 561: 554: 537: 474: 295: 244: 166: 47:Many organisms, including 29: 7836:Resources in your library 7811:. Harvard Medical School. 7237:Hopkins, Patrick (1998). 6684:The Sydney Morning Herald 6246:10.1016/j.cub.2022.02.027 6088:Article about the study: 5848:Marshall, Andrew (2000). 5599:24 September 2015 at the 5313:Mandelbaum, Eric (2022). 4504:Daily News & Analysis 4330:10.4142/jvs.2018.19.5.585 2144:originated as a clone of 1651:polymerase chain reaction 1390:Ethical issues of cloning 922:Commercial animal cloning 557:Propagation of grapevines 138:has attracted controversy 128:, there are a variety of 7603:"Never Let Me Go (2010)" 6713:. London. Archived from 6208:"Когда вернутся мамонты" 4291:South China Morning Post 3460:BBC. 22 February 2008. 3207:Cloning: For and Against 2584:Peter J. Russel (2005). 2298:de Candolle, A. (1868). 2260: 2152:Cloning for exploitation 1773:The Biological Time Bomb 1743:'s 1931 dystopian novel 1148:attempts to reintroduce 576:Propagating plants from 142:reviving extinct species 36:Cloning (disambiguation) 7799:Encyclopedia of Science 7471:Thompson, Dave (2013). 7033:Mumford, James (2013). 5331:10.5840/jphil2022119830 4909:Kfoury, C (July 2007). 4816:10.1073/pnas.2115248119 4629:10.1126/science.aat1066 2929:10.1073/pnas.1102001108 2630:10.1023/A:1009838416621 2618:Methods in Cell Science 2337:. Moses King. pp. 2128:(2005), which depict a 2015:Cloning as resurrection 1517:University of Newcastle 1417:immunosuppressive drugs 1400:There are a variety of 1300:, and the gene-editing 1287:Zhong Zhong and Hua Hua 823:body of Dolly the sheep 590:vegetative reproduction 568:vegetative reproduction 525:that contain their own 7898:8 January 2009 at the 7762:The Hollywood Reporter 7437:Cohen, Daniel (2002). 7288:"Yvonne A. De La Cruz 6186:. BBC. 7 December 2011 6073:10.3390/signals3040049 5965:Staff (8 March 2021). 5898:"Conservation cloning" 5419:Animal Science Journal 5378:Hanson, Robin (2016). 4990:Times Higher Education 3014:10.1098/rspb.2021.0729 2732:Latham, K. E. (2005). 2007:by Nobel Prize winner 1708: 1669:defects in its lungs. 832: 824: 696:), which is native to 693:Wasmannia auropunctata 581: 506:the cloned sheep Dolly 439: 316:genetic fingerprinting 247:§ Parthenogenesis 90:and of DNA fragments. 60: 34:. For other uses, see 6762:Carey, Nessa (2012). 5972:University of Arizona 5553:10.1353/pbm.2005.0063 5319:Journal of Philosophy 5071:McGee, Glenn (2000). 3525:"Bloodlines timeline" 2856:"Asexual Propagation" 2097:The Doctor's Daughter 1768:Gordon Rattray Taylor 1697: 1601:Unsuccessful attempts 1568:of the woolly mammoth 1525:gastric-brooding frog 1265:Gastric brooding frog 1207:Snuwolf and Snuwolffy 1056:: (October 1999) The 996:produced the world's 830: 818: 628:herbaceous perennials 575: 437: 328:origin of replication 46: 7942:Asexual reproduction 7809:"Rise of the Clones" 6614:on 21 September 2015 6213:30 June 2015 at the 6090:Tognetti, Laurence. 