305:
them. Coal displays a stress-sensitive permeability and this process plays an important role during stimulation and production operations. Fracture permeability in
Coalbed methane reservoir tends to increase with depletion of gas; in contrast to conventional reservoirs. This unique behavior is because of shrinking of coal, when methane is released from its matrix, which results in opening up of fractures and increased permeability. It is also believed that due to shrinkage of coal matrix at lower reservoir pressures, there is a loss of horizontal stress in the reservoir which induces in-situ failure of coal. Such a failure has been attributed to sudden decrease in the fracture permeability of the reservoir
124:
296:, the volume at standard pressure and temperature conditions) gas/ton of coal. The capacity to adsorb depends on the rank and quality of coal. The range is usually between 100 and 800 SCF/ton for most coal seams found in the US. Most of the gas in coal beds is in the adsorbed form. When the reservoir is put into production, water in the fracture spaces is pumped off first. This leads to a reduction of pressure enhancing desorption of gas from the matrix.
350:
27:
687:
2051:
762:'s Essar Oil and Gas Exploration and Production Ltd.'s CBM portfolio includes 5 blocks. Currently, only one of them, Raniganj East, is currently operational. The others include Rajmahal in Jharkhand, Talcher and Ib Valley in Odisha and Sohagpur in Madhya Pradesh. The 5 blocks possess an estimated 10 trillion cubic feet (CBF) of CBM reserves.
741:(GEECL) was the first company with a field development plan approved. With the completion of the drilling of 23 vertical production wells by GEECL, coalbed methane became commercially available in India on 14 July 2007 with CNG priced at ₹30 per kg. Initially 90% of the CBM would be distributed as CNG gas to fuel vehicles.
632:, in 2013, was the only province with commercial coalbed methane wells and is estimated to have approximately 170 trillion cubic feet (4.8 trillion cubic metres) of economically recoverable coalbed methane, with overall reserves totaling up to 500 trillion cubic feet (14 trillion cubic metres).
672:
Although gas in place in
Britain's coal fields has been estimated to be 2,900 billion cubic meters, it may be that as little as one percent might be economically recoverable. Britain's CBM potential is largely untested. Some methane is extracted by coal mine venting operations, and burned to generate
598:
Coal Seam Gas resources are in the major coal basins in
Queensland and New South Wales, with further potential resources in South Australia. Commercial recovery of coal seam gas (CSG) began in Australia in 1996. As of 2014, coal seam gas, from Queensland and New South Wales, made up about ten percent
677:
became the first in the UK to commercially extract coalbed methane separate from mine venting; as of 2012, the Igas coalbed methane wells at Doe Green, extracting gas for electrical generation, were the only commercial CBM wells in the UK. The use of CBM (in GWh) for electricity generation in the UK
235:
Coalbed methane as a natural-gas resource received a major push from the US federal government in the late 1970s. Federal price controls were discouraging natural gas drilling by keeping natural gas prices below market levels; at the same time, the government wanted to encourage more gas production.
304:
Fracture permeability acts as the major channel for the gas to flow. The higher the permeability, the higher the gas production. For most coal seams found in the US, the permeability lies in the range of 0.1–50 milliDarcys. The permeability of fractured reservoirs changes with the stress applied to
521:
In 2012 Eastern Star Gas was fined for "discharging polluting water containing high levels of salt into Bohena Creek" in the
Pilliga Scrub. There were "16 spills or leaks of contaminated water" including "serious spills of saline water into woodland and a creek." In 2012, a NSW Legislative Council
368:
come to the surface through tubing. Then the gas is sent to a compressor station and into natural gas pipelines. The produced water is either reinjected into isolated formations, released into streams, used for irrigation, or sent to evaporation ponds. The water typically contains dissolved solids
403:
As production occurs from a coal reservoir, the changes in pressure are believed to cause changes in the porosity and permeability of the coal. This is commonly known as matrix shrinkage/swelling. As the gas is desorbed, the pressure exerted by the gas inside the pores decreases, causing them to
320:
in
Southeast Kansas that a well with a single zone of 1 to 2 feet (0.3 to 0.6 m) of pay can produce excellent gas rates, whereas an alternative formation with twice the thickness can produce next to nothing. Some coal (and shale) formations may have high gas concentrations regardless of the
720:
United States coalbed methane production in 2017 was 1.76 trillion cubic feet (TCF), 3.6 percent of all US dry gas production that year. The 2017 production was down from the peak of 1.97 TCF in 2008. Most CBM production came from the Rocky
Mountain states of Colorado, Wyoming, and New Mexico.
407:
The potential of a particular coalbed as a CBM source depends on the following criteria. Cleat density/intensity: cleats are joints confined within coal sheets. They impart permeability to the coal seam. A high cleat density is required for profitable exploitation of CBM. Also important is the
392:. The isotherm can be analytically described by a maximum gas content (at infinite pressure), and the pressure at which half that gas exists within the coal. These parameters (called the Langmuir volume and Langmuir pressure, respectively) are properties of the coal, and vary widely. A coal in
651:
because the bacterial action that formed the methane is ongoing. This is subject to debate since it has also been shown that the dewatering that accompanies CBM production destroys the conditions needed for the bacteria to produce methane and the rate of formation of additional methane is
729:
Kazakhstan could witness the development of a large coalbed methane (CBM) sector over the coming decades, according to industry professionals. Preliminary research suggests there may be as much as 900 billion m3 of gas in
Kazakhstan's main coalfields – 85% of all reserves in Kazakhstan.
