Coal mining - Knowledge

2339:. Demand for coal remained low until the introduction of steam locomotives in 1853. After this, production rose to an annual average of 1 Mt and India produced 6.12 Mt per year by 1900 and 18 Mt per year by 1920, following increased demand in the First World War, but went through a slump in the early thirties. The production reached a level of 29 Mt by 1942 and 30 Mt by 1946. After independence, the country embarked upon five-year development plans. At the beginning of the 1st Plan, annual production went up to 33 Mt. During the 1st Plan period, the need for increasing coal production efficiently by systematic and scientific development of the coal industry was being felt. Setting up the National Coal Development Corporation (NCDC), a Government of India undertaking, in 1956 with the collieries owned by the railways as its nucleus was the first major step towards planned development of Indian Coal Industry. Along with the Singareni Collieries Company Ltd. (SCCL) which was already in operation since 1945 and which became a government company under the control of Government of Andhra Pradesh in 1956, India thus had two Government coal companies in the fifties. SCCL is now a joint undertaking of Government of Telangana and Government of India. 59: 2953: 2924: 2731: 2197:

company planned to expand production to 32 million tons by 2008. The company has its own 150 km standard-gauge railroad, connecting the mine to its coal-loading terminal at Puerto Bolívar on the Caribbean coast. There are two 120-car unit trains, each carrying 12,000 tons of coal per trip. The round-trip time for each train, including loading and unloading, is about 12 hours. The coal facilities at the port are capable of loading 4,800 tons per hour onto vessels of up to 175,000 tons of dead weight. The mine, railroad and port operate 24 hours per day. Cerrejón directly employs 4,600 workers, with a further 3,800 employed by contractors. The reserves at Cerrejón are low-sulfur, low-ash, bituminous coal. The coal is mostly used for electric power generation, with some also used in

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line that takes the coal to the conveyor belt for removal from the work area. Longwall systems have their own hydraulic roof supports which advance with the machine as mining progresses. As the longwall mining equipment moves forward, overlying rock that is no longer supported by coal is allowed to fall behind the operation in a controlled manner. The supports make possible high levels of production and safety. Sensors detect how much coal remains in the seam while robotic controls enhance efficiency. Longwall systems allow a 60-to-100 percent coal recovery rate when surrounding geology allows their use. Once the coal is removed, usually 75 percent of the section, the roof is allowed to collapse in a safe manner.

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created, but this method of spoil disposal consumed much additional land and created severe landslide and erosion problems. To alleviate these problems, a variety of methods were devised to use freshly cut overburden to refill mined-out areas. These haul-back or lateral movement methods generally consist of an initial cut with the spoil deposited downslope or at some other site and spoil from the second cut refilling the first. A ridge of undisturbed natural material 15 to 20 ft (5 to 6 m) wide is often intentionally left at the outer edge of the mined area. This barrier adds stability to the reclaimed slope by preventing spoil from slumping or sliding downhill.

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interrupted. What becomes of the land surface after mining is determined by the manner in which the mining is conducted. Usually reclamation of disturbed lands to a land use condition is not equal to the original use. Existing land uses (such as livestock grazing, crop and timber production) are temporarily eliminated in mining areas. High-value, intensive-land-use areas like urban and transportation systems are not usually affected by mining operations. If mineral values are sufficient, these improvements may be removed to an adjacent area.

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servicing, the "continuous" miner moves to another face. Some continuous miners can bolt and rock dust the face, two major components of servicing, while cutting coal, while a trained crew may be able to advance ventilation, to truly earn the "continuous" label. However, very few mines are able to achieve it. Most continuous mining machines in use in the US lack the ability to bolt and dust. This may partly be because the incorporation of bolting makes the machines wider, and therefore, less maneuverable.

2354: 8632: 1587: 2674: 2480: 1629: 8594: 1691:, in particular, has the highest number of coal mining related deaths in the world, with official statistics claiming that 6,027 deaths occurred in 2004. To compare, 28 deaths were reported in the U.S. in the same year. Coal production in China is twice that in the US, while the number of coal miners is around 50 times that of the US, making deaths in coal mines in China 4 times as common per worker (108 times as common per unit output) as in the US. 325: 6819: 78: 2413: 978: 2995:. For a time, while domestic coal consumption for electric power was being displaced by natural gas, exports grew. U.S. net coal exports increased ninefold from 2006 to 2012, peaked at 117 million short tons in 2012, then declined to 63 million tons in 2015. In 2015, 60% of net US exports went to Europe, 27% to Asia. US coal production increasingly comes from strip mines in the western United States, such as from the 8642: 7023: 8623: 8615: 824: 356: 8607: 2749:, there is no hard coal, which has a higher energy density (over 7,250 kcal/kg), within 1000 m of the surface. All coal deposits are owned by the state but over half of mining is done by the private sector. In 2017 almost half of Turkey's coal production was mined by the state-owned mines, but the government is seeking an expansion of privatization. As of 2019, there are 436 coal mining companies such as 1851: 967: 1925:

a coal strip mine. Geomorphic and geophysical features and outstanding scenic resources may be sacrificed by indiscriminate mining. Paleontological, cultural, and other historic values may be endangered due to the disruptive activities of blasting, ripping, and excavating coal. Stripping of overburden eliminates and destroys archeological and historic features, unless they are removed beforehand.

2312: 2753:, 740 coal mines, and more mining and exploration licences are being tendered. However, some drilling companies are not bidding for licences because mineral exploration is more profitable and in 2018 many mining licences were combined with coal licenses. Mining is documented in the "e-maden" computer system ("maden" means "mine" in Turkish). Coal miners do not have the right to 2878:. After 1972, coal mining quickly collapsed and had practically disappeared by the 21st century. The consumption of coal—mostly for electricity—fell from 157 million tonnes in 1970 to 587,000 tonnes in 2023 Employment in coal mines fell from a peak of 1,191,000 in 1920 to 695,000 in 1956, 247,000 in 1976, 44,000 in 1993, 2,000 in 2015, and to 360 in 2022. 1834:

used for extraction represent some of the highest noise exposures. Auxiliary fans (up to 120 dBA), continuous mining machines (up to 109 dBA), and roof bolters (up to 103 dBA) represent some of the noisiest equipment within continuous mining sections. Exposures to noise exceeding 90 dBA can lead to adverse effects on workers' hearing. The use of

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surface or overburden, of the mining area. The overburden is then removed by draglines or by shovel and truck. Once the coal seam is exposed, it is drilled, fractured and thoroughly mined in strips. The coal is then loaded onto large trucks or conveyors for transport to either the coal preparation plant or directly to where it will be used.

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mines. The output of the mine in 2004 was 24.9 million tons (compared to total global hard coal production of 4,600 million tons). Cerrejón contributed about half of Colombia's coal exports of 52 million tons that year, with Colombia ranked sixth among major coal exporting nations. The

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explosions, which can engulf an entire mine. Most of these risks are greatly reduced in modern mines, and multiple fatality incidents are now rare in most parts of the developed world. Modern coal mining in the US has an average 23 deaths per year due to mine accidents (2001–2020). However, in lesser

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Energy production from coal mining is highly concentrated in certain jurisdictions, which also concentrates much of the social and economic impacts of the industry to these regions. The industry directly employs over seven million workers worldwide, which, in turn, creates millions of indirect jobs.

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is a method in which the pillars or coal ribs used to hold up the mine roof are extracted; allowing the mine roof to collapse as the mining works back towards the entrance. This is one of the most dangerous forms of mining, owing to imperfect predictability of when the roof will collapse and possibly

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to break up the coal seam, after which the coal is gathered and loaded onto shuttle cars or conveyors for removal to a central loading area. This process consists of a series of operations that begins with "cutting" the coalbed so it will break easily when blasted with explosives. This type of mining

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accounts for about 50 percent of underground production. The longwall shearer has a face of 1,000 feet (300 m) or more. It is a sophisticated machine with a rotating drum that moves mechanically back and forth across a wide coal seam. The loosened coal falls onto an armored chain conveyor or pan

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coal-bearing formations, which are the Upper, the Middle, and the Lower Coal Measures. The Middle Coal Measures was the most important with its wide distribution, great number of coal beds and extensive potential reserves. Taiwan has coal reserves estimated to be 100–180 Mt. However, coal output had

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Strip mining eliminates existing vegetation, destroys the genetic soil profile, displaces or destroys wildlife and habitat, alters current land uses, and to some extent permanently changes the general topography of the area mined. Adverse impacts on geological features of human interest may occur in

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The limitations of contour strip mining are both economic and technical. When the operation reaches a predetermined stripping ratio (tons of overburden/tons of coal), it is not profitable to continue. Depending on the equipment available, it may not be technically feasible to exceed a certain height

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Coal that occurs at depths of 55 to 90 m (180 to 300 ft) are usually deep mined, but in some cases surface mining techniques can be used. For example, some western U.S. coal that occur at depths in excess of 60 m (200 ft) are mined by the open pit methods, due to thickness of the

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Noise exposures vary depending on the method of extraction. For example, a study has found that among surface coal mine operations, dragline equipment produced the loudest sound at a range of 88–112 dBA. Within longwall sections, stageloaders used to transport coal from the mining face and shearers

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utilizes a continuous miner machine with a large rotating steel drum equipped with tungsten carbide picks that scrape coal from the seam. Operating in a "room and pillar", also known as "bord and pillar" system, where the mine is divided into a series of 20-to-30-foot (5–10 m) "rooms" or work areas

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The contour mining method consists of removing overburden from the seam in a pattern following the contours along a ridge or around the hillside. This method is most commonly used in areas with rolling to steep terrain. It was once common to deposit the spoil on the downslope side of the bench thus

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and conveyors. This overburden is put into the previously mined (and now empty) strip. When all the overburden is removed, the underlying coal seam will be exposed (a 'block' of coal). This block of coal may be drilled and blasted (if hard) or otherwise loaded onto trucks or conveyors for transport

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Strip mining exposes coal by removing earth above each coal seam. This earth to be removed is referred to as 'overburden' and is removed in long strips. The overburden from the first strip is deposited in an area outside the planned mining area and referred to as out-of-pit dumping. Overburden from

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in 2010, with a total production of 316.9 Mt. Russia has the world's second largest coal reserves. Although Russian oil and gas exports get a lot more attention, Russia is the world's third largest coal exporter and these exports are an important source of foreign revenue and are important for the

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Removal of soil and rock overburden covering the coal resource may cause burial and loss of topsoil, exposes parent material, and creates large infertile wastelands. Soil disturbance and associated compaction result in conditions conducive to erosion. Soil removal from the area to be surface-mined

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Modern pillar sections use remote-controlled equipment, including large hydraulic mobile roof-supports, which can prevent cave-ins until the miners and their equipment have left a work area. The mobile roof supports are similar to a large dining-room table, but with hydraulic jacks for legs. After

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combines area and contour strip mining methods. In areas with rolling or steep terrain with a coal seam occurring near the top of a ridge or hill, the entire top is removed in a series of parallel cuts. Overburden is deposited in nearby valleys and hollows. This method usually leaves the ridge and

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may be exploited. This equipment can include the following: Draglines which operate by removing the overburden, power shovels, large trucks in which transport overburden and coal, bucket wheel excavators, and conveyors. In this mining method, explosives are first used in order to break through the

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Surface mining and deep underground mining are the two basic methods of mining. The choice of mining method depends primarily on depth, density, overburden, and thickness of the coal seam; seams relatively close to the surface, at depths less than approximately 55 m (180 ft), are usually

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strike the surface or are relatively shallow. Britain developed the main techniques of underground coal mining from the late 18th century onward, with further progress being driven by 19th-century and early 20th-century progress. However, oil and gas were increasingly used as alternatives from the

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Surface mining disrupts virtually all aesthetic elements of the landscape. Alteration of land forms often imposes unfamiliar and discontinuous configurations. New linear patterns appear as material is extracted and waste piles are developed. Different colors and textures are exposed as vegetative

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in the surrounding land. The land surface is dedicated to mining activities until it can be reshaped and reclaimed. If mining is allowed, resident human populations must be resettled off the mine site; economic activities, such as agriculture or hunting and gathering food and medicinal plants are

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consists of coal deposits that are mined by cutting a network of rooms into the coal seam. Pillars of coal are left behind in order to keep up the roof. The pillars can make up to forty percent of the total coal in the seam, however, where there was space to leave the head and floor coal there is

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is by far the largest producer of coal in the world, producing over 2.8 billion tons of coal in 2007, or approximately 39.8 percent of all coal produced in the world during that year. For comparison, the second largest producer, the United States, produced more than 1.1 billion tons in

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In 2013, Australia was the world's fifth-largest coal producer, after China, the United States, India, and Indonesia. However, in terms of proportion of production exported, Australia is the world's second largest coal exporter, as it exports roughly 73% of its coal production. Indonesia exports

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In 2007, 428 million tonnes of coal was mined in Australia. In 2007, coal provided about 85% of Australia's electricity production. In the fiscal year 2008/09, 487 million tonnes of coal was mined, and 261 million tonnes was exported. In the fiscal year 2013/14, 430.9 million

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Spoil is placed at the head of a narrow, steep-sided valley or hollow. In preparation for filling this area, vegetation and soil are removed and a rock drain constructed down the middle of the area to be filled, where a natural drainage course previously existed. When the fill is completed, this

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characteristics; coal seam continuity, thickness, structure, quality, and depth; strength of materials above and below the seam for roof and floor conditions; topography, especially altitude and slope; climate; land ownership as it affects the availability of land for mining and access; surface

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permission. In South Africa, the limit may be as high as 12 metres (39 ft). After the cutting limit is reached, the continuous miner assembly is removed and the roof is supported by the use of a roof bolter, after which the face has to be serviced before it can be advanced again. During

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transport the removed coal from the seam. Remote-controlled continuous miners are used to work in a variety of difficult seams and conditions, and robotic versions controlled by computers are becoming increasingly common. Continuous mining is a misnomer, as room and pillar coal mining is very

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Coal extraction methods vary depending on whether the mine is an underground mine or a surface (also called an open cast) mine. Additionally, coal seam thickness and geology are factors in the selection of a mining method. The most economical method of coal extraction for surface mines is the

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settled an agreement to close ten Spanish coal mines at the end of 2018. The government pre-engaged to spend 250 million Euro to pay for early retirements, occupational retraining and structural change. In 2018, about 2,3 per cent of the electric energy produced in Spain was produced in

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method progresses along the seam, while pillars and timber are left standing to support the mine roof. Once room and pillar mines have been developed to a stopping point limited by geology, ventilation, or economics, a supplementary version of room and pillar mining, termed second mining or

1725:. In some mining countries black lung is still common, with 4,000 new cases of black lung every year in the US (4 percent of workers annually) and 10,000 new cases every year in China (0.2 percent of workers). The use of water sprays in mining equipment reduces the risk to miners' lungs. 1856: 1855: 1852: 2529:. It accounted for 40.2% of the Total Energy Supply (TES). The largest portion of coal consumption was in electricity and heat generation, representing 75.6% of the total demand. The industrial sector followed, utilizing 14.5%, and buildings were responsible for 9.9% of coal usage. 1857: 794:

electric shovel or drag line. The most economical form of underground mining is the long wall, which involves using two spinning drums with carbide bits that runs along sections of the coal seam. Many coals extracted from both surface and underground mines require washing in a

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contribute to the majority of fatalities. Coal mining resulted in 47 fatalities that year. One study, though, has suggested that hazards of modern mining are now more accretive with workers facing long-term health impacts, such as sleep deprivation, that build up over time.

