1631:
conditions that exist within a clear-cut also naturally favor the regeneration of
Douglas-fir, though in wet coastal climates alders and shrubs compete with Douglas-fir seedlings. Because of clear-cut logging, almost all of the forests west of the Cascade Range not strictly set aside for protection are today dominated by Douglas-fir, while the normally dominant climax species, such as western hemlock and western redcedar are less common. On drier sites in California, where Douglas-fir behaves as a climax species in the absence of fire, Douglas-fir has become somewhat invasive following fire suppression practices of the twentieth and twenty-first centuries; it is becoming a dominant species in many
42:
1214:
103:
1256:). Home range requirements for breeding pairs of spotted owls are at least 400 ha (4 square kilometres (990 acres) of old-growth. Red tree voles may also be found in immature forests if Douglas-fir is a significant component. This animal nests almost exclusively in the foliage of Douglas-fir trees. Nests are located 2–50 metres (6.6–164.0 ft) above the ground. The red tree vole's diet consists chiefly of common Douglas-fir needles. A
80:
1566:
1644:
2009:
1707:), a coast Douglas fir, measured in 1924 by Dr. Richard E. McArdle, former chief of the U.S. Forest Service. The volume of that tree was 515 cubic metres (18,190 cu ft). Research suggests Douglas fir could grow to a maximum height of between 430 to 476 feet (131 to 145 m), at which point water supply would fail.
966:
1626:
Douglas-fir is also particularly well adapted to fires: once they reach around 100 years in age they have thick enough bark that protects the cambium layer of the tree from heat damage. Large
Douglas-fir often survive low intensity forest fires. Such sites, common in western Oregon, have two or three
1232:
habit of coast
Douglas-fir is not particularly deep, with the roots tending to be shallower than those of same-aged Ponderosa pine, sugar pine, or California incense-cedar, though deeper than Sitka spruce. Some roots are commonly found in organic soil layers or near the mineral soil surface. However,
1714:
A tree cut down on the Alfred Nye property in 1902 in Lynn Valley on the north shore of the city of
Vancouver, British Columbia was reported to have measured 126 m (415 ft) in height, and 4.34 m (14 ft 3 in) in diameter, and another tree felled in the same valley was said to
1630:
The logging practices of the last 200 years created artificial disturbances that allowed
Douglas-fir to thrive. The Douglas-fir's useful wood and its quick growth make it the crop of choice for many timber companies, which typically replant a clear-cut area with Douglas-fir seedlings. The high-light
1205:
closed stands produce an appreciable number of cones. Each cone contains around 25 to 50 seeds. Seed size varies; average number of cleaned seeds varies from 70 to 88/g (32,000-40,000 per pound). Seeds from the northern portion of coast
Douglas-fir's range tend to be larger than seed from the south.
1200:
conditions, old individuals typically have a narrow, cylindric crown beginning 20–40 metres (66–131 ft) above a branch-free trunk. Self-pruning is generally slow and trees retain their lower limbs for a long period. Young, open-grown trees typically have branches down to near ground level. It
1669:
treated pilings and decking are used in marine structures. The wood is also made into railroad ties, mine timbers, house logs, posts and poles, flooring, pulp, and furniture. Coast
Douglas-fir is used extensively in landscaping. It is planted as a specimen tree or in mass screenings. It is also a
1622:
ages of dominant
Douglas-fir trees can indicate the date of the last stand-replacing fire. Because Douglas-fir is long-lived, it can remain dominant in the forest for more than 300-years following the last fire. A history of fluctuating climate resulted in synchronous fire episodes across western
1617:
species in the wet forests of western
British Columbia, Washington, Oregon, and California. In these areas, it requires a large disturbance, such as fire or a large landslide, to open the forest and expose mineral soil where its seedlings prefer to establish. It has a faster growth rate than most
1605:
the canopy opens up and sunlight becomes available as a source of energy for new growth. The shade-tolerant western hemlock and western redcedar seedlings that establish beneath the canopy have a head-start on other seedlings. This competitive advantage allows western hemlock to rapidly fill the
1204:
Appreciable seed production begins at 20–30 years in open-grown coast
Douglas-fir. Seed production is irregular; over a 5-7 year period, stands usually produce one heavy crop, a few light or medium crops, and one crop failure. Even during heavy seed crop years, only about 25 percent of trees in
1690:
stands, and maximum heights of 100–120 m (330–395 ft) and diameters up to 4.5–5.5 m (15–18 ft) have been documented. The tallest living specimen is the "Doerner Fir", previously known as the Brummit Fir, 99.8 m (327.3 ft) tall, at East Fork Brummit Creek in
1311:) harvests and caches great quantities of Douglas-fir cones for later use. They also eat mature pollen cones, developing inner bark, terminal shoots, and tender young needles. The seeds are also important in the diets of several seed-eating birds. These include most importantly
1726:, Washington reportedly measured 142 m (465 ft) in height, 10 m (34 ft) in circumference at the butt, and 67 metres (220 ft) to the first branch. With a volume of 96,345 marketable board feet (227 m), this tree was estimated to be 480 years old.
1606:
canopy gap, pre-empting other species that may invade, including Douglas-fir. Long-term forest dynamics plots show that the annual mortality of large Douglas-fir is only about 1%. Thus, over centuries, western hemlock and western redcedar will come to dominate the
1601:) seedlings, Douglas-fir dominated stands contain almost no Douglas-fir seedlings. This seeming contradiction occurs because Douglas-firs are intolerant of deep shade and rarely survive for long within the shaded understory. When a tree dies in a mature
981:
on young trees is thin, smooth, gray, and contains numerous resin blisters. On mature trees, it is thick and corky. The shoots are brown to olive-green, turning gray-brown with age, smooth, though not as smooth as
1627:
cohorts of Douglas-fir, adding to the complexity of the old-growth forest. Fire is increasingly rare northward towards the central coast of British Columbia where Douglas-fir is a minor component of the forest.
