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interaction, whereas one partner generally experiences decreased fitness in antagonistic interactions. Arms races consist of two species adapting ways to "one up" the other. Several factors affect these relationships, including hot spots, cold spots, and trait mixing. Reciprocal selection occurs when a change in one partner puts pressure on the other partner to change in response. Hot spots are areas of strong reciprocal selection, while cold spots are areas with no reciprocal selection or where only one partner is present. The three constituents of geographic structure that contribute to this particular type of coevolution are: natural selection in the form of a geographic mosaic, hot spots often surrounded by cold spots, and trait remixing by means of
91:(1859). Although he did not use the word coevolution, he suggested how plants and insects could evolve through reciprocal evolutionary changes. Naturalists in the late 1800s studied other examples of how interactions among species could result in reciprocal evolutionary change. Beginning in the 1940s, plant pathologists developed breeding programs that were examples of human-induced coevolution. Development of new crop plant varieties that were resistant to some diseases favored rapid evolution in pathogen populations to overcome those plant defenses. That, in turn, required the development of yet new resistant crop plant varieties, producing an ongoing cycle of reciprocal evolution in crop plants and diseases that continues to this day.
872:
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compared to closely related insect-pollinated species. These flowers also tend to be more ornate, complex, and showy than their insect pollinated counterparts. It is generally agreed that plants formed coevolutionary relationships with insects first, and ornithophilous species diverged at a later time. There is not much scientific support for instances of the reverse of this divergence: from ornithophily to insect pollination. The diversity in floral phenotype in ornithophilous species, and the relative consistency observed in bee-pollinated species can be attributed to the direction of the shift in pollinator preference.
686:. These birds do not make their own nests, but lay their eggs in nests of other species, ejecting or killing the eggs and young of the host and thus having a strong negative impact on the host's reproductive fitness. Their eggs are camouflaged as eggs of their hosts, implying that hosts can distinguish their own eggs from those of intruders and are in an evolutionary arms race with the cuckoo between camouflage and recognition. Cuckoos are counter-adapted to host defences with features such as thickened eggshells, shorter incubation (so their young hatch first), and flat backs adapted to lift eggs out of the nest.
789:. The squirrels get at pine seeds by gnawing through the cone scales, whereas the crossbills get at the seeds by extracting them with their unusual crossed mandibles. In areas where there are squirrels, the lodgepole's cones are heavier, and have fewer seeds and thinner scales, making it more difficult for squirrels to get at the seeds. Conversely, where there are crossbills but no squirrels, the cones are lighter in construction, but have thicker scales, making it more difficult for crossbills to get at the seeds. The lodgepole's cones are in an evolutionary arms race with the two kinds of herbivore.
383:
710:, in a relationship both parasitic and mutualistic. The queens are unable to produce worker ants by mating with their own species. Only by crossbreeding can they produce workers. The winged females act as parasites for the males of the other species as their sperm will only produce sterile hybrids. But because the colonies are fully dependent on these hybrids to survive, it is also mutualistic. While there is no genetic exchange between the species, they are unable to evolve in a direction where they become too genetically different as this would make crossbreeding impossible.
262:
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sexual reproduction variability for fitness not seen in the asexual reproduction, which produces another generation of the organism susceptible to infection by the same parasite. Coevolution between host and parasite may accordingly be responsible for much of the genetic diversity seen in normal populations, including blood-plasma polymorphism, protein polymorphism, and histocompatibility systems.
413:
Ornithophily may have arisen for this reason in isolated environments with poor insect colonization or areas with plants which flower in the winter. Bird-pollinated flowers usually have higher volumes of nectar and higher sugar production than those pollinated by insects. This meets the birds' high energy requirements, the most important determinants of flower choice. In
625:, is that they coevolved alongside their respective hosts. Correlated mutations between the two species enter them into an evolution arms race. Whichever organism, host or parasite, that cannot keep up with the other will be eliminated from their habitat, as the species with the higher average population fitness survives. This race is known as the
1102:. All these systems depend upon each other and advance through a kind of evolutionary process. Changes in hardware, an operating system or web browser may introduce new features that are then incorporated into the corresponding applications running alongside. The idea is closely related to the concept of "joint optimization" in
340:
to identify where to land and finally to feed. Secondly, flowers attract insects with patterns of stripes leading to the rewards of nectar and pollen, and colours such as blue and ultraviolet, to which their eyes are sensitive; in contrast, bird-pollinated flowers tend to be red or orange. Thirdly, flowers such as
476:, so red is particularly conspicuous to them. Hummingbirds may also be able to see ultraviolet "colors". The prevalence of ultraviolet patterns and nectar guides in nectar-poor entomophilous (insect-pollinated) flowers warns the bird to avoid these flowers. Each of the two subfamilies of hummingbirds, the
1044:
Since year 2000, a growing number of management and organization studies discuss coevolution and coevolutionary processes. Even so, Abatecola el al. (2020) reveals a prevailing scarcity in explaining what processes substantially characterize coevolution in these fields, meaning that specific analyses
879:
The types of coevolution listed so far have been described as if they operated pairwise (also called specific coevolution), in which traits of one species have evolved in direct response to traits of a second species, and vice versa. This is not always the case. Another evolutionary mode arises where
110:
may have contributed to the diversification of species in both groups. The theoretical underpinnings of coevolution are now well-developed (e.g., the geographic mosaic theory of coevolution), and demonstrate that coevolution can play an important role in driving major evolutionary transitions such as
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analysis and design, where a system is understood to consist of both a "technical system" encompassing the tools and hardware used for production and maintenance, and a "social system" of relationships and procedures through which the technology is tied into the goals of the system and all the other
339:
At least three aspects of flowers appear to have coevolved between flowering plants and insects, because they involve communication between these organisms. Firstly, flowers communicate with their pollinators by scent; insects use this scent to determine how far away a flower is, to approach it, and
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shape differing coevolution between strongly interacting species in multiple populations. These populations may be separated by space and/or time. Depending on the ecological conditions, the interspecific interactions may be mutualistic or antagonistic. In mutualisms, both partners benefit from the
367:
that depends on the yucca for survival. The moth eats the seeds of the plant, while gathering pollen. The pollen has evolved to become very sticky, and remains on the mouth parts when the moth moves to the next flower. The yucca provides a place for the moth to lay its eggs, deep within the flower
646:
The parasite–host relationship probably drove the prevalence of sexual reproduction over the more efficient asexual reproduction. It seems that when a parasite infects a host, sexual reproduction affords a better chance of developing resistance (through variation in the next generation), giving
412:
Flowers have converged to take advantage of similar birds. Flowers compete for pollinators, and adaptations reduce unfavourable effects of this competition. The fact that birds can fly during inclement weather makes them more efficient pollinators where bees and other insects would be inactive.
408:
suited to the birds' diet, their color suits the birds' vision and their shape fits that of the birds' bills. The blooming times of the flowers have also been found to coincide with hummingbirds' breeding seasons. The floral characteristics of ornithophilous plants vary greatly among each other
460:
tubes can affect the efficiency of extraction in hummingbird species in relation to differences in bill morphology. Tubular flowers force a bird to orient its bill in a particular way when probing the flower, especially when the bill and corolla are both curved. This allows the plant to place
1001:, a coevolutionary approach to architecture has been defined as a design practice that engages students, volunteers and members of the local community in practical, experimental work aimed at "establishing dynamic processes of learning between users and designers."
292:
with nectar and pollen. The two groups have coevolved for over 100 million years, creating a complex network of interactions. Either they evolved together, or at some later stages they came together, likely with pre-adaptations, and became mutually adapted.
993:
as an antithesis to "star-architecture". As the curator of the Danish
Pavilion at the 2006 Venice Biennale of Architecture, he created an exhibition-project on coevolution in urban development in China; it won the Golden Lion for Best National Pavilion.
419:, an increase in red pigment in petals and flower nectar volume noticeably reduces the proportion of pollination by bees as opposed to hummingbirds; while greater flower surface area increases bee pollination. Therefore, red pigments in the flowers of
587:) from preying insects and from other plants competing for sunlight, and the tree provides nourishment and shelter for the ant and its larvae. Such mutualism is not automatic: other ant species exploit trees without reciprocating, following different
115:. More recently, it has also been demonstrated that coevolution can influence the structure and function of ecological communities, the evolution of groups of mutualists such as plants and their pollinators, and the dynamics of infectious disease.
1828:
Kay, Kathleen M.; Reeves, Patrick A.; Olmstead, Richard G.; Schemske, Douglas W. (2005). "Rapid speciation and the evolution of hummingbird pollination in neotropical Costus subgenus Costus (Costaceae): evidence from nrDNA ITS and ETS sequences".
429:, flower traits that discourage bee pollination may be more influential on the flowers' evolutionary change than 'pro-bird' adaptations, but adaptation 'towards' birds and 'away' from bees can happen simultaneously. However, some flowers such as
943:. Mosaic, along with general coevolution, most commonly occurs at the population level and is driven by both the biotic and the abiotic environment. These environmental factors can constrain coevolution and affect how far it can escalate.
888:
at the end of a long tube, can coevolve with a trait in one or several species of pollinating insects, such as a long proboscis. More generally, flowering plants are pollinated by insects from different families including
3426:
Weigand, P.; Liles, W.; De Jong, K. (2001) An empirical analysis of collaboration methods in cooperative coevolutionary algorithms. Proceedings of the
Genetic and Evolutionary Computation Conference.
591:. These cheater ants impose important host costs via damage to tree reproductive organs, though their net effect on host fitness is not necessarily negative and, thus, becomes difficult to forecast.
1266:
545:
3264:
Gomulkiewicz, Richard; Thompson, John N.; Holt, Robert D.; Nuismer, Scott L.; Hochberg, Michael E. (1 August 2000). "Hot Spots, Cold Spots, and the
Geographic Mosaic Theory of Coevolution".
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described as the "abominable mystery" of how they had evolved so quickly; he considered whether coevolution could be the explanation. He first mentioned coevolution as a possibility in
880:
evolution is reciprocal, but is among a group of species rather than exactly two. This is variously called guild or diffuse coevolution. For instance, a trait in several species of
859:, which is disadvantageous to the female's health. During mating, males try to maximise their fitness by inseminating as many females as possible, but the more times a female's
166:, several to many species may evolve a trait or a group of traits in reciprocity with a set of traits in another species, as has happened between the flowering plants and
1350:
GuimarĂŁes, Paulo R.; Pires, Mathias M.; Jordano, Pedro; Bascompte, Jordi; Thompson, John N. (October 2017). "Indirect effects drive coevolution in mutualistic networks".
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human and organizational relationships within and outside the system. Such systems work best when the technical and social systems are deliberately developed together.
3355:
Potter M.; De Jong, K. (1995) Evolving
Complex Structures via Cooperative Coevolution, Fourth Annual Conference on Evolutionary Programming, San Diego, California.
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can do, to keep in the same place". The host reproduces sexually, producing some offspring with immunity over its parasite, which then evolves in response.
472:
Ornithophilous flowers need to be conspicuous to birds. Birds have their greatest spectral sensitivity and finest hue discrimination at the red end of the
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appear not to be as specifically ornithophilous as had been supposed: the species is occasionally (151 visits in 120 hours of observation) visited by
5215:
67:
through the process of natural selection. The term sometimes is used for two traits in the same species affecting each other's evolution, as well as
1875:
Brown, James H.; Kodric-Brown, Astrid (1979). "Convergence, Competition, and
Mimicry in a Temperate Community of Hummingbird-Pollinated Flowers".