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2007. An estimated 5 million people work in China's coal-mining industry. As many as 20,000 miners die in accidents each year. Most Chinese mines are deep underground and do not produce the surface disruption typical of strip mines. Although there is some evidence of

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It is often necessary to fragment the overburden by use of explosives. This is accomplished by drilling holes into the overburden, filling the holes with explosives, and detonating the explosive. The overburden is then removed, using large earth-moving equipment, such as

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Mountaintop coal mining is a surface mining practice involving removal of mountaintops to expose coal seams, and disposing of associated mining overburden in adjacent "valley fills." Valley fills occur in steep terrain where there are limited disposal alternatives.

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employment because of the rapid rise in U.S. solar jobs. A 2016 study indicated that this was technically possible and would account for only 5% of the industrial revenue from a single year to provide coal workers with job security in the energy industry as whole.

1858: 242:, coal yields a higher amount of energy per unit mass, specific energy or massic energy, and can often be obtained in areas where wood is not readily available. Though it was used historically as a domestic fuel, coal is now used mostly in industry, especially in 6321:"President Obama's Clean Power Plan was expected to lead to a steep fall in US coal production. Now the plan has been blocked, and coal production is expected to fall even faster than if it had come into effect: https://t.co/HmhRutJnc2 https://t.co/qfF7LhefOY" 1932:

and hauling of soil and coal increase the quantity of dust around mining operations. Dust degrades air quality in the immediate area, has an adverse impact on vegetative life, and constitutes health and safety hazards for mine workers and nearby residents.

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of the 19th and 20th centuries, when it was primarily used to power steam engines, heat buildings and generate electricity. Coal mining continues as an important economic activity today, but has begun to decline due to the strong contribution coal plays in

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Coal production has grown fastest in Asia, while Europe has declined. Since 2011, world coal production has been stable, with decreases in Europe and US offset by increases from China, Indonesia and Australia. The top coal mining nations are:

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seam 20–25 metres (60–90 feet). Coals occurring below 90 m (300 ft) are usually deep mined. However, there are open pit mining operations working on coal seams up to 300–460 metres (1,000–1,500 feet) below ground level, for instance

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Coal mining produced almost 4 million tonnes of coal in 2014, of which 44% was exported. In 2016 it was down to 2,834,956 tonnes, very similar to production in 2020. New Zealand coal reserves are in excess of 15 billion tonnes, mainly in

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cover is removed and overburden dumped to the side. Dust, vibration, and diesel exhaust odors are created (affecting sight, sound, and smell). Residents of local communities often find such impacts disturbing or unpleasant. In case of

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Equipment to be used depends on geological conditions. For example, to remove overburden that is loose or unconsolidated, a bucket wheel excavator might be the most productive. The life of some area mines may be more than 50 years.

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is long. In the U.S., 104,895 coal miners were killed in mine accidents since 1900, 90 percent of the fatalities occurring in the first half of the 20th century. 3,242 died in 1907, the worst year ever; in 2020 there were five.

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cut into the coalbed—it can mine as much as 14 tons of coal a minute, more than a non-mechanised mine of the 1920s would produce in an entire day. Continuous miners account for about 45 percent of underground coal production.

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is practiced. Surface mining accounts for around 80 percent of production in Australia, while in the US it is used for about 67 percent of production. Globally, about 40 percent of coal production involves surface mining.

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is partly mined and partly imported. 144 million metric tons of coal was mined in 2012, providing 55 percent of that country's primary energy consumption. Poland is the second-largest coal-mining country in Europe, after

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Coal has been mined in every state of Australia, but mainly in Queensland, New South Wales and Victoria. It is mostly used to generate electricity, and 75% of annual coal production is exported, mostly to eastern Asia.

842:, also referred to as open-cast, open-pit, mountaintop removal or strip, mining methods. Opencast coal mining recovers a greater proportion of the coal deposit than underground methods, as more of the coal seams in the 1941:, tops are removed from mountains or hills to expose thick coal seams underneath. The soil and rock removed is deposited in nearby valleys, hollows and depressions, resulting in blocked (and contaminated) waterways. 1874:, and ventilation have reduced many of the risks of rock falls, explosions, and unhealthy air quality. Gases released during the mining process can be recovered to generate electricity and improve worker safety with 1117:

was 803.2 Mt, with Germany the world's largest producer at 166.3 Mt. China is most likely the second largest producer and consumer of lignite globally although specific lignite production data is not made available.

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of highwall. At this point, it is possible to produce more coal with the augering method in which spiral drills bore tunnels into a highwall laterally from the bench to extract coal without removing the overburden.

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as some economies shift away from fossil fuels to address climate change. A 2020 study found that renewables jobs could feasibly be created in these geographies to replace many of the coal mining jobs as part of a

2791:. The country's coal industry employs about 500,000 people. Ukrainian coal mines are among the most dangerous in the world, and accidents are common. Furthermore, the country is plagued with extremely dangerous 4627: 1687:

developed countries and some developing countries, many miners continue to die annually, either through direct accidents in coal mines or through adverse health consequences from working under poor conditions.

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As of early 2022, Poland imported roughly a fifth of its coal, with 75% of these imports coming from Russia. In late March 2022, Poland's government announced that it would ban Russian coal imports due to the

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underdrain will form a continuous water runoff system from the upper end of the valley to the lower end of the fill. Typical head-of-hollow fills are graded and terraced to create permanently stable slopes.

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ponds but has more than they need for that purpose. Reclamation of subsided ground is a significant problem in China. Because most Chinese coal is for domestic consumption, and is burned with little or no

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mines. By the end of 2021 production was from 15 opencast mines, the largest being Stockton (see Environmental issues below), which produced 984,951 tonnes that year. The largest coal mining company was

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Earlier this month Maltby colliery in South Yorkshire closed down for good. At the end of a winter that saw 40% of our energy needs met by coal – most of it imported – we witnessed the poignant closing

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the large pillars of coal have been mined away, the mobile roof support's legs shorten and it is withdrawn to a safe area. The mine roof typically collapses once the mobile roof supports leave an area.

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to the coal preparation (or wash) plant. Once this strip is empty of coal, the process is repeated with a new strip being created next to it. This method is most suitable for areas with flat terrain.

4962: 1975: 58: 994:, is commonly started. Miners remove the coal in the pillars, thereby recovering as much coal from the coal seam as possible. A work area involved in pillar extraction is called a pillar section. 985:

Most coal seams are too deep underground for opencast mining and require underground mining, a method that currently accounts for about 60 percent of world coal production. In deep mining, the

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drainage patterns; groundwater conditions; availability of labor and materials; coal purchaser requirements in terms of tonnage, quality, and destination; and capital investment requirements.

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alters or destroys many natural soil characteristics, and reduces its biodiversity and productivity for agriculture. Soil structure may be disturbed by pulverization or aggregate breakdown.

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Coal is mined commercially in over 50 countries. 7,921 million metric tons (Mt) of coal were produced in 2019, a 70% increase over the 20 years since 1999. In 2018, the world production of

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The history of coal mining goes back thousands of years, with early mines documented in ancient China, the Roman Empire and other early historical economies. It became important in the

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estimated that coal production without CPP would decline over coming decades at a faster rate than indicated in the agency's 2017 projection, which had assumed the CPP was in effect.

2901:). Euracoal states that the UK has 3.56 billion tonnes of identified hard coal resources with estimated total remaining coal resources possibly being as large as 187 billion tonnes. 8568: 2201:

manufacture. The surface mineable reserves for the current contract are 330 million tons. However, total proven reserves to a depth of 300 metres are 3,000 million tons.

1258:; however, renewable energy was not suitable in some of the geographies with high concentrations of miners, such as in China, which is far and away the leading coal-mining nation. 8563: 2274:, the owner of the two remaining coal mines in Germany, Prosper Haniel and Ibbenbüren, announced it would close all mines by 2018, thus ended underground coal mining in Germany. 6184: 3022:. On 13 April 2016 the company reported that its revenue had reduced by 17 percent as coal prices fell and that it had lost two billion dollars the previous year. It then filed 2536:

Poland electricity generation by source. Key to colors (from the top): other fuels, solar, wind, hydro, biomass and biogas, pumped storage, gas-fired, bituminous coal, lignite.

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for industry and transportation in industrial areas from the 18th century to the 1950s. Coal remains an important energy source. Coal is also mined today on a large scale by

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In 2023 over 60% of Poland's electricity was generated from coal. However extraction is becoming increasingly difficult and expensive, and has become uncompetitive against

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control equipment, it contributes greatly to visible smoke and severe air pollution in industrial areas using coal for fuel. China's total energy uses 67% from coal mines.

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was repeatedly under French control. These areas grew and were shaped by coal mining and coal processing, and this is still visible even after the end of the coal mining.

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began collecting data in 1978. However, a 2016 study reported that a relatively minor investment would allow most coal workers to retrain for the solar energy industry.

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Coal mining reached its peak in the first half of the 20th century. After 1950, the coal producers started to struggle financially. In 1975, a subsidy was introduced (

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In the United States, the increase in technology has significantly decreased the mining workforce. in 2015 US coal mines had 65,971 employees, the lowest figure since

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Piles of coal refuse can have significant negative environmental consequences, including the leaching of iron, manganese, and aluminum residues into waterways and

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The Buffalo Creek Disaster: How the survivors of one of the worst disasters in coal-mining history brought suit against the coal company – and won

5017: 4882: 4275:"Notes of an Enquiry into the Nature and Physiological Action of Black-Damp, as Met with in Podmore Colliery, Staffordshire, and Lilleshall Colliery, Shropshire" 3853:

Kowalska, Arlena, et al., "VLF mapping and resistivity imaging of contaminated quaternary formations near to 'Panewniki' coal waste disposal (Southern Poland)."

1511:(also described as coal waste, rock, slag, coal tailings, waste material, rock bank, culm, boney, or gob) is the material left over from coal mining, usually as 6447: 4510:, Washington, D.C.: Office of Indian Energy and Economic Development, Tribal Energy and Environmental Information Clearinghouse (TEEIC). Retrieved 9 March 2012. 2163:, which is unsuitable for agriculture or other human uses, and inhospitable to indigenous wildlife. Chinese underground mines often experience severe surface 1594:

The use of sophisticated sensing equipment to monitor air quality is common and has replaced the use of small animals such as canaries, often referred to as "

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amounted to 85.946 million tonnes, up 4.8% from 2011. Coal consumption that same year grew to 61.207 million tonnes, up 6.2% compared with 2011.

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Open cut hazards are principally mine wall failures and vehicle collisions; underground mining hazards include suffocation, gas poisoning, roof collapse,

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Coal mining has had many developments in recent years, from the early days of men tunneling, digging, and manually extracting the coal on carts to large

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U.S. House of Representatives Committee on Natural Resources. "Mining in America: Powder River Basin Coal Mining, The Benefits and Challenges". (2013)

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Kirby, Peter Thomas. "Aspects of the employment of children in the British coal-mining industry, 1800–1872" (PhD. Diss. University of Sheffield, 1995)

3862: 3595: 1948: 1882:, respirators that contain oxygen for situations where mine ventilation is compromised. Statistical analyses performed by the US Department of Labor's 4595: 5883: 2923: 884:

subsequent strips is deposited in the void left from mining the coal and overburden from the previous strip. This is referred to as in-pit dumping.

6359: 3570: 1886:(MSHA) show that between 1990 and 2004, the industry cut the rate of injuries by more than half and fatalities by two-thirds. But according to the 5773: 4075: 6610:

Oei, Pao-Yu, Hanna Brauers, and Philipp Herpich. "Lessons from Germany's hard coal mining phase-out: policies and transition from 1950 to 2018."

4966: 4453:

Permanent Regulatory Program Implementing Section 01(b) of the Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act of 1977: Environmental Impact Statement

3943: 2388:, central Kyushu. In 1478, farmers discovered burning stones in the north of the island, which led to the exploitation of the Chikuhõ coalfield. 2055:

tonnes of coal was mined, and 375.1 million tonnes was exported. In 2013/14, coal provided about 69% of Australia's electricity production.

5493: 4473:

The Strip Mining Handbook: A Coalfield Citizens' Guide To Using The Law To Fight Back Against The Ravages Of Strip Mining And Underground Mining

1033:

evidence from recent open cast excavations that 18th-century operators used a variety of room and pillar techniques to remove 92 percent of the

8581: 2495:, and the ninth-largest coal producer in the world. The country consumes nearly all the coal it mines, and is no longer a major coal exporter. 632: 5663: 5471: 4798: 2277:

Open pit lignite mining for electricity continues in Nordrhein-Westfalen, and in the eastern states of Brandenburg, Saxony and Saxony-Anhalt.

6478: 6225: 4522: 6546: 5320: 5165: 2391:

Following Japanese industrialization, additional coalfields were discovered in northern Japan. One of the first mines in Hokkaido was the

177:

on local ecosystems, health impacts on local communities and workers, and contributes heavily to the global environmental crises, such as

8276: 4131: 3366: 6924: 6766:

Kowalski-Trakofler, K. M., et al. "Underground coal mining disasters and fatalities – United States, 1900–2006." (2009).

3411: 2730: 5243: 5217: 2897:

which is less energy-dense based on oxidation (combustion) at ordinary combustion temperatures (i.e. for the oxidation of carbon – see

2125:

Compared to other South American countries Chile has limited coal resources. Only Argentina is similarly poor. Coal in Chile is mostly

1928:

The removal of vegetative cover and activities associated with the construction of haul roads, stockpiling of topsoil, displacement of

6328: 6192: 1947:

In response to negative land effects of coal mining and the abundance of abandoned mines in the US the federal government enacted the

6293: 4503: 4195: 3125: 2907:

gained planning permission but no works have begun, with legal challenges ongoing and no licence in place for seabed mining from the

6615: 6577: 5190: 4569: 944:

hilltops as flattened plateaus. The process is highly controversial for the drastic changes in topography, the practice of creating

6587: 4496: 5930: 5591: 3991: 2289:

since 1873, and today supplies approximately 75% of the country's energy. The main mining areas are located in Western Macedonia (

8515: 6484:

Goin, Peter, and Elizabeth Raymond. "Living in anthracite: Mining landscape and sense of place in Wyoming Valley, Pennsylvania."

