2167:. During photosynthesis carbon dioxide is removed from the water, making it more basic. Also calcification removes carbon dioxide, but chemistry behind it leads to the opposite pH reaction; it makes the water more acidic. The combination of photosynthesis and calcification therefore even out each other regarding pH changes. In addition, these exoskeletons may confer an advantage in energy production, as coccolithogenesis seems highly coupled with photosynthesis. Organic precipitation of calcium carbonate from bicarbonate solution produces free carbon dioxide directly within the cellular body of the alga, this additional source of gas is then available to the Coccolithophore for photosynthesis. It has been suggested that they may provide a cell-wall like barrier to isolate intracellular chemistry from the marine environment. More specific, defensive properties of coccoliths may include protection from osmotic changes, chemical or mechanical shock, and short-wavelength light. It has also been proposed that the added weight of multiple layers of coccoliths allows the organism to sink to lower, more nutrient rich layers of the water and conversely, that coccoliths add buoyancy, stopping the cell from sinking to dangerous depths. Coccolith appendages have also been proposed to serve several functions, such as inhibiting grazing by zooplankton.
601:
2400:) plates that constitute the dinoflagellate shell, should rather be favored at high H concentrations because these usually coincide with high . Under these conditions dinoflagellates could down-regulate the energy-consuming operation of carbon concentrating mechanisms to fuel the production of organic source material for their shell. Therefore, a shift in carbonate chemistry conditions toward high may promote their competitiveness relative to coccolithophores. However, such a hypothetical gain in competitiveness due to altered carbonate chemistry conditions would not automatically lead to dinoflagellate dominance because a huge number of factors other than carbonate chemistry have an influence on
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coccolithophores are K strategist and are usually found on nutrient-poor surface waters. They are poor competitors when compared to other phytoplankton and thrive in habitats where other phytoplankton would not survive. These two stages in the life cycle of coccolithophores occur seasonally, where more nutrition is available in warmer seasons and less is available in cooler seasons. This type of life cycle is known as a complex heteromorphic life cycle.
783:
120:
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231:
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585:. These are estimated to consume about two-thirds of the primary production in the ocean and microzooplankton can exert a strong grazing pressure on coccolithophore populations. Although calcification does not prevent predation, it has been argued that the coccosphere reduces the grazing efficiency by making it more difficult for the predator to utilise the organic content of coccolithophores.
3137:, impairs ion channel function and therefore places evolutionary selective pressure on coccolithophores and makes them (and other ocean calcifiers) vulnerable to ocean acidification. In 2008, field evidence indicating an increase in calcification of newly formed ocean sediments containing coccolithophores bolstered the first ever experimental data showing that an increase in ocean CO
2392:(diatom shell) seems to be the most inexpensive armor under all circumstances because diatoms typically outcompete all other groups when silicate is available. The coccosphere is relatively inexpensive under sufficient , high , and low because the substrate is saturating and protons are easily released into seawater. In contrast, the construction of
2282:(C) Mechanical and structural processes account for the secretion of the completed coccoliths that are transported from their original position adjacent to the nucleus to the cell periphery, where they are transferred to the surface of the cell. The costs associated with these processes are likely to be comparable to organic-scale
920:
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considered the
Central North Zone which is an area between 30 N and 5 N, composed of the North Equatorial Current and the Equatorial Countercurrent. These two currents move in opposite directions, east and west, allowing for a strong mixing of waters and allowing a large variety of species to populate the area.
954:
953:
958:
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have been found to produce haemolytic compounds, the agent responsible for toxicity. Some of these toxic species are responsible for large fish kills and can be accumulated in organisms such as shellfish; transferring it through the food chain. In laboratory tests for toxicity members of the oceanic
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Recent studies show that climate change has direct and indirect impacts on
Coccolithophore distribution and productivity. They will inevitably be affected by the increasing temperatures and thermal stratification of the top layer of the ocean, since these are prime controls on their ecology, although
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is instead released back into the atmosphere. As a result of this, researchers have postulated that large blooms of coccolithophores may contribute to global warming in the short term. A more widely accepted idea, however, is that over the long term coccolithophores contribute to an overall decrease
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prey and found no evidence that the coccosphere prevents ingestion by the grazer. Instead, ingestion rates were dependent on the offered genotype of E. huxleyi. Altogether, these two studies suggest that the genotype has a strong influence on ingestion by the microzooplankton species, but if and how
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crystals. These crystals are thought to form at least partially outside the cell. Heterococcoliths occur only in the diploid phase, have radial symmetry, and are composed of relatively few complex crystal units (fewer than 100). Although they are rare, combination coccospheres, which contain both
1115:
or other groups of phytoplankton, such as coccolithophores. A low silicate to nitrogen and phosphorus ratio allows coccolithophores to outcompete other phytoplankton species; however, when silicate to phosphorus to nitrogen ratios are high coccolithophores are outcompeted by diatoms. The increase in
880:
The upper photic zone is low in nutrient concentration, high in light intensity and penetration, and usually higher in temperature. The lower photic zone is high in nutrient concentration, low in light intensity and penetration and relatively cool. The middle photic zone is an area that contains the
795:
conditions, the most abundant areas of coccolithophores where there is the highest species diversity are located in subtropical zones with a temperate climate. While water temperature and the amount of light intensity entering the water's surface are the more influential factors in determining where
6328:
Daniels, Chris J.; Poulton, Alex J.; Balch, William M.; Marañón, Emilio; Adey, Tim; Bowler, Bruce C.; Cermeño, Pedro; Charalampopoulou, Anastasia; Crawford, David W.; Drapeau, Dave; Feng, Yuanyuan; Fernández, Ana; Fernández, Emilio; Fragoso, Glaucia M.; González, Natalia; Graziano, Lisa M.; Heslop,
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saturation contrary to predictions. Understanding the effects of increasing ocean acidification on coccolithophore species is absolutely essential to predicting the future chemical composition of the ocean, particularly its carbonate chemistry. Viable conservation and management measures will come
959:
2302:
The diagram on the left shows the benefits of coccolithophore calcification. (A) Accelerated photosynthesis includes CCM (1) and enhanced light uptake via scattering of scarce photons for deep-dwelling species (2). (B) Protection from photodamage includes sunshade protection from ultraviolet (UV)
1349: (E), the reference species for coccolithophore studies, is contrasted with a range of other species spanning the biodiversity of modern coccolithophores. All images are scanning electron micrographs of cells collected by seawater filtration from the open ocean. Species illustrated: (A)
807:
Within the
Pacific Ocean, approximately 90 species have been identified with six separate zones relating to different Pacific currents that contain unique groupings of different species of coccolithophores. The highest diversity of coccolithophores in the Pacific Ocean was in an area of the ocean
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and added to the inner surface of the coccosphere. This means that the most recently produced coccoliths may lie beneath older coccoliths. Depending upon the phytoplankton's stage in the life cycle, two different types of coccoliths may be formed. Holococcoliths are produced only in the haploid
1224:
need sunlight and nutrients from the ocean to survive, so they thrive in areas with large inputs of nutrient rich water upwelling from the lower levels of the ocean. Most coccolithophores require sunlight only for energy production, and have a higher ratio of nitrate uptake over ammonium uptake
868:
The complete distribution of coccolithophores is currently not known and some regions, such as the Indian Ocean, are not as well studied as other locations in the
Pacific and Atlantic Oceans. It is also very hard to explain distributions due to multiple constantly changing factors involving the
773:
of coccolithophores depend on their life cycle stage. When coccolithophores are diploid, they are r-selected. In this phase they tolerate a wider range of nutrient compositions. When they are haploid they are K- selected and are often more competitive in stable low nutrient environments. Most
2343:
chemistry conditions is possible within one year. Unraveling these fundamental constraints and the limits of adaptation should be a focus in future coccolithophore studies because knowing them is the key information required to understand to what extent the calcification response to carbonate
2123:
process known as coccolithogenesis. Generally, calcification of coccoliths occurs in the presence of light, and these scales are produced much more during the exponential phase of growth than the stationary phase. Although not yet entirely understood, the biomineralization process is tightly
3100:
concentrations. During calcification two carbon atoms are taken up and one of them becomes trapped as calcium carbonate. This calcium carbonate sinks to the bottom of the ocean in the form of coccoliths and becomes part of sediment; thus, coccolithophores provide a sink for emitted carbon,
572:
As of 2021, it is not known why coccolithophores calcify and how their ability to produce coccoliths is associated with their ecological success. The most plausible benefit of having a coccosphere seems to be a protection against predators or viruses. Viral infection is an important cause of
5651:
Balch, W. M.; Drapeau, D. T.; Bowler, B. C.; Lyczskowski, E.; Booth, E. S.; Alley, D. (2011). "The contribution of coccolithophores to the optical and inorganic carbon budgets during the
Southern Ocean Gas Exchange Experiment: New evidence in support of the "Great Calcite Belt" hypothesis".
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help to produce thicker clouds to block the sun. When the oceans cool, the number of coccolithophorids decrease and the amount of clouds also decrease. When there are fewer clouds blocking the sun, the temperature also rises. This, therefore, maintains the balance and equilibrium of nature.
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predominance. The overlap of two major phytoplankton groups, coccolithophores and diatoms, in the dynamic frontal systems characteristic of this region provides an ideal setting to study environmental influences on the distribution of different species within these taxonomic groups.
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In this process the coccoliths from the parent cell are divided between the two daughter cells. There have been suggestions stating the possible presence of a sexual reproduction process due to the diploid stages of the coccolithophores, but this process has never been observed.
956:
1249:. These viruses, known as E. huxleyi viruses (EhVs), appear to infect the coccosphere coated diploid phase of the life cycle almost exclusively. It has been proposed that as the haploid organism is not infected and therefore not affected by the virus, the co-evolutionary "
2335:) to co-adapt in order to keep H efflux alive. The obligatory H efflux associated with calcification may therefore pose a fundamental constraint on adaptation which may potentially explain why "calcification crisis" were possible during long-lasting (thousands of years) CO
4328:
Monteiro, Fanny M.; Bach, Lennart T.; Brownlee, Colin; Bown, Paul; Rickaby, Rosalind E. M.; Poulton, Alex J.; Tyrrell, Toby; Beaufort, Luc; Dutkiewicz, Stephanie; Gibbs, Samantha; Gutowska, Magdalena A.; Lee, Renee; Riebesell, Ulf; Young, Jeremy; Ridgwell, Andy (2016).