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and prey interact and coevolve: the predator to catch the prey more effectively, the prey to escape. The coevolution of the two mutually imposes
1738:
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3100:. "Pairwise versus diffuse natural selection and the multiple herbivores of scarlet gilia, Ipomopsis aggregata." Evolution (1998): 1583–1592.
4650:
3950:
3763:
Glasser, Harold (1996). "Development
Betrayed: The End of Progress and A Coevolutionary Revisioning of the Future by Richard B. Norgaard".
3364:
Potter M. (1997) The Design and
Computational Model of Cooperative Coevolution, PhD thesis, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia.
3435:
Weigand, P. (2003) An
Analysis of Cooperative Coevolutionary Algorithms, PhD thesis, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia, 2003.
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1620:
On the various contrivances by which
British and foreign orchids are fertilised by insects, and on the good effects of intercrossing
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1065:(1994) John Gowdy suggests that: "The economy, society, and the environment are linked together in a coevolutionary relationship".
94:
Coevolution as a major topic for study in nature expanded rapidly from the 1960s, when Daniel H. Janzen showed coevolution between
3821:
D’Hondt, Theo; Volder, Kris; Mens, Kim; Wuyts, Roel (2002). "Co-Evolution of Object-Oriented
Software Design and Implementation".
3374:
Potter, Mitchell A.; De Jong, Kenneth A. (2000). "Cooperative Coevolution: An Architecture for Evolving Coadapted Subcomponents".
324:(145 to 66 million years ago). The earliest bees, important pollinators today, appeared in the early Cretaceous. A group of wasps
3960:
629:. The Red Queen hypothesis predicts that sexual reproduction allows a host to stay just ahead of its parasite, similar to the
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2133:"Potential Pollinators and Robbers: A Study of the Floral Visitors of Heliconia Angusta (Heliconiaceae) And Their Behaviour"
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about where this perspective on socio-economic change is, and where it could move toward in the future, are still missing.
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5000:
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proposes a coevolutionary cosmology to explain how social and environmental systems influence and reshape each other. In
851:, where the evolutionary fitness of the sexes is counteracted to achieve maximum reproductive success. For example, some
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which (in most cases) pollinates the fig, so a tight mutual dependence has evolved and persisted throughout the genus.
484:, has evolved in conjunction with a particular set of flowers. Most Phaethornithinae species are associated with large
336:(three quarters of all angiosperms), and at the time when the angiosperms became the world's dominant plants on land.
5891:
2994:
Connell, Joseph H. (October 1980). "Diversity and the Coevolution of Competitors, or the Ghost of Competition Past".
2552:
523:
4729:
6524:
6131:
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5708:
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182:. There are a suite of specific hypotheses on the mechanisms by which groups of species coevolve with each other.
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4168:
3709:"Do organizations really co-evolve? Problematizing co-evolutionary change in management and organization studies"
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of bees first appeared between the middle and late Cretaceous, simultaneously with the adaptive radiation of the
2169:"Female figs as traps: Their impact on the dynamics of an experimental fig tree-pollinator-parasitoid community"
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538:, the fruit-like vessels that either hold female flowers or pollen on the inside. Each fig species has its own
107:
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Long-tongued bees and long-tubed flowers coevolved, whether pairwise or "diffusely" in groups known as guilds.
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Following their respective breeding seasons, several species of hummingbirds occur at the same locations in
185:
Coevolution is primarily a biological concept, but researchers have applied it by analogy to fields such as
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17:
6550:
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2269:"Synergy of multiple partners, including freeloaders, increases host fitness in a multispecies mutualism"
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to the bees evolved at the same time as flowering plants, as did the Lepidoptera. Further, all the major
3445:
Hillis, W. D. (1990). "Co-evolving parasites improve simulated evolution as an optimization procedure".
2092:"'Anti-bee' and 'pro-bird' changes during the evolution of hummingbird pollination in Penstemon flowers"
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added "co-evolving parasites" to prevent an optimization procedure from becoming stuck at local maxima.
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is composed of 800 species of vines, shrubs, and trees, including the cultivated fig, defined by their
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and color because these are effective at attracting the birds. Different lengths and curvatures of the
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stingless bees. These bees are largely pollen robbers in this case, but may also serve as pollinators.
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Gnedin, Oleg Y.; et al. (2014). "Co-Evolution of Galactic Nuclei and Globular Cluster Systems".
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Mintzer, Alex; Vinson, S. B. (1985). "Kinship and incompatibility between colonies of the acacia ant
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Woolhouse, M. E. J.; Webster, J. P.; Domingo, E.; Charlesworth, B.; Levin, B. R. (December 2002).
1771:"Forty million years of mutualism: Evidence for Eocene origin of the yucca-yucca moth association"
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Coevolution is primarily a biological concept, but has been applied to other fields by analogy.
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1982:"Geographical Aspects of Bird Flower Coevolution, with Particular Reference to Central America"
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can be considered as two separate components but tied intrinsically by coevolution. Similarly,
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Lunau, Klaus (2004). "Adaptive radiation and coevolution — pollination biology case studies".
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3623:"From Differentiation to Concretisation: Integrative Experiments in Sustainable Architecture"
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448:, and several hummingbird flowers bloom simultaneously in these habitats. These flowers have
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Morran, L.T.; Schmidt, O.G.; Gelarden, I.A.; Parrish, R.C. II; Lively, C.M. (8 July 2011).
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The concept of coevolution was introduced in architecture by the Danish architect-urbanist
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are conspicuously coadapted with insects to ensure pollination and in return to reward the
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on the other, thereby affecting each other's evolution. Coevolution includes many forms of
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Flowers appeared and diversified relatively suddenly in the fossil record, creating what
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Development Betrayed: The End of Progress and a Coevolutionary Revisioning of the Future
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Development Betrayed: The End of Progress and A Coevolutionary Revisioning of the Future
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Co-evolution: Danish/Chinese Collaboration on Sustainable Urban Development in China
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2572:"Running with the Red Queen: Host-Parasite Coevolution Selects for Biparental Sex"
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6248:
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6030:
5986:
5966:
5839:
5555:
5534:
5289:
5085:
4709:
4536:
4525:
4479:
4422:
4371:
4151:
3955:
2855:
2786:"Inter-genomic sexual conflict drives antagonistic coevolution in harvester ants"
2710:
Rothstein, S.I (1990). "A model system for coevolution: avian brood parasitism".
2569:
2470:
2390:
2267:
Palmer, Todd M.; Doak, Daniel F.; Stanton, Maureen L.; et al. (2010-09-20).
1981:
1099:
966:
902:
881:
829:
796:
774:
762:
473:
317:
277:
99:
78:
48:
3830:
2833:
2553:"Sexual reproduction works thanks to ever-evolving host, parasite relationships"
2195:
1558:
Friedman, W. E. (January 2009). "The meaning of Darwin's 'abominable mystery'".
5976:
5956:
5866:
5559:
5451:
5326:
4925:
4797:
4739:
4099:
4094:
4032:
4010:
3867:
3776:
2859:
1676:
786:
773:
to describe the evolutionary diversification of plants and butterflies. In the
766:
679:
654:
614:
232:
103:
74:
3228:
3203:
2659:
1662:
6566:
6478:
6421:
6411:
5971:
5791:
5751:
5747:
5738:
5581:
5550:
5539:
5529:
5456:
5358:
5252:
5127:
5005:
4964:
4810:
4564:
4232:
4227:
3734:
3097:
2756:
2466:
2302:
2057:
1420:
1322:
1014:
990:
974:
936:
695:
662:
485:
466:
445:
273:
3397:
3169:
2646:
Anderson, R.; May, R. (October 1982). "Coevolution of hosts and parasites".
2595:
2293:
2029:"Pollinator preference and the evolution of floral traits in monkeyflowers (
1795:
581:) is an obligate plant ant that protects at least five species of "Acacia" (
465:
on a certain part of the bird's body, permitting a variety of morphological
6268:
5569:
5546:
5122:
5070:
5015:
4848:
4843:
4437:
4195:
3405:
3334:
3285:
3237:
3188:
3080:
3062:
3047:"A matter of taste: Direct detection of female mating status in the bedbug"
2955:
2937:
2819:
2801:
2613:
2538:
2421:
2320:
2214:
2117:
2076:
1953:
1850:
1842:
1814:
1579:
1544:
1526:
1379:
1165:
The acacia ant protects at least 5 species of "Acacia", now all renamed to
1131:
778:
718:
397:
377:
325:
5193:
2667:
6407:
6263:
6101:
5886:
5585:
5404:
5149:
5020:
4749:
4284:
4114:
3978:
2741:. McCallum, James (Wildlife artist) (First U.S. ed.). New York, NY.
2693:
2454:
1944:
1927:
1095:
682:
demonstrates close coevolution of host and parasite, for example in some
489:
481:
393:
305:
301:
285:
256:
4589:
3784:
3309:"The Geographical Mosaic of Coevolution in a Plant–Pollinator Mutualism"
2628:
2495:"Red Queen dynamics in multi-host and multi-parasite interaction system"
1571:
1371:
223:
between the species. Such relationships can be of many different types.
6354:
6349:
6066:
5801:
5341:
5010:
4911:
4833:
4820:
4454:
4254:
4141:
4119:
4072:
4067:
4015:
3983:
3898:
3639:
3622:
3145:"Non-bee insects are important contributors to global crop pollination"
3023:
2883:
2403:
2359:
2351:
2005:
1904:
1029:
906:
863:
is punctured, the less likely she is to survive, reducing her fitness.
574:
505:
364:
321:
313:
289:
167:
2926:
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
2520:
1036:
develop in an interdependent way analogous to biological coevolution.
650:
6016:
5144:
4995:
4604:
4222:
3970:
1025:
978:
940:
782:
758:
734:
583:
457:
425:
265:
212:
194:
190:
131:
64:
32:
3503:
3015:
2875:
2777:
2412:
1997:
1896:
1714:. University of Bristol Palaeobiology Research Group. Archived from
6468:
6228:
5933:
5047:
4249:
3277:
2380:
739:
727:
618:
539:
509:
333:
3808:
Coevolutionary Economics: The Economy, Society and the Environment
3668:
3597:
India: the Urban Transition - a Case Study of Development Urbanism
1928:"Bird-pollinated flowers in an evolutionary and molecular context"
1063:
Coevolutionary Economics: The Economy, Society and the Environment
6369:
4432:
4146:
3204:"Coevolution: The Geographic Mosaic of Coevolutionary Arms Races"
860:
723:
535:
437:
415:
309:
216:
60:
3263:
1033:
1018:
898:
885:
852:
840:, such as between predators, may be able to drive coevolution.
683:
462:
405:
341:
297:
269:
179:
154:, between exactly two species, is not the only possibility; in
112:
95:
82:
3854:
Cherns, A. (1976). "The principles of sociotechnical design".
3814:
1349:
500:
4353:
530:
352:
329:
2922:"Sexual conflict over mating and fertilization: An overview"
3707:
Abatecola, Gianpaolo; Breslin, Dermot; Kask, Johan (2020).
909:
which respond to the nectar or pollen produced by flowers.
605:
219:
which reciprocally affect each other, sometimes creating a
2862:(1964). "Butterflies and Plants: A Study in Coevolution".