5039: 4784:. Segundo Simposio sobre el Terciario de Chile (in Spanish). Santiago, Chile: Departamento de Geociencias, Facultad de Ciencias, 4663: 2947: 2548:

agreed a plan to phase out coal by 2049, but this has been criticised by environmentalists as too late to be compatible with the

1871: 1818:

Noise is also a contributing factor to potential adverse effects on coal miners' health. Exposure to excessive noise can lead to

5948: 4856: 5143: 4475: 4115: 2616: 2454: 775: 5105: 3490: 274:

By the late 20th century, coal was, for the most part, replaced in domestic as well as industrial and transportation usage by

8558: 6532: 4433: 3807: 3091: 1883: 1827: 1022: 2665:

South Africa is one of the ten largest coal producing countries and the fourth largest coal exporting country in the world.

7846: 7658: 5713: 2973: 2738: 2608: 2581: 2077: 6640: 7811: 7704: 7374: 6872: 6693: 6682: 4992: 3120: 2968:. The U.S. share of world coal production remained steady at about 20 percent from 1980 to 2005, at about 1 billion 4838: 1569:

collapsed, engulfing a school and killing 116 children and 28 adults. Other accidents involving coal waste include the

8576: 8553: 7732: 7392: 7274: 6848: 6279: 5827: 587: 5620: 4890: 1955:

plans for future coal mining sites. These plans must be approved by federal or state authorities before mining begins.

8618: 8365: 8251: 7745: 7740: 6629: 6503: 6451: 6439: 6366: 6255: 4254: 3342: 3292: 3264: 3055: 2820: 2805: 2698:

been small, amounting to 6,948 metric tonnes per month from 4 pits before it ceased production effectively in 2000.

2159:

of mined land for use as parks, China does not require extensive reclamation and is creating significant acreages of

1879: 1602: 467: 6911: 6170: 6153: 3876: 3863:

https://link-gale-com.wikipedialibrary.idm.oclc.org/apps/doc/A311377866/GPS?u=wikipedia&sid=GPS&xid=f0f488c8

2956:

Miners at the Virginia-Pocahontas Coal Company Mine in 1974 waiting to go to work on the 4 pm to midnight shift

2167:(6–12 meters), negatively impacting farmland because it no longer drains well. China uses some subsidence areas for 8545: 5539: 3213: 3023: 2941: 2560: 1989: 1397: 472: 6565:

Madsen, Peter M. "These lives will not be lost in vain: Organizational learning from disaster in US coal mining."

5797: 5643:"Pre-feasibility Study for Coal Mine Methane Drainage and Utilization at the Kozlu Coal Mine in Zonguldak, Turkey" 4098: 8291: 8028: 7418: 7102: 6902: 6375: 3141: 2545: 1570: 492: 4539: 6955: 5739: 5569: 2908: 1707: 5080: 1805:

A heavy curtain used to direct air currents in mines and prevent the buildup of dangerous gases is known as a

8626: 8601: 7906: 6735: 4740: 3166: 3044: 1574: 1540:

Gob has about four times as much toxic mercury and more sulfur than typical coal. Culm is the term for waste

1500: 1139: 6412: 6001: 8077: 7826: 7806: 7558: 4832:"Carbones del Cerrejón y Responsabilidad Social: Una revisión independiente de los impactos y del objetivo" 4602: 2266:

as part of the electricity bill), which was discontinued in the 1990s. In 2007, due to EU regulations, the

2221: 2080:

coal producing country in the world in 2010, with a total production of 67.9 million tonnes. Canada's

1076: 961: 798:. Technical and economic feasibility are evaluated based on the following: regional geological conditions; 6893: 4785: 8182: 7836: 3074: 2693:, coal is distributed mainly in the northern area. All of the commercial coal deposits occurred in three 2568: 2348: 2323:

Coal mining in India has a long history of commercial exploitation starting in 1774 with John Sumner and

6867: 6862: 5642: 5486: 3795: 3047:, and as president he announced plans to reduce environmental protection, particularly by repealing the 8610: 8510: 8433: 7841: 7671: 7501: 7294: 6797: 4814: 4406:

Ryan Driskell Tate, "Slow Violence and Hidden Injuries: The Work of Stripmining in the American West,"

4370: 3620: 3435:

Ryan Driskell Tate, "Places of Overburden: Strip Mining and Reclamation on the Northern Great Plains,"

3018:, which has resulted in a rapid decline of coal in the U.S. and several notable bankruptcies including 1887: 1819: 1754:

in a mine can cause suffocation, and is formed as a result of corrosion in enclosed spaces so removing

1021:

cyclical. In the US, one can generally cut up to around 20 feet (6 meters). This may be increased with

940: 931: 768: 592: 313: 17: 6878: 5268: 3947: 3390:

Activities, effects and impacts of the coal fuel cycle for a 1,000-MWe electric power generating plant

2103:, mined by French settlers beginning in the late 1600s. The coal was used for the British garrison at 8313: 8271: 8233: 7798: 7592: 7092: 6853: 3520: 3325:

J. B. McLachlan: A Biography: The Story of a Legendary Labour Leader and the Cape Breton Coal Miners,

2828: 2553: 2392: 2362: 2204:

The expansion of the Cerrejón mine has been blamed for the forced displacement of local communities.

1823: 702: 2723: 1595: 1105: 308:

have been increasingly important, including the health of miners, destruction of the landscape from

89: 8670: 8308: 7831: 7772: 7683: 7345:

Note: Peat is considered a precursor to coal. Graphite is only technically considered a coal type.

7164: 7077: 7072: 5980: 5892: 5659: 5375: 4944: 3509:"Mountaintop mining/valley fills in Appalachia: Final programmatic environmental impact statement." 2981: 2648: 2602: 2045: 1997: 1633: 602: 482: 395: 390: 5294: 5130: 4032: 3051:(CPP). However, industry observers have warned that this might not lead to a boom in mining jobs 2660: 2405: 2032: 1890:, even in 2006, mining remained the second most dangerous occupation in America, when measured by 1526: 8520: 8286: 7816: 7367: 7324: 6151:"Historical Overview Of The Midlothian Coal Mining Company Tract, Chesterfield County, Virginia." 4519: 4492: 4490: 4488: 4467: 4465: 4463: 4461: 4175: 3654:"Solar has greater techno-economic resource suitability than wind for replacing coal mining jobs" 3161: 3096: 3028: 2710: 2585:

coal mining communities. Russia and Norway share the coal resources of the Arctic archipelago of

2429: 1835: 1093: 659: 296:

became powerful in many countries in the 20th century, and often, the miners were leaders of the

6543: 6125: 4555: 4447: 4445: 3329:

The fall of the house of labor: the workplace, the state, and American labor activism, 1865–1925

2639: 2184:

Some of the world's largest coal reserves are located in South America, and an opencast mine at

948:, or filling in valleys with mining debris, and for covering streams and disrupting ecosystems. 8479: 7869: 7299: 7107: 5044: 2871: 2758: 2526: 2324: 2108: 2009: 901: 795: 737: 499: 251: 215: 52: 6789: 6398: 4485: 4458: 4244: 4139: 3451:

U.S. Department of the Interior, Office of Surface Mining Reclamation and Enforcement (1987).

3363: 3282: 3256: 3249: 8449: 8281: 8157: 8065: 7755: 7648: 7448: 7154: 7052: 6921: 6857: 6835: 6811: 6598: 6538:

Latzko, David A. "Coal mining and regional economic development in Pennsylvania, 1810–1980."

4780:

Davis, Eliodoro Martín (1990). "Breves recuerdos de algunas actividades mineras del carbón".

4573: 4442: 4413: 4331: 4230: 3419: 2236: 971: 761: 722: 255: 223: 186: 6767: 6424: 5566:"Bureau of Energy, Ministry of Economic Affairs, R.O.C. – Energy Statistical annual Reports" 4213: 3341:

Reyes Herrera, Sonia E.; Rodríguez Torrent, Juan Carlos; Medina Hernández, Patricio (2014).

2507: 1648:

Miners can be regularly monitored for reduced lung function due to coal dust exposure using

292:

Since 1890, coal mining has also been a political and social issue. Coal miners' labour and

8665: 8256: 7911: 7607: 7159: 7134: 6584:

From the miners' doublehouse: archaeology and landscape in a Pennsylvania coal company town

6386: 6324: 5518: 4912: 4312:

Bauer, ER (April 2004). "Worker exposure and equipment noise in large surface coal mines".

4286: 4192: 4053: 3728: 3665: 2965: 2904: 2762: 2306: 2168: 2160: 2120: 2021: 1993: 1839: 1703: 1357: 1098: 732: 582: 462: 440: 305: 112: 48: 6774: 4633:. Australia Office of the Chief Economist. September 2015. pp. 44, 56. Archived from 4500: 4332:"Summary of Longwall and Continuous Miner Section Noise Studies in Underground Coal Mines" 3802:, Woodhead Publishing Series in Energy, vol. 2, Woodhead Publishing, pp. 63–84, 2212: 1590:

Laser profiling of a mine site by a coal miner using a Maptek I-site laser scanner in 2014

304:

movements (as in Britain, Germany, Poland, Japan, Chile, Canada and the U.S.) Since 1970,

139:, a coal mine is called a "pit", and above-ground mining structures are referred to as a " 8: 8323: 8261: 8228: 8167: 8099: 7964: 7959: 7937: 7511: 7237: 7097: 6997: 2742: 2611:

coal producing country in the world in 2010. The coal miners of Spain were active in the

2146: 2126: 2001: 1938: 1917: 1866:

Improvements in mining methods (e.g. longwall mining), hazardous gas monitoring (such as

1688: 1475: 487: 105: 70: 31: 6489: 6466:

Faull, Margaret L. "Coal mining and the landscape of England, 1700 to the present day."

6099: 4290: 3732: 3711:

Ivanova, Diana; Barrett, John; Wiedenhofer, Dominik; Macura, Biljana; Callaghan, Max W;

3669: 3191: 8636: 8597: 8530: 8505: 8500: 8318: 8195: 7989: 7861: 7625: 7496: 7423: 7360: 7309: 7252: 7222: 7212: 7169: 6948: 6760:

Illinois Dept. of Commerce and Economic Opportunity. "Coal mining in Illinois" (2010)

6738:, novel set in Appalachia about a fictional legal clinic intern in Virginia coal mining 6514: 5927: 5595: 4425: 4294: 4270: 4014: 3114: 3068: 3033: 2996: 2991:

said that the U.S. should rely more on cleaner sources of energy that emit lower or no

2624: 2458: 2332: 2328: 1695: 1535: 863: 727: 557: 519: 477: 297: 159: 6750:(novel, 1885); realistic story of a coalminers' strike in northern France in the 1860s 4758:[Coal 2.0, another chapter of the non-conventional energy saga] (in Spanish). 4671: 4056:. Arlington, Virginia: U.S. Department of Labor, Mine Safety and Health Administration 3992:"Retraining investment for U.S. transition from coal to solar photovoltaic employment" 3343:"El sufrimiento colectivo de una ciudad minera en declinación. El caso de Lota, Chile" 2247:

area, along with many smaller areas in other parts of Germany, and until 1945 also in

1910:

Health and environmental impact of the coal industry § Impact to land and surroundings

8525: 8385: 8205: 8114: 8082: 7999: 7952: 7879: 7851: 7620: 7615: 7413: 7314: 7242: 7189: 7042: 6761: 6661: 6625: 6528: 6499: 6435: 6320: 5945: 5908: 5453: 5351:"Poland to ban Russian coal imports, saying it "can't wait any longer for EU to act"" 5066: 4734: 4472: 4429: 4250: 4112: 4018: 3924: 3803: 3746: 3693: 3596:"Coal production | Coal | Statistical Review of World Energy | Energy economics | BP" 3288: 3260: 2746: 2632: 2612: 2522: 2444:

deposits worth $ 100 billion. In 2008 coal was produced from four underground and 21

2013: 1694:

Mine disasters have still occurred in recent years in the U.S., Examples include the

1669: 1453: 1012: 838:

When coal seams are near the surface, it may be economical to extract the coal using

654: 637: 542: 410: 231:

and environmental issues, which result in decreasing demand and in some geographies,

39: 6650:(1953) pp. 840–881; with many tables and maps on the worldwide coal industry in 1950 4095:"CLB :: Deconstructing deadly details from China's coal mine safety statistics" 2385: 8469: 8370: 8328: 8296: 8190: 8144: 8104: 8011: 7979: 7947: 7932: 7916: 7891: 7676: 7630: 7304: 7057: 6746: 6171:"President Bush Attends 2008 Annual Meeting of the West Virginia Coal Association." 6073: 5964: 5887: 5443: 4395: 4006: 3914: 3736: 3683: 3673: 3494: 3227:"Coal industry faces 1 million job losses from global energy transition - research" 3048: 3015: 2890: 2511: 2503: 2437: 2156: 2017: 2005: 1952: 1793: 1789: 1657: 1562: 1555: 855: 649: 287: 6574:

End of Coal Mining in South Wales: Lessons learned from industrial transformation.

6525:

BusinessFocus China, Energy: A Comprehensive Overview of the Chinese Energy Sector

6062:"Historical coal data: coal production, availability and consumption 1853 to 2022" 4371:"The Importance of Occupational Safety and Health: Making for a "Super" Workplace" 4356: 3545: 2812: 2761:

in Kütahya Province. Unions have complained of mines they say are unsafe, such as

1081: 8333: 8243: 8209: 8094: 8048: 7974: 7901: 7821: 7724: 7666: 7521: 7002: 6928: 6915: 6550: 6157: 5952: 5934: 4526: 4507: 4479: 4199: 4119: 4082: 3370: 3155: 2886: 2775: 2702: 2678: 2627:

in Oviedo and Gijon. There is a museum dedicated to coal mining in the region of

2590: 2549: 2510:. In communist times (1945–1989) one of the most important and largest mines was 2445: 2425: 2294: 2217: 2130: 2104: 2062:

A court in Australia has cited climate change in ruling against a new coal mine.

1985: 1799: 1765: 1722: 1628: 1618: 1467: 1255: 1059:

accounts for less than 5 percent of total underground production in the US today.

1029: 1017: 1005: 986: 867: 851: 839: 812: 450: 380: 190: 155: 151: 6830: 6206: 5990: 5709: 4755: 4010: 3717:"Quantifying the potential for climate change mitigation of consumption options" 3652:

Pai, Sandeep; Zerriffi, Hisham; Jewell, Jessica; Pathak, Jaivik (6 March 2020).