3201:
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Although motility and colony formation vary according to the life cycle of different coccolithophore species, there is often alternation between a motile, haploid phase, and a non-motile diploid phase. In both phases, the organism's dispersal is largely due to ocean
6329:
Rachel; Holligan, Patrick M.; Hopkins, Jason; Huete-Ortega, María; Hutchins, David A.; Lam, Phoebe J.; Lipsen, Michael S.; López-Sandoval, Daffne C.; Loucaides, Socratis; Marchetti, Adrian; Mayers, Kyle M. J.; Rees, Andrew P.; Sobrino, Cristina; et al. (2018).
1157:
Their predators include the common predators of all phytoplankton including small fish, zooplankton, and shellfish larvae. Viruses specific to this species have been isolated from several locations worldwide and appear to play a major role in spring bloom dynamics.
3217:
2355:
do not need to sustain the calcification-related H efflux. Thus, they probably do not need to adapt in order to keep costs for the production of structural elements low. On the contrary, dinoflagellates (except for calcifying species; with generally inefficient
1140:, meaning photosythetic production is diminished due to an excess of light. In case 1), a high concentration of coccoliths leads to a simultaneous increase in surface water temperature and decrease in the temperature of deeper waters. This results in more
790:
Coccolithophores occur throughout the world's oceans. Their distribution varies vertically by stratified layers in the ocean and geographically by different temporal zones. While most modern coccolithophores can be located in their associated stratified
7054:
Mayers, Kyle M. J.; Poulton, Alex J.; Bidle, Kay; Thamatrakoln, Kimberlee; Schieler, Brittany; Giering, Sarah L. C.; Wells, Seona R.; Tarran, Glen A.; Mayor, Dan; Johnson, Matthew; Riebesell, Ulf; Larsen, Aud; Vardi, Assaf; Harvey, Elizabeth L. (2020).
2187:
that cover up to 35% of the ocean floor and is kilometres thick in places. Because of their abundance and wide geographic ranges, the coccoliths which make up the layers of this ooze and the chalky sediment formed as it is compacted serve as valuable
2303:
light and photosynthetic active radiation (PAR) (1) and energy dissipation under high-light conditions (2). (C) Armor protection includes protection against viral/bacterial infections (1) and grazing by selective (2) and nonselective (3) grazers.
4122:
Honjo, Susumu; Manganini, Steven J.; Krishfield, Richard A.; Francois, Roger (2008). "Particulate organic carbon fluxes to the ocean interior and factors controlling the biological pump: A synthesis of global sediment trap programs since 1983".
746:
to produce haploid cells again, starting the cycle over. With coccolithophores, asexual reproduction by mitosis is possible in both phases of the life cycle, which is a contrast with most other organisms that have alternating life cycles. Both
2154:
holococcoliths and heterococcoliths, have been observed in the plankton recording coccolithophore life cycle transitions. Finally, the coccospheres of some species are highly modified with various appendages made of specialized coccoliths.
1005:
spring and summer in the
Southern Ocean, plays an important role in climate fluctuations, accounting for over 60% of the Southern Ocean area (30–60° S). The region between 30° and 50° S has the highest uptake of anthropogenic carbon dioxide
2412:
Currently, the evidence supporting or refuting a protective function of the coccosphere against predation is limited. Some researchers found that overall microzooplankton predation rates were reduced during blooms of the coccolithophore
2377:
2162:
While the exact function of the coccosphere is unclear, many potential functions have been proposed. Most obviously coccoliths may protect the phytoplankton from predators. It also appears that it helps them to create a more stable
5059:
Houdan; Probert, I; Zatylny, C; Véron, B; Billard, C; et al. (2006), ". Ecology of oceanic coccolithophores. I. Nutritional preferences of the two stages in the life cycle of
Coccolithus braarudii and Calcidiscus leptoporus",
6969:
Olson, M.Brady; Strom, Suzanne L. (2002). "Phytoplankton growth, microzooplankton herbivory and community structure in the southeast Bering Sea: Insight into the formation and temporal persistence of an
Emiliania huxleyi bloom".
4882:
Moheimani, N.R.; Webb, J.P.; Borowitzka, M.A. (2012), "Bioremediation and other potential applications of coccolithophorid algae: A review. . Bioremediation and other potential applications of coccolithophorid algae: A review",
6518:
Lohbeck, Annette; Tietjens, Maike; Bund, Andreas (2014). "Das physische
Selbstkonzept, die individuell präferierte Bezugsnormorientierung und die Zielorientierung bei Grundschulkindern der zweiten und vierten Jahrgangsstufe".
6786:
Fu, Fei-Xue; Zhang, Yaohong; Warner, Mark E.; Feng, Yuanyuan; Sun, Jun; Hutchins, David A. (2008). "A comparison of future increased CO2 and temperature effects on sympatric
Heterosigma akashiwo and Prorocentrum minimum".