2266:
761:, animals that eat plants, and the plants that they eat.
518:. In the cultivated fig, there are also asexual varieties.
344:
mimic females of particular insects, deceiving males into
2167:
Suleman, Nazia; Sait, Steve; Compton, Stephen G. (2015).
1827:
1039:
894:
890:
175:
171:
2089:
558:) with Beltian bodies that provide the ants with protein
423:
may function primarily to discourage bee visitation. In
250:
3051:
Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
2790:
Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
997:
At the School of Architecture, Planning and Landscape,
3820:
3573:. Copenhagen: Danish Architecture Centre. p. 12.
3143:
Rader, Romina; Bartomeus, Ignasi; et al. (2016).
2090:
Castellanos, M. C.; Wilson, P.; Thomson, J.D. (2005).
1504:
1502:
27:
Two or more species influencing each other's evolution
2472:
Through the Looking-glass: And what Alice Found There
1682:
The Botany of Desire: A Plant's-eye View of the World
1394:
3706:
3259:
3257:
3255:
371:
2645:
1768:
1499:
1223:van der Pijl, Leendert; Dodson, Calaway H. (1966).
118:Each party in a coevolutionary relationship exerts
2213:
2166:
1769:Pellmyr, Olle; Leebens-Mack, James (August 1999).
1224:
1222:
965:Coevolutionary algorithms are used for generating
142:. In many cases, the selective pressures drive an
111:the evolution of sexual reproduction or shifts in
3252:
3038:
2626:
2207:
2205:
1874:
495:
308:(butterflies and moths) as well as many types of
6564:
2443:Van Valen, L. (1973). "A New Evolutionary Law".
2211:
2026:
1508:
3823:Software Architectures and Component Technology
3306:
3044:
2910:and the two following pages of the web article.
2273:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
2037:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
1296:
1231:Orchid Flowers: Their Pollination and Evolution
969:as well as for optimization, game learning and
847:, an evolutionary relationship analogous to an
621:. A general characteristic of many viruses, as
3142:
3109:
2784:Herrmann, M.; Cahan, S. H. (29 October 2014).
2631:. In Cutler Cleveland; Sidney Draggan (eds.).
2202:
1433:
5209:
3914:
3825:. Boston, MA: Springer US. pp. 207–224.
3373:
3300:
3195:
2783:
2333:
2027:Schemske, Douglas W.; Bradshaw, H.D. (1999).
1509:Cardinal, Sophie; Danforth, Bryan N. (2013).
1004:
785:(seed-eating birds) compete for seeds of the
508:exposing its many tiny matured, seed-bearing
3526:. Danish Architecture Centre. Archived from
3307:Anderson, Bruce; Johnson, Steven D. (2008).
2854:
2212:Hölldobler, Bert; Wilson, Edward O. (1990).
77:mentioned evolutionary interactions between
5223:
3713:Technological Forecasting and Social Change
2130:
912:
689:
5216:
5202:
3921:
3907:
3092:
3090:
2769:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2687:
2685:
2162:
2160:
2131:Stein, Katharina; Hensen, Isabell (2011).
1925:
1706:
1704:
1702:
1335:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
562:
134:relationships between species, as well as
108:coevolution between plants and butterflies
3724:
3667:
3638:
3600:. Architectural Publisher B. p. 22.
3387:
3324:
3227:
3178:
3168:
3070:
2945:
2809:
2709:
2603:
2528:
2492:
2442:
2411:
2374:
2310:
2292:
2148:
2107:
2066:
2056:
1975:
1973:
1971:
1969:
1967:
1965:
1963:
1943:
1804:
1794:
1736:
1586:
1534:
1511:"Bees diversified in the age of eudicots"
400:(bird-pollinated) flowers have evolved a
286:insect-pollinated (entomophilous) flowers
6380:Transgenerational epigenetic inheritance
5155:Transgenerational epigenetic inheritance
3928:
3747:
3201:
3045:Siva-Jothy, M. T.; Stutt, A. D. (2003).
2890:
2712:Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics
1870:
1868:
1712:"Coevolution of angiosperms and insects"
1610:
1557:
1468:
1405:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
1400:
1302:
870:
843:Intraspecific competition can result in
791:
750:between prey and predator, resulting in
717:
694:Antagonistic coevolution is seen in the
649:
606:Parasites and sexually reproducing hosts
544:
512:. These are pollinated by the fig wasp,
499:
381:
260:
31:
3762:
3110:Gullan, P. J.; Cranston, P. S. (2010).
3087:
2993:
2836:. New England Complex Systems Institute
2691:
2682:
2465:
2157:
1986:Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden
1699:
1271:. New York: W.F. Freeman. p. 395.
1264:
1017:attributed the entire evolution of the
241:, and developed the concept further in
14:
6565:
3853:
3653:
3620:
3593:
3568:
3444:
3202:Thompson, John N. (24 December 2005).
2919:
2736:
1979:
1960:
1926:Cronk, Quentin; Ojeda, Isidro (2008).
1675:
1616:
1592:
1260:
1258:
1218:
1216:
1040:In management and organization studies
594:
316:(beetles)—evolved in conjunction with
5872:Psychological effects of Internet use
5197:
4918:Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion
3902:
3805:
3114:The Insects: An Outline of Entomology
2220:. Harvard University Press. pp.
1865:
1739:"Pollination Partnerships Fact Sheet"
1640:
1634:
1464:
1462:
1268:Introduction to Coevolutionary Theory
713:
389:feeding from and pollinating a flower
251:Insects and insect-pollinated flowers
3479:
2737:Davies, Nicholas B. (7 April 2015).
1403:The geographic mosaic of coevolution
488:herbs, while the Trochilinae prefer
5852:Digital media use and mental health
2962:
2900:. University of California Berkeley
2493:Rabajante, J.; et al. (2015).
2340:Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology
1643:Organisms Diversity & Evolution
1623:(2nd ed.). London: John Murray
1599:(1st ed.). London: John Murray
1255:
1226:"Chapter 11: Mimicry and Deception"
1213:
1028:, an emerging theory proposes that
226:
24:
5483:Automatic and controlled processes
4323:Evolutionary developmental biology
2481:can do, to keep in the same place.
1515:Proceedings of the Royal Society B
1459:
984:
946:
668:
25:
6604:
5892:Smartphones and pedestrian safety
3878:
3549:"An interview with Henrik Valeur"
524:Reproductive coevolution in Ficus
372:Birds and bird-pollinated flowers
63:reciprocally affect each other's
6543:
6530:
6518:
6517:
5917:Mobile phones and driving safety
5177:
5168:
5167:
3326:10.1111/j.1558-5646.2007.00275.x
3118:(4th ed.). Wiley. pp.
2739:Cuckoo : cheating by nature
2724:10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.21.1.481
2109:10.1111/j.1420-9101.2004.00729.x
1303:Thompson, John N. (2013-04-15).
1068:
954:
5820:Computer-mediated communication
4980:Extended evolutionary synthesis
4169:Gene-centered view of evolution
3847:
3799:
3756:
3741:
3700:
3647:
3614:
3587:
3562:
3541:
3516:
3496:
3473:
3438:
3429:
3420:
3367:
3358:
3349:
3136:
3103:
2987:
2913:
2848:
2826:
2730:
2703:
2692:Weiblen, George D. (May 2003).
2639:
2620:
2563:
2545:
2486:
2459:
2436:
2327:
2260:
2238:
2124:
2096:Journal of Evolutionary Biology
2083:
2020:
1919:
1821:
1762:
1730:
1669:
1159:
1048:
866:
845:sexual antagonistic coevolution
769:in 1964 proposed the theory of
404:relationship. The flowers have
368:away from potential predators.
359:, is pollinated exclusively by
6097:Empathising–systemising theory
5400:female intrasexual competition
5337:Evolutionarily stable strategy
5108:Hologenome theory of evolution
4975:History of molecular evolution
4201:Evolutionarily stable strategy
4090:Last universal common ancestor
3726:10.1016/j.techfore.2020.119964
3447:Physica D: Nonlinear Phenomena
2137:Journal of Pollination Ecology
1932:Journal of Experimental Botany
1551:
1427:
1343:
1142:Escape and radiate coevolution
809:
805:(shown mating, male on right).
771:escape and radiate coevolution
496:Fig reproduction and fig wasps
146:between the species involved.
13:
1:
6457:Standard social science model
5510:Cognitive tradeoff hypothesis
4902:Renaissance and Enlightenment
3748:Norgaard, Richard B. (1994).
2834:"Predator-Prey Relationships"
1206:
981:coevolved virtual creatures.
272:and collecting pollen in its
6305:Missing heritability problem
5897:Social aspects of television
5520:Evolution of nervous systems
5488:Computational theory of mind
5113:Missing heritability problem
4740:Gamete differentiation/sexes
3467:10.1016/0167-2789(90)90076-2
1437:; Slatkin, M., eds. (1983).
1011:The Self-organizing Universe
901:, all of which form a broad
639:: "it takes all the running
200:
158:, which is sometimes called
7:
6551:Evolutionary biology portal
3831:10.1007/978-1-4615-0883-0_7
3504:"Henrik Valeur's biography"
3482:"Evolved Virtual Creatures"
2694:"Interspecific Coevolution"
2196:10.1016/j.actao.2014.11.001
1748:. p. 2. Archived from
1477:University of Chicago Press
1110:
304:(wasps, bees and ants) and
10:
6609:
6583:Evolution of the biosphere
6512:Evolutionary psychologists
6385:Trivers–Willard hypothesis
6300:Human–animal communication
6012:Ovulatory shift hypothesis
5862:Imprinted brain hypothesis
5830:Human–computer interaction
4745:Life cycles/nuclear phases
4297:Trivers–Willard hypothesis
3868:10.1177/001872677602900806
3777:10.1177/096327199600500308
3686:10.1088/0004-637X/785/1/71
3551:. Movingcities. 2007-12-17
2974:University College, London
2627:Hogan, C. Michael (2010).
1831:American Journal of Botany
1737:Hemingway, Claire (2004).
1560:American Journal of Botany
1472:The coevolutionary process
1469:Thompson, John N. (1994).
1401:Thompson, John N. (2005).
1072:
1005:In cosmology and astronomy
958:
916:
813:
732:
672:
598:
566:
552:ant on bull thorn acacia (
521:
375:
296:Several highly successful
254:
204:
6578:Environmental terminology
6506:
6432:Environmental determinism
6403:Cultural selection theory
6395:
6290:Evolutionary epistemology
6277:
6204:evolutionary neuroscience
6166:
6159:
6057:
5932:
5877:Rank theory of depression
5800:
5724:
5626:
5432:
5425:
5379:Parent–offspring conflict
5288:
5231:
5163:
5063:
4988:
4892:
4819:
4775:
4630:
4534:
4351:
4310:
4243:Parent–offspring conflict
4179:
4048:Earliest known life forms
3969:
3936:
3810:. Springer. pp. 1–2.
3656:The Astrophysical Journal
3229:10.1016/j.cub.2005.11.046
2970:"Biol 2007 - Coevolution"
2660:10.1017/S0031182000055360
2477:it takes all the running
2475:. Macmillan. p. 42.