3508: 1970: 1644: 8646: 8380: 8266: 8223: 8217: 8213: 8058: 8043: 7994: 7984: 7896: 7750: 7506: 7477: 7184: 7112: 7087: 6672: 6560: 5854:"Polyak Madencilik'te direniş sürüyor: Devlet bir gün de işçinin yanında olsun" 5448: 5431: 4482:, Washington, D.C.: Environmental Policy Institute, Friends of the Earth, 1990. 4161: 3741: 3716: 3712: 3678: 3653: 3019: 2992: 2976:

highest coal producing country in the world in 2010, and possesses the largest

2832: 2564: 2541: 2487: 2472: 2381: 2353: 2071: 1965: 1891: 1769: 1747: 1733:

Build-ups of a hazardous gas are known as damps, possibly from the German word

1718: 1656:

Coal mining has been a very dangerous activity and the list of historical coal

1383: 1086: 1062: 1041: 991: 707: 697: 627: 445: 435: 430: 420: 415: 317: 259: 228: 182: 167: 128: 63: 6679:

The welfare of children in bituminous coal mining communities in West Virginia

6511:

When coal was king: Ladysmith and the coal-mining industry on Vancouver Island

4164:. Washington D.C.: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics. 2006. 3829: 3769: 3340: 8659: 8631: 8400: 8301: 8087: 8016: 7788: 7536: 7400: 6941: 6823: 6717:(London, many editions 1892–1917), the standard British textbook for its era. 6036: 5514: 5457: 3928: 3903:"Importance of Indigenous VAM Fungi for the Reclamation of Coal Refuse Piles" 3750: 3697: 3086: 2977: 2961: 2882: 2867: 2836: 2824: 2754: 2499: 2384:. It is said that coal was first discovered in 1469 by a farming couple near 2336: 2248: 2173: 2081: 1782:, a highly flammable gas that explodes between 5% and 15% – at 25% it causes 1637: 1586: 1439: 1305: 1273: 1264:

2018 coal production, reserves, miners, and major coal-producing regions for

1159: 1047: 687: 682: 425: 339: 283: 198: 194: 178: 66: 6741: 5432:"The Russian coal industry in an uncertain world: Finally pivoting to Asia?" 8421: 8395: 8375: 8199: 8162: 8126: 7762: 7709: 7585: 7541: 7526: 7455: 7329: 6009: 5884:

Ukraine plans to reach extraction of 105 m t of coal a year, says president

5858: 5487:"Coal deposits of South Africa – the future of coal mining in South Africa" 4759: 3919: 3902: 3316: 3080: 3040: 2988: 2855: 2792: 2788: 2643: 2450: 2134: 1916:

Strip mining severely alters the landscape, which reduces the value of the

1802:: air containing carbon monoxide which is toxic, even at low concentrations 1783: 1431: 1427: 1371: 1331: 1199: 893: 859: 712: 329: 132: 5376:"Минэнерго сочло маловероятным, что Польша быстро заменит уголь из России" 4601:. Australian Bureau of Agricultural and Resource Economics. Archived from 2673: 2571:

expressed doubt that Poland would be able to rapidly replace Russian coal.

8358: 8353: 8038: 8004: 7969: 7942: 7472: 7262: 7257: 7149: 7124: 6908: 6150: 5997: 5754: 3688: 3388:

Christman, R.C., J. Haslbeck, B. Sedlik, W. Murray, and W. Wilson. 1980.

3011: 2898: 2844: 2840: 2532: 2479: 2232: 2100: 2096: 1875: 1867: 1822:. Hearing loss developed as a result of occupational exposures is coined 1614: 1508: 1493: 747: 717: 577: 572: 509: 293: 279: 5778: 5543: 4424:. Ashgate studies in environmental policy and practice. Burlington, VT: 3465: 2964:

in the early 18th century, and commercial mining started around 1730 in

2889:

is present in most of Britain's coalfields and is 86% to 88% carbon. In

2185: 2084:, the 12th largest in the world, are located largely in the province of 828: 8535: 8152: 7467: 7460: 7443: 7428: 7007: 6918:– visual e-learning source with comprehensive display of long-wall face 4556:"World Coal Production, Most Recent Estimates 1980–2007 (October 2008)" 3105: 2969: 2915:, only one commercial-scale coal mine exists in operation as of 2024 - 2859: 2757:. A company called Tarhan Maden has proposed a mine in the district of 2706: 2682: 2518: 2290: 2164: 1929: 1743: 1665: 1649: 1541: 1471: 1219: 1114: 871: 799: 375: 309: 6294:"Top US coal boss Robert Murray: Trump 'can't bring mining jobs back'" 5776:[30 thousand people served by e-maden for mining procedures]. 5191:"As Pressures Mount, Poland's Once-Mighty Coal Industry Is in Retreat" 4815:"DIGGING DEEPER: THE HUMAN RIGHTS IMPACTS OF COAL IN THE GLOBAL SOUTH" 4298: 4274: 2750: 1862:

A video on the use of rock bolts and roof screens in underground mines

8464: 8416: 8390: 8338: 8172: 8134: 7884: 7874: 7546: 7408: 7383: 7334: 7319: 7267: 7217: 7207: 6066: 5984: 5218:"Can Poland, the dirty man of Europe, end its love affair with coal?" 5069:. Crown Minerals, Ministry of Economic Development. 17 December 2008. 3242: 3240: 3146: 2851: 2827:

times and occurred in many different parts of the country. Britain's

2628: 2267: 1761: 1683: 1566: 1516: 1387: 1375: 1277: 1250: 1179: 1169: 1051: 897: 742: 664: 562: 552: 324: 301: 290:

sources. By 2010, coal produced over a fourth of the world's energy.

275: 239: 232: 202: 144: 94: 5774:"30 bin kişi madencilik işlemlerini e-maden üzerinden sonuçlandırdı" 5735: 3794:

Fecko, P.; Tora, B.; Tod, M. (1 January 2013), Osborne, Dave (ed.),

1974:

The six largest coal producing nations as of 2015, according to the

173:

The coal mining industry has a long history of significant negative

77: 8109: 8053: 7714: 7563: 7531: 7284: 7232: 7139: 7117: 7082: 7062: 7037: 7012: 5968: 5166:"Poland produced record 26% of electricity from renewables in 2023" 4957: 4955: 4953: 3969: 3546:"Rock bolt | Reinforcement, Anchoring & Stability | Britannica" 3334: 3135: 2620: 2586: 2412: 2370: 2252: 2193: 2189: 1895: 1775: 1751: 1679: 1512: 1419: 1411: 1339: 1335: 1055: 977: 889: 832: 692: 644: 537: 504: 400: 385: 263: 243: 163: 140: 124: 7022: 6715:

A Text-Book of Mining: For the use of colliery managers and others

6669:

The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science

6557:

The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science

6360:

Turkish coal mining sector: Current State, Strategy for the Future

5542:. Department of Minerals and Energy (South Africa). Archived from 4694:"Court rules out Hunter Valley coalmine on climate change grounds" 4202:, US Mine Safety and Health Administration, accessed 27 June 2016. 3877:"The Coal Refuse Dilemma: Burning Coal for Environmental Benefits" 3237: 2881:

Almost all onshore coal resources in the UK occur in rocks of the

115:

and since the 1880s has been widely used to generate electricity.

8070: 7573: 7551: 7438: 7433: 7144: 6992: 6879:

Coal Mining in the British Isles (Northern Mine Research Society)

6818: 6340: 5208: 4857:"Der Ruhrbergbau. Von der Industrialisierung bis zur Kohlenkrise" 3437:

The Greater Plains: Rethinking a Region's Environmental Histories

3004: 3000: 2912: 2894: 2863: 2787:

More than 90 percent of Ukraine's coal production comes from the

2781: 2694: 2492: 2441: 2421: 2228: 2092: 2085: 1779: 1520: 1443: 1423: 1415: 1347: 1323: 1209: 843: 370: 267: 82: 44: 6445: 4950: 3491:"Mountain Justice Summer – What is Mountain Top Removal Mining?" 3453:

Surface coal mining reclamation: 10 years of progress, 1977–1987

3284:

An Introduction to Petroleum Technology, Economics, and Politics

3158: – Accident occurring during the process of mining minerals 823: 355: 30:"Coal miner" redirects here. For the John J. Szaton statue, see 8474: 8454: 8348: 8023: 7516: 7129: 7047: 6173:

President George W. Bush Archives. Press release, 31 July 2008.

5031: 4113:"Statistics – Coal Mining Fatalities by State – Calendar Year." 3710: 3507:

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Philadelphia, PA (2005).

3309:

Forging Democracy: The History of the Left in Europe, 1850–2000

3071: – Human disease caused by long-term exposure to coal dust 2984:

stated that coal was the most reliable source of electricity.

2928: 2690: 2374: 2316: 2286: 2271: 2240: 2037: 1755: 1379: 1319: 1229: 1189: 547: 514: 120: 6772: 6280:

What If All U.S. Coal Workers Were Retrained to Work in Solar?

5295:"Премьер Польши назвал сроки полного отказа от угля из России" 4408:

Violence of Work: New Essays in Canadian and US Labour History

966: 8484: 8426: 7767: 7699: 7597: 7489: 6982: 3796:"3 - Coal waste: handling, pollution impacts and utilization" 3212:

Ryan Driskell Tate, Christine Shearer, and Andiswa Matiknca,

2847: 2433: 2380:

Japan has a long history of coal mining dating back into the

2239:

and the following decades. The main mining areas were around

2198: 2151: 1894:. These numbers, however, include all mining activities, and 1435: 1343: 1327: 1269: 1265: 1149: 622: 247: 116: 7352: 6576:(International Institute for Sustainable Development, 2017) 6496:

Mining Environmental Policy: Comparing Indonesia and the USA

4945:

Transfer and Development of Coal-Mine Technology in Hokkaido

4422:

Mining environmental policy: Comparing Indonesia and the USA

2311: 1721:(black lung) were once common in miners, leading to reduced 8459: 7580: 7568: 7484: 7227: 7179: 7067: 6987: 6964: 6754: 6595:

Economic development of the British coal industry 1800–1914

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Illegal mines profitable, but at massive cost to nation

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World Population and Production Trends and Outlooks

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European Coal Mining Unions: structure and function

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Environmental justice and coal mining in Appalachia