380:
Coalbed methane wells often produce at lower gas rates than conventional reservoirs, typically peaking at near 300,000 cubic feet (8,500 m) per day (about 0.100 m³/s), and can have large initial costs. The production profiles of CBM wells are typically characterized by a
755:
Prashant Modi, President and Chief
Operating Officer of GEECL, said, "With the nation requiring higher energy sources to sustain its development pace, we are confident that CBM will play an important role as one of the prime energy sources for the future generations."
279:
are considered as a dual-porosity reservoirs. Dual porosity reservoirs are reservoirs in which porosity related to cleats (natural fractures) are responsible for flow behavior and reservoir porosity of the matrix is responsible for the storage of gas. The
363:
To extract the gas, a steel-encased hole is drilled into the coal seam 100 to 1,500 metres (330 to 4,920 ft) below ground. As the pressure within the coal seam declines due to natural production or the pumping of water from the coalbed, both gas and
1018:
S. Saurabh, S. Harpalani, V.K. Singh, Implications of stress re-distribution and rock failure with continued gas depletion in coalbed methane reservoirs, International
Journal of Coal Geology, Volume 162, 2016, Pages 183-192, ISSN 0166-5162,
332:
Other affecting parameters include coal density, initial gas-phase concentration, critical gas saturation, irreducible water saturation, relative permeability to water and gas at conditions of Sw = 1.0 and Sg = 1-Sw irreducible respectively.
231:
Coalbed methane grew out of venting methane from coal seams. Some coal beds have long been known to be "gassy," and as a safety measure, boreholes were drilled into the seams from the surface, and the methane allowed to vent before mining.
673:
electricity. Assessment by private industry of coalbed methane wells independent of mining began in 2008, when 55 onshore exploration licences were issued, covering 7,000 square kilometers of potential coalbed methane areas.
404:
shrink in size and restricting gas flow through the coal. As the pores shrink, the overall matrix shrinks as well, which may eventually increase the space the gas can travel through (the cleats), increasing gas flow.
236:
The US Department of Energy funded research into a number of unconventional gas sources, including coalbed methane. Coalbed methane was exempted from federal price controls, and was also given a federal tax credit.
192:. The methane is in a near-liquid state, lining the inside of pores within the coal (called the matrix). The open fractures in the coal (called the cleats) can also contain free gas or can be saturated with water.
1448:
546:
Depending on aquifer connectivity, water withdrawal may depress aquifers over a large area and affect groundwater flows. In
Australia, the CBM industry estimates extraction of 126,000 million litres
1045:
Okotie, V. U., & Moore, R. L. (1 May 2011). Well-Production Challenges and Solutions in a Mature, Very-Low-Pressure Coalbed-Methane Reservoir. Society of Petroleum Engineers. doi:10.2118/137317-PA
1006:
McKee, C. R., Bumb, A. C., & Koenig, R. A. (1 March 1988). Stress-Dependent Permeability and Porosity of Coal and Other Geologic Formations. Society of Petroleum Engineers. doi:10.2118/12858-PA
947:
C.R. Clarkson, Production data analysis of unconventional gas wells: Review of theory and best practices, International Journal of Coal Geology, Volume 109, 2013, Pages 101-146, ISSN 0166-5162,
1675:
1032:
Sevket Durucan, Mustafa Ahsanb, Ji-Quan Shia, Matrix shrinkage and swelling characteristics of European coals, Energy Procedia, Volume 1, Issue 1, 2009, Pages 3055-3062, ISSN 1876-6102,
1710:
412:
is a microscopic, homogeneous, petrographic entity of a corresponding sedimentary rock. A high vitrinite composition is ideal for CBM extraction, while inertinite hampers the same.
497:
brought to the surface as a byproduct of gas extraction varies greatly in quality from area to area, but may contain undesirable concentrations of dissolved substances such as
342:
534:
of Wyoming, US, commonly meets federal drinking water standards, and is widely used in the area to water livestock. Its use for irrigation is limited by its relatively high
485:
CBM wells are connected by a network of roads, pipelines, and compressor stations. Over time, wells may be spaced more closely in order to extract the remaining methane.
385:" in which the gas production rate initially increases as the water is pumped off and gas begins to desorb and flow. A dry CBM well is similar to a standard gas well.
455:. CBM production also entails leaks of fugitive methane into the atmosphere. Methane is rated as having 72 times the effect on global warming per unit of mass than CO
1316:
1456:
1234:
460:
1301:
1260:
1219:
1178:
1138:
804:
1341:
382:
324:
The pressure difference between the well block and the sand face should be as high as possible as is the case with any producing reservoir in general.
415:
The rank of coal has also been linked to CBM content: a vitrinite reflectance of 0.8–1.5% has been found to imply higher productivity of the coalbed.
1650:
1796:
1667:
931:
466:
Multiple Australian studies have indicated the long term negative environmental effects of coal seam gas extraction, both locally and globally.