2150:10.26786/1920-7603(2011)7
1663:10.1016/j.ode.2004.02.002
1147:Genomics of domestication
838:interspecific competition
826:intraspecific competition
820:Interspecific competition
816:Intraspecific competition
752:anti-predator adaptations
746:. These often lead to an
636:Through the Looking-Glass
611:Host–parasite coevolution
601:Host–parasite coevolution
156:multi-species coevolution
98:and ants (see below) and
6325:Cultural group selection
6209:Biocultural anthropology
5902:Societal impacts of cars
5835:Media naturalness theory
5525:Fight-or-flight response
5096:Cultural group selection
4960:The eclipse of Darwinism
4932:On the Origin of Species
4907:Transmutation of species
3376:Evolutionary Computation
2058:10.1073/pnas.96.21.11910
1980:Stiles, F. Gary (1981).
1617:Darwin, Charles (1877).
1596:On the Origin of Species
1593:Darwin, Charles (1859).
1152:
961:Evolutionary computation
913:Geographic mosaic theory
828:, with features such as
690:Antagonistic coevolution
613:is the coevolution of a
244:Fertilisation of Orchids
238:On the Origin of Species
221:mutualistic relationship
88:On the Origin of Species
69:gene-culture coevolution
59:occurs when two or more
6525:Evolutionary psychology
6489:Sociocultural evolution
6330:Dual inheritance theory
5787:Personality development
5248:Theoretical foundations
5225:Evolutionary psychology
5101:Dual inheritance theory
4940:History of paleontology
3621:Farmer, Graham (2017).
3594:Valeur, Henrik (2014).
3569:Valeur, Henrik (2006).
3398:10.1162/106365600568086
3266:The American Naturalist
3170:10.1073/pnas.1517092112
2596:10.1126/science.1206360
2455:The Red Queen Principle
2294:10.1073/pnas.1006872107
1796:10.1073/pnas.96.16.9178
1265:Nuismer, Scott (2017).
884:, such as offering its
802:Drosophila melanogaster
589:evolutionary strategies
579:Pseudomyrmex ferruginea
569:Pseudomyrmex ferruginea
563:Acacia ants and acacias
6447:Social constructionism
6442:Psychological nativism
6417:Biological determinism
6365:Recent human evolution
6360:Punctuated equilibrium
6183:Behavioral epigenetics
6178:evolutionary economics
6147:Variability hypothesis
6092:Emotional intelligence
5825:Engineering psychology
5515:Evolution of the brain
4789:Punctuated equilibrium
4110:Non-adaptive radiation
4058:Evolutionary arms race
3887:, video of lecture by
3063:10.1098/rspb.2002.2260
2938:10.1098/rstb.2005.1785
2920:Parker, G. A. (2006).
2802:10.1098/rspb.2014.1771
2336:Pseudomyrex ferruginea
1843:10.3732/ajb.92.11.1899
1746:Flora of North America
1527:10.1098/rspb.2012.2686
1117:Evolutionary arms race
1104:sociotechnical systems
876:
857:traumatic insemination
806:
748:evolutionary arms race
730:
665:
559:
519:
390:
300:groups—especially the
281:
144:evolutionary arms race
52:
6474:Multilineal evolution
6437:Nature versus nurture
6396:Theoretical positions
6244:Functional psychology
6239:Evolutionary medicine
6214:Biological psychiatry
5922:Texting while driving
5912:Lead–crime hypothesis
5772:Cognitive development
5757:Caregiver deprivation
5268:Gene selection theory
5081:Evolutionary medicine
4955:Mendelian inheritance
4663:Biological complexity
4651:Programmed cell death
4343:Phenotypic plasticity
4063:Evolutionary pressure
4053:Evidence of evolution
3951:Timeline of evolution
3096:Juenger, Thomas, and
2633:Encyclopedia of Earth
1127:CoEvolution Quarterly
1073:Further information:
926:is a theory in which
874:
795:
722:Predator and prey: a
721:
701:Pogonomyrmex barbatus
659:Eurasian reed warbler
653:
548:
503:
387:Purple-throated carib
385:
376:Further information:
264:
255:Further information:
36:The pollinating wasp
35:
6588:Evolutionary biology
6573:Ecological processes
6427:Cultural determinism
6234:Evolutionary biology
6219:Cognitive psychology
6167:Academic disciplines
5815:Cognitive ergonomics
5782:Language acquisition
5762:Childhood attachment
5575:Wason selection task
5469:Behavioral modernity
5258:Cognitive revolution
5241:Evolutionary thought
5055:Teleology in biology
4950:Blending inheritance
4328:Genetic assimilation
4191:Artificial selection
3930:Evolutionary biology
3806:Gowdy, John (1994).
3765:Environmental Values
3524:"About Co-evolution"
1757:Yucca and Yucca Moth
1305:Relentless evolution
999:Newcastle University
799:has been studied in
757:The same applies to
707:Pogonomyrmex rugosus
627:Red Queen hypothesis
152:specific coevolution
6494:Unilineal evolution
6259:Population genetics
6044:Sexy son hypothesis
5982:Hormonal motivation
5962:Concealed ovulation
5503:Dual process theory
5374:Parental investment
5118:Molecular evolution
5076:Ecological genetics
4945:Transitional fossil
4735:Sexual reproduction
4575:endomembrane system
4504:pollinator-mediated
4460:dolphins and whales
4238:Parental investment
3678:2014ApJ...785...71G
3480:Sims, Karl (1994).
3459:1990PhyD...42..228H
3220:2005CBio...15.R992T
3161:2016PNAS..113..146R
3008:1980Oikos..35..131C
2588:2011Sci...333..216M
2513:2015NatSR...510004R
2445:Evolutionary Theory
2285:2010PNAS..10717234P
2279:(40): 17234–17239.
2250:National Geographic
2188:2015AcO....62....1S
2049:1999PNAS...9611910S
2043:(21): 11910–11915.
1889:1979Ecol...60.1022B
1787:1999PNAS...96.9178P
1755:on 17 August 2011.
1718:on 20 December 2016
1655:2004ODivE...4..207L
1572:10.3732/ajb.0800150
1372:10.1038/nature24273
1364:2017Natur.550..511G
1235:University of Miami
928:geographic location
744:selective pressures
595:Hosts and parasites
555:Vachellia cornigera
361:Tegeticula maculata
268:taking a reward of
211:Coevolution is the
207:Mutualism (biology)
164:diffuse coevolution
120:selective pressures
6452:Social determinism
6335:Fisher's principle
6295:Great ape language
6285:Cultural evolution
6254:Philosophy of mind
6087:Division of labour
6049:Westermarck effect
5997:Mating preferences
5907:Distracted driving
5641:Literary criticism
5498:Domain specificity
5478:modularity of mind
5091:Cultural evolution
4206:Fisher's principle
4135:Handicap principle
4125:Parallel evolution
3989:Adaptive radiation
3889:Stephen C. Stearns
3640:10.3390/soc7040035
2796:(1797): 20141771.
2616:. Science.1206360.
2500:Scientific Reports
2404:10.1038/ng1202-569
2352:10.1007/bf00299432
2246:"Acacia Ant Video"
1945:10.1093/jxb/ern009
1521:(1755): 20122686.
1443:Sinauer Associates
1137:Ecological fitting
1075:Software ecosystem
924:Mosaic coevolution
919:Mosaic coevolution
877:
807:
731:
714:Predators and prey
666:
623:obligate parasites
560:
520:
515:Blastophaga psenes
480:(hermits) and the
421:Mimulus cardinalis
391:
282:
136:competition within
53:
39:Dasyscolia ciliata
6560:
6559:
6538:Psychology portal
6502:
6501:
6345:Hologenome theory
6315:Unit of selection
6310:Primate cognition
6224:Cognitive science
6155:
6154:
6026:Sexual attraction
6002:Mating strategies
5767:Cinderella effect
5697:Moral foundations
5601:Visual perception
5493:Domain generality
5462:Facial expression
5410:Sexual dimorphism
5369:Natural selection
5315:Hamiltonian spite
5191:
5190:
4807:Uniformitarianism
4760:Sex-determination
4265:Sexual dimorphism
4260:Natural selection
4164:Unit of selection
4130:Signalling theory
3893:Open Yale Courses
3840:978-1-4613-5286-0
3607:978-87-92700-09-4
3580:978-87-90668-61-7
3214:(24): R992–R994.
3129:978-1-118-84615-5
3057:(1515): 649–652.
2748:978-1-62040-952-7
2521:10.1038/srep10004
2231:978-0-674-04075-5
1837:(11): 1899–1910.
1781:(16): 9178–9183.
1692:978-0-7475-6300-6
1486:978-0-226-79760-1
1452:978-0-87893-228-3
1412:978-0-226-11869-7
1358:(7677): 511–514.
1314:978-0-226-01861-4
1278:978-1-319-10619-5
1248:978-0-87024-069-0
1196:V. sphaerocephala
1122:Bak–Sneppen model
1088:operating systems
1080:Computer software
932:community ecology
432:Heliconia angusta
46:with a flower of
16:(Redirected from
6600:
6547:
6534:
6521:
6520:
6164:
6163:
6160:Related subjects
5947:Adult attachment
5474:Cognitive module
5430:
5429:
5417:Social selection
5391:Costly signaling
5386:Sexual selection
5273:Modern synthesis
5218:
5211:
5204:
5195:
5194:
5181:
5171:
5170:
4970:Modern synthesis
4730:Multicellularity
4725:Mosaic evolution
4610:auditory ossicle
4292:Social selection
4275:Flowering plants
4270:Sexual selection
3923:
3916:
3909:
3900:
3899:
3872:
3871:
3851:
3845:
3844:
3818:
3812:
3811:
3803:
3797:
3796:
3760:
3754:
3753:
3745:
3739:
3738:
3728:
3704:
3698:
3697:
3671:
3651:
3645:
3644:
3642:
3618:
3612:
3611:
3591:
3585:
3584:
3566:
3560:
3559:
3557:
3556:
3545:
3539:
3538:
3536:
3535:
3520:
3514:
3513:
3511:
3510:
3500:
3494:
3493:
3491:
3489:
3477:
3471:
3470:
3453:(1–3): 228–234.
3442:
3436:
3433:
3427:
3424:
3418:
3417:
3391:
3371:
3365:
3362:
3356:
3353:
3347:
3346:
3328:
3304:
3298:
3297:
3261:
3250:
3249:
3231:
3199:
3193:
3192:
3182:
3172:
3140:
3134:
3133:
3117:
3107:
3101:
3094:
3085:
3084:
3074:
3042:
3036:
3035:
2991:
2985:
2984:
2982:
2980:
2966:
2960:
2959:
2949:
2932:(1466): 235–59.
2917:
2911:
2909:
2907:
2905:
2894:
2888:
2887:
2856:Ehrlich, Paul R.
2852:
2846:
2845:
2843:
2841:
2830:
2824:
2823:
2813:
2781:
2775:
2774:
2768:
2760:
2734:
2728:
2727:
2707:
2701:
2700:
2698:
2689:
2680:
2679:
2643:
2637:
2636:
2624:
2618:
2617:
2607:
2567:
2561:
2560:
2549:
2543:
2542:
2532:
2490:
2484:
2483:
2463:
2457:
2452:
2440:
2434:
2433:
2415:
2387:
2378:
2372:
2371:
2331:
2325:
2324:
2314:
2296:
2264:
2258:
2257:
2252:. Archived from
2242:
2236:
2235:
2219:
2209:
2200:
2199:
2173:
2164:
2155:
2154:
2152:
2128:
2122:
2121:
2111:
2087:
2081:
2080:
2070:
2060:
2024:
2018:
2017:
1977:
1958:
1957:
1947:
1923:
1917:
1916:
1883:(5): 1022–1035.