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6667:Lovejoy, Owen R. "Child labor in the coal mines." 5634: 5610: 5430:Overland, Indra; Loginova, Julia (1 August 2023). 5216: 5018:"New Zealand's Greenhouse Gas Inventory 1990–2020" 4596:"Australia Mineral Statistics 2009 – June Quarter" 4390: 4388: 3907:Journal American Society of Mining and Reclamation 3900: 3248: 3010:Coal has come under continued price pressure from 2885:period, some of which extend under the North Sea. 1949:Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act of 1977 850:Most open cast mines in the United States extract 6226:"Company eyes coal on Montana's Crow reservation" 5402:"BP Statistical review of world energy June 2007" 5136: 4628:"September 2015 – Resources and Energy Quarterly" 4572:. Gladstone Centre for Clean Coal. Archived from 4369:Krah, Jaclyn; Unger, Richard L. (7 August 2013). 3990:Louie, Edward P.; Pearce, Joshua M. (June 2016). 3764: 3762: 3760: 3406: 3404: 3402: 3400: 3398: 3149: – Underground smouldering of a coal deposit 8657: 6254:Riley, Charles; Isidore, Chris (13 April 2016). 5913:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ( 5429: 5321:"Poland moves to block coal imports from Russia" 4753: 3447: 3445: 3280: 1764:: similar to black damp, after damp consists of 158:mines. Mining at this scale requires the use of 6889:NIOSH Coal Workers' Health Surveillance Program 6603:Nielsen, Charles V., and George F. Richardson. 4558:. U.S. Energy Information Administration. 2008. 4385: 4162:"Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries Summary" 3194:. Paris: International Energy Agency. July 2020 3138: – Hauling coal from a mine to the surface 254:. Large-scale coal mining developed during the 6002:"The long, slow death of the UK coal industry" 4550: 4548: 3868: 3757: 3439:(Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2021). 3395: 3246: 3108: – Practice of transporting cargo by rail 2972:per year. The United States was ranked as the 1772:and nitrogen and forms after a mine explosion. 1682:explosions can trigger the far more dangerous 7368: 6949: 6875:– overview and graphic of coal mining methods 6692:(McGill-Queen's Press-MQUP, 2000) in Canada; 6223: 5879: 5877: 4410:(Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2020). 3800:The Coal Handbook: Towards Cleaner Production 3442: 3083: – Exploitation of children through work 925: 769: 6690:Boys in the pits: child labour in coal mines 6253: 5895:. Archived from the original on 4 April 2020 5494:Technische Universität Bergakademie Freiberg 5478: 5214: 4925:Kodama Kiyoomi, Sekitan no gijutsushi, p. 19 4620: 3793: 3315:(1961) p. 86; Kazuo and Gordon (1997) p 48; 2440:. Over 80% of the reserves are in Southland 1734: 328:Ships have been used to haul coal since the 4721:. Archived from the original on 25 May 2013 4545: 3989: 3901:Dove, D.; Daniels, W.; Parrish, D. (1990). 3287:. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 260–261. 3043:pledged to bring back coal jobs during the 2235:. Coal mining greatly increased during the 1792:: so named for the rotten egg smell of the 7375: 7361: 6956: 6942: 6775:"Greenhouse Gases, Climate Change, Energy" 6722:The principles and practice of coal mining 6413:History of coal mining § Bibliography 6217: 5874: 5828:"Tavşanlı'da açık kömür ocağı işletilecek" 5507: 4279:Proceedings of the Royal Society of London 4111:US Mine Safety and Health Administration. 3576:. Paris: International Energy Agency. 2019 3186: 3184: 1710:in West Virginia, which killed 29 miners. 854:. In Canada, Australia, and South Africa, 776: 762: 568:Coal mining disasters in the United States 6905:– educational resource on longwall mining 6421:History of the Yorkshire Miners 1881–1918 5447: 4773: 4588: 4368: 4249:. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 504. 4033:"Former Miner Explains Culture Of Mining" 3918: 3740: 3687: 3677: 3169: – Part of environmental remediation 3126:Environmental impact of the coal industry 2457:, until its collapse in 2015, but is now 2416:New Zealand Coal Production, 1878 - 2014. 1959: 27:Process of getting coal out of the ground 6755:Government documents and primary sources 6432:Coal Age Handbook of Coal Surface Mining 6169:The White House, Washington, DC (2008). 6080:. British Geological Society. March 2010 5592:"Coal Mining in Taiwan (ROC) – Overview" 5532: 5106:"Operating coal mine production figures" 4993:"Operating coal mine production figures" 4854: 4747: 4670:. World Coal Association. Archived from 4497:United States Department of the Interior 4419: 3985: 3983: 3613: 2951: 2922: 2811: 2729: 2672: 2531: 2478: 2411: 2352: 2310: 2211: 2031: 1969: 1902: 1849: 1643: 1627: 1585: 1525: 1499: 1104: 1092: 1080: 976: 965: 822: 788: 323: 88: 76: 57: 38: 8516:Pollutant release and transfer register 6884:National Coal Mining Museum for England 6646:Woytinsky, W. S., and E. S. Woytinsky. 6282:– Harvard Business Review. August. 2016 5802:U.S. Embassy & Consulates in Turkey 5037: 4799:"Where The Coal Is Stained With Blood." 4451:U.S. Department of the Interior. 1979. 4269: 4176:"Panel to Explore Deadly Mine Accident" 4076:"Respiratory Protection in Coal Mines." 4054:"Coal Fatalities for 1900 Through 2020" 4048: 4046: 3181: 2948:List of coal mines in the United States 1984:in 2012 were (in million metric tons): 1842:can be used to reduce noise exposures. 1698:of 2006, and the 2007 mine accident in 1126:2019 estimate of total coal production 282:or electricity produced from oil, gas, 258:, and coal provided the main source of 135:, a coal mine and its structures are a 14: 8658: 6863:Coal Mine exploration and preservation 6681:(US Government Printing Office, 1923) 6527:( Deutschland Verlag, 2007); 281 pp., 6446:Department of Trade and Industry, UK. 6318: 6249: 6247: 5996: 5348: 5040:"Miners press to enter the green zone" 4657: 4655: 4562: 4538:US Energy Information Administration, 4211: 3944:"Energy – What Is A "Miner's Canary"?" 3167:Recovering of heat from old coal mines 3032:addressed retraining coal workers for 2498:Coal mines are concentrated mainly in 1845: 7356: 7248:mining disasters in the United States 6937: 6357: 6291: 6182: 5742:from the original on 25 February 2019 5696: 5684: 5568:. Web3.moeaboe.gov.tw. Archived from 5129:US Energy Information Administration 4779: 4754:Hernán Scandizzo (31 December 2016). 4501:Coal: Construction and Mining Impacts 4311: 4182:. Associated Press. 4 September 2007. 3980: 3941: 3874: 3830:"Waste Coal | Energy Justice Network" 3770:"Waste Coal | Energy Justice Network" 3646: 3644: 3642: 3431: 3429: 3092:Coal mining in Plymouth, Pennsylvania 2724:Coal in Turkey § Coalfields and mines 2623:, union miners and others suffered a 2483:Coal production in Poland (1940–2012) 1884:Mine Safety and Health Administration 1828:Mine Safety and Health Administration 1826:. To protect miners' hearing, the US 955: 8606: 7847:Electromagnetic radiation and health 6773:National Energy Information Center. 5640: 5436:Energy Research & Social Science 5269:"Poland to ban Russian coal imports" 5163: 5144:"Poland 2022 - Energy Policy Review" 4855:Czierpka, Juliane (4 January 2019). 4513: 4043: 2739:list of countries by coal production 2734:Map of coal deposits in Turkey, 1940 2582:fifth largest coal producing country 1982:Top 10 hard and brown coal producers 1623: 8622: 8614: 7705:Radium and radon in the environment 6572:Merrill, Travers, and Lucy Kitson. 6244: 5786:from the original on 17 April 2021. 5484: 5244:"Remaining EU Coal Power Polluters" 4661: 4652: 4097:. 30 September 2007. Archived from 3121:Glossary of coal mining terminology 3099: – Product of coal preparation 1486: 24: 7275:Environmental issues in Appalachia 6922:World Coal Institute – Coal Mining 6708:The modern practice of coal mining 6700: 6605:1982 Keystone Coal Industry Manual 6498:(Burlington, VT: Ashgate, 2005). ( 6406: 5808:from the original on 12 April 2020 5470:theguardian.com 26. October 2018: 5110:New Zealand Petroleum and Minerals 5085:New Zealand Petroleum and Minerals 4997:New Zealand Petroleum and Minerals 4712:"Overview of Canada's Coal Sector" 4400: 3855:Acta Geodynamica et Geromaterialia 3639: 3627:. Grenoble, France: Enerdata. 2020 3625:Global Energy Statistical Yearbook 3426: 2893:, there are extensive deposits of 2737:As of 2017 Turkey was 11th in the 2661:Coal in South Africa § Mining 2521:, making up 69.5% of the nation's 2059:about 87% of its coal production. 1297:Top producing provinces or states 1240: 1066:crush or trap workers in the mine. 987:room and pillar or bord and pillar 127:and for cement production. In the 25: 8682: 6842: 6586:(Univ. of Tennessee Press, 2007) 6367:Turkish Coal Operations Authority 6331:from the original on 22 June 2021 5965:Ukraine mine blast leaves 16 dead 5716:from the original on 1 March 2019 5660:"Turkey's 21st Century Coal Rush" 4394:U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. 3493:. 29 October 2005. Archived from 3206: 3056:Energy Information Administration 2821:Coal mining in the United Kingdom 2806:Coal mining in the United Kingdom 2798: 2502:. The most profitable mines were 2107:, and in the construction of the 1880:closed circuit escape respirators 1300:% of national production covered 1288:Coal production (million tonnes) 912: 818: 8640: 8630: 8621: 8613: 8605: 8593: 8592: 7021: 6829: 6817: 6805: 6374:Global Business Reports (2018). 6312: 6292:Rushe, Dominic (27 March 2017). 6285: 6273: 6199: 6183:Lomax, Simon (9 February 2011). 6176: 6163: 6143: 6126:"Aberpergwm coal mine expansion" 6118: 6092: 6054: 6029: 5974: 5958: 5939: 5921: 5846: 5820: 5790: 5766: 5728: 5702: 5666:from the original on 17 May 2019 5584: 5349:Tilles, Daniel (29 March 2022). 3857:, vol. 9, no. 4, 2012, p. 473+. 3470:Kentuckians For The Commonwealth 3376:(2003) accessed 19 December 2011 3327:(1999) p, 69; David Montgomery, 3216:Global Energy Monitor, June 2021 3117: – Basin with coal deposits 2942:Coal mining in the United States 2935: 2804:This section is an excerpt from 2722:This section is an excerpt from 2561:2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine 2471:This section is an excerpt from 2404:This section is an excerpt from 1908:This section is an excerpt from 1581: 1554:This section is an excerpt from 1492:This section is an excerpt from 870:open casting for steam coal and 583:Environmental problems involving 354: 214:This section is an excerpt from 7419:Atmospheric dispersion modeling 6654: 6319:Crooks, Ed (26 January 2019). 6224:Matthew Brown (17 March 2013). 5710:"Coal mine collapses in Turkey" 5558: 5464: 5423: 5404:. BP. June 2007. Archived from 5394: 5368: 5313: 5287: 5261: 5236: 5183: 5164:Ptak, Alicja (3 January 2024). 5157: 5123: 5098: 5073: 5038:Cumming, Geoff (6 March 2010). 5010: 4985: 4937: 4928: 4919: 4905: 4883:"Die Route der Industriekultur" 4875: 4848: 4824: 4807: 4792: 4704: 4686: 4540:International energy statistics 4532: 4362: 4350: 4324: 4305: 4263: 4236: 4224: 4205: 4186: 4168: 4154: 4124: 4105: 4087: 4068: 4025: 3962: 3935: 3894: 3847: 3822: 3787: 3704: 3588: 3563: 3538: 3513: 3501: 3483: 3458: 3418:. 10 March 2009. Archived from 3142:List of books about coal mining 2987:In 2011, former U.S. president 2654: 1571:Martin County coal slurry spill 1291:Coal reserves (million tonnes) 878: 827:Trucks loaded with coal at the 6351: 5928:Ukraine – Mining: Coal Mining 5862:(in Turkish). 29 December 2022 5761:Global Business Reports (2018) 4520:IEA Key energy statistics 2010 3721:Environmental Research Letters 3658:Environmental Research Letters 3357: 3301: 3274: 3219: 2960:Coal began being mined in the 2909:Marine Management Organisation 2677:An abandoned coal mine in the 2398: 2192:is one of the world's largest 1976:U.S. Energy Information Agency 1708:Upper Big Branch Mine disaster 13: 1: 7907:Electrical resistance heating 7382: 6622:Coal Mining Industry in India 6423:(Routledge, 2003) in England 6149:MCCartney, Martha W. (1989). 5782:(in Turkish). 16 April 2021. 4969:. August 2015. Archived from 4420:Hamilton, Michael S. (2005). 4243:Jacquelyn L. Banasik (2018). 