1302:
Douglas-fir seeds are an extremely important food for small mammals. Mice, voles, shrews, and chipmunks consumed an estimated 65 percent of a Douglas-fir seed crop following dispersal in western Oregon. The
1703:
in British Columbia, Canada. Douglas firs commonly live more than 500 years and occasionally more than 1,000 years. The tallest well-documented conifer was 393 feet (120 m), the Mineral Tree (
216:
2013:
1287:), but can be an important food source for these animals during the winter when other preferred forages are lacking. In many areas, coast Douglas-fir needles are a staple in the spring diet of
1240:
are abundant in forests older than 100–150 years and provide cavity-nesting habitat for numerous forest birds. Mature or "old-growth" Douglas-fir forest is the primary habitat of the
1042:, and with two whitish stomatal bands below. Unlike the Rocky Mountain Douglas-fir, coast Douglas-fir foliage has a noticeable sweet fruity-resinous scent, particularly if crushed.
962:, with a height of 142 metres as measured by tape after the tree was cut down. Coast Douglas-fir commonly lives more than 500 years and occasionally more than 1,000 years.
942:
stands, and maximum heights of 100–120 metres (330–390 ft) and diameters up to 4.5–5.5 metres (15–18 ft) have been documented. The tallest living specimen is the
1623:
Washington and Oregon, thus many Douglas-fir stands date to a warm-dry periods in the late 1400s and early 1500s, while few date to a cool-wet period from 1650 to 1800.
1386:, occurring in nearly all forest types, competes well on most parent materials, aspects, and slopes. Adapted to a moist, mild climate, it grows larger and faster than
902:
region. It occurs from near sea level along the coast to 1,800 metres (5,900 ft) in the California Mountains. Further inland, coast Douglas-fir is replaced by
1201:
often takes 70–80 years for the trunk to be clear to a height of 5 metres (16 ft) and 100 years to be clear to a height of 10 metres (33 ft).
2238:
938:). Currently, coast Douglas-fir trees 60–75 metres (197–246 ft) or more in height and 1.5–2 metres (4.9–6.6 ft) in diameter are common in
2019:
2366:
2180:
1686:). Extant coast Douglas fir trees 60–75 m (195–245 ft) or more in height and 1.5–2 m (4.9–6.6 ft) in diameter are common in
1657:
Coast Douglas-fir is one of the world's best timber producers and yields more timber than any other tree in North America. The wood is used for
1618:
other trees, giving the Douglas-fir a competitive advantage when it overtops slower growing species during re-establishment of the canopy. The
2740:
2059:
Franklin, Jerry F.; DeBell, Dean S. (1988-05-01). "Thirty-six years of tree population change in an old-growth Pseudotsuga–Tsuga forest".
2320:
2776:
1771:
2662:
2701:
2675:
1233:
Douglas-fir exhibits considerable morphological plasticity, and on drier sites coast Douglas-fir will generate deeper taproots.
1014:
are spirally arranged but slightly twisted at the base to lie in flattish either side of the shoot, needle-like, 2–3.5 cm (
2871:
2144:
Weisberg, Peter J; Swanson, Frederick J (2003). "Regional synchroneity in fire regimes of western Oregon and Washington, USA".
212:
1912:
2706:
2901:
1963:
2866:
2530:
1101: in) broad. They are produced in spring, green at first, maturing orange-brown in the autumn 6–7 months later. The
2911:
2891:
2282:
2508:
2456:
2431:
903:
17:
2830:
2745:
1695:, the stoutest is the "Queets Fir", 4.85 m (15 ft 11 in) in diameter, in the Queets River valley of
1218:
891:
2181:"Fire-mediated pathways of stand development in Douglas-fir/western hemlock forests of the Pacific Northwest, USA"
2105:
946:, (previously known as the Brummit fir), 99.76 m (327 ft 4 in) tall, at East Fork Brummit Creek in
87:
2794:
2825:
1841:
2727:
1949:
2493:
2896:
2654:
2027:
2618:
2603:
2472:
2246:
1928:
2680:
2385:
102:
2906:
2789:
1819:
1814:
1526:
1387:
57:
2370:
2881:
2755:
2641:
1585:
communities of the Pacific Northwest. While mature stands of lowland old-growth forest contain many
2886:
2546:
1427:
970:
2719:
2324:
1546:
spp.). In wet coastal forests, nearly every surface of old-growth coast Douglas-fir is covered by
2781:
2298:
1870:
1632:
879:
859:
1647:
2649:
2567:
1332:
1265:
242:
2423:
2416:
2556:
1751:
1696:
1578:
1340:
955:
883:
2768:
2876:
2195:
1683:
895:
867:
2041:
41:
8:
1704:
1692:
1296:
947:
69:
2346:
2199:
1382:
The coast Douglas-fir variety is the dominant tree west of the Cascade Mountains in the
2838:
2161:
2084:
1403:
1222:
935:
915:
914:). Interior Douglas-fir intergrades with coast Douglas-fir in the Cascades of northern
265:
97:
2157:
2763:
2626:
2452:
2427:
2219:
2211:
2076:
1908:
1582:
1383:
1312:
1299:
primarily eat the inner bark of young conifers, among which they prefer Douglas-fir.
1272:
875:
2165:
2088:
2843:
2631:
2203:
2153:
2068:
1607:
1594:
1419:
1304:
919:
839:
2608:
1710:
Unconfirmed reports of even taller individuals may be found in historic records.
1658:
1682:
As of 1995, coast Douglas fir was the second-tallest conifer in the world (after
1651:
1614:
1586:
1481:
1448:
associates in the central and northern part of Coast Douglas-fir's range include
1391:
1316:
1257:
899:
2817:
2732:
1875:. United States Department of Agriculture. Technical Bulletin No. 201. p. 7
1801:
2594:
1979:
1731:
1723:
1719:
1699:
in Washington. The largest at 349 cubic metres (12,300 cu ft) is the
1671:
1407:
1237:
959:
887:
127:
1213:
2860:
2215:
2080:
1700:
1435:
1423:
1415:
1368:
1241:
978:
965:
931:
871:
863:
851:
835:
954:, 4.85 m (15 ft 11 in) diameter, in the Queets River valley,
2807:
2551:
2261:
2223:
1570:
1497:
1473:
1465:
1439:
1438:
and several others. Pure stands are also common, particularly north of the
1395:
1360:
1324:
1046:
2714:
2688:
1489:
1352:
1288:
1249:
943:
204:
190:
1496:). In the drier, southern portion of its range shrub associates include
2667:
2179:
Tepley, Alan J.; Swanson, Frederick J.; Spies, Thomas A. (2013-08-01).