5854:Nature Biotechnology 5618:Conservation Biology 5603:. Reproduction, 126. 5039:on 23 February 2013. 5012:on 11 September 2012 4951:"Cloning Fact Sheet" 4857:Smithsonian Magazine 4453:The Sixth Extinction 3826:Nature Biotechnology 3752:on 23 December 2004. 3137:"Cloning Fact Sheet" 2904:spp.) domestication" 2883:1 March 2014 at the 2461:"Cloning Fact Sheet" 2119:Attack of the Clones 2031:1978 film adaptation 2026:The Boys from Brazil 1954:Cloning and identity 1788:The Boys from Brazil 1737:Bokanovsky's Process 1592:The idea of cloning 1532:Revive & Restore 1484:Conservation cloning 1382:and, more recently, 1376:reproductive cloning 1146:Revive & Restore 1038:from a somatic cell. 710:reproductive cloning 540:Asexual reproduction 134:embryonic stem cells 76:asexual reproduction 7642:"The Island (2005)" 7443:. Millbrook Press. 7346:"Review of Bunshin" 6455:on 17 February 2021 6240:(7): 1650–1656.e3. 6125:National Geographic 5767:The Washington Post 5630:2006ConBi..20..723E 5520:on 11 December 2009 5194:"Out of this world" 5085:Havstad JC (2010). 4807:2022PNAS..11915248W 4801:(12): e2115248119. 4770:on 18 February 2021 4525:on 10 November 2017 4476:The Daily Telegraph 4436:on 1 February 2009. 4429:The Daily Telegraph 4376:(1 September 2009) 4010:. 25 September 2003 3602:1996Natur.380...64C 3552:1981Natur.291..293S 2920:2011PNAS..10811311P 2914:(28): 11311–11318. 2777:1996Natur.380...64C 2742:Biology of the Cell 2698:"Fetal development" 2427:on 26 December 2007 2320:. 42–45: 133. 1942. 2125:Revenge of the Sith 2079:Cloning for warfare 1873:The Invisible Enemy 1498:store frozen tissue 1474:and the 1990 novel 1372:therapeutic cloning 1320:Black-footed ferret 1269:Rheobatrachus silus 989:: (1963) In China, 385:restriction enzymes 274:Kentucky coffeetree 7887:University of Utah 7865:Cloning Fact Sheet 7790:, 26 November 2015 7788:The New York Times 7391:The New York Times 7212:The Wellcome Trust 7168:The New York Times 6717:on 1 February 2009 6608:www.elements.nb.ca 6584:. 22 November 2013 5900:. 2 December 2015. 5200:. 15 February 2002 4682:The New York Times 4397:The Times of India 3984:. 23 December 2004 3500:"Robert W. Briggs" 3480:on 23 October 2012 3008:(1952): 20210729. 2983:The New York Times 2614:McFarland, Douglas 2490:www.britannica.com 2176:2010 film adaption 2054:, which spawned a 1974:nature and nurture 1948:The Wellcome Trust 1938:Roger Spottiswoode 1867:and his companion 1830:Tales of the Abyss 1800:Alien Resurrection 1739:which features in 1709: 1690:In popular culture 1515:Scientists at the 1138:Przewalksi's Horse 1023:In June 1995, the 1008:George Streisinger 941:. You can help by 833: 825: 654:asexually, termed 650:grasses also form 582: 486:stem cell research 471:Cloning stem cells 440: 342:, single-stranded 336:protein production 324:positional cloning 284:American sweetgum. 