3621:"Coal and lignite production" 3174: 3077: – American photographer 3045:2016 US presidential election 2222:Rhineland lignite mining area 1575:Obed Mountain coal mine spill 1085:A lignite brown coal mine in 1070: 187:fossil fuels to be phased out 7559:Persistent organic pollutant 6559:38.1_suppl (1911): 133–138. 5594:. Mbendi.com. Archived from 4542:, accessed 29 December 2013. 4212:Urbina, Ian (9 April 2010). 3571:"Coal Information: Overview" 3323:(1959) p. 521; David Frank, 3192:"Coal Information: Overview" 2406:Mining in New Zealand § Coal 2027: 1739:which means steam or vapor: 1636:, which killed 78 people in 1548: 1077:Major coal producing regions 962:Underground soft-rock mining 7: 8569:Least polluted cities by PM 6230:The San Francisco Chronicle 6104:the voice of coal in Europe 5712:. Trend. 18 February 2019. 5662:. Global Business Reports. 5382:(in Russian). 29 March 2022 5301:(in Russian). 30 March 2022 5151:International Energy Agency 4889:(in German). Archived from 4011:10.1016/j.eneco.2016.05.016 3075:George Bretz (photographer) 3061: 2980:in the world. In 2008 then- 2780:In 2012 coal production in 2701:The abandoned coal mine in 2349:List of coal mines in Japan 2179: 10: 8687: 8511:Pollution haven hypothesis 8434:Brain health and pollution 7672:Ecological light pollution 7502:Internal combustion engine 7295:Health effects of coal ash 7103:power in the United States 6728: 6582:Metheny, Karen Bescherer. 6410: 6100:"United Kingdom (6th ed.)" 5449:10.1016/j.erss.2023.103150 4233:, "Fossil fuel disasters". 3255:. Penguin Books. pp. 2945: 2939: 2803: 2773: 2769: 2721: 2709:, has now turned into the 2658: 2600: 2470: 2403: 2346: 2335:along the Western bank of 2304: 2285:Lignite has been mined in 2207: 2144: 2129:with the exception of the 2118: 2069: 2043: 1963: 1907: 1888:Bureau of Labor Statistics 1820:noise-induced hearing loss 1612: 1553: 1504:Coal waste in Pennsylvania 1491: 1074: 959: 941:Mountaintop removal mining 932:Mountaintop removal mining 929: 926:Mountaintop removal mining 266:methods wherever the coal 213: 208: 29: 8590: 8544: 8493: 8442: 8409: 8314:Nonpoint source pollution 8242: 8234:War and environmental law 8181: 8143: 8125: 7925: 7860: 7797: 7723: 7692: 7657: 7641: 7606: 7593:Volatile organic compound 7399: 7390: 7343: 7198: 7030: 7019: 6971: 6914:27 September 2019 at the 5834:(in Turkish). 8 June 2023 5492:. Institute for Geology, 4786:Universidad de Concepción 4739:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 4074:OccupationalHazards.com. 3412:"Coal Mining. World Coal" 3347:Horizontes Antropológicos 3321:History of Modern Germany 3311:(2002); Frederic Meyers, 3281:James G. Speight (2011). 3054:A 2019 projection by the 2931:, United Kingdom, in 1843 2917:Aberpergwm deep coal mine 2905:Whitehaven deep coal mine 2856:the Scottish Central Belt 2716: 2668: 2649:coal-burning power plants 2575: 2465: 2393:Hokutan Horonai coal mine 2280: 2076:Canada was ranked as the 2065: 1824:occupational hearing loss 1608: 1263: 703:Coal pollution mitigation 598:coal mining in Appalachia 7773:Marine mammals and sonar 7684:Radio spectrum pollution 7165:Greenhouse gas emissions 6963: 6903:University of Wollongong 6854:Global Coal Mine Tracker 6849:Glossary of Mining Terms 6677:McGill, Nettie Pauline. 6074:"Mineral Profile – Coal" 4719:Natural Resources Canada 4118:23 February 2011 at the 3946:. enotes. Archived from 3742:10.1088/1748-9326/ab8589 3679:10.1088/1748-9326/ab6c6d 3650:Table is extracted from 3521:"Room and pillar mining" 3364:"Methods of Coal Mining" 2993:carbon dioxide pollution 2982:President George W. Bush 2607:Spain was ranked as the 2603:Mining Basins (Asturias) 2596: 2342: 2300: 2140: 2114: 2046:Coal mining in Australia 1813: 1728: 1634:Farmington Mine disaster 1294:Coal miners (thousands) 603:Greenhouse gas emissions 396:Coal-fired power station 391:Coal combustion products 189:of various parts of the 8619:WikiProject Environment 8577:Most polluted countries 8521:Polluter pays principle 8252:Agricultural wastewater 7325:Problems in coal mining 6868:Abandoned Mine Research 6358:Ersoy, Mücella (2019). 6189:Bloomberg Business Week 5933:17 October 2015 at the 5621:"Coal overview: Turkey" 4963:"Energy in New Zealand" 4525:11 October 2010 at the 4359:, www.clarke-energy.com 3865:. Accessed 7 Aug. 2020. 3247:Barbara Freese (2004). 3162:Problems in coal mining 3097:Coal slurry impoundment 3029:Harvard Business Review 2711:Taiwan Coal Mine Museum 2293:) and the Peloponnese ( 2036:A balmain coal mine in 1836:administrative controls 1556:Coal refuse § Disasters 660:Problems in coal mining 250:production, as well as 81:Surface coal mining in 8637:Environment portal 7870:Agricultural pollution 7300:History of coal mining 6927:7 October 2006 at the 6736:"Gray Mountain" (2014) 6614:20.8 (2020): 963–979. 6597:(Cambridge UP, 1984). 6542:44 (2011): 1627–1649. 6509:Hinde, John Roderick. 5736:"Tender announcements" 5628:Global Methane Project 5045:The New Zealand Herald 4662:WCA (September 2014). 4193:Coal mining fatalities 4136:World Coal Association 3920:10.21000/jasmr90010463 2957: 2932: 2903:In 2020, the proposed 2817: 2735: 2686: 2619:. In October 1934, in 2537: 2527:electricity generation 2484: 2455:state-owned enterprise 2417: 2366: 2325:Suetonius Grant Heatly 2320: 2225: 2109:Fortress of Louisbourg 2041: 1978: 1960:Coal mining by country 1863: 1735: 1653: 1641: 1591: 1531: 1505: 1110: 1102: 1090: 1030:Room and pillar mining 982: 974: 835: 796:coal preparation plant 738:History of coal mining 633:the petroleum industry 500:Coal preparation plant 332: 252:electricity generation 216:History of coal mining 98: 86: 74: 62:Coal miners exiting a 55: 53:Scranton, Pennsylvania 8292:Industrial wastewater 8158:Clutter (advertising) 8066:Municipal solid waste 7912:Soil guideline values 7756:Sustainable transport 7649:Information pollution 7449:Open burning of waste 7155:Fossil fuel phase-out 7053:Black coal equivalent 6858:Global Energy Monitor 6569:20.5 (2009): 861–875. 6540:Economies et Sociétés 6494:Hamilton, Michael S. 6430:Chirons, Nicholas P. 6156:19 April 2007 at the 6005:(The Northerner blog) 4887:www.ruhr-tourismus.de 4198:19 April 2016 at the 4101:on 30 September 2007. 4081:23 April 2008 at the 3875:POWER (1 July 2016). 3859:Gale Academic OneFile 3834:www.energyjustice.net 3774:www.energyjustice.net 3369:18 March 2012 at the 3251:Coal: A Human History 3024:Chapter 11 bankruptcy 2955: 2946:Further information: 2927:Murton colliery near 2926: 2815: 2747:the country's geology 2733: 2676: 2638:In October 2018, the 2580:Russia ranked as the 2535: 2482: 2415: 2356: 2314: 2237:Industrial Revolution 2215: 2035: 1973: 1903:Environmental impacts 1861: 1778:: consists of mostly 1647: 1631: 1589: 1565:in Wales, a colliery 1529: 1503: 1108: 1096: 1084: 980: 972:Clay County, Kentucky 970:A coal wash plant in 969: 826: 789:Methods of extraction 723:Fossil fuel phase-out 327: 256:Industrial Revolution 224:Industrial Revolution 191:global energy economy 175:environmental impacts 92: 80: 61: 42: 8564:Most polluted cities 8257:Biological pollution 8168:Overhead power lines 7160:Great Smog of London 7093:pollution mitigation 6671:27.2 (1906): 35–41. 6567:Organization Science 6521:Coal Mining in China 6488:23.2 (2001): 29–45. 6473:Gardner, A. Dudley. 6448:"The Coal Authority" 6195:on 13 February 2011. 5951:23 July 2009 at the 5519:World Coal Institute 4913:"Mining Greece Coal" 4506:1 March 2012 at the 4357:Coal Gas Utilisation 3942:Engelbert, Phillis. 3416:World Coal Institute 2966:Midlothian, Virginia 2831:are associated with 2554:limit climate change 2382:Japanese Middle Ages 2307:Coal mining in India 2161:abandoned mined land 2121:Coal mining in Chile 2040:, Australia, in 1950 1872:electrical equipment 1840:engineering controls 1758:from the atmosphere. 1704:Crandall Canyon Mine 1115:brown coal (lignite) 946:head-of-hollow-fills 733:Great Smog of London 306:environmental issues 49:Lackawanna Coal Mine 8627:WikiProject Ecology 8324:Ocean acidification 8229:Unexploded ordnance 8100:Post-consumer waste 7960:Foam food container 7938:Biodegradable waste 7512:Global distillation 7078:fired power station 7073:combustion products 6998:Sub-bituminous coal 6975:(lowest to highest) 6972:Coal types by grade 6713:Hughes. Herbert W, 6593:Mitchell, Brian R. 6549:28 May 2023 at the 6470:30.1 (2008): 59–74. 6130:Coal Action Network 6106:. 13 September 2014 6041:Coal Action Network 5572:on 19 November 2017 5223:The Daily Telegraph 4973:on 15 February 2016 4893:on 25 December 2021 4788:. pp. 189–203. 4674:on 14 February 2012 4640:on 17 November 2015 4478:4 June 2012 at the 4291:1894RSPS...57..249H 3733:2020ERL....15i3001I 3670:2020ERL....15c4065P 3497:on 29 October 2005. 2913:Coal Action Network 2357:Daikōdō, the first 2147:Coal power in China 1939:mountaintop removal 1918:natural environment 1846:Safety improvements 1573:(US, 2000) and the 1476:Victoria, Australia 1127: 864:metallurgical coals 314:mountaintop removal 71:Richlands, Virginia 32:Coal Miner (statue) 8647:Ecology portal 8531:Waste minimisation 8506:Industrial ecology 8501:Cleaner production 8319:Nutrient pollution 8196:Herbicidal warfare 7990:Construction waste 7626:Introduced species 7497:Indoor air quality 7424:Chlorofluorocarbon 7213:Black lung disease 7190:Toxic heavy metals 7170:Metallurgical coal 6898:Petroleum and Coal 6688:McIntosh, Robert. 6519:Kuenzer, Claudia. 6513:(2003), in Canada 6477:(Routledge, 2019) 6454:on 13 October 2008 6419:Baylies, Carolyn. 6397:has generic name ( 6232:. Associated Press 5641:Collings, Ronald. 5598:on 17 October 2015 5546:on 2 December 2009 5485:Schmidt, Stephan. 5411:on 6 February 2009 4700:. 7 February 2019. 4576:on 8 February 2007 4455:. Washington, D.C. 4426:Ashgate Publishing 4218:The New York Times 4180:The New York Times 3550:www.britannica.com 3233:. 10 October 2023. 3115:Coal-mining region 3069:Black lung disease 3034:solar photovoltaic 3026:on 13 April 2016. 2997:Powder River Basin 2958: 2933: 2818: 2736: 2687: 2640:Sánchez government 2569:Ministry of Energy 2538: 2508:Zofiówka Coal Mine 2485: 2459:Bathurst Resources 2418: 2367: 2333:Raniganj Coalfield 2329:East India Company 2321: 2226: 2137:in central Chile. 2042: 1979: 1896:oil and gas mining 1864: 1717:diseases, such as 1696:Sago Mine disaster 1654: 1642: 1592: 1536:acid mine drainage 1532: 1506: 1125: 1111: 1103: 1097:A lignite mine in 1091: 983: 975: 956:Underground mining 836: 728:Fossil fuels lobby 650:Hydrosulfuric acid 638:toxic heavy metals 558:Black lung disease 520:Metallurgical coal 478:Coal-mining region 333: 104:is the process of 99: 87: 75: 56: 8653: 8652: 8526:Pollution control 8206:Nuclear holocaust 8115:Thermal treatment 8083:Plastic pollution 8000:Mercury poisoning 7953:Battery recycling 7852:Radioactive waste 7621:Genetic pollution 7616:Biological hazard 7414:Air quality index 7350: 7349: 7108:preparation plant 7043:Asian brown cloud 6976: 6894:Purdue University 6873:Methods of mining 6635:Stern, Gerald M. 6620:Srivastava, A.K. 6533:978-3-940114-00-6 6468:Landscape History 6000:(10 April 2013). 5890:(30 August 2013) 5804:. 12 March 2020. 5355:Notes From Poland 5170:Notes From Poland 4844:on 15 March 2017. 4664:"Coal Statistics" 4471:Squillace, Mark. 4435:978-0-7546-4493-4 4338:. 25 October 2016 3950:on 1 October 2011 3809:978-1-78242-116-0 3422:on 28 April 2009. 3420:> the original 2633:Cercs Mine Museum 2625:fifteen-day siege 2613:Spanish Civil War 2525:and 68.5% of its 2523:energy production 2220:coal mine in the 1951:, which requires 1859: 1624:Dangers to miners 1530:Coal spoil stones 1484: 1483: 1238: 1237: 1013:Continuous mining 858:is used for both 786: 785: 543:Asian brown cloud 16:(Redirected from 8678: 8645: 8644: 8643: 8635: 8634: 8625: 8624: 8617: 8616: 8609: 8608: 8596: 8595: 8470:Legacy pollution 8329:Oil exploitation 8191:Chemical warfare 8105:Waste management 8012:Industrial waste 7980:Biomedical waste 7948:Electronic waste 7933:Advertising mail 7917:Phytoremediation 7892:Land degradation 7677:Overillumination 7631:Invasive species 7377: 7370: 7363: 7354: 7353: 7305:Hydrogen sulfide 7025: 6974: 6958: 6951: 6944: 6935: 6934: 6909:Virtual coalmine 6834: 6833: 6822: 6821: 6810: 6809: 6808: 6801: 6785: 6783: 6781: 6706:Burns, Daniel. 