1152:
1714:
284:
of a coalbed methane reservoir can vary from 10%-20%; However, the cleat porosity of the reservoir is estimated to be in the range of 0.1%-1%
1479:
599:
of Australia's gas production. Demonstrated reserves were estimated to be 33 trillion cubic feet (35 905 petajoules) as of January 2014.
463:
indicates that generating electricity from CBM, as with conventional natural gas, has less than half the greenhouse gas effect of coal.
1520:
1153:"Salt in the wound : An assessment of the scale of the NSW Government's planned expansion of Santos' Narrabri coal seam gas field"
1094:
1776:
1075:
418:
The gas composition must be considered, because natural gas appliances are designed for gas with a heating value of about 1,000 BTU (
1736:
522:
inquiry criticised the use of open holding ponds, recommending that "the NSW Government ban the open storage of produced water."
473:. Recovery of coal mine methane in advance of mining is seen as a major opportunity to reduce methane emissions. Companies like
1564:
162:
beds. In recent decades it has become an important source of energy in United States, Canada, Australia, and other countries.
91:
1589:
63:
715:
1786:
1112:
657:
1275:
1193:
267:
and few other gases. Intrinsic properties of coal as found in nature determine the amount of gas that can be recovered.
195:
Unlike much natural gas from conventional reservoirs, coalbed methane contains very little heavier hydrocarbons such as
1829:
1419:
781:
70:
292:
Adsorption capacity of coal is defined as the volume of gas adsorbed per unit mass of coal usually expressed in SCF (
110:
530:
Not all coalbed methane produced water is saline or otherwise undesirable. Water from coalbed methane wells in the
44:
422:) per cubic foot, or nearly pure methane. If the gas contains more than a few percent non-flammable gases such as
77:
628:
is estimated to have approximately 90 trillion cubic feet (2.5 trillion cubic metres) of coalbed gas.
808:
48:
1625:
1537:
1875:
776:
313:
The thickness of the formation may not be directly proportional to the volume of gas produced in some areas.
59:
513:
and used beneficially for irrigation, water for livestock, urban and industrial uses, or dust suppression.
2209:
2204:
1856:
434:. If the methane composition of the coalbed gas is less than 92%, it may not be commercially marketable.
358:
1647:
1079:
317:
123:
2189:
1055:
961:
928:
890:
843:
644:
556:
1801:
1370:
699:
430:, either these will have to be removed or it will have to be blended with higher-BTU gas to achieve
2194:
1955:
640:
1487:
1194:"Infrared video-recording methane emissions in the Queensland coal seam gas fields, February 2017"
891:"Modeling of microbial methane generation from coal and assessment of its impact on flow behavior"
188:
or other conventional gas reservoir, as the methane is stored within the coal by a process called
2002:
535:
502:
477:
have methane abatement programs to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from active and closed mines.
469:
In the United States, methane escaping from coal during mining amounts to seven percent of total
37:
1091:
451:) into the atmosphere. Its effect as greenhouse gas was first analyzed by chemist and physicist
388:
The methane desorption process follows a curve (of gas content vs. reservoir pressure) called a
2090:
1985:
1980:
1965:
1822:
1603:
636:
204:
1990:
1975:
1565:
http://www.ga.gov.au/scientific-topics/energy/resources/australian-energy-resource-assessment
510:
459:
over 20 years, reducing to 25 times over 100 years and 7.5 times over 500 years. Analysis of
400:
may have radically different Langmuir parameters, despite otherwise similar coal properties.
84:
1517:
744:
GEECL is responsible for Southeast Asia's first CBM station and is also locating one in the
1791:
1233:
Davey, Alistair; Fisher, Roger; Pegasus Economics; Lock the Gate Alliance (1 August 2019).
973:
855:
738:
572:
419:
216:
1392:
447:
As with all carbon-based fossil fuels, burning coalbed methane releases carbon dioxide (CO
8:
2095:
977:
859:
2105:
2065:
1787:
British Columbia Ministry of Energy, Mines and Petroleum Resources guide to coalbed gas
1254:
1213:
653:
648:
576:
531:
370:
276:
1743:
1697:
1648:
The Unconventional Hydrocarbon Resources of Britain's Onshore Basins – Coalbed Methane
867:
1887:
1870:
1815:
1342:"CNX Looking to Capture Methane from Appalachia Operations for Biodegradable Plastic"
1295:
1172:
1132:
989:
910:
871:
593:
470:
2199:
981:
902:
863:
625:
498:
452:
173:
172:
into the solid matrix of the coal. It is called 'sweet gas' because of its lack of
1232:
1033:
829:
695:
1654:
1524:
1098:
935:
1020:
948:
389:
1922:
1604:"Renewable Natural Gas? The Discovery of Active Methane Biogenesis in Coalbeds"
985:
906:
494:
427:
264:
208:
2050:
2183:
2121:
993:
914:
875:
474:
1518:
Montana State University; Frequently Asked Questions; Coal Bed Methane (CBM)
321:
formation's thickness, probably due to other factors of the area's geology.
255:
Gas contained in coal bed methane is mainly methane and trace quantities of
2146:
2131:
1917:
1902:
1897:
613:
506:
842:
Laubach, S. E; Marrett, R. A; Olson, J. E; Scott, A. R (1 February 1998).