3996:
Poulton, Alex J.; Adey, Tim R.; Balch, William M.; Holligan, Patrick M. (2007). "Relating coccolithophore calcification rates to phytoplankton community dynamics: Regional differences and implications for carbon export".
2099:. The coccoliths are created inside the coccolithophore cell and while some species maintain a single layer throughout life only producing new coccoliths as the cell grows, others continually produce and shed coccoliths.
2318:
for intra-cellular calcification) to become more costly with ongoing ocean acidification as the electrochemical H inside-out gradient is reduced and passive proton outflow impeded. Adapted cells would have to activate
3129:, as coccolith production would otherwise produce a toxic excess of H ions. When the function of these ion channels is disrupted, the coccolithophores stop the calcification process to avoid acidosis, thus forming a
1148:
of the ocean is less than that from anthropogenic factors. Therefore, the overall result of large blooms of coccolithophores is a decrease in water column productivity, rather than a contribution to global warming.
5174:
Boeckel; Baumann, Karl-Heinz; Henrich, Rüdiger; Kinkel, Hanno; et al. (2006), "Coccolith distribution patterns in South Atlantic and Southern Ocean surface sediments in relation to environmental gradients",
5419:
Durak, G.M., Taylor, A.R., Walker, C.E., Probert, I., De Vargas, C., Audic, S., Schroeder, D., Brownlee, C. and Wheeler, G.L. (2016) "A role for diatom-like silicon transporters in calcifying coccolithophores".
5687:
Sabine, C. L.; Feely, R. A.; Gruber, N.; Key, R. M.; Lee, K.; Bullister, J. L.; Wanninkhof, R.; Wong, C. S.; Wallace, D. W.; Tilbrook, B.; Millero, F. J.; Peng, T. H.; Kozyr, A.; Ono, T.; Rios, A. F. (2004).
3613:
Hay, W.W.; Mohler, H.P.; Roth, P.H.; Schmidt, R.R.; Boudreaux, J.E. (1967), "Calcareous nannoplankton zonation of the Cenozoic of the Gulf Coast and Caribbean-Antillean area, and transoceanic correlation",
2372:
fertilization. Under the assumption that any form of shell/exoskeleton protects phytoplankton against predation non-calcareous armors may be the preferable solution to realize protection in a future ocean.
1166:
No environmental evidence of coccolithophore toxicity has been reported, but they belong to the class Prymnesiophyceae which contain orders with toxic species. Toxic species have been found in the genera
573:
phytoplankton death in the oceans, and it has recently been shown that calcification can influence the interaction between a coccolithophore and its virus. The major predators of marine phytoplankton are
3117:
in the atmosphere may affect the calcification machinery of coccolithophores. This may not only affect immediate events such as increases in population or coccolith production, but also may induce
955:
1225:(nitrogen is required for growth and can be used directly from nitrate but not ammonium). Because of this they thrive in still, nutrient-poor environments where other phytoplankton are starving.
537:. Today, coccolithophores contribute ~1–10% to inorganic carbon fixation (calcification) to total carbon fixation (calcification plus photosynthesis) in the surface ocean and ~50% to pelagic CaCO
5456:
Smith, Helen E. K.; Poulton, Alex J.; Garley, Rebecca; Hopkins, Jason; Lubelczyk, Laura C.; Drapeau, Dave T.; Rauschenberg, Sara; Twining, Ben S.; Bates, Nicholas R.; Balch, William M. (2017).
6926:
Fileman, E.S.; Cummings, D.G.; Llewellyn, C.A. (2002). "Microplankton community structure and the impact of microzooplankton grazing during an Emiliania huxleyi bloom, off the Devon coast".
5591:
Sarmiento, J. L.; Slater, R.; Barber, R.; Bopp, L.; Doney, S. C.; Hirst, A. C.; Kleypas, J.; Matear, R.; Mikolajewicz, U.; Monfray, P.; Soldatov, V.; Spall, S. A.; Stouffer, R. (2004).
2388:
The diagram on the right is a representation of how the comparative energetic effort for armor construction in diatoms, dinoflagellates and coccolithophores appear to operate. The
592:
are able to selectively choose prey on the basis of its size or shape and through chemical signals and may thus favor other prey that is available and not protected by coccoliths.
5304:
Gafar, N. A., Eyre, B. D. and Schulz, K. G. (2019). "A comparison of species specific sensitivities to changing light and carbonate chemistry in calcifying marine phytoplankton".
6229:
Irie, Takahiro; et al. (2010), "Increasing costs due to ocean acidification drives phytoplankton to be more heavily calcified: optimal growth strategy of coccolithophores",
1132:
in calcium carbonate allows coccoliths to scatter more light than they absorb. This has two important consequences: 1) Surface waters become brighter, meaning they have a higher
3653:
Buitenhuis, Erik T.; Pangerc, Tanja; Franklin, Daniel J.; Le Quéré, Corinne; Malin, Gill (2008), "Growth Rates of Six Coccolithoripd Strains as a Function of Temperature",
4498:
Johns, Christopher T.; Grubb, Austin R.; Nissimov, Jozef I.; Natale, Frank; Knapp, Viki; Mui, Alwin; Fredricks, Helen F.; Van Mooy, Benjamin A. S.; Bidle, Kay D. (2019).