6639:(Vintage, 2008) 6486:Public Historian 6463: 6461: 6459: 6450:. 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Archived from 4128: 4122: 4109: 4103: 4102: 4091: 4085: 4072: 4066: 4065: 4063: 4061: 4050: 4041: 4040: 4029: 4023: 4022: 3999:Energy Economics 3996: 3987: 3978: 3977: 3966: 3960: 3959: 3957: 3955: 3939: 3933: 3932: 3922: 3898: 3892: 3891: 3889: 3887: 3872: 3866: 3851: 3845: 3844: 3842: 3840: 3826: 3820: 3819: 3818: 3816: 3791: 3785: 3784: 3782: 3780: 3766: 3755: 3754: 3744: 3715:(1 April 2020). 3708: 3702: 3701: 3691: 3681: 3648: 3637: 3636: 3634: 3632: 3617: 3611: 3610: 3608: 3606: 3592: 3586: 3585: 3583: 3581: 3575: 3567: 3561: 3560: 3558: 3556: 3542: 3536: 3535: 3534: 3532: 3517: 3511: 3505: 3499: 3498: 3487: 3481: 3480: 3478: 3476: 3462: 3456: 3449: 3440: 3433: 3424: 3423: 3408: 3393: 3386: 3377: 3361: 3355: 3354: 3338: 3332: 3305: 3299: 3298: 3278: 3272: 3270: 3254: 3244: 3235: 3234: 3223: 3217: 3210: 3204: 3203: 3201: 3199: 3188: 3152: 3111: 3102: 3049:Clean Power Plan 3016:renewable energy 2891:Northern Ireland 2512:1 Maja Coal Mine 2504:Marcel Coal Mine 2131:bituminous coals 1860: 1794:hydrogen sulfide 1738: 1658:mining disasters 1596:miner's canaries 1563:Aberfan disaster 1487:Waste and refuse 1261: 1260: 1128: 1124: 856:open cast mining 778: 771: 764: 677:Related articles 358: 335: 334: 288:renewable energy 179:poor air quality 170:, and shearers. 21: 8686: 8685: 8681: 8680: 8679: 8677: 8676: 8675: 8671:Fuel production 8656: 8655: 8654: 8649: 8641: 8639: 8629: 8586: 8572: 8540: 8489: 8438: 8405: 8344:Pharmaceuticals 8334:Oil exploration 8238: 8210:Nuclear fallout 8177: 8139: 8121: 8095:Packaging waste 8049:Deep sea mining 7975:Hazardous waste 7921: 7902:Open defecation 7856: 7822:Nuclear fallout 7817:Nuclear fission 7793: 7719: 7688: 7659:Electromagnetic 7653: 7637: 7602: 7522:Ozone depletion 7395: 7386: 7381: 7351: 7346: 7339: 7194: 7031:Coal combustion 7026: 7017: 7003:Bituminous coal 6973: 6967: 6962: 6929:Wayback Machine 6916:Wayback Machine 6845: 6840: 6828: 6816: 6806: 6804: 6796: 6794: 6779: 6777: 6757: 6734:Grisham, John. 6731: 6703: 6701:Older textbooks 6657: 6551:Wayback Machine 6535:pp. 62–68) 6457: 6455: 6415: 6409: 6407:Further reading 6394: 6393: 6384: 6383: 6378: 6362: 6354: 6349: 6348: 6334: 6332: 6317: 6313: 6303: 6301: 6290: 6286: 6278: 6274: 6264: 6262: 6252: 6245: 6235: 6233: 6222: 6218: 6205: 6204: 6200: 6181: 6177: 6168: 6164: 6158:Wayback Machine 6148: 6144: 6134: 6132: 6124: 6123: 6119: 6109: 6107: 6098: 6097: 6093: 6083: 6081: 6072: 6071: 6067: 6059: 6055: 6045: 6043: 6035: 6034: 6030: 6016: 6014: 6004: 5995: 5991: 5979: 5975: 5963: 5959: 5953:Wayback Machine 5944: 5940: 5935:Wayback Machine 5926: 5922: 5906: 5905: 5898: 5896: 5891: 5882: 5875: 5865: 5863: 5852: 5851: 5847: 5837: 5835: 5826: 5825: 5821: 5811: 5809: 5796: 5795: 5791: 5772: 5771: 5767: 5759: 5755: 5745: 5743: 5734: 5733: 5729: 5719: 5717: 5708: 5707: 5703: 5695: 5691: 5683: 5679: 5669: 5667: 5658: 5657: 5653: 5645: 5639: 5635: 5623: 5619: 5618: 5611: 5601: 5599: 5590: 5589: 5585: 5575: 5573: 5564: 5563: 5559: 5549: 5547: 5538: 5537: 5533: 5523: 5521: 5513: 5512: 5508: 5498: 5496: 5489: 5483: 5479: 5469: 5465: 5428: 5424: 5414: 5412: 5408: 5400: 5399: 5395: 5385: 5383: 5374: 5373: 5369: 5359: 5357: 5347: 5340: 5330: 5328: 5327:. 29 March 2022 5319: 5318: 5314: 5304: 5302: 5293: 5292: 5288: 5278: 5276: 5275:. 29 March 2022 5267: 5266: 5262: 5252: 5250: 5242: 5241: 5237: 5227: 5225: 5213: 5209: 5199: 5197: 5189: 5188: 5184: 5174: 5172: 5162: 5158: 5146: 5142: 5141: 5137: 5131:Poland overview 5128: 5124: 5114: 5112: 5104: 5103: 5099: 5089: 5087: 5079: 5078: 5074: 5067:"Coal Overview" 5065: 5064: 5060: 5050: 5048: 5036: 5032: 5020: 5016: 5015: 5011: 5001: 4999: 4991: 4990: 4986: 4976: 4974: 4961: 4960: 4951: 4943:Kasuga Yutaka, 4942: 4938: 4933: 4929: 4924: 4920: 4911: 4910: 4906: 4896: 4894: 4881: 4880: 4876: 4866: 4864: 4853: 4849: 4841: 4834: 4830: 4829: 4825: 4817: 4813: 4812: 4808: 4804:, 2 March 2007. 4797: 4793: 4778: 4774: 4764: 4762: 4752: 4748: 4732: 4731: 4724: 4722: 4714: 4710: 4709: 4705: 4692: 4691: 4687: 4677: 4675: 4668:Today in Energy 4660: 4653: 4643: 4641: 4637: 4630: 4626: 4625: 4621: 4611: 4609: 4605: 4598: 4594: 4593: 4589: 4579: 4577: 4568: 4567: 4563: 4554: 4553: 4546: 4537: 4533: 4527:Wayback Machine 4518: 4514: 4508:Wayback Machine 4495: 4486: 4480:Wayback Machine 4470: 4459: 4450: 4443: 4436: 4418: 4414: 4405: 4401: 4393: 4386: 4376: 4374: 4367: 4363: 4355: 4351: 4341: 4339: 4330: 4329: 4325: 4310: 4306: 4268: 4264: 4257: 4246:Pathophysiology 4241: 4237: 4229: 4225: 4210: 4206: 4200:Wayback Machine 4191: 4187: 4174: 4173: 4169: 4160: 4159: 4155: 4145: 4143: 4130: 4129: 4125: 4120:Wayback Machine 4110: 4106: 4093: 4092: 4088: 4083:Wayback Machine 4073: 4069: 4059: 4057: 4052: 4051: 4044: 4039:. 7 April 2010. 4031: 4030: 4026: 3994: 3988: 3981: 3968: 3967: 3963: 3953: 3951: 3940: 3936: 3899: 3895: 3885: 3883: 3873: 3869: 3852: 3848: 3838: 3836: 3828: 3827: 3823: 3814: 3812: 3810: 3792: 3788: 3778: 3776: 3768: 3767: 3758: 3713:Creutzig, Felix 3709: 3705: 3649: 3640: 3630: 3628: 3619: 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According to 2887:Bituminous coal 2809: 2801: 2778: 2776:Coal in Ukraine 2772: 2767: 2766: 2763:Kınık coal mine 2727: 2719: 2703:Pingxi District 2679:Pingxi District 2671: 2663: 2657: 2617:Republican side 2605: 2599: 2591:Svalbard Treaty 2578: 2573: 2572: 2550:Paris Agreement 2542:Russian imports 2476: 2468: 2463: 2462: 2409: 2401: 2351: 2345: 2315:A coal mine in 2309: 2303: 2283: 2210: 2182: 2149: 2143: 2123: 2117: 2105:Annapolis Royal 2074: 2068: 2048: 2030: 1968: 1962: 1957: 1956: 1913: 1905: 1850: 1848: 1816: 1766:carbon monoxide 1746:: a mixture of 1731: 1723:life expectancy 1626: 1621: 1619:Mining accident 1611: 1584: 1579: 1578: 1577:(Canada, 2013). 1559: 1551: 1546: 1545: 1497: 1489: 1468:New South Wales 1256:just transition 1243: 1241:Economic impact 1079: 1073: 1006:Longwall mining 964: 958: 934: 928: 915: 900:and trucks, or 881: 868:New South Wales 852:bituminous coal 821: 813:Tagebau Hambach 807:surface mined. 791: 782: 753: 752: 678: 670: 669: 533: 525: 524: 381:Bituminous coal 366: 322: 321: 219: 211: 168:hydraulic jacks 93:A coal mine in 69:at a mine near 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 8684: 8674: 8673: 8668: 8651: 8650: 8591: 8588: 8587: 8585: 8584: 8579: 8574: 8570: 8566: 8561: 8559:Law by country 8556: 8550: 8548: 8542: 8541: 8539: 8538: 8533: 8528: 8523: 8518: 8513: 8508: 8503: 8497: 8495: 8491: 8490: 8488: 8487: 8482: 8477: 8472: 8467: 8462: 8457: 8452: 8446: 8444: 8440: 8439: 8437: 8436: 8431: 8430: 8429: 8424: 8413: 8411: 8407: 8406: 8404: 8403: 8398: 8393: 8388: 8383: 8381:Surface runoff 8378: 8373: 8368: 8363: 8362: 8361: 8356: 8346: 8341: 8336: 8331: 8326: 8321: 8316: 8311: 8306: 8305: 8304: 8294: 8289: 8284: 8279: 8274: 8269: 8267:Eutrophication 8264: 8259: 8254: 8248: 8246: 8240: 8239: 8237: 8236: 8231: 8226: 8224:Scorched earth 8221: 8218:nuclear winter 8214:nuclear famine 8203: 8193: 8187: 8185: 8179: 8178: 8176: 8175: 8170: 8165: 8160: 8155: 8149: 8147: 8141: 8140: 8138: 8137: 8131: 8129: 8123: 8122: 8120: 8119: 8118: 8117: 8112: 8102: 8097: 8092: 8091: 8090: 8080: 8075: 8074: 8073: 8063: 8062: 8061: 8059:Uranium mining 8056: 8051: 8046: 8044:Surface mining 8041: 8036: 8026: 8021: 8020: 8019: 8009: 8008: 8007: 8002: 7997: 7995:Lead poisoning 7992: 7987: 7985:Chemical waste 7982: 7972: 7967: 7962: 7957: 7956: 7955: 7945: 7940: 7935: 7929: 7927: 7923: 7922: 7920: 7919: 7914: 7909: 7904: 7899: 7897:Bioremediation 7894: 7889: 7888: 7887: 7882: 7877: 7866: 7864: 7858: 7857: 7855: 7854: 7849: 7844: 7839: 7834: 7829: 7824: 7819: 7814: 7812:Bioremediation 7809: 7803: 7801: 7795: 7794: 7792: 7791: 7786: 7783: 7780: 7777: 7776: 7775: 7765: 7760: 7759: 7758: 7753: 7748: 7743: 7738: 7733:Transportation 7729: 7727: 7721: 7720: 7718: 7717: 7712: 7707: 7702: 7696: 7694: 7690: 7689: 7687: 7686: 7681: 7680: 7679: 7674: 7663: 7661: 7655: 7654: 7652: 7651: 7645: 7643: 7639: 7638: 7636: 7635: 7634: 7633: 7623: 7618: 7612: 7610: 7604: 7603: 7601: 7600: 7595: 7590: 7589: 7588: 7578: 7577: 7576: 7566: 7561: 7556: 7555: 7554: 7549: 7544: 7539: 7534: 7524: 7519: 7514: 7509: 7507:Global dimming 7504: 7499: 7494: 7493: 7492: 7482: 7481: 7480: 7478:Diesel exhaust 7470: 7465: 7464: 7463: 7453: 7452: 7451: 7446: 7441: 7436: 7426: 7421: 7416: 7411: 7405: 7403: 7397: 7396: 7391: 7388: 7387: 7380: 7379: 7372: 7365: 7357: 7348: 7347: 7344: 7341: 7340: 7338: 7337: 7332: 7327: 7322: 7317: 7312: 7310:Mining regions 7307: 7302: 7297: 7292: 7287: 7282: 7277: 7272: 7271: 7270: 7265: 7260: 7255: 7250: 7245: 7240: 7238:homogenization 7235: 7225: 7220: 7215: 7210: 7204: 7202: 7196: 7195: 7193: 7192: 7187: 7185:Sulfur dioxide 7182: 7177: 7172: 7167: 7162: 7157: 7152: 7147: 7142: 7137: 7132: 7127: 7122: 7121: 7120: 7115: 7110: 7105: 7100: 7098:power in China 7095: 7090: 7085: 7080: 7075: 7065: 7060: 7055: 7050: 7045: 7040: 7034: 7032: 7028: 7027: 7020: 7018: 7016: 7015: 7010: 7005: 7000: 6995: 6990: 6985: 6979: 6977: 6969: 6968: 6961: 6960: 6953: 6946: 6938: 6932: 6931: 6919: 6906: 6900: 6891: 6886: 6881: 6876: 6870: 6865: 6860: 6851: 6844: 6843:External links 6841: 6839: 6838: 6836:Global warming 6826: 6814: 6812:Earth sciences 6793: 6792: 6786: 6770: 6764: 6756: 6753: 6752: 6751: 6739: 6730: 6727: 6726: 6725: 6720:Tonge, James. 6718: 6711: 6702: 6699: 6698: 6697: 6686: 6675: 6665: 6656: 6653: 6652: 6651: 6644: 6633: 6618: 6612:Climate Policy 6608: 6601: 6591: 6580: 6570: 6563: 6553: 6536: 6517: 6507: 6492: 6482: 6471: 6464: 6443: 6428: 6416: 6411:Main article: 6408: 6405: 6404: 6403: 6371: 6353: 6350: 6347: 6346: 6311: 6284: 6272: 6243: 6216: 6198: 6175: 6162: 6160:December 1989. 6142: 6117: 6091: 6065: 6053: 6028: 5989: 5973: 5971:(29 July 2011) 5957: 5946:Ukraine – Coal 5938: 5920: 5873: 5845: 5832:Enerji Günlüğü 5819: 5789: 5765: 5753: 5727: 5701: 5689: 5677: 5651: 5633: 5609: 5583: 5557: 5531: 5506: 5477: 5463: 5422: 5393: 5367: 5338: 5312: 5286: 5260: 5235: 5207: 5182: 5156: 5135: 5122: 5097: 5072: 5058: 5030: 5009: 4984: 4949: 4936: 4927: 4918: 4904: 4874: 4847: 4823: 4806: 4791: 4772: 4746: 4703: 4685: 4651: 4619: 4608:on 7 July 2011 4587: 4561: 4544: 4531: 4512: 4484: 4457: 4441: 4434: 4412: 4399: 4384: 4361: 4349: 4323: 4304: 4262: 4255: 4235: 4223: 4204: 4185: 4167: 4153: 4123: 4104: 4086: 4067: 4042: 4024: 3979: 3961: 3934: 3913:(1): 463–468. 3893: 3881:POWER Magazine 3867: 3846: 3821: 3808: 3786: 3756: 3703: 3638: 3612: 3587: 3562: 3537: 3512: 3500: 3482: 3466:"Valley fills" 3457: 3441: 3425: 3394: 3378: 3356: 3349:(in Spanish). 3333: 3331:(1991) p. 343. 3300: 3293: 3273: 3265: 3236: 3218: 3205: 3179: 3178: 3176: 3173: 3171: 3170: 3164: 3159: 3153: 3144: 3139: 3133: 3128: 3123: 3118: 3112: 3103: 3094: 3089: 3084: 3078: 3072: 3065: 3063: 3060: 3020:Peabody Energy 2940:Main article: 2937: 2934: 2833:Northumberland 2823:dates back to 2810: 2802: 2800: 2799:United Kingdom 2797: 2774:Main article: 2771: 2768: 2743:sub-bituminous 2728: 2720: 2718: 2715: 2670: 2667: 2659:Main article: 2656: 2653: 2598: 2595: 2577: 2574: 2488:Coal in Poland 2477: 2473:Coal in Poland 2469: 2467: 2464: 2410: 2402: 2400: 2397: 2347:Main article: 2344: 2341: 2305:Main article: 2302: 2299: 2282: 2279: 2209: 2206: 2181: 2178: 2145:Main article: 2142: 2139: 2127:sub-bituminous 2119:Main article: 2116: 2113: 2072:Coal in Canada 2070:Main article: 2067: 2064: 2044:Main article: 2029: 2026: 1966:Coal in Europe 1961: 1958: 1914: 1906: 1904: 1901: 1847: 1844: 1815: 1812: 1811: 1810: 1803: 1797: 1787: 1773: 1770:carbon dioxide 1759: 1748:carbon dioxide 1730: 1727: 1719:pneumoconiosis 1625: 1622: 1610: 1607: 1583: 1580: 1560: 1552: 1550: 1547: 1513:tailings piles 1498: 1490: 1488: 1485: 1482: 1481: 1478: 1465: 1462: 1459: 1456: 1450: 1449: 1446: 1409: 1406: 1403: 1400: 1394: 1393: 1390: 1384:Madhya Pradesh 1369: 1366: 1363: 1360: 1354: 1353: 1350: 1317: 1314: 1311: 1308: 1302: 1301: 1298: 1295: 1292: 1289: 1286: 1282: 1281: 1242: 1239: 1236: 1235: 1232: 1226: 1225: 1222: 1216: 1215: 1212: 1206: 1205: 1202: 1196: 1195: 1192: 1186: 1185: 1182: 1176: 1175: 1172: 1166: 1165: 1162: 1156: 1155: 1152: 1146: 1145: 1142: 1136: 1135: 1132: 1087:Inner Mongolia 1075:Main article: 1072: 1069: 1068: 1067: 1063:Retreat mining 1060: 1045: 1042:retreat mining 1027: 1010: 992:retreat mining 960:Main article: 957: 954: 930:Main article: 927: 924: 914: 913:Contour mining 911: 880: 877: 820: 819:Surface mining 817: 790: 787: 784: 783: 781: 780: 773: 766: 758: 755: 754: 751: 750: 745: 740: 735: 730: 725: 720: 715: 710: 708:Coal-seam fire 705: 700: 698:Coal phase-out 695: 690: 685: 679: 676: 675: 672: 671: 668: 667: 662: 657: 652: 647: 642: 641: 640: 635: 630: 628:sulfur dioxide 625: 620: 615: 610: 605: 600: 595: 590: 580: 575: 570: 565: 560: 555: 550: 545: 540: 534: 531: 530: 527: 526: 523: 522: 517: 512: 507: 502: 497: 496: 495: 490: 480: 475: 470: 465: 460: 455: 454: 453: 448: 443: 438: 433: 428: 423: 418: 413: 403: 398: 393: 388: 383: 378: 373: 367: 364: 363: 360: 359: 351: 350: 344: 343: 318:global warming 271:1860s onward. 