239:
In Australia, commercial extraction of coal seam gas began in 1996 in the
2168:
2163:
2070:
1947:
1912:
1542:
759:
745:
674:
608:
603:
240:
155:
664:, as only non-renewable resources can legally be owned by the province.
308:
181:
2151:
2141:
2136:
2126:
2075:
1626:"TELUS, news, headlines, stories, breaking, canada, canadian, national"
349:
244:
189:
169:
694:
Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. There is more info on
2158:
2080:
1932:
219:
where methane is typically generated by microbial communities living
185:
509:. In many producing regions the water is treated, such as through a
26:
2100:
2085:
2036:
1937:
1907:
1892:
1865:
1838:
1563:
Geoscience Australia, Australian Energy Resource Assessment, 2014.
771:
423:
397:
374:
281:
260:
211:. Coalbed methane is generally formed due to thermal maturation of
177:
2020:
2010:
1455:. State of New South Wales (NSW Parliament). 2012. Archived from
749:
661:
629:
409:
393:
220:
212:
196:
166:
1276:"Free-loaders : air and water pollution from NSW coalmines"
2015:
1927:
1882:
1159:. 31 August 2021. Archived from the original on 24 January 2023
256:
200:
1781:
1317:"Methane from abandoned coal mines could fight climate change"
127:
A German methane detector used for coal mining in the 1960s.
1970:
1807:
1771:
1274:
Lock the Gate Alliance (23 March 2016). Wright, Ian (ed.).
559:
estimates extraction above 300,000 million litres (7.9
353:
Typical production profile of a coalbed methane well (USGS)
341:
215:
and organic matter, in contrast to coal seams with regular
159:
1110:
1111:
Assan, Sabina; Ember : coal to clean (8 July 2022).
1069:
841:
180:
in underground coal mining, where it presents a serious
1273:
1393:"Eastern Star Gas fined for pollution in the Pilliga"
844:"Characteristics and origins of coal cleat: A review"
461:
life-cycle greenhouse gas emissions of energy sources
309:
Thickness of formation and initial reservoir pressure
1508:
US EPA, , June 2004, EPA 816-R-04-003 Attachment 5.
1365:
1363:
1056:"Coalbed Methane Extraction: Detailed Study Report"
575:built a 3-megawatt methane-to-electricity plant in
51:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
889:Saurabh, Suman; Harpalani, Satya (15 March 2018).
652:undetermined. This debate is currently causing a
582:
555:10 US gallons) of groundwater per year; while the
551:10 US gallons) to 280,000 million litres (7.4
1792:Kansas Geological Survey guide to Coalbed Methane
1399:. Office of Environment and Heritage. 6 July 2012
2181:
1782:U.S. Environmental Protection Agency page on CBM
1385:
1360:
1300:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
1282:. Archived from the original on 25 February 2023
1259:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
1218:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
1177:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
1137:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
1113:"Tackling Australia's coal mine methane problem"
888:
1579:, Oil & Gas Journal, 24 July 2006, p.37-40.
1443:
1441:
1420:"Santos to be prosecuted for Pilliga pollution"
1200:. Archived from the original on 29 January 2023
1119:. Archived from the original on 29 January 2023
1034:https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2009.02.084
377:but varies depending on the formation geology.
176:. The presence of this gas is well known from
1823:
1713:. worldcoal.com. 23 July 2014. Archived from
1538:"How Aspen Skiing Co. became a power company"
1021:https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.coal.2016.06.006
949:https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.coal.2013.01.002
832:, www.clarke-energy.com, retrieved 25.11.2011
184:. Coalbed methane is distinct from a typical
1438:
1241:. Archived from the original on 3 March 2023
1014:
1012:
647:and others have argued coalbed methane is a
16:Form of natural gas extracted from coal beds
1830:
1816:
1471:
1411:
1397:Office of Environment and Heritage website
345:Diagram of a coalbed methane well (US DOE)
1417:
1009:
316:For example, it has been observed in the
111:Learn how and when to remove this message
1668:"Digest of UK Energy Statistics (DUKES)"
1314:
437:
348:
340:
299:
207:. It often contains up to a few percent
122:
250:
2182:
1696:US Energy Information Administration,
1606:. Green Car Congress. 16 November 2004
1477:
1191:
287:
1811:
1486:. Digital Global Mail. Archived from
1453:Parliament of New South Wales website
1080:Table 2.14, Chap. 2, p. 212
966:International Journal of Coal Geology
959:
848:International Journal of Coal Geology
525:
1535:
1235:"Report on the Narrabri gas project"
799:
797:
716:Coalbed methane in the United States
680:
49:adding citations to reliable sources
20:
1804:Australian Broadcasting Corporation
1478:Coutts, Sharona (26 October 2012).
1315:Krawczyk, Kathryn (28 April 2021).
566:
327:
13:
1777:U.S. Geological Survey page on CBM
782:Western Canadian Sedimentary Basin
579:at Oxbow Carbon's Elk Creek Mine.
14:
2221:
1765:
1678:from the original on 15 July 2015
1577:Coalbed methane expands in Canada
1418:Validakis, Vicky (13 June 2013).
1373:. Australia: ABC News. April 2012
960:Moore, Tim A. (1 November 2012).