3879:"Detection of Phagotrophy in the Marine Phytoplankton Group of the Coccolithophores (Calcihaptophycidae, Haptophyta) During Nutrient‐replete and Phosphate‐limited Growth"
5548:
Sarmiento, Jorge L.; Hughes, Tertia M. C.; Stouffer, Ronald J.; Manabe, Syukuro (1998). "Simulated response of the ocean carbon cycle to anthropogenic climate warming".
5345:
Young, J.R.; et al. (2009), "Coccolith function and morphogenesis: insights from appendage-bearing coccolithophores of the family syracosphaeraceae (haptophyta)",
7275:
Mackinder; Wheeler, Glen; Schroeder, Declan; Riebesell, Ulf; Brownlee, Colin; et al. (2010), "Molecular Mechanisms Underlying Calcification in Coccolithophores",
6093:
1144:
in the water column and a decrease in the vertical mixing of nutrients. However, a 2012 study estimated that the overall effect of coccolithophores on the increase in
6166:
Linschooten, Cornelis; et al. (1991), "Role of the light-dark cycle and medium composition on the production of coccoliths by Emiliania huxleyi (haptophyceae)",
8525:
5939:
Litchman, E.; et al. (2007), "The role of functional traits and trade-offs in structuring phytoplankton communities: scaling from cellular to ecosystem level",
3449:
de Vries, Joost; Monteiro, Fanny; Wheeler, Glen; Poulton, Alex; Godrijan, Jelena; Cerino, Federica; Malinverno, Elisa; Langer, Gerald; Brownlee, Colin (2021-02-16).
1019:
it is not clear whether global warming would result in net increase or decrease of coccolithophores. As they are calcifying organisms, it has been suggested that
8545:
7639:
Charlson, Robert J.; Lovelock, James E.; Andreae, Meinrat O.; Warren, Stephen G. (1987). "Oceanic phytoplankton, atmospheric sulphur, cloud albedo and climate".
7005:
Mayers, K.M.J.; Poulton, A.J.; Daniels, C.J.; Wells, S.R.; Woodward, E.M.S.; Tarran, G.A.; Widdicombe, C.E.; Mayor, D.J.; Atkinson, A.; Giering, S.L.C. (2019).
4641:
Mayers, K.M.J.; Poulton, A.J.; Daniels, C.J.; Wells, S.R.; Woodward, E.M.S.; Tarran, G.A.; Widdicombe, C.E.; Mayor, D.J.; Atkinson, A.; Giering, S.L.C. (2019).
3576:
Yunev, O.A.; et al. (2007), "Nutrient and phytoplankton trends on the western Black Sea shelf in response to cultural eutrophication and climate changes",
9444:
742:. These haploid cells can then divide further through mitosis or undergo sexual reproduction with other haploid cells. The resulting diploid cell goes through
722:(sexual) life cycle, and (c) coccolithophores tend to utilize a haplo-diplontic life cycle. Note that not all coccolithophores calcify in their haploid phase.
9493:
9380:
9375:
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that was offered, rather than on their degree of calcification. In the same study, however, the authors found that predators which preyed on non-calcifying
9498:
9400:
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concentration results in an increase in calcification of these organisms. Decreasing coccolith mass is related to both the increasing concentrations of CO
9571:
9545:
9439:
5271:
Kinkel, H.; et al. (2000), "Coccolithophores in the equatorial Atlantic Ocean: response to seasonal and Late Quaternary surface water variability",
2963:
2059:
6200:
9576:
9488:
9395:
8959:
6471:"Emiliania huxleyi increases calcification but not expression of calcification-related genes in long-term exposure to elevated temperature and p CO 2"
9385:
9313:
9297:
9214:
9204:
9170:
8997:
4836:
Henderiks, Jorijntje (2008). "Coccolithophore size rules — Reconstructing ancient cell geometry and cellular calcite quota from fossil coccoliths".
4248:
Young, J. R. (1994). "Functions of coccoliths", in Coccolithophores, eds A. Winter and W. G. Siesser (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press), 63–82.
3519:
Smith, H.E.K.; et al. (2012), "Predominance of heavily calcified coccolithophores at low CaCO3 saturation during winter in the Bay of Biscay",
3200:
9483:
9478:
9416:
9370:
9240:
9230:
8987:
7317:
Bates; Michaels, Anthony F.; Knap, Anthony H.; et al. (1996), "Alkalinity changes in the Sargasso Sea; geochemical evidence of calfication?",
1327:
Evolutionary history of coccolithophores: (A) Coccolithophore species richness over time; (B) The fossil record of major coccolithophore
2427:
did not differ significantly from those on similar sized non-calcifying phytoplankton. In laboratory experiments the heterotrophic dinoflagellate
9827:
9714:
9582:
9250:
1790:
5214:
de Vargas, C.; Aubrey, M.P.; Probert, I.; Young, J. (2007). "From coastal hunters to oceanic farmers.". In Falkowski, P.G.; Knoll, A.H. (eds.).
3216:
3177:
are monitoring the responses of coccolithophore populations to varying pH's and working to determine environmentally sound measures of control.