1735:
1687:
1509:
1449:
1399:
1348:
951:
939:
847:
140:
49:
2207:
1577:
The shade-intolerance of Douglas-fir plays a large role in the forest
2693:
2496:. Washington, D.C.: The Morning Times. February 28, 1897. p. 19.
1619:
1539:
1531:
1517:
1411:
828:
2561:
2072:
930:
Coast Douglas-fir is the second-tallest conifer in the world (after
2802:
2588:
2367:"Douglas-fir: A 350-foot-long Drinking Straw is As Long As It Gets"
2351:
1739:
1666:
1547:
180:
1662:
1039:
969:
Coast Douglas-fir cone, from a tree grown from seed collected by
831:
170:
160:
150:
1565:
1602:
1573:, BC, measures 43.7ft around its base and stretches 242 ft high
1554:
1431:
1197:
1166:
855:
843:
61:
2395:. Forest History Association of British Columbia. pp. 3–4
1643:
1457:
1445:
114:
2321:"Richard McArdle Bio, USFS History, Forest History Society"
1550:
1229:
1102:
1011:
2369:. Oregon State University. August 11, 2008. Archived from
1280:
987:
983:
958:, Washington. The tallest specimen ever was probably the
990:
are a very distinctive narrow conic shape, 4–8 mm (
986:
shoots, and finely pubescent with short dark hairs. The
2237:
Hogan, C. Michael (2008). Strõmberg, Nicklas (ed.).
1193: in) long, dispersing yellow pollen in spring.
1842:"A New Douglas-Fir Locality in Southern California"
1087: in) broad when closed, opening to 4 cm (
2415:
2178:
1864:
1862:
1722:, a Douglas-fir felled in 1897 at Loop's Ranch in
2413:
1872:The Yield of Douglas Fir in the Pacific Northwest
306:(Knight ex Carrière) Gordon & Glend. (1858)
2858:
1839:
1635:, in which it was previously a minor component.
2383:
2143:
1859:
1734:is a coast Douglas-fir. The tree, growing near
1268:Commonly known as Douglas-fir dwarf mistletoe.
1010: in) long, with red-brown bud scales. The
2230:
2058:
934:), and the third-tallest of all trees, (after
2422:(reprint, revised ed.). Bantam. p.
2131:Fire Ecology Ecology of the Pacific Northwest
2414:McFarlan, Donald; McWhirter, Norris (1990).
1905:Forest Giants of the World: Past and Present
1715:have measured 107 m (352 ft) tall.
1375:) which is uniquely adapted to foraging for
1271:Its seedlings are not a preferred browse of
1769:
2393:British Columbia Forest History Newsletter
1763:
78:
40:
2509:"Giant logged long ago but not forgotten"
2377:
1950:"Giant logged long ago but not forgotten"
2552:Arboretum de Villardebelle - cone photos
2531:"Coast Douglas-fir in the Laird's Grove"
2446:
1898:
1896:
1894:
1892:
1890:
1642:
1564:
1212:
964:
527:Pseudotsuga douglasii lombartsii-pendula
2017:
1868:
1145: in) broad, with a 12–15 mm (
886:with a small stand as far south as the
14:
2859:
2344:
2338:
2106:"Pseudotsuga menziesii var. menziesii"
2020:"Pseudotsuga menziesii var. menziesii"
2003:
2001:
1999:
1997:
1995:
1993:
1991:
1989:
1902:
904:Rocky Mountain or interior Douglas-fir
750:(Schwer.) Asch. & Graebn. (1913)
442:(Knight ex Carrière) A.H.Kent (1900)
2566:
2565:
2236:
2100:
2098:
1887:
1742:stands at 68.4 m (224 ft).
2831:1a9586f4-7070-4d15-a1fe-9b29548c4cf3
2756:318cbe35-9e9e-4f48-819f-8f01d68e03a5
2506:
2239:"Douglas-fir: Pseudotsuga menziesii"
2128:
1907:. Ontario: Fitzhenry and Whiteside.
1560:
1038: in) long, green above with no
874:. In California, it is found in the
54:Pseudotsuga menziesii var. menziesii
2323:. Foresthistory.org. Archived from
2262:"Doerner Fir - Tallest Douglas Fir"
2061:Canadian Journal of Forest Research
1986:
1840:James R. Griffin (September 1964).
1794:
1217:A young coast Douglas-fir stand in
973:. Note the thin 3 fingered bracts .
766:(Sabine ex D.Don) Carrière (1855)
522:(Sabine ex D.Don) Carrière (1867)
430:(Sabine ex D.Don) A.H.Kent (1900)
24:
2795:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77172236-1
2347:"Water's the limit for tall trees"
2122:
2095:
25:
2923:
2540:
2451:. North Shore Times. p. 29.
2259:
1569:The Red Creek Fir, ca.15 km from
862:its range is continuous from the
294:(Sabine ex D.Don) Lindl. (1833)
2494:"This tree might reach to China"
2384:Parminter, John (January 1996).
2345:Kinver, Mark (August 13, 2008).
2046:U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service
2012: This article incorporates
2007:
1752:The world's tallest tree species
1677:
1219:Anacortes Community Forest Lands
1125: in) long and 3–4 mm (
101:
2547:Fire Effects Information System
2523:
2507:Judd, Ron (September 4, 2011).
2500:
2486:
2465:
2440:
2407:
2359:
2313:
2275:
2253:
2172:
2137:
2052:
2034:
2024:Fire Effects Information System
1277:Odocoileus hemionus columbianus
738:(Schwer.) C.K.Schneid. (1914)
462:(Sabine ex D.Don) Link (1842)
2418:Guinness book of world records
1956:
1942:
1921:
1833:
925:
898:it ranges as far south as the
622:(Raf.) Sudw. ex Holz. (1895)
13:
1:
2872:Pacific temperate rainforests
2158:10.1016/s0378-1127(01)00805-2
2146:Forest Ecology and Management
1757:
1063: in) long, 2–3 cm (
2133:. Island Press. p. 214.