225:. You can help by 101:is created from a 82:. In the field of 61: 7927:Molecular biology 7822:Library resources 7714:on 5 January 2014 7184:on 1 January 2022 6806:10.1159/000452444 6646:978-1-315-36239-7 6399:Discover Magazine 6321:Popular Mechanics 6172:. 18 August 2003. 5808:978-0-7425-3408-7 5793:Pence, Gregory E. 5431:10.1111/asj.12087 5250:Los Angeles Times 4992:. 10 August 2001 4584:(4): 881–887.e7. 4507:. Kashmir, India. 4404:on 11 August 2011 4215:on 12 August 2022 4161:on 14 August 2005 4151:"First Dog Clone" 4035:Los Angeles Times 3775:on 13 August 2006 3673:(5472): 1775–80. 3644:BBC World Service 3546:(5813): 293–296, 3222:978-0-8126-9375-1 2752:on 2 August 2014. 2696:Plus, M. (2011). 2599:978-0-8053-4665-7 2565:on 11 August 2014 2395:Discovery Channel 2180:alternate history 1936:In films such as 1879:to the 1966 film 1643:Australian Museum 1626:) were frozen in 1587:Scythian warriors 1396:Ethics of cloning 1325:First artificial 1181:Cloning of super 1150:genetic diversity 1048:Levon Chaylakhyan 998:first cloned fish 959: 958: 564:Cuttings (plants) 527:mitochondrial DNA 397:optical injection 298:Molecular cloning 292:Molecular cloning 243: 242: 158:Herbert J. Webber 119:molecular biology 117:, a technique in 115:molecular cloning 16:(Redirected from 7954: 7937:Applied genetics 7877:Cloning in Focus 7861: 7774: 7773: 7771: 7769: 7752: 7746: 7745: 7743: 7741: 7730: 7724: 7723: 7721: 7719: 7710:. Archived from 7704: 7698: 7697: 7691: 7683: 7681: 7679: 7664: 7658: 7657: 7655: 7653: 7638: 7632: 7631: 7625: 7617: 7615: 7613: 7598: 7592: 7591: 7589: 7587: 7572: 7566: 7565: 7563: 7561: 7536: 7530: 7529: 7527: 7525: 7502: 7496: 7495: 7493: 7491: 7468: 7462: 7461: 7459: 7457: 7434: 7428: 7427: 7425: 7423: 7408: 7402: 7401: 7399: 7397: 7382: 7376: 7375: 7373: 7371: 7356: 7350: 7349: 7342: 7336: 7335: 7333: 7331: 7320: 7314: 7313: 7311: 7309: 7303: 7296: 7284: 7278: 7277: 7243: 7234: 7228: 7227: 7225: 7223: 7214:. Archived from 7206:Clark, Michael. 7203: 7194: 7193: 7191: 7189: 7183: 7178:. Archived from 7159: 7153: 7152: 7150: 7148: 7134: 7128: 7127: 7125: 7123: 7098: 7092: 7091: 7089: 7087: 7064: 7058: 7057: 7055: 7053: 7030: 7024: 7023: 7021: 7019: 6996: 6990: 6989: 6987: 6985: 6975:"Sleeper (1973)" 6970: 6964: 6963: 6935: 6929: 6928: 6926: 6924: 6901: 6895: 6892: 6886: 6885: 6883: 6881: 6865: 6859: 6858: 6856: 6854: 6837:"Cloning Humans" 6833: 6827: 6826: 6808: 6784: 6778: 6777: 6773:978-184831-347-7 6759: 6753: 6752: 6750: 6748: 6733: 6727: 6726: 6724: 6722: 6702: 6696: 6695: 6693: 6691: 6676: 6670: 6669: 6657: 6651: 6650: 6630: 6624: 6623: 6621: 6619: 6610:. Archived from 6600: 6594: 6593: 6591: 6589: 6574: 6568: 6567: 6565: 6563: 6549: 6543: 6542: 6540: 6538: 6523: 6517: 6516: 6514: 6512: 6497: 6491: 6490: 6488: 6486: 6474:Lupkin, Sydney. 