260:primary energy 229:global warming 220: 212: 210: 207: 183:climate change 129:United Kingdom 113:energy content 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8683: 8672: 8669: 8667: 8664: 8663: 8661: 8648: 8638: 8633: 8628: 8620: 8612: 8603: 8599: 8589: 8583: 8580: 8578: 8575: 8573: 8567: 8565: 8562: 8560: 8557: 8555: 8552: 8551: 8549: 8547: 8543: 8537: 8534: 8532: 8529: 8527: 8524: 8522: 8519: 8517: 8514: 8512: 8509: 8507: 8504: 8502: 8499: 8498: 8496: 8492: 8486: 8483: 8481: 8478: 8476: 8473: 8471: 8468: 8466: 8463: 8461: 8458: 8456: 8453: 8451: 8448: 8447: 8445: 8441: 8435: 8432: 8428: 8425: 8423: 8420: 8419: 8418: 8415: 8414: 8412: 8408: 8402: 8401:Water quality 8399: 8397: 8394: 8392: 8389: 8387: 8384: 8382: 8379: 8377: 8374: 8372: 8369: 8367: 8364: 8360: 8357: 8355: 8352: 8351: 8350: 8347: 8345: 8342: 8340: 8337: 8335: 8332: 8330: 8327: 8325: 8322: 8320: 8317: 8315: 8312: 8310: 8307: 8303: 8300: 8299: 8298: 8295: 8293: 8290: 8288: 8285: 8283: 8280: 8278: 8275: 8273: 8270: 8268: 8265: 8263: 8260: 8258: 8255: 8253: 8250: 8249: 8247: 8245: 8241: 8235: 8232: 8230: 8227: 8225: 8222: 8219: 8215: 8211: 8207: 8204: 8201: 8197: 8194: 8192: 8189: 8188: 8186: 8184: 8180: 8174: 8171: 8169: 8166: 8164: 8163:Traffic signs 8161: 8159: 8156: 8154: 8151: 8150: 8148: 8146: 8142: 8136: 8133: 8132: 8130: 8128: 8124: 8116: 8113: 8111: 8108: 8107: 8106: 8103: 8101: 8098: 8096: 8093: 8089: 8088:Microplastics 8086: 8085: 8084: 8081: 8079: 8078:Nanomaterials 8076: 8072: 8069: 8068: 8067: 8064: 8060: 8057: 8055: 8052: 8050: 8047: 8045: 8042: 8040: 8037: 8035: 8032: 8031: 8030: 8027: 8025: 8022: 8018: 8017:Lead smelting 8015: 8014: 8013: 8010: 8006: 8003: 8001: 7998: 7996: 7993: 7991: 7988: 7986: 7983: 7981: 7978: 7977: 7976: 7973: 7971: 7968: 7966: 7963: 7961: 7958: 7954: 7951: 7950: 7949: 7946: 7944: 7941: 7939: 7936: 7934: 7931: 7930: 7928: 7924: 7918: 7915: 7913: 7910: 7908: 7905: 7903: 7900: 7898: 7895: 7893: 7890: 7886: 7883: 7881: 7878: 7876: 7873: 7872: 7871: 7868: 7867: 7865: 7863: 7859: 7853: 7850: 7848: 7845: 7843: 7840: 7838: 7837:Radioactivity 7835: 7833: 7830: 7828: 7825: 7823: 7820: 7818: 7815: 7813: 7810: 7808: 7805: 7804: 7802: 7800: 7796: 7790: 7789:Noise control 7787: 7784: 7781: 7778: 7774: 7771: 7770: 7769: 7766: 7764: 7761: 7757: 7754: 7752: 7749: 7747: 7744: 7742: 7739: 7736: 7735: 7734: 7731: 7730: 7728: 7726: 7722: 7716: 7713: 7711: 7708: 7706: 7703: 7701: 7698: 7697: 7695: 7691: 7685: 7682: 7678: 7675: 7673: 7670: 7669: 7668: 7665: 7664: 7662: 7660: 7656: 7650: 7647: 7646: 7644: 7640: 7632: 7629: 7628: 7627: 7624: 7622: 7619: 7617: 7614: 7613: 7611: 7609: 7605: 7599: 7596: 7594: 7591: 7587: 7584: 7583: 7582: 7579: 7575: 7572: 7571: 7570: 7567: 7565: 7562: 7560: 7557: 7553: 7550: 7548: 7545: 7543: 7540: 7538: 7537:Metal working 7535: 7533: 7530: 7529: 7528: 7525: 7523: 7520: 7518: 7515: 7513: 7510: 7508: 7505: 7503: 7500: 7498: 7495: 7491: 7488: 7487: 7486: 7483: 7479: 7476: 7475: 7474: 7471: 7469: 7466: 7462: 7459: 7458: 7457: 7454: 7450: 7447: 7445: 7442: 7440: 7437: 7435: 7432: 7431: 7430: 7427: 7425: 7422: 7420: 7417: 7415: 7412: 7410: 7407: 7406: 7404: 7402: 7398: 7394: 7389: 7385: 7378: 7373: 7371: 7366: 7364: 7359: 7358: 7355: 7342: 7336: 7333: 7331: 7328: 7326: 7323: 7321: 7318: 7316: 7313: 7311: 7308: 7306: 7303: 7301: 7298: 7296: 7293: 7291: 7288: 7286: 7283: 7281: 7278: 7276: 7273: 7269: 7266: 7264: 7261: 7259: 7256: 7254: 7253:mining region 7251: 7249: 7246: 7244: 7241: 7239: 7236: 7234: 7231: 7230: 7229: 7226: 7224: 7221: 7219: 7216: 7214: 7211: 7209: 7206: 7205: 7203: 7201: 7197: 7191: 7188: 7186: 7183: 7181: 7178: 7176: 7173: 7171: 7168: 7166: 7163: 7161: 7158: 7156: 7153: 7151: 7148: 7146: 7143: 7141: 7138: 7136: 7133: 7131: 7128: 7126: 7123: 7119: 7116: 7114: 7111: 7109: 7106: 7104: 7101: 7099: 7096: 7094: 7091: 7089: 7086: 7084: 7081: 7079: 7076: 7074: 7071: 7070: 7069: 7066: 7064: 7061: 7059: 7056: 7054: 7051: 7049: 7046: 7044: 7041: 7039: 7036: 7035: 7033: 7029: 7024: 7014: 7011: 7009: 7006: 7004: 7001: 6999: 6996: 6994: 6991: 6989: 6986: 6984: 6981: 6980: 6978: 6970: 6966: 6959: 6954: 6952: 6947: 6945: 6940: 6939: 6936: 6930: 6926: 6923: 6920: 6917: 6913: 6910: 6907: 6904: 6901: 6899: 6895: 6892: 6890: 6887: 6885: 6882: 6880: 6877: 6874: 6871: 6869: 6866: 6864: 6861: 6859: 6855: 6852: 6850: 6847: 6846: 6837: 6832: 6827: 6825: 6820: 6815: 6813: 6803: 6802: 6799: 6791: 6787: 6776: 6771: 6769: 6765: 6763: 6759: 6758: 6749: 6748: 6743: 6740: 6737: 6733: 6732: 6723: 6719: 6716: 6712: 6709: 6705: 6704: 6695: 6691: 6687: 6684: 6680: 6676: 6674: 6670: 6666: 6663: 6659: 6658: 6649: 6645: 6642: 6638: 6634: 6631: 6630:81-7100-076-2 6627: 6623: 6619: 6617: 6613: 6609: 6606: 6602: 6600: 6596: 6592: 6589: 6585: 6581: 6579: 6575: 6571: 6568: 6564: 6562: 6558: 6554: 6552: 6548: 6545: 6541: 6537: 6534: 6530: 6526: 6522: 6518: 6516: 6512: 6508: 6505: 6504:0-7546-4493-6 6501: 6497: 6493: 6491: 6487: 6483: 6480: 6476: 6472: 6469: 6465: 6453: 6449: 6444: 6441: 6440:0-07-011458-7 6437: 6433: 6429: 6426: 6422: 6418: 6417: 6414: 6400: 6395:|author= 6388: 6377: 6376:Turkey Mining 6372: 6368: 6361: 6356: 6355: 6342: 6330: 6326: 6322: 6315: 6299: 6295: 6288: 6281: 6276: 6261: 6257: 6250: 6248: 6231: 6227: 6220: 6212: 6208: 6202: 6194: 6190: 6186: 6179: 6172: 6166: 6159: 6155: 6152: 6146: 6131: 6127: 6121: 6105: 6101: 6095: 6079: 6075: 6069: 6063: 6057: 6042: 6038: 6037:"Coal mining" 6032: 6025: 6012: 6011: 6003: 5999: 5993: 5987:(8 July 2011) 5986: 5982: 5977: 5970: 5966: 5961: 5955:, eia.doe.gov 5954: 5950: 5947: 5942: 5936: 5932: 5929: 5924: 5916: 5910: 5894: 5889: 5885: 5880: 5878: 5861: 5860: 5855: 5849: 5833: 5829: 5823: 5807: 5803: 5799: 5793: 5785: 5781: 5780: 5775: 5769: 5762: 5757: 5741: 5737: 5731: 5715: 5711: 5705: 5698: 5693: 5686: 5681: 5665: 5661: 5655: 5644: 5637: 5629: 5622: 5616: 5614: 5597: 5593: 5587: 5571: 5567: 5561: 5545: 5541: 5535: 5520: 5516: 5515:"Coal Mining" 5510: 5495: 5488: 5481: 5475: 5474: 5467: 5459: 5455: 5450: 5445: 5441: 5437: 5433: 5426: 5407: 5403: 5397: 5381: 5377: 5371: 5356: 5352: 5345: 5343: 5326: 5322: 5316: 5300: 5296: 5290: 5274: 5270: 5264: 5249: 5245: 5239: 5224: 5219: 5211: 5196: 5192: 5186: 5171: 5167: 5160: 5152: 5145: 5139: 5132: 5126: 5111: 5107: 5101: 5086: 5082: 5076: 5068: 5062: 5047: 5046: 5041: 5034: 5026: 5019: 5013: 4998: 4994: 4988: 4972: 4968: 4964: 4958: 4956: 4954: 4946: 4940: 4931: 4922: 4914: 4908: 4892: 4888: 4884: 4878: 4862: 4858: 4851: 4840: 4833: 4827: 4816: 4810: 4803: 4800: 4795: 4787: 4783: 4776: 4761: 4757: 4750: 4742: 4736: 4720: 4713: 4707: 4699: 4695: 4689: 4673: 4669: 4665: 4658: 4656: 4636: 4629: 4623: 4604: 4597: 4591: 4575: 4571: 4565: 4557: 4551: 4549: 4541: 4535: 4528: 4524: 4521: 4516: 4509: 4505: 4502: 4498: 4493: 4491: 4489: 4481: 4477: 4474: 4468: 4466: 4464: 4462: 4454: 4448: 4446: 4437: 4431: 4427: 4423: 4416: 4409: 4403: 4397: 4396:Stats.bls.gov 4391: 4389: 4372: 4365: 4358: 4353: 4337: 4333: 4327: 4319: 4315: 4308: 4300: 4296: 4292: 4288: 4284: 4280: 4276: 4272: 4271:Haldane, John 4266: 4258: 4256:9780323510424 4252: 4248: 4247: 4239: 4232: 4227: 4219: 4215: 4208: 4201: 4197: 4194: 4189: 4181: 4177: 4171: 4163: 4157: 4141: 4137: 4133: 4127: 4121: 4117: 4114: 4108: 4100: 4096: 4090: 4084: 4080: 4077: 4071: 4055: 4049: 4047: 4038: 4034: 4028: 4020: 4016: 4012: 4008: 4004: 4000: 3993: 3986: 3984: 3975: 3971: 3965: 3949: 3945: 3938: 3930: 3926: 3921: 3916: 3912: 3908: 3904: 3897: 3882: 3878: 3871: 3864: 3860: 3856: 3850: 3835: 3831: 3825: 3811: 3805: 3801: 3797: 3790: 3775: 3771: 3765: 3763: 3761: 3752: 3748: 3743: 3738: 3734: 3730: 3727:(9): 093001. 3726: 3722: 3718: 3714: 3707: 3699: 3695: 3690: 3689:11250/2765429 3685: 3680: 3675: 3671: 3667: 3664:(3): 034065. 3663: 3659: 3655: 3647: 3645: 3643: 3626: 3622: 3616: 3601: 3597: 3591: 3572: 3566: 3551: 3547: 3541: 3526: 3522: 3516: 3510: 3504: 3496: 3492: 3486: 3471: 3467: 3461: 3454: 3448: 3446: 3438: 3432: 3430: 3421: 3417: 3413: 3407: 3405: 3403: 3401: 3399: 3391: 3385: 3383: 3375: 3372: 3368: 3365: 3360: 3352: 3348: 3344: 3337: 3330: 3326: 3322: 3318: 3314: 3310: 3304: 3296: 3294:9781118192542 3290: 3286: 3285: 3277: 3268: 3266:9780142000984 3262: 3258: 3253: 3252: 3243: 3241: 3232: 3228: 3222: 3215: 3209: 3193: 3187: 3185: 3180: 3168: 3165: 3163: 3160: 3157: 3154: 3148: 3145: 3143: 3140: 3137: 3134: 3132: 3129: 3127: 3124: 3122: 3119: 3116: 3113: 3107: 3104: 3098: 3095: 3093: 3090: 3088: 3087:Coal Measures 3085: 3082: 3079: 3076: 3073: 3070: 3067: 3066: 3059: 3057: 3052: 3050: 3046: 3042: 3038: 3035: 3031: 3030: 3025: 3021: 3017: 3013: 3008: 3006: 3002: 2998: 2994: 2990: 2985: 2983: 2979: 2978:coal reserves 2975: 2971: 2967: 2963: 2962:United States 2954: 2949: 2943: 2936:United States 2930: 2925: 2918: 2914: 2910: 2906: 2902: 2900: 2896: 2892: 2888: 2884: 2883:Carboniferous 2879: 2877: 2873: 2872:West Midlands 2869: 2865: 2861: 2857: 2853: 2849: 2846: 2842: 2838: 2834: 2830: 2826: 2822: 2814: 2807: 2796: 2794: 2793:illegal mines 2790: 2785: 2783: 2777: 2764: 2760: 2756: 2752: 2748: 2744: 2740: 2732: 2725: 2714: 2712: 2708: 2704: 2699: 2696: 2692: 2684: 2680: 2675: 2666: 2662: 2652: 2650: 2645: 2644:Labour unions 2641: 2636: 2634: 2630: 2626: 2622: 2618: 2614: 2610: 2604: 2594: 2592: 2588: 2583: 2570: 2566: 2562: 2557: 2555: 2551: 2547: 2543: 2534: 2530: 2528: 2524: 2520: 2515: 2513: 2509: 2505: 2501: 2500:Upper Silesia 2496: 2494: 2489: 2481: 2474: 2460: 2456: 2452: 2447: 2443: 2439: 2435: 2431: 2427: 2423: 2414: 2407: 2396: 2394: 2389: 2387: 2383: 2378: 2376: 2372: 2365:, dug in 1879 2364: 2360: 2355: 2350: 2340: 2338: 2337:Damodar River 2334: 2330: 2326: 2318: 2313: 2308: 2298: 2296: 2292: 2288: 2278: 2275: 2273: 2269: 2265: 2261: 2256: 2254: 2250: 2249:Upper Silesia 2246: 2242: 2238: 2234: 2230: 2223: 2219: 2214: 2205: 2202: 2200: 2195: 2191: 2187: 2177: 2175: 2174:air pollution 2170: 2166: 2162: 2158: 2153: 2148: 2138: 2136: 2132: 2128: 2122: 2112: 2110: 2106: 2102: 2098: 2094: 2089: 2087: 2083: 2082:coal reserves 2079: 2073: 2063: 2060: 2056: 2052: 2047: 2039: 2034: 2025: 2023: 2019: 2015: 2011: 2007: 2003: 1999: 1995: 1991: 1990:United States 1987: 1983: 1977: 1972: 1967: 1954: 1950: 1946: 1942: 1940: 1934: 1931: 1926: 1922: 1919: 1911: 1900: 1897: 1893: 1892:fatality rate 1889: 1885: 1881: 1877: 1873: 1869: 1843: 1841: 1837: 1831: 1829: 1825: 1821: 1808: 1804: 1801: 1798: 1795: 1791: 1788: 1785: 1781: 1777: 1774: 1771: 1767: 1763: 1760: 1757: 1753: 1749: 1745: 1742: 1741: 1740: 1737: 1726: 1724: 1720: 1716: 1711: 1709: 1705: 1701: 1697: 1692: 1690: 1685: 1681: 1677: 1675: 1671: 1667: 1662: 1659: 1651: 1646: 1639: 1638:West Virginia 1635: 1630: 1620: 1616: 1606: 1604: 1599: 1597: 1588: 1582:Modern mining 1576: 1572: 1568: 1564: 1557: 1543: 1539: 1537: 1528: 1524: 1522: 1518: 1514: 1510: 1502: 1495: 1479: 1477: 1473: 1469: 1466: 1463: 1460: 1457: 1455: 1452: 1451: 1447: 1445: 1441: 1440:West Virginia 1437: 1433: 1429: 1425: 1421: 1417: 1413: 1410: 1407: 1404: 1401: 1399: 1398:United States 1396: 1395: 1391: 1389: 1385: 1381: 1377: 1373: 1370: 1367: 1364: 1361: 1359: 1356: 1355: 1351: 1349: 1345: 1341: 1337: 1333: 1329: 1325: 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