2028:United States Forest Service
1869:McArdle, Richard E. (1930).
1049:are pendent, 5–8 cm (2–
350:Gordon & Glend. (1858)
330:T.Moore & Mast. (1873)
7:
2902:Flora of Washington (state)
2018:Uchytil, Ronald J. (1991).
1745:
1390:. Associated trees include
778:Knight ex Carrière (1855)
454:(Neumann) A.H.Kent (1900)
318:(Neumann) J.Nelson (1866)
10:
2928:
2867:NatureServe secure species
1820:Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
1815:Plants of the World Online
1527:Toxicodendron diversilobum
1388:Rocky Mountain Douglas-fir
1208:
1165: in) wing. The male (
755:Pseudotsuga vancouverensis
726:(Schwer.) Schwer. (1922)
666:(Antoine) Schwer. (1922)
554:(Neumann) Engelm. (1880)
58:Mount Hood National Forest
2912:Trees of Northern America
2892:Flora of British Columbia
2574:
2449:Early Days in Lynn Valley
2447:Draycott, Walter (1978).
1470:Rhododendron macrophyllum
1373:Loxia curvirostra neogaea
1169:) cones are 2–3 cm (
790:(Neumann) Beissn. (1884)
654:(Lindl.) Britton (1889)
614:(Schwer.) Franco (1950)
506:(Lindl.) Antoine (1841)
271:
264:
248:
241:
98:Scientific classification
96:
76:
67:
48:
39:
34:
1730:The tallest tree in the
1661:, timbers, pilings, and
1424:California incense-cedar
714:(Neumann) Sudw. (1897)
634:(Lemmon) Lemmon (1897)
602:(Schwer.) Silba (2011)
494:(Neumann) Parl. (1868)
470:Sabine ex D.Don (1832)
378:Bong. ex Gordon (1862)
2557:The Gymnosperm Database
1638:
1524:), western poison-oak (
1367:), and the Douglas-fir
1351:(Fringillidae) –
1337:Zonotrichia atricapilla
880:California Coast Ranges
690:(Raf.) Schwer. (1922)
386:Raf. ex Gordon (1862)
2576:Pseudotsuga menziesii
2129:Agee, James K (1993).
2014:public domain material
1978:. 2006. Archived from
1654:
1593:) seedlings, and some
1574:
1365:"Carpodacus" purpureus
1333:golden-crowned sparrow
1315:(Emberizidae) –
1309:Tamiasciurus douglasii
1266:Arceuthobium douglasii
1225:
974:
950:, the stoutest is the
743:Pseudotsuga taxifolia
731:Pseudotsuga taxifolia
719:Pseudotsuga taxifolia
707:Pseudotsuga taxifolia
702:(Raf.) Lemmon (1897)
695:Pseudotsuga taxifolia
683:Pseudotsuga taxifolia
671:Pseudotsuga taxifolia
659:Pseudotsuga taxifolia
646:(Raf.) Lemmon (1897)
639:Pseudotsuga mucronata
627:Pseudotsuga mucronata
607:Pseudotsuga menziesii
595:Pseudotsuga menziesii
583:Pseudotsuga douglasii
571:Pseudotsuga douglasii
559:Pseudotsuga douglasii
547:Pseudotsuga douglasii
535:Pseudotsuga douglasii
2473:"Topics of The Times"
2285:Pseudotsuga menziesii
1966:Pseudotsuga menziesii
1929:"Topics of The Times"
1804:Pseudotsuga menziesii
1782:. Arlington, Virginia
1774:Pseudotsuga menziesii
1697:Olympic National Park
1646:
1568:
1522:Symphoricarpos mollis
1486:Vaccinium parvifolium
1341:white-crowned sparrow
1246:Arborimus longicaudus
1216:
968:
956:Olympic National Park
884:Santa Lucia Mountains
846:southward to central
804:Pseudotsuga menziesii
651:Pseudotsuga taxifolia
619:Pseudotsuga mucronata
519:Pseudotsuga douglasii
252:Pseudotsuga menziesii
1770:NatureServe (2024).
1297:New World porcupines
1260:sometimes utilizing
892:Santa Barbara County
882:as far south as the
868:Pacific Coast Ranges
811:, commonly known as
2897:Flora of California
2533:. Monumental trees.
2511:. The Seattle Times
2373:on October 8, 2008.
2295:Gymnosperm Database
2200:2013Ecol...94.1729T
1976:Gymnosperm Database
1952:. 4 September 2011.
1903:Carder, A. (1995).
1705:Mineral, Washington
1693:Coos County, Oregon
1514:Holodiscus discolor
948:Coos County, Oregon
817:Pacific Douglas-fir
70:Conservation status
52:coast Douglas-fir (
2480:The New York Times
2386:"A Tale of a Tree"
2243:globalTwitcher.com
1659:dimensional lumber
1655:
1591:Tsuga heterophylla
1575:
1518:creeping snowberry
1478:Mahonia aquifolium
1462:Gaultheria shallon
1404:western white pine
1295:). In the winter,
1254:Strix occidentalis
1226:
1045:The mature female
975:
936:Eucalyptus regnans
866:crest west to the
838:from west-central
834:native to western
447:Abietia douglasii
435:Abietia douglasii
391:Abies standishiana
35:Coast Douglas-fir
27:Variety of conifer
2907:Symbols of Oregon
2854:
2853:
2764:Open Tree of Life
2568:Taxon identifiers
2208:10.1890/12-1506.1
1914:978-1-55041-090-7
1613:Douglas-fir is a
1583:old-growth forest
1561:Forest succession
1494:Rubus spectabilis
1384:Pacific Northwest
1329:Melospiza melodia
1313:American sparrows
1285:Cervus canadensis
1273:black-tailed deer
1105:are 5–6 mm (
813:Coast Douglas-fir
800:
799:
791:
779:
767:
759:
751:
739:
727:
715:
703:
691:
679:
667:
655:
647:
635:
623:
615:
603:
591:
579:
567:
555:
543:
531:
530:Lombarts (1936)
523:
515:
507:
495:
483:
471:
463:
455:
443:
431:
427:Abietia douglasii
423:
411:
403:
395:
387:
379:
371:
359:
351:
343:
331:
319:
307:
295:
287:
283:Abies californica
205:P. menziesii
91:
18:Coast Douglas-fir
16:(Redirected from
2919:
2882:Flora of Alberta
2847:
2846:
2834:
2833:
2821:
2820:
2811:
2810:
2798:
2797:
2785:
2784:
2772:
2771:
2759:
2758:
2749:
2748:
2736:
2735:
2733:NHMSYS0000494893
2723:
2722:
2710:
2709:
2697:
2696:
2684:
2683:
2671:
2670:
2658:
2657:
2645:
2644:
2635:
2634:
2622:
2621:
2612:
2611:
2599:
2598:
2597:
2579:
2563:
2562:
2535:
2534:
2527:
2521:
2520:
2518:
2516:
2504:
2498:
2497:
2490:
2484:
2483:
2482:. March 7, 1897.