6471: 6465: 6464: 6462: 6460: 6441: 6435: 6434: 6432: 6430: 6416: 6410: 6409: 6407: 6405: 6391: 6385: 6384: 6382: 6380: 6365: 6359: 6358: 6356: 6354: 6339: 6333: 6332: 6330: 6328: 6313: 6307: 6304: 6302: 6300: 6283: 6265: 6224: 6218: 6205: 6196: 6195: 6193: 6191: 6180: 6174: 6173: 6162: 6156: 6155: 6148: 6142: 6141: 6139: 6137: 6132:on 18 March 2013 6128:. Archived from 6115: 6109: 6106: 6104: 6102: 6085: 6075: 6065: 6041: 6035: 6034: 6032: 6030: 6015: 6009: 6008: 6006: 6004: 5990: 5984: 5983: 5981: 5979: 5962: 5956: 5955: 5953: 5951: 5936: 5930: 5929: 5927: 5925: 5908: 5902: 5901: 5894: 5888: 5887: 5869: 5845: 5839: 5838: 5836: 5834: 5819: 5813: 5812: 5789: 5783: 5782: 5780: 5778: 5758: 5752: 5746: 5740: 5739: 5737: 5735: 5718: 5712: 5705: 5699: 5698: 5688: 5664: 5658: 5657: 5614:Ehrenfeld, David 5610: 5604: 5590: 5581: 5580: 5536: 5530: 5529: 5527: 5525: 5519: 5513:. Archived from 5508: 5499: 5493: 5492: 5490: 5479: 5471: 5465: 5464: 5463:on 13 June 2013. 5449: 5443: 5442: 5414: 5408: 5407: 5401: 5393: 5375: 5369: 5368: 5366: 5364: 5349: 5343: 5342: 5310: 5304: 5303: 5267: 5261: 5260: 5258: 5256: 5241: 5235: 5234: 5232: 5230: 5216: 5210: 5209: 5207: 5205: 5190: 5184: 5167: 5161: 5155: 5149: 5148: 5146: 5144: 5129: 5123: 5122: 5082: 5076: 5069: 5063: 5062: 5060: 5058: 5047: 5041: 5040: 5028: 5022: 5021: 5019: 5017: 5008:. 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Archived from 4147: 4141: 4140: 4138: 4136: 4125: 4119: 4118: 4116: 4114: 4104: 4098: 4097: 4095: 4093: 4083: 4077: 4076: 4074: 4072: 4058: 4052: 4051: 4049: 4047: 4042:. 25 August 2009 4040:Associated Press 4026: 4020: 4019: 4017: 4015: 4000: 3994: 3993: 3991: 3989: 3974: 3968: 3967: 3965: 3963: 3943: 3937: 3936: 3934: 3932: 3927:on 21 April 2009 3910: 3904: 3903: 3901: 3899: 3890:. Archived from 3879: 3873: 3866: 3860: 3859: 3841: 3817: 3811: 3810: 3808: 3806: 3791: 3785: 3784: 3782: 3780: 3761: 3755: 3753: 3748:. Archived from 3742: 3736: 3735: 3729: 3721: 3705: 3699: 3698: 3662: 3656: 3655: 3653: 3651: 3636: 3630: 3629: 3610:10.1038/380064a0 3585: 3579: 3578: 3560:10.1038/291293a0 3535: 3529: 3528: 3521: 3512: 3511: 3509: 3507: 3496: 3490: 3489: 3487: 3485: 3476:. Archived from 3470: 3464: 3458: 3449: 3448: 3438: 3414: 3403: 3398: 3392: 3391: 3363: 3357: 3354: 3348: 3347: 3345: 3343: 3327: 3321: 3320: 3318: 3316: 3310: 3304:. 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Archived from 2357: 2351: 2350: 2348: 2346: 2328: 2322: 2321: 2313: 2307: 2306: 2295: 2278: 2271: 2244: 2239: 2238: 2093:The Time Warrior 2046:Michael Crichton 1927:Barbra Streisand 1882:Fantastic Voyage 1855:artificial wombs 1731: 1720:Creation of Adam 1615:African wildcats 1340:control regions. 