1872:
1863:
1862:
1825:
1819:
1818:
1808:
1798:
1766:
1760:
1759:
1754:
1743:
1734:
1728:
1727:
1725:
1723:
1708:
1697:
1696:
1673:
1667:
1666:
1638:
1632:
1631:
1629:
1628:
1614:
1608:
1607:
1605:
1604:
1590:
1584:
1583:
1555:
1549:
1548:
1538:
1506:
1497:
1496:
1494:
1493:
1466:
1457:
1456:
1431:
1425:
1424:
1398:
1392:
1391:
1347:
1341:
1340:
1334:
1326:
1300:
1294:
1293:
1291:
1290:
1281:. Archived from
1262:
1253:
1252:
1237:Press. pp.
1233:. Coral Gables:
1228:
1220:
1200:
1163:
1100:web applications
1059:Richard Norgaard
1021:to coevolution.
971:machine learning
855:reproduce using
834:sexual selection
680:Brood parasitism
675:Brood parasitism
631:Red Queen's race
486:monocotyledonous
478:Phaethornithinae
346:pseudocopulation
318:flowering plants
227:Flowering plants
187:computer science
170:insects such as
79:flowering plants
44:pseudocopulation
21:
6608:
6607:
6603:
6602:
6601:
6599:
6598:
6597:
6563:
6562:
6561:
6556:
6498:
6484:Neoevolutionism
6391:
6375:Species complex
6340:Group selection
6278:Research topics
6273:
6249:Neuropsychology
6151:
6137:Substance abuse
6059:Sex differences
6053:
5967:Coolidge effect
5928:
5840:Neuroergonomics
5805:
5796:
5720:
5622:
5556:Folk psychology
5437:
5421:
5291:
5284:
5227:
5222:
5192:
5187:
5159:
5086:Group selection
5059:
4984:
4888:
4815:
4777:Tempo and modes
4771:
4626:
4530:
4347:
4306:
4182:
4175:
4152:Species complex
3965:
3956:History of life
3932:
3927:
3881:
3876:
3875:
3856:Human Relations
3852:
3848:
3841:
3819:
3815:
3804:
3800:
3761:
3757:
3746:
3742:
3705:
3701:
3652:
3648:
3619:
3615:
3608:
3592:
3588:
3581:
3567:
3563:
3554:
3552:
3547:
3546:
3542:
3533:
3531:
3522:
3521:
3517:
3508:
3506:
3502:
3501:
3497:
3487:
3485:
3478:
3474:
3443:
3439:
3434:
3430:
3425:
3421:
3389:10.1.1.134.2926
3372:
3368:
3363:
3359:
3354:
3350:
3305:
3301:
3262:
3253:
3208:Current Biology
3200:
3196:
3141:
3137:
3130:
3108:
3104:
3095:
3088:
3043:
3039:
3016:10.2307/3544421
2992:
2988:
2978:
2976:
2968:
2967:
2963:
2918:
2914:
2903:
2901:
2896:
2895:
2891:
2876:10.2307/2406212
2860:Raven, Peter H.
2853:
2849:
2839:
2837:
2832:
2831:
2827:
2782:
2778:
2762:
2761:
2749:
2735:
2731:
2708:
2704:
2696:
2690:
2683:
2644:
2640:
2625:
2621:
2582:(6039): 216–8.
2568:
2564:
2551:
2550:
2546:
2491:
2487:
2464:
2460:
2441:
2437:
2391:Nature Genetics
2385:
2379:
2375:
2332:
2328:
2265:
2261:
2244:
2243:
2239:
2232:
2210:
2203:
2176:Acta Oecologica
2171:
2165:
2158:
2129:
2125:
2088:
2084:
2025:
2021:
1998:10.2307/2398801
1978:
1961:
1924:
1920:
1897:10.2307/1936870
1873:
1866:
1826:
1822:
1767:
1763:
1752:
1741:
1735:
1731:
1721:
1719:
1710:
1709:
1700:
1693:
1677:Pollan, Michael
1674:
1670:
1639:
1635:
1626:
1624:
1615:
1611:
1602:
1600:
1591:
1587:
1556:
1552:
1507:
1500:
1491:
1489:
1487:
1467:
1460:
1453:
1432:
1428:
1413:
1399:
1395:
1348:
1344:
1328:
1327:
1315:
1301:
1297:
1288:
1286:
1279:
1263:
1256:
1249:
1221:
1214:
1209:
1204:
1203:
1164:
1160:
1155:
1113:
1077:
1071:
1051:
1042:
1007:
987:
985:In architecture
967:artificial life
963:
957:
949:
947:Outside biology
921:
915:
882:flowering plant
869:
830:sexual conflict
822:
814:Main articles:
812:
797:Sexual conflict
775:Rocky Mountains
763:Paul R. Ehrlich
737:
716:
692:
677:
671:
669:Brood parasites
608:
603:
597:
571:
565:
526:
498:
492:plant species.
474:visual spectrum
380:
374:
259:
253:
229:
215:of two or more
209:
203:
140:between species
100:Paul R. Ehrlich
49:Ophrys speculum
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6606:
6596:
6595:
6590:
6585:
6580:
6575:
6558:
6557:
6555:
6554:
6541:
6528:
6515:
6507:
6504:
6503:
6500:
6499:
6497:
6496:
6491:
6486:
6481:
6476:
6471:
6466:
6461:
6460:
6459:
6454:
6449:
6444:
6439:
6434:
6429:
6424:
6419:
6405:
6399:
6397:
6393:
6392:
6390:
6389:
6388:
6387:
6382:
6377:
6372:
6367:
6362:
6357:
6352:
6347:
6342:
6337:
6332:
6327:
6322:
6312:
6307:
6302:
6297:
6292:
6287:
6281:
6279:
6275:
6274:
6272:
6271:
6266:
6261:
6256:
6251:
6246:
6241:
6236:
6231:
6226:
6221:
6216:
6211:
6206:
6189:
6180:
6170:
6168:
6161:
6157:
6156:
6153:
6152:
6150:
6149:
6144:
6139:
6134:
6129:
6124:
6119:
6114:
6109:
6104:
6099:
6094:
6089:
6084:
6079:
6074:
6069:
6063:
6061:
6055:
6054:
6052:
6051:
6046:
6041:
6028:
6019:
6014:
6009:
6004:
5999:
5994:
5989:
5984:
5979:
5974:
5969:
5964:
5959:
5954:
5949:
5944:
5938:
5936:
5930:
5929:
5927:
5926:
5925:
5924:
5919:
5914:
5909:
5899:
5894:
5889:
5884:
5879:
5874:
5869:
5867:Mind-blindness
5864:
5859:
5854:
5849:
5844:
5843:
5842:
5837:
5832:
5827:
5822:
5811:
5809:
5798:
5797:
5795:
5794:
5789:
5784:
5779:
5774:
5769:
5764:
5759:
5754:
5741:
5736:
5730:
5728:
5722:
5721:
5719:
5718:
5713:
5712:
5711:
5701:
5700:
5699:
5689:
5688:
5687:
5682:
5677:
5667:
5662:
5661:
5660:
5650:
5649:
5648:
5643:
5632:
5630:
5624:
5623:
5621:
5620:
5619:
5618:
5613:
5608:
5598:
5593:
5588:
5579:
5578:
5577:
5572:
5562:
5560:theory of mind
5553:
5544:
5543:
5542:
5537:
5532:
5522:
5517:
5512:
5507:
5506:
5505:
5500:
5495:
5490:
5485:
5471:
5466:
5465:
5464:
5459:
5454:
5443:
5441:
5427:
5423:
5422:
5420:
5419:
5414:
5413:
5412:
5407:
5402:
5393:
5383:
5382:
5381:
5371:
5366:
5361:
5356:
5355:
5354:
5344:
5339:
5334:
5329:
5327:Baldwin effect
5324:
5323:
5322:
5317:
5312:
5302:
5296:
5294:
5286:
5285:
5283:
5282:
5277:
5276:
5275:
5270:
5265:
5260:
5255:
5245:
5244:
5243:
5232:
5229:
5228:
5221:
5220:
5213:
5206:
5198:
5189:
5188:
5186:
5185:
5175:
5164:
5161:
5160:
5158:
5157:
5152:
5147:
5142:
5137:
5136:
5135:
5125:
5120:
5115:
5110:
5105:
5104:
5103:
5098:
5093:
5083:
5078:
5073:
5067:
5065:
5061:
5060:
5058:
5057:
5052:
5051:
5050:
5045:
5040:
5039:
5038:
5028:
5023:
5018:
5013:
5008:
4998:
4992:
4990:
4986:
4985:
4983:
4982:
4977:
4972:
4967:
4962:
4957:
4952:
4947:
4942:
4937:
4936:
4935:
4926:Charles Darwin
4923:
4922:
4921:
4909:
4904:
4898:
4896:
4890:
4889:
4887:
4886:
4881:
4876:
4871:
4866:
4864:Non-ecological
4861:
4856:
4851:
4846:
4841:
4836:
4831:
4825:
4823:
4817:
4816:
4814:
4813:
4804:
4795:
4781:
4779:
4773:
4772:
4770:
4769:
4764:
4763:
4762:
4757:
4752:
4747:
4742:
4732:
4727:
4722:
4717:
4712:
4707:
4702:
4697:
4692:
4687:
4682:
4681:
4680:
4670:
4665:
4660:
4655:
4654:
4653:
4648:
4637:
4635:
4628:
4627:
4625:
4624:
4623:
4622:
4617:
4615:nervous system
4612:
4607:
4602:
4594:
4593:
4592:
4587:
4582:
4577:
4572:
4567:
4557:
4552:
4547:
4541:
4539:
4532:
4531:
4529:
4528:
4523:
4518:
4513:
4508:
4507:
4506:
4496:
4495:
4494:
4489:
4488:
4487:
4482:
4472:
4467:
4462:
4457:
4452:
4451:
4450:
4445:
4435:
4425:
4420:
4419:
4418:
4408:
4403:
4398:
4393:
4392:
4391:
4381:
4376:
4375:
4374:
4364:
4358:
4356:
4349:
4348:
4346:
4345:
4340:
4335:
4330:
4325:
4320:
4314:
4312:
4308:
4307:
4305:
4304:
4299:
4294:
4289:
4288:
4287:
4282:
4277:
4267:
4262:
4257:
4252:
4247:
4246:
4245:
4240:
4230:
4225:
4220:
4219:
4218:
4208:
4203:
4198:
4193:
4187:
4185:
4177:
4176:
4174:
4173:
4172:
4171:
4161:
4156:
4155:
4154:
4149:
4139:
4138:
4137:
4127:
4122:
4117:
4115:Origin of life
4112:
4107:
4102:
4100:Microevolution
4097:
4095:Macroevolution
4092:
4087:
4082:
4081:
4080:
4070:
4065:
4060:
4055:
4050:
4045:
4040:
4035:
4033:Common descent
4030:
4029:
4028:
4018:
4013:
4011:Baldwin effect
4008:
4007:
4006:
4001:
3991:
3986:
3981:
3975:
3973:
3967:
3966:
3964:
3963:
3958:
3953:
3948:
3943:
3937:
3934:
3933:
3926:
3925:
3918:
3911:
3903:
3897:
3896:
3880:
3879:External links
3877:
3874:
3873:
3846:
3839:
3813:
3798:
3771:(3): 267–270.