2477:
2469:
2463:
2462:
2444:
2438:
2437:
2421:
2411:
2405:
2404:
2402:
2400:
2390:
2381:
2375:
2374:
2363:
2357:
2356:
2342:
2336:
2335:
2333:
2332:
2317:
2311:
2310:
2308:
2306:
2297:. Archived from
2279:
2273:
2272:
2270:
2268:
2257:
2251:
2250:
2245:. Archived from
2234:
2228:
2227:
2194:(8): 1729–1743.
2185:
2176:
2170:
2169:
2141:
2135:
2134:
2126:
2120:
2119:
2117:
2116:
2102:
2093:
2092:
2056:
2050:
2049:
2038:
2032:
2031:
2011:
2010:
2005:
1984:
1983:
1960:
1954:
1953:
1946:
1940:
1939:
1938:. March 7, 1897.
1933:
1925:
1919:
1918:
1900:
1885:
1884:
1882:
1880:
1866:
1857:
1856:
1854:
1853:
1837:
1831:
1830:
1828:
1826:
1798:
1792:
1791:
1789:
1787:
1767:
1595:western redcedar
1498:California hazel
1428:Lawson's cypress
1420:western redcedar
1305:Douglas squirrel
1192:
1191:
1187:
1184:
1178:
1177:
1173:
1164:
1163:
1159:
1154:
1153:
1149:
1144:
1143:
1139:
1134:
1133:
1129:
1124:
1123:
1119:
1114:
1113:
1109:
1100:
1099:
1095:
1092:
1086:
1085:
1081:
1078:
1072:
1071:
1067:
1062:
1061:
1057:
1054:
1037:
1036:
1032:
1029:
1023:
1022:
1018:
1009:
1008:
1004:
999:
998:
994:
920:British Columbia
840:British Columbia
789:
786:
783:Tsuga douglasii
777:
774:
771:Tsuga douglasii
765:
757:
749:
746:
737:
734:
725:
722:
713:
710:
701:
698:
689:
686:
677:
674:
665:
662:
653:
645:
642:
633:
630:
621:
613:
610:
601:
598:
590:Schwer. (1907)
589:
586:
578:Schwer. (1919)
577:
574:
566:Zederb. (1907)
565:
562:
553:
550:
542:Zederb. (1907)
541:
538:
529:
521:
513:
505:
502:
499:Pinus douglasii
493:
490:
487:Pinus douglasii
482:Antoine (1841)
481:
478:
475:Pinus douglasii
469:
461:
453:
450:
441:
438:
429:
422:Neumann (1853)
421:
418:
415:Abies taxifolia
410:C.Presl (1851)
409:
401:
393:
385:
377:
369:
366:
363:Abies mucronata
357:
349:
347:Abies drummondii
341:
338:
335:Abies douglasii
329:
326:
323:Abies douglasii
317:
314:
311:Abies douglasii
305:
302:
299:Abies douglasii
293:
285:
258:
106:
105:
85:
82:
81:
56:) forest in the
44:
32:
31:
21:
2927:
2926:
2922:
2921:
2920:
2918:
2917:
2916:
2887:Flora of Alaska
2857:
2856:
2855:
2850:
2842:
2837:
2829:
2824:
2816:
2814:
2806:
2801:
2793:
2788:
2780:
2775:
2767:
2762:
2754:
2752:
2744:
2739:
2731:
2726:
2718:
2713:
2705:
2700:
2692:
2687:
2679:
2674:
2666:
2661:
2653:
2648:
2640:
2638:
2630:
2625:
2617:
2615:
2607:
2602:
2593:
2592:
2587:
2577:
2570:
2543:
2538:
2529:
2528:
2524:
2514:
2512:
2505:
2501:
2492:
2491:
2487:
2475:
2471:
2470:
2466:
2459:
2445:
2441:
2434:
2412:
2408:
2398:
2396:
2388:
2382:
2378:
2365:
2364:
2360:
2343:
2339:
2330:
2328:
2319:
2318:
2314:
2304:
2302:
2281:
2280:
2276:
2266:
2264:
2258:
2254:
2235:
2231:
2183:
2177:
2173:
2142:
2138:
2127:
2123:
2114:
2112:
2104:
2103:
2096:
2073:10.1139/x88-093
2057:
2053:
2042:"Red tree vole"
2040:
2039:
2035:
2008:
2006:
1987:
1962:
1961:
1957:
1948:
1947:
1943:
1931:
1927:
1926:
1922:
1915:
1901:
1888:
1878:
1876:
1867:
1860:
1851:
1849:
1838:
1834:
1824:
1822:
1800:
1799:
1795:
1785:
1783:
1768:
1764:
1760:
1748:
1680:
1641:
1587:western hemlock
1563:
1502:Corylus cornuta
1482:red huckleberry
1454:Acer circinatum
1392:western hemlock
1357:Carduelis pinus
1317:dark-eyed junco
1258:parasitic plant
1211:
1189:
1185:
1182:
1180:
1175:
1171:
1170:
1161:
1157:
1156:
1151:
1147:
1146:
1141:
1137:
1136:
1131:
1127:
1126:
1121:
1117:
1116:
1111:
1107:
1106:
1097:
1093:
1090:
1088:
1083:
1079:
1076:
1074:
1069:
1065:
1064:
1059:
1055:
1052:
1050:
1034:
1030:
1027:
1025:
1020:
1016:
1015:
1006:
1002:
1001:
996:
992:
991:
928:
796:
784:
772:
763:Tsuga douglasii
744:
732:
720:
708:
696:
684:
678:Lemmon (1893)
672:
660:
640:
628:
608:
596:
584:
572:
560:
548:
536:
511:Pinus taxifolia
500:
488:
476:
467:Pinus douglasii
459:Picea douglasii
448:
436:
416:
407:Abies taxifolia
399:Abies taxifolia
394:K.Koch (1873)
383:Abies obliquata
364:
355:Abies mucronata
342:Lindl. (1838)
336:
324:
312:
300:
291:Abies douglasii
286:Steud. (1840)
277:
276:
260:
250:
237:
219:
209:
208:
100:
92:
83:
79:
72:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2925:
2915:
2914:
2909:
2904:
2899:
2894:
2889:
2884:
2879:
2874:
2869:
2852:
2851:
2849:
2848:
2844:wfo-0001091657
2835:
2822:
2812:
2799:
2786:
2773:
2760:
2750:
2737:
2724:
2711:
2698:
2685:
2672:
2659:
2646:
2636:
2623:
2613:
2600:
2584:
2582:
2572:
2571:
2560:
2559:
2554:
2549:
2542:
2541:External links
2539:
2537:
2536:
2522:
2499:
2485:
2464:
2457:
2439:
2432:
2406:
2376:
2358:
2337:
2312:
2274:
2252:
2249:on 2009-02-13.