1283:nuclear transfer 1025:Roslin Institute 963:nuclear transfer 954: 951: 933: 926: 847:Roslin Institute 779:embryo splitting 672:hammerhead shark 545:Organism cloning 534:Organism cloning 374:cloning strategy 340:affinity tagging 262:blueberry plants 238: 235: 217: 210: 175: 169: 168: 21: 7962: 7961: 7957: 7956: 7955: 7953: 7952: 7951: 7912: 7911: 7905:National Review 7900:Wayback Machine 7883:Click and Clone 7850: 7847: 7846: 7845: 7830: 7829: 7825: 7818: 7783: 7781:Further reading 7778: 7777: 7767: 7765: 7753: 7749: 7739: 7737: 7731: 7727: 7717: 7715: 7706: 7705: 7701: 7685: 7684: 7677: 7675: 7665: 7661: 7651: 7649: 7640: 7639: 7635: 7619: 7618: 7611: 7609: 7599: 7595: 7585: 7583: 7573: 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2440: 2430: 2428: 2419: 2418: 2414: 2404: 2402: 2401:on 23 July 2006 2389: 2388: 2384: 2374: 2372: 2365:StudySmarter US 2359: 2358: 2354: 2344: 2342: 2329: 2325: 2315: 2314: 2310: 2296: 2292: 2287: 2282: 2281: 2272: 2268: 2263: 2240: 2233: 2230: 2209:emotional labor 2203:and subsequent 2171:Never Let Me Go 2162:transplantation 2154: 2138:Galactic Empire 2081: 2073:parthenogenesis 2017: 1970:Caryl Churchill 1956: 1923:Coton de Tulear 1746:Brave New World 1729: 1692: 1675: 1659:New South Wales 1628:liquid nitrogen 1603: 1540: 1486: 1462: 1456: 1398: 1392: 1353: 1347: 1331:DNA methylation 1327:parthenogenesis 1298:Dolly the sheep 1187:started working 1036:Dolly the sheep 1029:Megan and Morag 1018:Steen Willadsen 955: 949: 946: 939:needs expansion 924: 914: 859:stuffed remains 813: 807: 805:Dolly the sheep 791:embryo transfer 783:embryo twinning 750: 718: 706: 668:parthenogenesis 664: 662:Parthenogenesis 632:clonal colonies 570: 560: 553: 542: 536: 479: 473: 432: 427: 393:electroporation 332:cloning vectors 300: 294: 270:the Pando trees 254:clonal colonies 249: 239: 233: 230: 223:needs expansion 208: 206:Natural cloning 190:, the spelling 154: 146:science fiction 111:Dolly the sheep 80:parthenogenesis 70:with identical 39: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7960: 7950: 7949: 7944: 7939: 7934: 7929: 7924: 7910: 7909: 7890: 7880: 7874: 7868: 7862: 7844: 7843: 7838: 7832: 7831: 7820: 7819: 7817: 7816:External links 7814: 7813: 7812: 7805: 7791: 7782: 7779: 7776: 7775: 7747: 7725: 7699: 7659: 7648:. 22 July 2005 7633: 7593: 7567: 7553: 7531: 7517: 7497: 7483: 7463: 7449: 7429: 7403: 7377: 7351: 7348:. 9 June 2012. 7337: 7315: 7279: 7229: 7218:on 18 May 2012 7195: 7154: 7129: 7115: 7093: 7079: 7059: 7046:978-0199673964 7045: 7025: 7011: 6991: 6965: 6958: 6930: 6916: 6896: 6887: 6876:. 9 March 1997 6860: 6828: 6779: 6772: 6754: 6743:. 7 March 2013 6728: 6697: 6671: 6652: 6645: 6625: 6595: 6569: 6544: 6518: 6492: 6466: 6436: 6411: 6386: 6360: 6334: 6308: 6306: 6305: 6288:Ahmed, Issam. 6219: 6197: 6175: 6157: 6154:. 25 May 2017. 6143: 6110: 6108: 6107: 6056:(4): 823–829. 