9245:
9235:
9209:
8535:
444:
Coccolithophores (or coccolithophorids, from the adjective) form a group of about 200 phytoplankton species. They belong either to the kingdom
4914:
Billard, Chantal; Inouye, Isoa (August 17, 2004). "What is new in coccolithophore biology?". In Thierstein, Hans R.; Young, Jeremy R. (eds.).
9753:
9527:
9118:
686:, coils and uncoils in response to environmental stimuli. Although poorly understood, it has been proposed to be involved in prey capture.
5111:
Geisen, M.; et al. (August 17, 2004). "Species level variation in coccolithophores=". In Thierstein, Hans R.; Young, Jeremy R. (eds.).
985:
is a region of elevated summertime upper ocean calcite concentration derived from coccolithophores, despite the region being known for its
6551:"Nannofossil carbonate fluxes during the Early Cretaceous: Phytoplankton response to nutrification episodes, atmospheric CO2, and anoxia"
5747:
3011:
2380:
Representation of comparative energetic effort for armor construction in three major shell-forming phytoplankton taxa as a function of
2011:
7787:
848:
depths. These coccolithophores increase in abundance when the nutricline and thermocline are deep and decrease when they are shallow.
3174:
2183:, and of other similar rocks in many other parts of the world. At the present day sedimented coccoliths are a major component of the
7100:"Grazing in the heterotrophic dinoflagellate Oxyrrhis marina: Size selectivity and preference for calcified Emiliania huxleyi cells"
6469:
Benner, Ina; Diner, Rachel E.; Lefebvre, Stephane C.; Li, Dian; Komada, Tomoko; Carpenter, Edward J.; Stillman, Jonathon H. (2013).
5000:
Vardi, A.; et al. (2012), "Host–virus dynamics and subcellular controls of cell fate in a natural coccolithophore population",
3268:
in the ocean. Finally, field evidence of coccolithophore fossils in rock were used to show that the deep-sea fossil record bears a
2111:. Calcium carbonate is transparent, so the organisms' photosynthetic activity is not compromised by encapsulation in a coccosphere.
9688:
4588:
Calbet, Albert; Landry, Michael R. (2004). "Phytoplankton growth, microzooplankton grazing, and carbon cycling in marine systems".
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in the world's oceans. This lower calcification is assumed to put coccolithophores at ecological disadvantage. Some species like
9727:
7941:
4748:"The role of dissolved infochemicals in mediating predator-prey interactions in the heterotrophic dinoflagellate Oxyrrhis marina"
2419:, while others found high microzooplankton grazing rates on natural coccolithophore communities. In 2020, researchers found that
2052:
1257:
evolutionary framework, but instead a "Cheshire Cat" ecological dynamic. More recent work has suggested that viral synthesis of
1229:
associated with these faster growth rates include a smaller cell radius and lower cell volume than other types of phytoplankton.
2149:
phase, lack radial symmetry, and are composed of anywhere from hundreds to thousands of similar minute (ca 0.1 μm) rhombic
1313:
due to decreasing global temperatures, with species that produced large and heavily calcified coccoliths most heavily affected.
8465:
7856:
3183:
1305:, when more than 90% of coccolithophore species became extinct. Coccoliths reached another, lower apex of diversity during the
7564:
6593:
Erba, Elisabetta (2006). "The first 150 million years history of calcareous nannoplankton: Biosphere–geosphere interactions".
4075:"Association of sinking organic matter with various types of mineral ballast in the deep sea: Implications for the rain ratio"
2368:
as their source of structural elements in the form of cellulose should be facilitated by the ocean acidification-associated CO
2230:(A) Transport processes include the transport into the cell from the surrounding seawater of primary calcification substrates
7693:
5870:
4224:
3980:
3947:
3854:
3430:
1302:
796:
species are located, the ocean currents also can determine the location where certain species of coccolithophores are found.
9732:
6040:
2437:, which was hypothesised to be due to size selective feeding behaviour, since calcified cells are larger than non-calcified
1083:
Coccolithophores are one of the more abundant primary producers in the ocean. As such, they are a large contributor to the
1306:
5458:"The influence of environmental variability on the biogeography of coccolithophores and diatoms in the Great Calcite Belt"
3930:
Bown, Paul R.; Lees, Jackie A.; Young, Jeremy R. (2004). "Calcareous nannoplankton evolution and diversity through time".
6686:
Van De Waal, Dedmer B.; John, Uwe; Ziveri, Patrizia; Reichart, Gert-Jan; Hoins, Mirja; Sluijs, Appy; Rost, Björn (2013).
2376:
939:, but they are heavily calcified and make important contributions to global calcification. Unmarked scale bars 5 μm.