2229:
2171:
2136:
2121:
2094:
2067:(5): 633–639.
2051:
2033:
1985:
1982:on 2007-07-14.
1955:
1941:
1936:New York Times
1920:
1913:
1886:
1858:
1846:Forest Science
1832:
1793:
1761:
1759:
1756:
1755:
1754:
1747:
1744:
1732:United Kingdom
1728:
1727:
1724:Whatcom County
1720:Nooksack Giant
1716:
1679:
1676:
1672:Christmas tree
1640:
1637:
1562:
1559:
1544:Arctostaphylos
1408:Ponderosa pine
1347:) – and
1321:Junco hyemalis
1210:
1207:
960:Nooksack Giant
927:
924:
888:Purisima Hills
825:Douglas spruce
798:
797:
795:
794:
793:
792:
780:
768:
760:
758:Flous (1934)
752:
740:
728:
716:
704:
692:
680:
668:
663:brevibracteata
656:
648:
636:
624:
616:
604:
592:
580:
568:
556:
544:
532:
524:
516:
514:Lamb. (1803)
508:
496:
484:
479:brevibracteata
472:
464:
456:
444:
432:
424:
412:
404:
402:Poir. (1804)
396:
388:
380:
372:
360:
352:
344:
332:
320:
308:
296:
288:
274:
273:
272:
269:
268:
262:
261:
246:
245:
243:Trinomial name
239:
238:
227:
225:
221:
220:
210:
202:
200:
196:
195:
188:
184:
183:
178:
174:
173:
168:
164:
163:
158:
154:
153:
148:
144:
143:
138:
131:
130:
125:
118:
117:
112:
108:
107:
94:
93:
77:
74:
73:
68:
65:
64:
46:
45:
37:
36:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2924:
2913:
2910:
2908:
2905:
2903:
2900:
2898:
2895:
2893:
2890:
2888:
2885:
2883:
2880:
2878:
2875:
2873:
2870:
2868:
2865:
2864:
2862:
2845:
2840:
2836:
2832:
2827:
2823:
2819:
2813:
2809:
2804:
2800:
2796:
2791:
2787:
2783:
2778:
2774:
2770:
2765:
2761:
2757:
2751:
2747:
2742:
2738:
2734:
2729:
2725:
2721:
2716:
2712:
2708:
2703:
2699:
2695:
2690:
2686:
2682:
2677:
2673:
2669:
2664:
2660:
2656:
2651:
2647:
2643:
2637:
2633:
2628:
2624:
2620:
2614:
2610:
2605:
2601:
2596:
2590:
2586:
2585:
2583:
2581:
2573:
2569:
2564:
2558:
2555:
2553:
2550:
2548:
2545:
2544:
2532:
2526:
2510:
2503:
2495:
2489:
2481:
2474:
2468:
2460:
2458:9780968322116
2454:
2450:
2443:
2435:
2433:9780553284522
2429:
2425:
2420:
2419:
2410:
2394:
2387:
2380:
2372:
2368:
2362:
2354:
2353:
2348:
2341:
2327:on 2010-12-04
2326:
2322:
2316:
2301:on 2010-10-01
2300:
2296:
2292:
2290:
2286:
2278:
2263:
2256:
2248:
2244:
2240:
2233:
2225:
2221:
2217:
2213:
2209:
2205:
2201:
2197:
2193:
2189:
2182:
2175:
2167:
2163:
2159:
2155:
2151:
2147:
2140:
2132:
2125:
2111:
2110:www.fs.fed.us
2107:
2101:
2099:
2090:
2086:
2082:
2078:
2074:
2070:
2066:
2062:
2055:
2047:
2043:
2037:
2029:
2025:
2021:
2015:
2004:
2002:
2000:
1998:
1996:
1994:
1992:
1990:
1981:
1977:
1973:
1971:
1967:
1959:
1951:
1945:
1937:
1930:
1924:
1916:
1910:
1906:
1899:
1897:
1895:
1893:
1891:
1874:
1873:
1865:
1863:
1847:
1843:
1836:
1821:
1817:
1816:
1811:
1809:
1805:
1797:
1781:
1779:
1775:
1766:
1762:
1753:
1750:
1749:
1743:
1741:
1737:
1733:
1725:
1721:
1717:
1713:
1712:
1711:
1708:
1706:
1702:
1701:Red Creek fir
1698:
1694:
1689:
1685:
1684:coast redwood
1678:Largest trees
1675:
1673:
1668:
1664:
1660:
1653:
1649:
1645:
1636:
1634:
1633:oak woodlands
1628:
1624:
1621:
1616:
1611:
1609:
1604:
1600:
1599:Thuja plicata
1596:
1592:
1588:
1584:
1580:
1572:
1567:
1558:
1556:
1552:
1549:
1545:
1541:
1537:
1533:
1529:
1528:
1523:
1519:
1515:
1511:
1507:
1503:
1499:
1495:
1491:
1487:
1483:
1479:
1475:
1471:
1467:
1463:
1459:
1455:
1451:
1447:
1443:
1441:
1437:
1436:bigleaf maple
1433:
1429:
1425:
1421:
1417:
1416:coast redwood
1413:
1409:
1405:
1401:
1397:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1380:
1378:
1374:
1370:
1369:red crossbill
1366:
1362:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1345:Z. leucophrys
1342:
1338:
1334:
1330:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1300:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1269:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1242:red tree vole