6036: 6010: 5985: 5957: 5931: 5903: 5889: 5840: 5814: 5807: 5784: 5773:on 8 July 2016 5753: 5741: 5713: 5700: 5659: 5624:(3): 723–732. 5605: 5582: 5547:(2): 241–247. 5531: 5494: 5466: 5444: 5409: 5388: 5370: 5344: 5325:(8): 444–459. 5305: 5262: 5236: 5211: 5185: 5162: 5150: 5124: 5077: 5064: 5042: 5023: 4997: 4981: 4960: 4957:on 2 May 2013. 4942: 4898: 4871: 4869: 4868: 4781: 4751: 4723: 4695: 4669: 4641: 4605: 4562: 4536: 4510: 4489: 4462: 4439: 4415: 4382: 4369: 4324:(5): 585–591. 4304: 4278: 4252: 4226: 4195: 4172: 4142: 4120: 4099: 4078: 4053: 4021: 3995: 3969: 3938: 3920:Agência Brasil 3905: 3894:on 6 June 2009 3874: 3861: 3812: 3786: 3756: 3737: 3716:(in Russian). 3700: 3657: 3631: 3580: 3530: 3513: 3491: 3465: 3450: 3423:Cell Stem Cell 3404: 3393: 3358: 3349: 3336:CredoReference 3330:Swedin, Eric. 3322: 3274:Theriogenology 3257: 3245:CredoReference 3228: 3221: 3195: 3168:Fertil. Steril 3154: 3128: 3095:(4): 296–302. 3075: 3073: 3072: 2988: 2966: 2953: 2889: 2869: 2847: 2819: 2806: 2771:(6569): 64–6. 2755: 2711: 2688: 2662: 2643: 2605: 2598: 2576: 2549: 2522:(4): 493–497. 2502: 2477: 2452: 2438: 2412: 2382: 2352: 2323: 2308: 2289: 2288: 2286: 2283: 2280: 2279: 2265: 2264: 2262: 2259: 2258: 2257: 2252: 2246: 2245: 2242:Biology portal 2229: 2226: 2178:are set in an 2166:Kazuo Ishiguro 2153: 2150: 2134:clone troopers 2106:The 1977 film 2080: 2077: 2048:'s 1990 novel 2016: 2013: 1955: 1952: 1762:'s 1953 story 1691: 1688: 1674: 1671: 1602: 1599: 1559:with specific 1548:Asian elephant 1544:woolly mammoth 1539: 1536: 1485: 1482: 1458:Main article: 1455: 1452: 1394:Main article: 1391: 1388: 1349:Main article: 1346: 1343: 1342: 1341: 1323: 1317: 1281:species using 1272: 1262: 1255: 1241: 1236:Camel: (2009) 1234: 1224: 1210: 1200: 1199: 1198: 1179: 1176:Yakutian Laika 1161: 1160: 1159: 1156: 1135: 1128: 1118: 1111: 1100: 1099: 1098: 1090: 1087:Alpha and Beta 1081: 1075: 1065: 1051: 1041: 1040: 1039: 1032: 1011: 1001: 984: 978:Thomas J. King 957: 956: 936: 934: 913: 910: 865:, part of the 855:Keith Campbell 809:Main article: 806: 803: 749: 746: 727:was awarded a 717: 714: 705: 702: 676:Cape honeybees 663: 660: 552: 549: 535: 532: 515:differentiated 475:Main article: 472: 469: 431: 428: 426: 423: 419:DNA sequencing 370: 369: 366: 360: 354: 296:Main article: 293: 290: 241: 240: 220: 218: 207: 204: 153: 150: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7959: 7948: 7945: 7943: 7940: 7938: 7935: 7933: 7930: 7928: 7925: 7923: 7920: 7919: 7917: 7907: 7906: 7901: 7897: 7894: 7891: 7888: 7884: 7881: 7878: 7875: 7872: 7869: 7866: 7863: 7859: 7858: 7853: 7849: 7848: 7842: 7839: 7837: 7834: 7833: 7828: 7823: 7810: 7806: 7804: 7800: 7798: 7792: 7789: 7785: 7784: 7764: 7763: 7758: 7751: 7736: 7729: 7713: 7709: 7703: 7695: 7689: 7674: 7670: 7669:"Moon (2009)" 7663: 7647: 7643: 