3755:
3740:
3699:
3646:
3613:
3606:
3586:
3579:
3561:
3540:
3515:
3495:
3472:
3437:
3428:
3419:
3366:
3357:
3348:
3319:(1): 220–225.
3299:
3278:10.1086/303382
3272:(2): 156–174.
3251:
3194:
3155:(1): 146–151.
3135:
3128:
3102:
3086:
3037:
3002:(2): 131–138.
2986:
2961:
2912:
2889:
2870:(4): 586–608.
2847:
2825:
2776:
2747:
2729:
2702:
2681:
2654:(2): 411–426.
2638:
2619:
2562:
2559:. 7 July 2011.
2544:
2485:
2467:Carroll, Lewis
2458:
2435:
2373:
2326:
2259:
2256:on 2007-11-07.
2237:
2230:
2201:
2156:
2123:
2102:(4): 876–885.
2082:
2019:
1992:(2): 323–351.
1959:
1938:(4): 715–727.
1918:
1864:
1820:
1761:
1729:
1698:
1691:
1685:. Bloomsbury.
1668:
1649:(3): 207–224.
1633:
1609:
1585:
1550:
1498:
1485:
1458:
1451:
1435:Futuyma, D. J.
1426:
1411:
1393:
1342:
1313:
1295:
1277:
1254:
1247:
1211:
1210:
1208:
1205:
1202:
1201:
1157:
1156:
1154:
1151:
1150:
1149:
1144:
1139:
1134:
1129:
1124:
1119:
1112:
1109:
1070:
1067:
1050:
1047:
1041:
1038:
1006:
1003:
986:
983:
956:
953:
948:
945:
917:Main article:
914:
911:
868:
865:
811:
808:
787:lodgepole pine
767:Peter H. Raven
733:Main article:
715:
712:
691:
688:
673:Main article:
670:
667:
655:Brood parasite
607:
604:
599:Main article:
596:
593:
567:Main article:
564:
561:
522:Main article:
497:
494:
490:dicotyledonous
467:co-adaptations
398:ornithophilous
373:
370:
357:Yucca whipplei
274:pollen baskets
252:
249:
233:Charles Darwin
228:
225:
205:Main article:
202:
199:
106:suggested how
104:Peter H. Raven
75:Charles Darwin
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6605:
6594:
6591:
6589:
6586:
6584:
6581:
6579:
6576:
6574:
6571:
6570:
6568:
6553:
6552:
6546:
6542:
6540:
6539:
6533:
6529:
6527:
6526:
6516:
6514:
6513:
6509:
6508:
6505:
6495:
6492:
6490:
6487:
6485:
6482:
6480:
6479:Neo-Darwinism
6477:
6475:
6472:
6470:
6467:
6465:
6464:Functionalism
6462:
6458:
6455:
6453:
6450:
6448:
6445:
6443:
6440:
6438:
6435:
6433:
6430:
6428:
6425:
6423:
6422:Connectionism
6420:
6418:
6415:
6414:
6413:
6412:indeterminism
6409:
6406:
6404:
6401:
6400:
6398:
6394:
6386:
6383:
6381:
6378:
6376:
6373:
6371:
6368:
6366:
6363:
6361:
6358:
6356:
6353:
6351:
6348:
6346:
6343:
6341:
6338:
6336:
6333:
6331:
6328:
6326:
6323:
6321:
6318:
6317:
6316:
6313:
6311:
6308:
6306:
6303:
6301:
6298:
6296:
6293:
6291:
6288:
6286:
6283:
6282:
6280:
6276:
6270:
6267:
6265:
6262:
6260:
6257:
6255:
6252:
6250:
6247:
6245:
6242:
6240:
6237:
6235:
6232:
6230:
6227:
6225:
6222:
6220:
6217:
6215:
6212:
6210:
6207:
6205:
6201:
6197:
6193:
6190:
6188:
6184:
6181:
6179:
6175:
6172:
6171:
6169:
6165:
6162:
6158:
6148:
6145:
6143:
6140:
6138:
6135:
6133:
6132:Schizophrenia
6130:
6128:
6125:
6123:
6120:
6118:
6117:Mental health
6115:
6113:
6110:
6108:
6105:
6103:
6100:
6098:
6095:
6093:
6090:
6088:
6085:
6083:
6080:
6078:
6075:
6073:
6070:
6068:
6065:
6064:
6062:
6060:
6056:
6050:
6047:
6045:
6042:
6040:
6036:
6032:
6029:
6027:
6023:
6020:
6018:
6015:
6013:
6010:
6008:
6005:
6003:
6000:
5998:
5995:
5993:
5992:Mate guarding
5990:
5988:
5985:
5983:
5980:
5978:
5975:
5973:
5970:
5968:
5965:
5963:
5960:
5958:
5955:
5953:
5952:Age disparity
5950:
5948:
5945:
5943:
5940:
5939:
5937:
5935:
5931:
5923:
5920:
5918:
5915:
5913:
5910:
5908:
5905:
5904:
5903:
5900:
5898:
5895:
5893:
5890:
5888:
5885:
5883:
5882:Schizophrenia
5880:
5878:
5875:
5873:
5870:
5868:
5865:
5863:
5860:
5858:
5855:
5853:
5850:
5848:
5845:
5841:
5838:
5836:
5833:
5831:
5828:
5826:
5823:
5821:
5818:
5817:
5816:
5813:
5812:
5810:
5808:
5807:Mental health
5803:
5802:Human factors
5799:
5793:
5792:Socialization
5790:
5788:
5785:
5783:
5780:
5778:
5775:
5773:
5770:
5768:
5765:
5763:
5760:
5758:
5755:
5753:
5752:paternal bond
5749:
5745:
5742:
5740:
5737:
5735:
5732:
5731:
5729:
5727:
5723:
5717:
5714:
5710:
5707:
5706:
5705:
5702:
5698:
5695:
5694:
5693:
5690:
5686:
5683:
5681:
5678:
5676:
5673:
5672:
5671:
5668:
5666:
5663:
5659:
5656:
5655:
5654:
5651:
5647:
5644:
5642:
5639:
5638:
5637:
5634:
5633:
5631:
5629:
5625:
5617:
5616:NaĂŻve physics
5614:
5612:
5609:
5607:
5604:
5603:
5602:
5599:
5597:
5594:
5592:
5589:
5587:
5583:
5582:Motor control
5580:
5576:
5573:
5571:
5568:
5567:
5566:
5563:
5561:
5557:
5554:
5552:
5548:
5545:
5541:
5540:Ophidiophobia
5538:
5536:
5533:
5531:
5530:Arachnophobia
5528:
5527:
5526:
5523:
5521:
5518:
5516:
5513:
5511:
5508:
5504:
5501:
5499:
5496:
5494:
5491:
5489:
5486:
5484:
5481:
5480:
5479:
5475:
5472:
5470:
5467:
5463:
5460:
5458:
5457:Display rules
5455:
5453:
5450:
5449:
5448:
5445:
5444:
5442:
5440:
5435:
5431:
5428:
5424:
5418:
5415:
5411:
5408:
5406:
5403:
5401:
5397:
5394:
5392:
5389:
5388:
5387:
5384:
5380:
5377:
5376:
5375:
5372:
5370:
5367:
5365:
5362:
5360:
5359:Kin selection
5357:
5353:
5350:
5349:
5348:
5345:
5343:
5340:
5338:
5335:
5333:
5330:
5328:
5325:
5321:
5318:
5316:
5313:
5311:
5308:
5307:
5306:
5303:
5301:
5298:
5297:
5295:
5293:
5287:
5281:
5278:
5274:
5271:
5269:
5266:
5264:
5261:
5259:
5256:
5254:
5253:Adaptationism
5251:
5250:
5249:
5246:
5242:
5239:
5238:
5237:
5234:
5233:
5230:
5226:
5219:
5214:
5212:
5207:
5205:
5200:
5199:
5196:
5184:
5180:
5176:
5174:
5166:
5165:
5162:
5156:
5153:
5151:
5148:
5146:
5143:
5141:
5138:
5134:
5131:
5130:
5129:
5128:Phylogenetics
5126:
5124:
5121:
5119:
5116:
5114:
5111:
5109:
5106:
5102:
5099:
5097:
5094:
5092:
5089:
5088:
5087:
5084:
5082:
5079:
5077:
5074:
5072:
5069:
5068:
5066:
5062:
5056:
5053:
5049:
5046:
5044:
5041:
5037:
5034:
5033:
5032:
5031:Structuralism
5029:
5027:
5024:
5022:
5019:
5017:
5014:
5012:
5009:
5007:
5006:Catastrophism
5004:
5003:
5002:
4999:
4997:
4994:
4993:
4991:
4987:
4981:
4978:
4976:
4973:
4971:
4968:
4966:
4965:Neo-Darwinism
4963:
4961:
4958:
4956:
4953:
4951:
4948:
4946:
4943:
4941:
4938:
4934:
4933:
4929:
4928:
4927:
4924:
4920:
4919:
4915:
4914:
4913:
4910:
4908:
4905:
4903:
4900:
4899:
4897:
4895:
4891:
4885:
4882:
4880:
4879:Reinforcement
4877:
4875:
4872:
4870:
4867:
4865:
4862:
4860:
4857:
4855:
4852:
4850:
4847:
4845:
4842:
4840:
4837:
4835:
4832:
4830:
4827:
4826:
4824:
4822:
4818:
4812:
4811:Catastrophism
4808:
4805:
4803:
4802:Macromutation
4799:
4798:Micromutation
4796:
4794:
4790:
4786:
4783:
4782:
4780:
4778:
4774:
4768:
4765:
4761:
4758:
4756:
4753:
4751:
4748:
4746:
4743:
4741:
4738:
4737:
4736:
4733:
4731:
4728:
4726:
4723:
4721:
4718:
4716:
4713:
4711:
4708:
4706:
4705:Immune system
4703:
4701:
4698:
4696:
4693:
4691:
4688:
4686:
4683:
4679:
4676:
4675:
4674:
4671:
4669:
4666:
4664:
4661:
4659:
4656:
4652:
4649:
4647:
4644:
4643:
4642:
4639:
4638:
4636:
4634:
4629:
4621:
4618:
4616:
4613:
4611:
4608:
4606:
4603:
4601:
4598:
4597:
4595:
4591:
4588:
4586:
4583:
4581:
4578:
4576:
4573:
4571:
4568:
4566:
4565:symbiogenesis
4563:
4562:
4561:
4558:
4556:
4553:
4551:
4548:
4546:
4543:
4542:
4540:
4538:
4533:
4527:
4524:
4522:
4519:
4517:
4514:
4512:
4509:
4505:
4502:
4501:
4500:
4497:
4493:
4490:
4486:
4483:
4481:
4478:
4477:
4476:
4473:
4471:
4468:
4466:
4463:
4461:
4458:
4456:
4453:
4449:
4446:
4444:
4441:
4440:
4439:
4436:
4434:
4431:
4430:
4429:
4426:
4424:
4421:
4417:
4414:
4413:
4412:
4409:
4407:
4404:
4402:
4399:
4397:
4394:
4390:
4387:
4386:
4385:
4382:
4380:
4377:
4373:
4370:
4369:
4368:
4365:
4363:
4360:
4359:
4357:
4355:
4350:
4344:
4341:
4339:
4336:
4334:
4331:
4329:
4326:
4324:
4321:
4319:
4316:
4315:
4313:
4309:
4303:
4300:
4298:
4295:
4293:
4290:
4286:
4283:
4281:
4278:
4276:
4273:
4272:
4271:
4268:
4266:
4263:
4261:
4258:
4256:
4253:
4251:
4248:
4244:
4241:
4239:
4236:
4235:
4234:
4233:Kin selection
4231:
4229:
4228:Genetic drift
4226:
4224:
4221:
4217:
4214:
4213:
4212:
4209:
4207:
4204:
4202:
4199:
4197:
4194:
4192:
4189:
4188:
4186:
4184:
4178:
4170:
4167:
4166:
4165:
4162:
4160:
4157:
4153:
4150:
4148:
4145:
4144:
4143:
4140:
4136:
4133:
4132:
4131:
4128:
4126:
4123:
4121:
4118:
4116:
4113:
4111:
4108:
4106:
4103:
4101:
4098:
4096:
4093:
4091:
4088:
4086:
4083:
4079:
4076:
4075:
4074:
4071:
4069:
4066:
4064:
4061:
4059:
4056:
4054:
4051:
4049:
4046:
4044:
4041:
4039:
4036:
4034:
4031:
4027:
4024:
4023:
4022:
4019:
4017:
4014:
4012:
4009:
4005:
4002:
4000:
3997:
3996:
3995:
3992:
3990:
3987:
3985:
3982:
3980:
3977:
3976:
3974:
3972:
3968:
3962:
3959:
3957:
3954:
3952:
3949:
3947:
3944:
3942:
3939:
3938:
3935:
3931:
3924:
3919:
3917:
3912:
3910:
3905:
3904:
3901:
3894:
3890:
3886:
3883:
3882:
3869:
3865:
3861:
3857:
3850:
3842:
3836:
3832:
3828:
3824:
3817:
3809:
3802:
3794:
3790:
3786:
3782:
3778:
3774:
3770:
3766:
3759:
3751:
3744:
3736:
3732:
3727:
3722:
3718:
3714:
3710:
3703:
3695:
3691:
3687:
3683:
3679:
3675:
3670:
3665:
3661:
3657:
3650:
3641:
3636:
3632:
3628:
3624:
3617:
3609:
3603:
3599:
3598:
3590:
3582:
3576:
3572:
3565:
3550:
3544:
3530:on 2015-11-20
3529:
3525:
3519:
3505:
3499:
3483:
3476:
3468:
3464:
3460:
3456:
3452:
3448:
3441:
3432:
3423:
3415:
3411:
3407:
3403:
3399:
3395:
3390:
3385:
3381:
3377:
3370:
3361:
3352:
3344:
3340:
3336:
3332:
3327:
3322:
3318:
3314:
3310:
3303:
3295:
3291:
3287:
3283:
3279:
3275:
3271:
3267:
3260:
3258:
3256:
3247:
3243:
3239:
3235:
3230:
3225:
3221:
3217:
3213:
3209:
3205:
3198:
3190:
3186:
3181:
3176:
3171:
3166:
3162:
3158:
3154:
3150:
3146:
3139:
3131:
3125:
3121:
3116:
3115:
3106:
3099:
3098:Joy Bergelson
3093:
3091:
3082:
3078:
3073:
3068:
3064:
3060:
3056:
3052:
3048:
3041:
3033:
3029:
3025:
3021:
3017:
3013:
3009:
3005:
3001:
2997:
2990:
2975:
2971:
2965:
2957:
2953:
2948:
2943:
2939:
2935:
2931:
2927:
2923:
2916:
2899:
2898:"Coevolution"
2893:
2885:
2881:
2877:
2873:
2869:
2865:
2861:
2857:
2851:
2835:
2829:
2821:
2817:
2812:
2807:
2803:
2799:
2795:
2791:
2787:
2780:
2772:
2766:
2758:
2754:
2750:
2744:
2740:
2733:
2725:
2721:
2717:
2713:
2706:
2695:
2688:
2686:
2677:
2673:
2669:
2665:
2661:
2657:
2653:
2649:
2642:
2634:
2630:
2623:
2615:
2611:
2606:
2601:
2597:
2593:
2589:
2585:
2581:
2577:
2573:
2566:
2558:
2554:
2548:
2540:
2536:
2531:
2526:
2522:
2518:
2514:
2510:
2506:
2502:
2501:
2496:
2489:
2482:
2480:
2474:
2473:
2468:
2462:
2456:
2450:
2446:
2439:
2431:
2427:
2423:
2419:
2414:
2409:
2405:
2401:
2398:(4): 569–77.
2397:
2393:
2392:
2384:
2377:
2369:
2365:
2361:
2357:
2353:
2349:
2345:
2341:
2337:
2330:
2322:
2318:
2313:
2308:
2304:
2300:
2295:
2290:
2286:
2282:
2278:
2274:
2270:
2263:
2255:
2251:
2247:
2241:
2233:
2227:
2223:
2218:
2217:
2208:
2206:
2197:
2193:
2189:
2185:
2181:
2177:
2170:
2163:
2161:
2151:
2146:
2142:
2138:
2134:
2127:
2119:
2115:
2110:
2105:
2101:
2097:
2093:
2086:
2078:
2074:
2069:
2064:
2059:
2054:
2050:
2046:
2042:
2038:
2034:
2032:
2023:
2015:
2011:
2007:
2003:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1987:
1983:
1976:
1974:
1972:
1970:
1968:
1966:
1964:
1955:
1951:
1946:
1941:
1937:
1933:
1929:
1922:
1914:
1910:
1906:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1890:
1886:
1882:
1878:
1871:
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1338:
1332:
1324:
1320:
1316:
1310:
1306:
1299:
1285:on 2019-05-02
1284:
1280:
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1261:
1259:
1250:
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1240:
1236:
1232:
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1217:
1212:
1198:
1197:
1192:
1191:
1186:
1185:
1180:
1179:
1174:
1173:
1172:V. chiapensis
1168:
1162:
1158:
1148:
1145:
1143:
1140:
1138:
1135:
1133:
1130:
1128:
1125:
1123:
1120:
1118:
1115:
1114:
1108:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1090:and computer
1089:
1085:
1081:
1076:
1069:In technology
1066:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1046:
1037:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1022:
1020:
1016:
1015:Erich Jantsch
1012:
1002:
1000:
995:
992:
991:Henrik Valeur
982:
980:
976:
975:Daniel Hillis
972:
968:
962:
955:In algorithms
952:
944:
942:
938:
937:genetic drift
933:
929:
925:
920:
910:
908:
904:
900:
896:
892:
887:
883:
873:
864:
862:
858:
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841:
839:
835:
831:
827:
821:
817:
804:
803:
798:
794:
790:
788:
784:
780:
779:red squirrels
776:
772:
768:
764:
760:
755:
753:
749:
745:
741:
736:
729:
725:
720:
711:
709:
708:
703:
702:
697:
696:harvester ant
687:
685:
681:
676:
664:
663:common cuckoo
660:
656:
652:
648:
644:
642:
638:
637:
632:
628:
624:
620:
616:
612:
602:
592:
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541:
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493:
491:
487:
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479:
475:
470:
468:
464:
459:
455:
451:
447:
446:North America
442:
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428:
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388:
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311:
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299:
294:
291:
287:
279:
278:white melilot
275:
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263:
258:
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245:
240:
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224:
222:
218:
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177:
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145:
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137:
133:
132:predator-prey
129:
128:host-parasite
125:
121:
116:
114:
109:
105:
101:
97:
92:
90:
89:
84:
80:
76:
72:
70:
66:
62:
58:
51:
50:
45:
41:
40:
34:
30:
19:
6549:
6536:
6523:
6510:
6319:
6269:Sociobiology
6127:Neuroscience
6107:Intelligence
5653:Anthropology
5606:Color vision
5591:Multitasking
5570:Flynn effect
5565:Intelligence
5547:Folk biology
5290:Evolutionary
5140:Polymorphism
5123:Astrobiology
5071:Biogeography
5026:Saltationism
5016:Orthogenesis
5001:Alternatives
4930:
4916:
4849:Cospeciation
4844:Cladogenesis
4793:Saltationism
4750:Mating types
4673:Color vision
4658:Avian flight
4580:mitochondria
4318:Canalisation
4196:Biodiversity
4020:
3941:Introduction
3859:
3855:
3849:
3822:
3816:
3807:
3801:
3768:
3764:
3758:
3752:. Routledge.
3749:
3743:
3716:
3712:
3702:
3659:
3655:
3649:
3630:
3626:
3616:
3596:
3589:
3570:
3564:
3553:. Retrieved
3543:
3532:. Retrieved
3528:the original
3518:
3507:. Retrieved
3498:
3486:. Retrieved
3475:
3450:
3446:
3440:
3431:
3422:
3379:
3375:
3369:
3360:
3351:
3316:
3312:
3302:
3269:
3265:
3211:
3207:
3197:
3152:
3148:
3138:
3113:
3105:
3054:
3050:
3040:
2999:
2995:
2989:
2977:. Retrieved
2964:
2929:
2925:
2915:
2902:. Retrieved
2892:
2867:
2863:
2850:
2838:. Retrieved
2828:
2793:
2789:
2779:
2738:
2732:
2715:
2711:
2705:
2699:. Macmillan.
2651:
2648:Parasitology
2647:
2641:
2632:
2622:
2579:
2575:
2565:
2556:
2547:
2504:
2498:
2488:
2478:
2476:
2471:
2461:
2448:
2444:
2438:
2395:
2389:
2376:
2346:(1): 75–78.
2343:
2339:
2335:
2329:
2276:
2272:
2262:
2254:the original
2249:
2240:
2215:
2179:
2175:
2143:(6): 39–47.
2140:
2136:
2126:
2099:
2095:
2085:
2040:
2036:
2030:
2022:
1989:
1985:
1935:
1931:
1921:
1880:
1876:
1834:
1830:
1823:
1778:
1774:
1764:
1756:
1750:the original
1745:
1732:
1720:. Retrieved
1716:the original
1681:
1671:
1646:
1642:
1636:
1625:. Retrieved
1619:
1612:
1601:. Retrieved
1595:
1588:
1563:
1559:
1553:
1518:
1514:
1490:. Retrieved
1471:
1438:
1429:
1402:
1396:
1355:
1351:
1345:
1304:
1298:
1287:. Retrieved
1283:the original
1267:
1230:
1194:
1188:
1184:V. cornigera
1182:
1178:V. collinsii
1176:
1170:
1166:
1161:
1132:Coextinction
1096:web browsers
1092:applications
1078:
1062:
1054:
1052:
1049:In sociology
1043:
1023:
1010:
1009:In his book
1008:
996:
988:
964:
950:
923:
922:
878:
867:Multispecies
842:
823:
800:
756:
738:
705:
699:
693:
678:
645:
640:
634:
609:
582:
578:
572:
553:
550:Pseudomyrmex
549:
529:
527:
513:
471:
452:to a common
443:
436:
430:
424:
420:
414:
411:
394:Hummingbirds
392:
378:Ornithophily
360:
356:
350:
342:some orchids
338:
312:(flies) and
295:
283:
242:
236:
230:
210:
184:
163:
159:
155:
151:
147:
117:
93:
86:
73:
56:
55:In biology,
54:
47:
37:
29:
18:Co-evolution
6408:Determinism
6320:Coevolution
6264:Primatology
6102:Gender role
6007:Orientation
5887:Screen time
5744:Affectional
5726:Development
5405:Mate choice
5332:By-products
5300:Adaptations
5263:Cognitivism
5150:Systematics
5021:Mutationism
4839:Catagenesis
4767:Snake venom
4700:Eusociality
4678:in primates
4668:Cooperation
4596:In animals
4416:butterflies
4389:Cephalopods
4379:Brachiopods
4311:Development
4285:Mate choice
4038:Convergence
4021:Coevolution
3979:Abiogenesis
3885:Coevolution
3484:. Karl Sims
3382:(1): 1–29.