1239:
1234:
1231:
1224:
1220:
1215:
1206:
1202:
1199:
1194:
1168:
1104:
1048:
1043:
1041:
1013:
989:
985:
980:
972:
971:David Douglas
967:
963:
961:
957:
953:
949:
945:
941:
937:
933:
932:coast redwood
923:
921:
918:and southern
917:
913:
909:
905:
901:
897:
896:Sierra Nevada
893:
889:
885:
881:
877:
873:
872:Pacific Ocean
869:
865:
861:
857:
853:
852:United States
849:
845:
841:
837:
836:North America
833:
830:
826:
822:
818:
814:
810:
809:
805:
788:
781:
776:
769:
764:
761:
756:
753:
748:
741:
736:
729:
724:
717:
712:
705:
700:
693:
688:
681:
676:
669:
664:
657:
652:
649:
644:
637:
632:
625:
620:
617:
612:
605:
600:
593:
588:
581:
576:
569:
564:
557:
552:
545:
540:
533:
528:
525:
520:
517:
512:
509:
504:
497:
492:
485:
480:
473:
468:
465:
460:
457:
452:
445:
440:
433:
428:
425:
420:
413:
408:
405:
400:
397:
392:
389:
384:
381:
376:
375:Abies obliqua
373:
370:Raf. (1832)
368:
361:
358:Raf. (1832)
356:
353:
348:
345:
340:
333:
328:
321:
316:
309:
304:
297:
292:
289:
284:
281:
280:
279:
278:
270:
267:
263:
259:
257:
253:
247:
244:
240:
236:
235:
231:
226:
223:
222:
218:
214:
207:
206:
201:
198:
197:
194:
193:
189:
186:
185:
182:
179:
176:
175:
172:
169:
166:
165:
162:
159:
156:
155:
152:
149:
146:
145:
142:
139:
136:
133:
132:
129:
128:Tracheophytes
126:
123:
120:
119:
116:
113:
110:
109:
104:
99:
95:
89:
75:
71:
66:
63:
59:
55:
51:
47:
43:
38:
33:
30:
19:
2575:
2525:
2515:28 September
2513:. Retrieved
2502:
2488:
2479:
2467:
2448:
2442:
2417:
2409:
2399:28 September
2397:. Retrieved
2392:
2379:
2371:the original
2361:
2350:
2340:
2329:. Retrieved
2325:the original
2315:
2303:. Retrieved
2299:the original
2294:
2288:
2284:
2277:
2265:. Retrieved
2260:Vaden, M D.
2255:
2247:the original
2242:
2232:
2191:
2187:
2174:
2152:(1): 17–28.
2149:
2145:
2139:
2130:
2124:
2113:. Retrieved
2109:
2064:
2060:
2054:
2045:
2036:
2023:
1980:the original
1975:
1969:
1965:
1958:
1944:
1935:
1923:
1904:
1877:. Retrieved
1871:
1850:. Retrieved
1845:
1835:
1823:. Retrieved
1813:
1807:
1803:
1796:
1784:. Retrieved
1777:
1773:
1765:
1729:
1709:
1681:
1656:
1629:
1625:
1612:
1598:
1590:
1576:
1571:Port Renfrew
1543:
1535:
1525:
1521:
1513:
1505:
1501:
1493:
1485:
1477:
1474:Oregon-grape
1469:
1466:rhododendron
1461:
1453:
1444:
1440:Umpqua River
1396:Sitka spruce
1381:
1377:P. menziesii
1376:
1372:
1364:
1361:purple finch
1356:
1349:true finches
1344:
1336:
1328:
1325:song sparrow
1320:
1308:
1301:
1292:
1284:
1276:
1270:
1262:P. menziesii
1261:
1253:
1245:
1236:Douglas-fir
1235:
1227:
1203:
1195:
1044:
976:
929:
911:
908:P. menziesii
907:
824:
820:
816:
812:
807:
803:
802:
801:
782:
770:
762:
754:
742:
730:
718:
706:
694:
682:
670:
658:
650:
638:
626:
618:
606:
594:
582:
570:
558:
546:
534:
526:
518:
510:
498:
486:
474:
466:
458:
446:
434:
426:
414:
406:
398:
390:
382:
374:
362:
354:
346:
334:
322:
310:
298:
290:
282:
255:
251:
249:
233:
229:
228:
203:
191:
141:Gymnospermae
134:
121:
53:
29:
2877:Pseudotsuga
2715:NatureServe
2689:iNaturalist
1825:2 September
1786:2 September
1581:of lowland
1538:spp.), and
1506:californica
1490:salmonberry
1464:), Pacific
1442:in Oregon.
1353:pine siskin
1293:Dendragapus
1289:blue grouse
1250:spotted owl
944:Doerner Fir
926:Description
821:Oregon pine
563:pyramidalis
192:Pseudotsuga
88:NatureServe
2861:Categories
2616:Calflora:
2331:2011-03-09
2267:14 October
2115:2017-10-26
1852:2010-12-31
1758:References
1736:Ardentinny
1688:old growth
1648:Tree rings
1579:succession
1510:oceanspray
1450:vine maple
1400:sugar pine
1248:) and the
1223:Washington
1047:seed cones
952:Queets Fir
940:old growth
916:Washington
860:Washington
848:California
775:fastigiata
439:fastigiata
303:fastigiata
230:P. m.