7637: 7629: 7623: 7608: 7604: 7597: 7582: 7578: 7571: 7556: 7554:9780786471812 7550: 7546: 7542: 7535: 7520: 7518:9781442234819 7514: 7510: 7509: 7501: 7486: 7484:9781480342958 7480: 7476: 7475: 7467: 7452: 7450:9780761328025 7446: 7442: 7441: 7433: 7418: 7414: 7407: 7392: 7388: 7381: 7366: 7362: 7355: 7347: 7341: 7325: 7319: 7300: 7293: 7291: 7283: 7275: 7271: 7267: 7263: 7259: 7255: 7251: 7247: 7240: 7233: 7217: 7213: 7209: 7202: 7200: 7182: 7177: 7173: 7169: 7165: 7158: 7143: 7139: 7133: 7118: 7116:9780812697254 7112: 7108: 7104: 7097: 7082: 7080:9781592592050 7076: 7072: 7071: 7070:Human Cloning 7063: 7048: 7042: 7038: 7037: 7029: 7014: 7012:9781476604541 7008: 7004: 7003: 6995: 6980: 6976: 6969: 6961: 6959:9780415974608 6955: 6951: 6947: 6946: 6941: 6934: 6919: 6917:9788126910366 6913: 6909: 6908: 6900: 6891: 6875: 6874: 6870: 6864: 6848: 6844: 6843: 6838: 6832: 6824: 6820: 6816: 6812: 6807: 6802: 6798: 6794: 6790: 6783: 6775: 6769: 6765: 6758: 6742: 6741:Science Daily 6738: 6732: 6716: 6712: 6711:The Telegraph 6708: 6701: 6686:. 15 May 2005 6685: 6681: 6675: 6667: 6663: 6656: 6648: 6642: 6639:. CRC Press. 6638: 6637: 6629: 6613: 6609: 6605: 6599: 6583: 6579: 6573: 6558: 6554: 6548: 6533: 6529: 6522: 6507: 6503: 6496: 6481: 6477: 6470: 6454: 6450: 6446: 6440: 6425: 6421: 6415: 6400: 6396: 6390: 6375: 6371: 6364: 6349: 6345: 6338: 6323:. 11 May 2021 6322: 6318: 6312: 6295: 6291: 6285: 6284: 6281: 6277: 6273: 6269: 6264: 6259: 6255: 6251: 6247: 6243: 6239: 6235: 6231: 6223: 6216: 6212: 6209: 6204: 6202: 6185: 6179: 6171: 6167: 6161: 6153: 6147: 6131: 6127: 6126: 6121: 6114: 6097: 6093: 6087: 6086: 6083: 6079: 6074: 6069: 6064: 6059: 6055: 6051: 6047: 6040: 6025: 6021: 6014: 5999: 5998:The Telegraph 5995: 5989: 5974: 5973: 5968: 5961: 5946: 5942: 5935: 5920: 5919: 5914: 5907: 5899: 5893: 5885: 5881: 5877: 5873: 5868: 5867:10.1038/81057 5863: 5859: 5855: 5851: 5844: 5829: 5825: 5818: 5810: 5804: 5800: 5799: 5794: 5788: 5772: 5768: 5764: 5757: 5751: 5745: 5730: 5729: 5724: 5717: 5710: 5704: 5696: 5692: 5687: 5682: 5679:(6): 929–37. 5678: 5674: 5670: 5663: 5655: 5651: 5647: 5643: 5639: 5635: 5631: 5627: 5623: 5619: 5615: 5609: 5602: 5598: 5595: 5589: 5587: 5578: 5574: 5570: 5566: 5562: 5558: 5554: 5550: 5546: 5542: 5535: 5516: 5512: 5505: 5498: 5487: 5483: 5476: 5470: 5462: 5458: 5454: 5448: 5440: 5436: 5432: 5428: 5424: 5420: 5413: 5405: 5399: 5391: 5389:9780198754626 5385: 5381: 5374: 5359: 5358:The Telegraph 5355: 5348: 5340: 5336: 5332: 5328: 5324: 5320: 5316: 5309: 5301: 5297: 5293: 5289: 5285: 5281: 5277: 5273: 5266: 5251: 5247: 5240: 5225: 5221: 5215: 5199: 5195: 5189: 5182: 5178: 5177: 5172: 5166: 5160: 5154: 5139: 5135: 5128: 5120: 5116: 5112: 5108: 5104: 5100: 5096: 5092: 5088: 5081: 5074: 5068: 5052: 5046: 5038: 5034: 5027: 5011: 5007: 5001: 4995: 4991: 4985: 4978: 4977:0-312-36706-6 4974: 4970: 4964: 4956: 4952: 4946: 4938: 4934: 4929: 4924: 4921:(2): 112–20. 