794:
667:
488:
480:
2049:
1711:"Coal bed methane in Kazakhstan"
1065:. December 2010. pp. 63–70.
709:
685:
635:Coalbed methane is considered a
516:
25:
1729:
1703:
1690:
1660:
1640:
1618:
1596:
1582:
1569:
1557:
1529:
1511:
1502:
1334:
1308:
1267:
1226:
1185:
1145:
1104:
1084:
1048:
1039:
1026:
583:Coalbed methane producing areas
501:, naturally present chemicals,
36:needs additional citations for
1575:John Squarek and Mike Dawson,
1536:Ward, Bob (21 November 2014).
1000:
953:
941:
921:
882:
835:
823:
541:
1:
1876:Underground coal gasification
1802:Coal seam gas: by the numbers
1672:gov.uk/government/statistics/
868:10.1016/S0166-5162(97)00012-8
787:
777:Underground coal gasification
724:
336:
1837:
587:
7:
1737:"Coal Bed Methane in India"
1192:Forcey, Tim (17 May 2017).
962:"Coalbed methane: A review"
938:, accessed 10 October 2013.
765:
359:Coal bed methane extraction
270:
10:
2226:
1700:, accessed 9 October 2013.
1698:Coalbed methane production
1078:Fourth Assessment Report,
986:10.1016/j.coal.2012.05.011
907:10.1016/j.fuel.2017.12.015
807:. BG Group. Archived from
713:
591:
442:
356:
226:
2114:
2058:
2047:
2029:
2001:
1946:
1852:
1845:
1449:"Coal seam gas (Inquiry)"
645:Alberta Geological Survey
619:
557:National Water Commission
1523:24 February 2008 at the
1371:"The coal seam gas rush"
1346:Natural Gas Intelligence
733:
641:Alberta Research Council
1590:"Government of Alberta"
1480:"Pillaging The Pilliga"
934:16 October 2013 at the
563:10 US gallons) a year.
536:sodium adsorption ratio
2091:Natural-gas processing
1280:Lock the Gate Alliance
1157:Lock the Gate Alliance
1117:Lock the Gate Alliance
927:Geoscience Australia,
637:non-renewable resource
354:
346:
205:natural-gas condensate
128:
1853:Manufactured fuel gas
511:Reverse Osmosis plant
438:Environmental impacts
420:British thermal units
408:maceral composition:
352:
344:
300:Fracture permeability
126:
1592:. 19 September 2023.
811:on 25 September 2012
739:Great Eastern Energy
573:Aspen Skiing Company
251:Reservoir properties
217:groundwater recharge
45:improve this article
2096:Natural gas storage
1797:Coalbed Methane Gas
1772:The latest CBM news
1653:11 May 2015 at the
1321:Energy News Network
1097:5 June 2013 at the
1092:Life-cycle analysis
978:2012IJCG..101...36M
860:1998IJCG...35..175L
294:standard cubic feet
288:Adsorption capacity
165:The term refers to
2210:Unconventional gas
2205:Natural gas safety
2106:Pipeline transport
2066:Compressor station
1490:on 28 October 2012
1459:on 30 October 2012
1090:Timothy J. Skone,
654:right of ownership
649:renewable resource
577:Somerset, Colorado
532:Powder River Basin
526:Powder River Basin
371:sodium bicarbonate
355:
347:
277:methane reservoirs
129:
2190:Alternative fuels
2177:
2176:
2045:
2044:
1888:Blast furnace gas
1871:Coal gasification
1424:Australian Mining
707:
706:
658:Canadian province
594:Coal in Australia
471:methane emissions
390:Langmuir isotherm
121:
120:
113:
95:
60:"Coalbed methane"
2217:
2053:
1850:
1849:
1832:
1825:
1818:
1809:
1808:
1759:
1758:
1756:
1754:
1748:
1742:. Archived from
1741:
1733:
1727:
1726:
1724:
1722:
1707:
1701:
1694:
1688:
1687:
1685:
1683:
1664:
1658:
1644:
1638:
1637:
1635:
1633:
1622:
1616:
1615:
1613:
1611:
1600:
1594:
1593:
1586:
1580:
1573:
1567:
1561:
1555:
1554:
1552:
1550:
1533:
1527:
1515:
1509:
1506:
1500:
1499:
1497:
1495:
1475:
1469:
1468:
1466:
1464:
1445:
1436:
1435:
1433:
1431:
1415:
1409:
1408:
1406:
1404:
1389:
1383:
1382:
1380:
1378:
1367:
1358:
1357:
1355:
1353:
1338:
1332:
1331:
1329:
1327:
1312:
1306:
1305:
1299:
1291:
1289:
1287:
1271:
1265:
1264:
1258:
1250:
1248:
1246:
1230:
1224:
1223:
1217:
1209:
1207:
1205:
1189:
1183:
1182:
1176:
1168:
1166:
1164:
1149:
1143:
1142:
1136:
1128:
1126:
1124:
1108:
1102:
1088:
1082:
1073:
1067:
1066:
1060:
1052:
1046:
1043:
1037:
1030:
1024:
1016:
1007:
1004:
998:
997:
957:
951:
945:
939:
925:
919:
918:
886:
880:
879:
839:
833:
827:
821:
820:
818:
816:
801:
689:
688:
681:
626:British Columbia
567:Power generation
562:
554:
550:
453:Svante Arrhenius
432:pipeline quality
383:negative decline
328:Other properties
174:hydrogen sulfide
140:coal-bed methane
116:
109:
105:
102:
96:
94:
53:
29:
21:
2225:
2224:
2220:
2219:
2218:
2216:
2215:
2214:
2195:Coal technology
2180:
2179:
2178:
2173:
2110:
2054:
2041:
2025:
1997:
1942:
1854:
1841:
1836:
1768:
1763:
1762:
1752:
1750:
1749:on 4 March 2016
1746:
1739:
1735:
1734:
1730:
1720:
1718:
1717:on 28 July 2014
1709:
1708:
1704:
1695:
1691:
1681:
1679:
1666:
1665:
1661:
1655:Wayback Machine
1645:
1641:
1631:
1629:
1624:
1623:
1619:
1609:
1607:
1602:
1601:
1597:
1588:
1587:
1583:
1574:
1570:
1562:
1558:
1548:
1546:
1534:
1530:
1525:Wayback Machine
1516:
1512:
1507:
1503:
1493:
1491:
1484:The Global Mail
1476:
1472:
1462:
1460:
1447:
1446:
1439:
1429:
1427:
1416:
1412:
1402:
1400:
1391:
1390:
1386:
1376:
1374:
1369:
1368:
1361:
1351:
1349:
1340:
1339:
1335:
1325:
1323:
1313:
1309:
1293:
1292:
1285:
1283:
1272:
1268:
1252:
1251:
1244:
1242:
1231:
1227:
1211:
1210:
1203:
1201:
1190:
1186:
1170:
1169:
1162:
1160:
1151:
1150:
1146:
1130:
1129:
1122:
1120:
1109:
1105:
1099:Wayback Machine
1089:
1085:
1074:
1070:
1058:
1054:
1053:
1049:
1044:
1040:
1031:
1027:
1017:
1010:
1005:
1001:
958:
954:
946:
942:
936:Wayback Machine
926:
922:
887:
883:
840:
836:
828:
824:
814:
812:
805:"Jargon Buster"
803:
802:
795:
790:
768:
736:
727:
718:
712:
703:
690:
686:
670:
639:, although the
622:
596:
590:
585:
569:
560:
552:
548:
544:
528:
519:
491:
483:
458:
450:
445:
440:
361:
339:
330:
311:
302:
290:
273:
253:
229:
158:extracted from
154:) is a form of
132:Coalbed methane
117:
106:
100:
97:
54:
52:
42:
30:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2223:
2213:
2212:
2207:
2202:
2197:
2192:
2175:
2174:
2172:
2171:
2166:
2161:
2156:
2155:
2154:
2144:
2139:
2134:
2129:
2124:
2118:
2116:
2112:
2111:
2109:
2108:
2103:
2098:
2093:
2088:
2083:
2078:
2073:
2068:
2062:
2060:
2059:Infrastructure
2056:
2055:
2048:
2046:
2043:
2042:
2040:
2039:
2033:
2031:
2027:
2026:
2024:
2023:
2018:
2013:
2007:
2005:
1999:
1998:
1996:
1995:
1994:
1993:
1983:
1978:
1973:
1968:
1963:
1958:
1952:
1950:
1944:
1943:
1941:
1940:
1935:
1930:
1925:
1923:Regasification
1920:
1915:
1910:
1905:
1900:
1895:
1890:
1885:
1880:
1879:
1878:
1873:
1862:
1860:
1847:
1843:
1842:
1835:
1834:
1827:
1820:
1812:
1806:
1805:
1799:
1794:
1789:
1784:
1779:
1774:
1767:
1766:External links
1764:
1761:
1760:
1728:
1702:
1689:
1659:
1639:
1617:
1595:
1581:
1568:
1556:
1528:
1510:
1501:
1470:
1437:
1426:. Cirrus Media
1410:
1384:
1359:
1348:. 15 July 2022
1333:
1307:
1266:
1225:
1184:
1144:
1103:
1101:, 12 May 2011.
1083:
1068:
1047:
1038:
1025:
1008:
999:
952:
940:
920:
881:
854:(1): 175–207.