2718:: 481–508.
1566:(1): 5–21.
1475:. Chicago:
1439:Coevolution
1307:. Chicago.
1030:black holes
907:pollinators
810:Competition
482:Trochilinae
402:mutualistic
320:during the
306:Lepidoptera
302:Hymenoptera
290:pollinators
257:Entomophily
168:pollinating
57:coevolution
6567:Categories
6355:Population
6350:Lamarckism
6196:behavioral
6174:Behavioral
6122:Narcissism
6067:Aggression
5857:Hypophobia
5847:Depression
5734:Attachment
5716:Universals
5680:Psychology
5658:Biological
5646:Musicology
5636:Aesthetics
5535:Basophobia
5342:Exaptation
5320:Reciprocal
5011:Lamarckism
4989:Philosophy
4912:David Hume
4874:Peripatric
4869:Parapatric
4854:Ecological
4834:Anagenesis
4829:Allopatric
4821:Speciation
4785:Gradualism
4710:Metabolism
4570:chromosome
4560:Eukaryotes
4338:Modularity
4255:Population
4181:Population
4142:Speciation
4120:Panspermia
4073:Extinction
4068:Exaptation
4043:Divergence
4016:Cladistics
4004:Reciprocal
3984:Adaptation
3719:: 119964.
3633:(35): 18.
3555:2015-10-17
3534:2015-08-29
3509:2015-08-29
3488:17 January
2979:19 January
2904:17 January
2840:17 January
2453:cited in:
1722:16 January
1627:2009-07-27
1603:2009-02-07
1492:2009-07-27
1289:2019-05-02
1207:References
1190:V. hindsii
959:See also:
783:crossbills
759:herbivores
726:killing a
661:raising a
575:acacia ant
528:The genus
454:morphology
365:yucca moth
322:Cretaceous
314:Coleoptera
6200:cognitive
6192:Affective
6077:Cognition
6031:Sexuality
6017:Pair bond
5777:Education
5434:Cognition
5352:Inclusive
5292:processes
5280:Criticism
5145:Protocell
4996:Darwinism
4884:Sympatric
4633:processes
4521:Tetrapods
4470:Kangaroos
4396:Dinosaurs
4333:Inversion
4302:Variation
4223:Gene flow
4216:Inclusive
4026:Mutualism
3971:Evolution
3793:259156528
3735:0040-1625
3694:118660328
3669:1308.0021
3662:(1): 71.
3627:Societies
3384:CiteSeerX
3313:Evolution
2864:Evolution
2765:cite book
2757:881092849
2507:: 10004.
2469:(1875) .
2303:0027-8424
1421:646854337
1388:205261069
1331:cite book
1323:808684836
1167:Vachellia
1026:astronomy
979:Karl Sims
941:gene flow
849:arms race
740:Predators
735:Predation
584:Vachellia
450:converged
426:Penstemon
266:Honey bee
213:evolution
201:Mutualism
195:astronomy
191:sociology
124:mutualism
65:evolution
6469:Memetics
6229:Ethology
6187:genetics
6022:Physical
5987:Jealousy
5942:Activity
5748:maternal
5704:Religion
5692:Morality
5670:Language
5551:taxonomy
5364:Mismatch
5310:Cheating
5305:Altruism
5173:Category
5048:Vitalism
5043:Theistic
5036:Spandrel
4720:Morality
4715:Monogamy
4590:plastids
4555:Flagella
4511:Reptiles
4492:sea cows
4475:primates
4384:Molluscs
4362:Bacteria
4250:Mutation
4183:genetics
4159:Taxonomy
4105:Mismatch
4085:Homology
3999:Cheating
3994:Altruism
3862:(8): 8.
3785:30301478
3414:10265380
3406:10753229
3335:18067570
3286:10856199
3246:16874487
3238:16360677
3189:26621730
3081:12769466
2956:16612884
2820:25355474
2676:26794986
2614:21737739
2539:25899168
2430:33145462
2422:12457190
2413:1842/689
2321:20855614
2216:The ants
2118:15271088
2077:10518550
2014:87692272
1954:18326865
1913:53604204
1851:21646107
1815:10430916
1679:(2003).
1580:21628174
1545:23363629
1380:29045396
1111:See also
1084:hardware
1034:galaxies
728:bushbuck
698:species
619:parasite
540:fig wasp
510:gynoecia
334:eudicots
247:(1862).
148:Pairwise
6593:Habitat
6370:Species
6142:Suicide
5977:Fantasy
5957:Arousal
5739:Bonding
5628:Culture
5452:Display
5439:Emotion
5347:Fitness
5236:History
5064:Related
4894:History
4755:Meiosis
4690:Empathy
4685:Emotion
4585:nucleus
4526:Viruses
4516:Spiders
4428:Mammals
4411:Insects
4211:Fitness
4147:Species
3946:Outline
3674:Bibcode
3455:Bibcode
3343:8643749
3294:4442185
3216:Bibcode
3180:4711867
3157:Bibcode
3072:1691276
3032:5576868
3024:3544421
3004:Bibcode
2947:1569603
2884:2406212
2811:4240986
2668:6755367
2629:"Virus"
2605:3402160
2584:Bibcode
2576:Science
2557:PhysOrg
2530:4405699
2509:Bibcode
2451:: 1–30.
2368:9538185
2360:4599807
2312:2951420
2281:Bibcode
2184:Bibcode
2182:: 1–9.
2045:Bibcode
2031:Mimulus
2006:2398801
1905:1936870
1885:Bibcode
1877:Ecology
1859:2991957
1783:Bibcode
1651:Bibcode
1536:3574388
1360:Bibcode
1239:129–141
1057:(1994)
899:beetles
861:abdomen
853:insects
724:leopard
684:cuckoos
536:syconia
458:corolla
438:Trigona
416:Mimulus
310:Diptera
284:Modern
280:flowers
217:species
180:beetles
96:acacias
83:insects
61:species
6548:
6535:
6522:
6112:Memory
6072:Autism
6039:female
5972:Desire
5709:Origin
5685:Speech
5675:Origin
5447:Affect
5183:Portal
4859:Hybrid
4695:Ethics
4537:organs
4499:Plants
4485:lemurs
4480:humans
4465:horses
4455:hyenas
4443:wolves
4438:canids
4372:origin
3837:
3791:
3783:
3733:
3692:
3604:
3577:
3412:
3404:
3386:
3341:
3333:
3292:
3284:
3244:
3236:
3187:
3177:
3126:
3122:–293.
3079:
3069:
3030:
3022:
2954:
2944:
2882:
2818:
2808:
2755:
2745:
2674:
2666:
2612:
2602:
2537:
2527:
2428:
2420:
2366:
2358:
2319:
2309:
2301:
2228:
2224:–533.
2116:
2075:
2065:
2012:
2004:
1952:
1911:
1903:
1857:
1849:
1813:
1803:
1689:
1578:
1543:
1533:
1483:
1449:
1419:
1409:
1386:
1378:
1352:Nature
1321:
1311:
1275:
1245:
1193:, and
1098:, and
1019:cosmos
897:, and
886:nectar
836:, and
617:and a
463:pollen
406:nectar
330:clades
326:sister
298:insect
270:nectar
193:, and
178:, and
130:, and
113:ploidy
6082:Crime
5665:Crime
5596:Sleep
5586:skill
5426:Areas
4646:Death
4641:Aging
4620:brain
4406:Fungi
4367:Birds
4280:Fungi
4078:Event
3961:Index
3789:S2CID
3781:JSTOR
3690:S2CID
3664:arXiv
3410:S2CID
3339:S2CID
3290:S2CID
3242:S2CID
3028:S2CID
3020:JSTOR
2996:Oikos
2880:JSTOR
2697:(PDF)
2672:S2CID
2426:S2CID
2386:(PDF)
2364:S2CID
2356:JSTOR
2172:(PDF)
2068:18386
2010:S2CID
2002:JSTOR
1909:S2CID
1901:JSTOR
1855:S2CID
1806:17753
1753:(PDF)
1742:(PDF)
1384:S2CID
1153:Notes
903:guild
895:flies
824:Both
531:Ficus
353:yucca
276:from
176:flies
160:guild
6035:male
5396:Male
5133:Tree
4605:hair
4545:Cell
4448:dogs
4433:cats
4423:Life
4401:Fish
4354:taxa
3835:ISBN
3731:ISSN
3602:ISBN
3575:ISBN
3490:2017
3402:PMID
3331:PMID
3282:PMID
3234:PMID
3185:PMID
3149:PNAS
3124:ISBN
3077:PMID
2981:2017
2952:PMID
2906:2017
2842:2017
2816:PMID
2771:link
2753:OCLC
2743:ISBN
2664:PMID
2610:PMID
2535:PMID
2418:PMID
2317:PMID
2299:ISSN
2226:ISBN
2114:PMID
2073:PMID
1950:PMID
1847:PMID
1811:PMID
1775:PNAS
1724:2017
1687:ISBN
1576:PMID
1541:PMID
1481:ISBN
1447:ISBN
1417:OCLC
1407:ISBN
1376:PMID
1337:link
1319:OCLC
1309:ISBN
1273:ISBN
1243:ISBN
1082:and
1032:and
939:and
930:and
891:bees
832:and
818:and
781:and
765:and
704:and
615:host
573:The
396:and
363:, a
351:The
172:bees
102:and
81:and
5934:Sex
5611:Eye
4631:Of
4600:eye
4550:DNA
4535:Of
4352:Of
3864:doi
3827:doi
3773:doi
3721:doi
3717:155
3682:doi
3660:785
3635:doi
3463:doi
3394:doi
3321:doi
3274:doi
3270:156
3224:doi
3175:PMC
3165:doi
3153:113
3120:291
3067:PMC
3059:doi
3055:270
3012:doi
2942:PMC
2934:doi
2930:361
2872:doi
2806:PMC
2798:doi
2794:281
2720:doi
2656:doi
2600:PMC
2592:doi
2580:333
2525:PMC
2517:doi
2479:you
2408:hdl
2400:doi
2348:doi
2338:".
2307:PMC
2289:doi
2277:107
2222:532
2192:doi
2145:doi
2104:doi
2063:PMC
2053:doi
1994:doi
1940:doi
1893:doi
1839:doi
1801:PMC
1791:doi
1659:doi
1568:doi
1531:PMC
1523:doi
1519:280
1368:doi
1356:550
1053:In
1024:In
905:of
641:you
633:in
506:fig
162:or
150:or
138:or
85:in
42:in
6569::
3860:29
3858:.
3833:.
3787:.
3779:.
3767:.
3729:.
3715:.
3711:.
3688:.
3680:.
3672:.
3658:.
3629:.
3625:.
3461:.
3451:42
3449:.
3408:.
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