147:Division:
50:Old-growth
2655:233500997
2580:menziesii
2305:March 17,
2289:menziesii
2216:1939-9170
2081:0045-5067
1970:menziesii
1848:: 317–319
1808:menziesii
1778:menziesii
1652:heartwood
1620:tree ring
1548:epiphytic
1540:manzanita
1536:Ceanothus
1532:ceanothus
1412:grand fir
894:. In the
829:evergreen
808:menziesii
723:viminalis
699:palustris
687:mucronata
643:palustris
575:viminalis
503:taxifolia
367:palustris
339:taxifolia
256:menziesii
234:menziesii
224:Variety:
199:Species:
161:Pinopsida
151:Pinophyta
111:Kingdom:
2826:VicFlora
2815:VASCAN:
2808:24900622
2803:Tropicos
2720:2.130203
2595:Q7255680
2589:Wikidata
2352:BBC News
2224:24015517
2166:85277897
2089:36514639
1879:17 March
1746:See also
1740:Scotland
1670:popular
1667:Creosote
900:Yosemite
864:Cascades
827:, is an
675:elongata
631:elongata
266:Synonyms
181:Pinaceae
177:Family:
2668:2685797
2642:psemenm
2196:Bibcode
2188:Ecology
1663:plywood
1555:lichens
1488:), and
1379:seeds.
1230:rooting
1209:Ecology
1188:⁄
1174:⁄
1160:⁄
1150:⁄
1140:⁄
1130:⁄
1120:⁄
1110:⁄
1096:⁄
1082:⁄
1068:⁄
1058:⁄
1040:stomata
1033:⁄
1019:⁄
1005:⁄
995:⁄
876:Klamath
832:conifer
787:pendula
747:viridis
735:viridis
711:pendula
611:viridis
599:viridis
587:viridis
551:pendula
491:pendula
451:pendula
419:pendula
327:stairii
315:pendula
187:Genus:
171:Pinales
167:Order:
157:Class:
115:Plantae
86: (
84:Secure
2777:PLANTS
2769:994179
2753:NZOR:
2746:278161
2707:183426
2681:310540
2639:FEIS:
2609:191246
2455:
2430:
2222:
2214:
2164:
2087:
2079:
1911:
1608:canopy
1603:forest
1551:mosses
1432:tanoak
1339:) and
1279:) and
1198:forest
1167:pollen
1012:leaves
912:glauca
856:Oregon
844:Canada
745:subsp.
685:subsp.
597:subsp.
217:Franco
62:Oregon
2782:PSMEM
2694:63910
2632:5QZBQ
2476:(PDF)
2389:(PDF)
2287:var.
2184:(PDF)
2162:S2CID
2085:S2CID
2016:from
1968:var.
1932:(PDF)
1806:var.
1776:var.
1615:seral
1504:var.
1458:salal
1446:Shrub
1238:snags
1103:seeds
910:var.
854:. In
823:, or
806:var.
254:var.
232:var.
213:Mirb.
135:Clade
122:Clade
2818:7201
2790:POWO
2741:NCBI
2702:ITIS
2676:GRIN
2663:GBIF
2619:6907
2604:APNI
2578:var.
2517:2017
2453:ISBN
2428:ISBN
2401:2017
2307:2013
2269:2016
2220:PMID
2212:ISSN
2077:ISSN
1909:ISBN
1881:2023
1827:2024
1788:2024
1718:The
1650:and
1639:Uses
1553:and
1228:The
988:buds
979:bark
977:The
878:and
870:and
858:and
785:var.
773:var.
733:var.
721:var.
709:var.
697:var.
673:var.
661:var.
641:var.
629:var.
609:var.
585:var.
573:var.
561:var.
549:var.
539:nana
537:var.
501:var.
489:var.
477:var.
449:var.
437:var.
417:var.
365:var.
337:var.
325:var.
313:var.
301:var.
275:List
2839:WFO
2728:NBN
2650:FNA
2627:CoL
2424:109
2204:doi
2154:doi
2150:172
2069:doi
1738:in
1530:),
1516:),
1508:),
1480:),
1472:),
1456:),
1359:),
1331:),
1323:),
1281:elk
1264:is
1196:In
984:fir
2863::
2841::
2828::
2805::
2792::
2779::
2766::
2743::
2730::
2717::
2704::
2691::
2678::
2665::
2652::
2629::
2606::
2591::
2478:.
2426:.
2391:.
2349:.
2293:.
2241:.
2218:.
2210:.
2202:.
2192:94
2190:.
2186:.
2160:.
2148:.
2108:.
2097:^
2083:.
2075:.
2065:18
2063:.
2044:.
2026:.
2022:.
1988:^
1974:.
1934:.
1889:^
1861:^
1844:.
1818:.
1812:.
1674:.
1665:.
1610:.
1557:.
1434:,
1430:,
1426:,
1422:,
1418:,
1414:,
1410:,
1406:,
1402:,
1398:,
1394:,
1221:,
1162:16
1142:16
1112:16
1007:16
997:16
922:.
890:,
850:,
842:,
819:,
815:,
215:)
137::
124::
60:,
2519:.
2461:.
2436:.
2403:.
2355:.
2334:.
2309:.
2291:"
2283:"
2271:.
2226:.
2206::
2198::
2168:.
2156::
2118:.
2091:.
2071::
2048:.
2030:.
1972:"
1964:"
1917:.
1883:.
1855:.
1829:.
1810:"
1802:"
1790:.
1780:"
1772:"
1597:(
1589:(
1542:(
1534:(
1520:(
1512:(
1500:(
1492:(
1484:(
1476:(
1468:(
1460:(
1452:(
1371:(
1363:(
1355:(
1343:(
1335:(
1327:(
1319:(
1307:(
1291:(
1283:(
1275:(
1252:(
1244:(
1190:4
1186:1
1183:+
1181:1
1179:–
1176:4
1172:3
1158:9
1155:–
1152:2
1148:1
1138:3
1135:–
1132:8
1128:1
1122:4
1118:1
1115:–
1108:3
1098:2
1094:1
1091:+
1089:1
1084:4
1080:1
1077:+
1075:1
1073:–
1070:4
1066:3
1060:4
1056:1
1053:+
1051:3
1035:8
1031:3
1028:+
1026:1
1024:–
1021:4
1017:3
1003:5
1000:–
993:3
906:(
211:(
90:)
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