834:
822:
792:
791:
789:
786:
785:
784:
779:
774:
767:
764:
735:
732:
726:
723:
714:Main article:
711:
708:
705:
704:
693:
691:
684:
669:
668:United Kingdom
666:
621:
618:
617:
616:
611:
606:
589:
586:
584:
581:
568:
565:
543:
540:
527:
524:
518:
515:
495:produced water
490:
489:Produced water
487:
482:
481:Infrastructure
479:
456:
448:
444:
441:
439:
436:
428:carbon dioxide
396:and a coal in
366:produced water
357:Main article:
338:
335:
329:
326:
318:Cherokee Basin
310:
307:
301:
298:
289:
286:
272:
269:
265:carbon dioxide
252:
249:
228:
225:
209:carbon dioxide
178:its occurrence
119:
118:
33:
31:
24:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2222:
2211:
2208:
2206:
2203:
2201:
2198:
2196:
2193:
2191:
2188:
2187:
2185:
2170:
2167:
2165:
2162:
2160:
2157:
2153:
2150:
2149:
2148:
2145:
2143:
2140:
2138:
2135:
2133:
2130:
2128:
2125:
2123:
2122:Bunsen burner
2120:
2119:
2117:
2113:
2107:
2104:
2102:
2099:
2097:
2094:
2092:
2089:
2087:
2084:
2082:
2079:
2077:
2074:
2072:
2069:
2067:
2064:
2063:
2061:
2057:
2052:
2038:
2035:
2034:
2032:
2028:
2022:
2019:
2017:
2014:
2012:
2009:
2008:
2006:
2004:
2000:
1992:
1989:
1988:
1987:
1984:
1982:
1979:
1977:
1974:
1972:
1969:
1967:
1964:
1962:
1959:
1957:
1954:
1953:
1951:
1949:
1945:
1939:
1936:
1934:
1931:
1929:
1926:
1924:
1921:
1919:
1916:
1914:
1911:
1909:
1906:
1904:
1901:
1899:
1896:
1894:
1891:
1889:
1886:
1884:
1881:
1877:
1874:
1872:
1869:
1868:
1867:
1864:
1863:
1861:
1858:
1851:
1848:
1844:
1840:
1833:
1828:
1826:
1821:
1819:
1814:
1813:
1810:
1803:
1800:
1798:
1795:
1793:
1790:
1788:
1785:
1783:
1780:
1778:
1775:
1773:
1770:
1769:
1745:
1738:
1732:
1716:
1712:
1706:
1699:
1693:
1677:
1673:
1669:
1663:
1656:
1652:
1649:
1643:
1628:. Mytelus.com
1627:
1621:
1605:
1599:
1591:
1585:
1578:
1572:
1566:
1560:
1545:
1544:
1539:
1532:
1526:
1522:
1519:
1514:
1505:
1489:
1485:
1481:
1474:
1458:
1454:
1450:
1444:
1442:
1425:
1421:
1414:
1398:
1394:
1388:
1372:
1366:
1364:
1347:
1343:
1337:
1322:
1318:
1311:
1303:
1297:
1281:
1277:
1270:
1262:
1256:
1240:
1239:Lock the Gate
1236:
1229:
1221:
1215:
1199:
1198:Lock the Gate
1195:
1188:
1180:
1174:
1158:
1154:
1148:
1140:
1134:
1118:
1114:
1107:
1100:
1096:
1093:
1087:
1081:
1077:
1072:
1064:
1057:
1051:
1042:
1035:
1029:
1022:
1015:
1013:
1003:
995:
991:
987:
983:
979:
975:
971:
967:
963:
956:
950:
944:
937:
933:
930:
929:Coal seam gas
924:
916:
912:
908:
904:
900:
896:
892:
885:
877:
873:
869:
865:
861:
857:
853:
849:
845:
838:
831:
826:
810:
806:
800:
798:
793:
783:
780:
778:
775:
773:
770:
769:
763:
761:
757:
753:
751:
747:
742:
740:
731:
722:
717:
710:United States
701:
700:MediaWiki.org
697:
692:
683:
682:
679:
676:
665:
663:
659:
656:issue in the
655:
650:
646:
642:
638:
633:
631:
627:
615:
612:
610:
607:
605:
602:
601:
600:
595:
580:
578:
574:
571:In 2012, the
564:
558:
539:
537:
533:
523:
517:Pilliga Scrub
514:
512:
508:
507:radionuclides
504:
500:
496:
486:
478:
476:
475:CNX Resources
472:
467:
464:
462:
454:
435:
433:
429:
425:
421:
416:
413:
411:
405:
401:
399:
395:
391:
386:
384:
378:
376:
372:
367:
360:
351:
343:
334:
325:
322:
319:
314:
306:
297:
295:
285:
283:
278:
268:
266:
262:
258:
248:
246:
242:
237:
233:
224:
222:
218:
214:
210:
206:
202:
198:
193:
191:
187:
183:
179:
175:
171:
168:
163:
161:
157:
153:
149:
148:coal seam gas
145:
141:
137:
133:
125:
115:
112:
104:
93:
90:
86:
83:
79:
76:
72:
69:
65:
62: –
61:
57:
56:Find sources:
50:
46:
40:
39:
34:This article
32:
28:
23:
22:
19:
2147:Gas lighting
2132:Gas cylinder
1960:
1918:Producer gas
1903:Landfill gas
1898:Gasification
1751:. Retrieved
1744:the original
1731:
1719:. Retrieved
1715:the original
1705:
1692:
1680:. Retrieved
1671:
1662:
1642:
1630:. Retrieved
1620:
1608:. Retrieved
1598:
1584:
1576:
1571:
1559:
1547:. Retrieved
1541:
1531:
1513:
1504:
1494:26 September
1492:. Retrieved
1488:the original
1483:
1473:
1463:26 September
1461:. Retrieved
1457:the original
1452:
1430:26 September
1428:. Retrieved
1423:
1413:
1403:26 September
1401:. Retrieved
1396:
1387:
1377:26 September
1375:. Retrieved
1350:. Retrieved
1345:
1336:
1324:. Retrieved
1320:
1310:
1284:. Retrieved
1279:
1269:
1243:. Retrieved
1238:
1228:
1202:. Retrieved
1197:
1187:
1161:. Retrieved
1156:
1147:
1121:. Retrieved
1116:
1106:
1086:
1071:
1062:
1050:
1041:
1028:
1002:
969:
965:
955:
943:
923:
898:
894:
884:
851:
847:
837:
825:
813:. Retrieved
809:the original
758:
754:
743:
737:
728:
719:
678:is as shown.