4920: 4916: 4912: 4905: 4903: 4886: 4882: 4875: 4858: 4854: 4848: 4847: 4844: 4840: 4835: 4830: 4826: 4822: 4817: 4812: 4808: 4804: 4800: 4796: 4792: 4785: 4769: 4765: 4761: 4755: 4740: 4739: 4734: 4727: 4712: 4711: 4706: 4699: 4683: 4679: 4673: 4658: 4657: 4652: 4645: 4630: 4626: 4622: 4621: 4616: 4609: 4601: 4597: 4592: 4587: 4583: 4579: 4578: 4573: 4566: 4551: 4547: 4540: 4524: 4520: 4514: 4506: 4505: 4500: 4493: 4477: 4473: 4466: 4458: 4454: 4450: 4443: 4435: 4431: 4430: 4425: 4419: 4403: 4399: 4398: 4393: 4386: 4379: 4373: 4365: 4361: 4357: 4353: 4348: 4343: 4339: 4335: 4331: 4327: 4323: 4319: 4315: 4308: 4292: 4288: 4282: 4267: 4263: 4256: 4241: 4237: 4230: 4214: 4210: 4206: 4199: 4183: 4176: 4160: 4156: 4152: 4146: 4131: 4124: 4109: 4103: 4088: 4082: 4067: 4066:New Scientist 4063: 4057: 4041: 4037: 4036: 4031: 4025: 4009: 4005: 3999: 3983: 3979: 3973: 3957: 3953: 3949: 3942: 3926: 3922: 3921: 3916: 3909: 3893: 3889: 3885: 3878: 3871: 3865: 3857: 3853: 3849: 3845: 3840: 3839:10.1038/74335 3835: 3831: 3827: 3823: 3816: 3801: 3797: 3790: 3774: 3770: 3766: 3760: 3751: 3747: 3741: 3733: 3727: 3719: 3715: 3711: 3704: 3696: 3692: 3688: 3684: 3680: 3676: 3672: 3668: 3661: 3645: 3641: 3635: 3627: 3623: 3619: 3615: 3611: 3607: 3603: 3599: 3595: 3591: 3584: 3577: 3573: 3569: 3565: 3561: 3557: 3553: 3549: 3545: 3541: 3534: 3526: 3520: 3518: 3501: 3495: 3479: 3475: 3469: 3463: 3457: 3455: 3446: 3442: 3437: 3432: 3428: 3424: 3420: 3413: 3411: 3409: 3402: 3397: 3389: 3385: 3381: 3377: 3374:(2): 256–73. 3373: 3369: 3362: 3353: 3337: 3333: 3326: 3307: 3303: 3299: 3295: 3291: 3287: 3283: 3279: 3275: 3268: 3261: 3246: 3242: 3238: 3232: 3224: 3218: 3214: 3209: 3208: 3199: 3191: 3187: 3182: 3177: 3173: 3169: 3165: 3158: 3143:on 2 May 2013 3142: 3138: 3132: 3126: 3120: 3116: 3111: 3106: 3102: 3098: 3094: 3090: 3086: 3079: 3062: 3061:New Scientist 3058: 3053: 3052: 3049: 3045: 3041: 3037: 3032: 3027: 3023: 3019: 3015: 3011: 3007: 3003: 2999: 2992: 2985: 2984: 2979: 2973: 2971: 2963: 2957: 2949: 2945: 2940: 2935: 2930: 2925: 2921: 2917: 2913: 2909: 2905: 2903: 2893: 2886: 2882: 2879: 2873: 2857: 2851: 2836: 2835: 2834:New Scientist 2830: 2823: 2816: 2810: 2802: 2798: 2794: 2790: 2786: 2782: 2778: 2774: 2770: 2766: 2759: 2748: 2744: 2743: 2735: 2728: 2726: 2724: 2722: 2720: 2718: 2716: 2700:. 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The 2005 2122:(2002) and 1943:The 6th Day 1841:Woody Allen 1806:The 6th Day 1632:Giant panda 1294:gene-edited 994:Tong Dizhou 890:chromosomes 840:Finn-Dorset 831:Dolly clone 821:taxidermied 777:Artificial 723:, a German 716:First steps 461:polystyrene 445:inoculation 320:chromosomal 160:, the term 109:. 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