5509:"Calcium carbonate measurements in the surface global ocean based on Moderate-Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer data"
8578:
7820:
6637:"A unifying concept of coccolithophore sensitivity to changing carbonate chemistry embedded in an ecological framework"
4960:
3091:
However, the production of calcium carbonate drives surface alkalinity down, and in conditions of low alkalinity the CO
2045:
727:
7565:"Calcareous Nannofossil Assemblage Changes Across the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum: Evidence from a Shelf Setting"
7467:
3168:
might be (study results are mixed). Also, highly calcified coccolithophorids have been found in conditions of low CaCO
2461:
grew faster than those fed with calcified cells. In 2018, Strom et al. compared predation rates of the dinoflagellate
553:
precipitation of calcium carbonate during coccolith formation reduces the total alkalinity of seawater and releases CO
6150:
5876:
5120:
4923:
4439:
4239:
Young, J. R. (1987). Possible Functional Interpretations of Coccolith Morphology. New York: Springer-Verlag, 305–313.
3916:
3261:
7391:
Beaufort, L.; et al. (2011), "Sensitivity of coccolithophores to carbonate chemistry and ocean acidification",
4207:
Rost, Björn; Riebesell, Ulf (2004). "Coccolithophores and the biological pump: Responses to environmental changes".
3413:
Rost, Björn; Riebesell, Ulf (2004). "Coccolithophores and the biological pump: Responses to environmental changes".
9789:
8615:
3364:"Influence of the Calcium Carbonate Shell of Coccolithophores on Ingestion and Growth of a Dinoflagellate Predator"
375:-related coccolithophore blooms, as these blooms lead to a decrease in nutrient flow to lower levels of the ocean.
17:
9758:
5386:
Daniels, C.J., Sheward, R.M. and Poulton, A.J. (2014) "Biogeochemical implications of comparative growth rates of
2331:. Reduced intra-cellular pH would severely affect the entire cellular machinery and require other processes (e.g.
8610:
6048:
2449:
as well as calcified strains that differed in the degree of calcification. They found that the ingestion rate of
600:
7597:
Lloyd, G.T.; et al. (2011), "Quantifying the deep-sea rock and fossil record bias using coccolithophores",
6434:
Taylor, Alison R.; Brownlee, Colin; Wheeler, Glen L. (2012). "Proton channels in algae: Reasons to be excited".
460:, according to the newer biological classification system. Within the Hacrobia, the coccolithophores are in the
3249:. They are the largest global source of biogenic calcium carbonate, and significantly contribute to the global
3004:
3290:
The coccolithophorids help in regulating the temperature of the oceans. They thrive in warm seas and release
2195:
2144:
control the shape and growth of these crystals. As each scale is produced, it is exported in a Golgi-derived
730:, and is characterized by an alternation of both asexual and sexual phases. The asexual phase is known as the
280:, according to a newer biological classification system. Within the Hacrobia, the coccolithophores are in the
9740:
8694:
8684:
8667:
3237:
2867:
1922:
1917:
1750:
1551:
1120:
of waters and thus, coccolithophore blooms in these high nitrogen and phosphorus, low silicate environments.
142:
3803:"A review of selected aspects of coccolithophore biology with implications for paleobiodiversity estimation"
347:
Coccolithophores are ecologically important, and biogeochemically they play significant roles in the marine
8530:
6635:
Bach, Lennart Thomas; Riebesell, Ulf; Gutowska, Magdalena A.; Federwisch, Luisa; Schulz, Kai Georg (2015).
2907:
2273:
crystals. The completed coccolith (gray plate) is a complex structure of intricately arranged CAPs and CaCO
994:
449:
269:
7007:"Growth and mortality of coccolithophores during spring in a temperate Shelf Sea (Celtic Sea, April 2015)"
5097:. Washington, D.C.: Environmental Information Coalition, National Council for Science and the Environment.
4643:"Growth and mortality of coccolithophores during spring in a temperate Shelf Sea (Celtic Sea, April 2015)"
616:
Coccolithophores are spherical cells about 5–100 micrometres across, enclosed by calcareous plates called
8455:
7966:
6110:
Gardin, Silvia; Krystyn, Leopold; Richoz, Sylvain; Bartolini, Annachiara; Galbrun, Bruno (October 2012).
5234:
Okada; Honjo, Susumu; et al. (1973), "The distribution of oceanic coccolithophores in the Pacific",
2596:
1745:
416:. It is also the fastest growing coccolithophore in laboratory cultures. It is studied for the extensive
6201:"Microscopic marine plants bioengineer their environment to enhance their own growth - The Conversation"
2496:
8445:
7946:
7911:
7792:
6111:
6057:
5911:
Houdan, A.; et al. (2004), "Toxicity of coastal coccolithophores (Prymnesiophyceae, Haptophyta)",
3318:
3034:
2958:
2690:
2565:
2032:
1979:
1061:
5592:
4557:"The Calcium Carbonate Shell of Emiliania huxleyi Provides Limited Protection Against Viral Infection"
2706:
2472:
calcification protects coccolithophores from microzooplankton predation could not be fully clarified.
9794:
9653:
8500:
7487:
7182:"Phytoplankton defenses: Do Emiliania huxleyi coccoliths protect against microzooplankton predators?"
4160:"Marine calcification as a source of carbon dioxide: Positive feedback of increasing atmospheric CO2"
3362:
Haunost, Mathias; Riebesell, Ulf; D'Amore, Francesco; Kelting, Ole; Bach, Lennart T. (30 June 2021).