671:
634:
623:
614:Sydney Basin
597:
570:
545:
529:
520:
503:heavy metals
492:
484:
468:
465:
446:
431:
417:
414:
406:
402:
387:
379:
365:
362:
331:
323:
315:
312:
303:
293:
291:
274:
254:
238:
234:
230:
194:
164:
151:
147:
143:
139:
135:
131:
130:
107:
98:
88:
81:
74:
67:
55:
43:Please help
38:verification
35:
18:
2169:Pilot light
2164:Gas turbine
2071:Gas carrier
1948:Natural gas
1913:Pintsch gas
1632:21 December
1610:21 December
1549:21 December
1543:Aspen Times
1286:25 February
1245:25 February
901:: 274–283.
760:Essar Group
746:West Bengal
696:Phabricator
675:IGas Energy
624:In Canada,
609:Surat Basin
604:Bowen Basin
542:Groundwater
241:Bowen Basin
182:safety risk
156:natural gas
144:coalbed gas
2184:Categories
2152:Gas mantle
2142:Gas heater
2137:Gas engine
2127:Gas burner
2076:Gas holder
1352:9 November
1326:9 November
1204:29 January
1163:29 January
1123:29 January
788:References
725:Kazakhstan
592:See also:
337:Extraction
245:Queensland
190:adsorption
71:newspapers
2159:Gas stove
2081:Gas meter
1933:Water gas
1682:5 January
1255:cite news
1214:cite news
994:0166-5162
972:: 36–81.
915:0016-2361
876:0166-5162
588:Australia
203:, and no
186:sandstone
101:July 2010
2101:Odorizer
2086:Gasworks
2037:Hydrogen
1938:Wood gas
1908:Mond gas
1893:Blau gas
1866:Coal gas
1839:Fuel gas
1753:21 March
1676:Archived
1651:Archived
1521:Archived
1296:cite web
1173:cite web
1133:cite web
1095:Archived
932:Archived
830:Coal Gas
772:Firedamp
766:See also
748:city of
424:nitrogen
398:Colorado
375:chloride
369:such as
282:porosity
275:Coalbed
271:Porosity
261:nitrogen
170:absorbed
2200:Methane
2021:Propane
2011:Autogas
1991:Bio-SNG
1857:History
1721:28 July
1657:, 2012.
974:Bibcode
856:Bibcode
815:18 July
750:Asansol
698:and on
662:Alberta
630:Alberta
443:Methane
410:maceral
394:Alabama
227:History
221:in situ
213:kerogen
197:propane
167:methane
85:scholar
2016:Butane
1928:Syngas
1883:Biogas
1646:DECC,
992:
913:
874:
620:Canada
257:ethane
201:butane
87:
80:
73:
66:
58:
2030:Other
1846:Types
1747:(PDF)
1740:(PDF)
1059:(PDF)
734:India
499:salts
146:, or
92:JSTOR
78:books
2115:Uses
1971:HCNG
1755:2015
1723:2014
1684:2022
1634:2011
1612:2011
1551:2019
1496:2013
1465:2013
1432:2013
1405:2012
1379:2013
1354:2022
1328:2022
1302:link
1288:2023
1261:link
1247:2023
1220:link
1206:2023
1179:link
1165:2023
1139:link
1125:2023
1076:IPCC
990:ISSN
911:ISSN
895:Fuel
872:ISSN
817:2010
547:(3.3
505:and
493:The
373:and
160:coal
64:news
2003:LPG
1986:SNG
1981:NGC
1976:LNG
1966:CNG
1961:CBM
1956:APG
1063:EPA
982:doi
970:101
903:doi
899:216
864:doi
660:of
426:or
243:of
199:or
152:CSG
142:),
138:or
136:CBM
47:by
2186::
1674:.
1670:.
1540:.
1482:.
1451:.
1440:^
1422:.
1395:.
1362:^
1344:.
1319:.
1298:}}
1294:{{
1278:.
1257:}}
1253:{{
1237:.
1216:}}
1212:{{
1196:.
1175:}}
1171:{{
1155:.
1135:}}
1131:{{
1115:.
1061:.
1011:^
988:.
980:.
968:.
964:.
909:.
897:.
893:.
870:.
862:.
852:35
850:.
846:.
796:^
752:.
643:,
538:.
457:2.
263:,
259:,
247:.
223:.
1859:)
1855:(
1831:e
1824:t
1817:v
1757:.
1725:.
1686:.
1636:.
1614:.
1553:.
1498:.
1467:.
1434:.
1407:.
1381:.
1356:.
1330:.
1304:)
1290:.
1263:)
1249:.
1222:)
1208:.
1181:)
1167:.
1141:)
1127:.
1036:.
1023:.
996:.
984::
976::
917:.
905::
878:.
866::
858::
819:.
702:.
561:×
553:×
549:×
449:2
381:"
150:(
134:(
114:)
108:(
103:)
99:(
89:·
82:·
75:·
68:·
41:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