3264:
55 million years ago. This period is thought to correspond most directly to the current levels of CO
3125:
in to constantly pump H ions out of the cell during coccolith production. This allows them to avoid
2997:
2922:
2695:
1973:
1632:
1362:
1297:
boundary. Diversity steadily increased over the course of the Mesozoic, reaching its apex during the
1254:
1084:
356:
5853:
2199:
Energetic costs of coccolithophore calcification. Energetic costs reported as a percentage of total
933:
Larger coccolithophores such as the species above are less numerous than the smaller but ubiquitous
8162:
8034:
8021:
7783:
University of California, Berkeley. Museum of Paleontology: "Introduction to the Prymnesiophyta".
6214:
Westbroek, P.; et al. (1983), "Calcification in Coccolithophoridae: Wasteful or Functional?",
2244:(black arrows) and the removal of the end product H from the cell (gray arrow). The transport of Ca
1519:
6814:
Reinfelder, John R. (2011). "Carbon Concentrating Mechanisms in Eukaryotic Marine Phytoplankton".
4978:
Young, J.R.; Karen, H. (2003). "Biomineralization Within Vesicles: The Calcite of Coccoliths". In
3760:
Bentaleb, I.; et al. (1999), "Silicate as regulating nutrient in phytoplankton competition",
8699:
8440:
8420:
7886:
3207:
3118:
2943:
2912:
2589:
2226:
production. The diagram on the right shows the energetic costs of coccolithophore calcification:
1755:
1627:
1386:
1087:
of the tropical and subtropical oceans, however, exactly how much has yet to have been recorded.
877:
environments, unique oceanic topography, and pockets of isolated high or low water temperatures.
433:
249:
2294:
9837:
9615:
8571:
8450:
8302:
7813:
5848:
3332:
2917:
2790:
1944:
1769:
1141:
562:
541:
sediments. Their calcareous shell increases the sinking velocity of photosynthetically fixed CO
6112:"Where and when the earliest coccolithophores?: Where and when the earliest coccolithophores?"
9822:
8662:
8495:
8322:
8265:
8000:
7866:
7782:
6859:"Coccolith arrangement follows Eulerian mathematics in the coccolithophore Emiliania huxleyi"
4703:
Tillmann, Urban (2004). "Interactions between Planktonic Microalgae and Protozoan Grazers1".
3910:
3697:
Egge, JK; Aksnes, DL (1992), "Silicate as regulating nutrient in phytoplankton competition",
3254:
3223:
3190:
3121:
of coccolithophore species over longer periods of time. For example, coccolithophores use H
2311:
2180:
1507:
1380:
1368:
1262:
1212:
Coccolithophorids are predominantly found as single, free-floating haploid or diploid cells.
660:
9781:
9771:
9719:
3736:
9832:
9817:
9675:
8247:
8047:
7951:
7916:
7718:
7648:
7606:
7572:
7442:
7326:
7284:
7229:
Mejia, R. (2011), "Will Ion Channels Help Coccolithophores Adapt to Ocean Acidification?",
7193:
7018:
6979:
6935:
6823:
6758:
6699:
6648:
6602:
6562:
6383:
Taylor, Alison R.; Chrachri, Abdul; Wheeler, Glen; Goddard, Helen; Brownlee, Colin (2011).
6342:
6300:
6238:
6061:
5994:
5948:
5704:
5661:
5607:
5557:
5520:
5469:
5280:
5243:
5184:
5009:
4845:
4792:
4654:
4597:
4511:
4342:
4271:
4171:
4132:
4086:
4045:
4006:
3817:
3706:
3662:
3585:
3528:
3462:
2847:
2611:
2179:, a Late Cretaceous rock formation which outcrops widely in southern England and forms the
1539:
1321:
770:
759:
352:
7180:
Strom, Suzanne L.; Bright, Kelley J.; Fredrickson, Kerri A.; Cooney, Elizabeth C. (2018).
5981:
Frada, M.; et al. (2008), "The "Cheshire Cat" escape strategy of the coccolithophore
3164:, however, are not affected in this way, while the most abundant coccolithophore species,
3080:
Because coccolithophores are photosynthetic organisms, they are able to use some of the CO
2393:
1111:
within phytoplankton communities. Each ratio essentially tips the odds in favor of either
8:
8830:
8490:
8425:
8192:
8181:
8058:
8041:
7683:
6835:
6073:
3737:"Life at the Edge of Sight — Scott Chimileski, Roberto Kolter | Harvard University Press"
3110:
2931:
2852:
2770:
2401:
2307:
2219:
2184:
1461:
1108:
1020:
699:
558:
417:
364:
323:
273:
7722:
7652:
7610:
7576:
7446:
7330:
7288:
7197:
7022:
6983:
6939:
6827:
6762:
6703:
6652:
6606:
6566:
6346:
6304:
6242:
6065:
5998:
5952:
5708:
5665:
5611:
5561:
5524:
5473:
5284:
5247:
5188:
5013:
4952:
4849:
4796:
4658:
4601:
4515:
4455:
Brussaard, Corina P. D. (2004). "Viral Control of Phytoplankton Populations-a Review1".
4346:
4275:
4175:
4136:
4090:
4049:
4010:
3878:
3821:
3710:
3666:
3589:
3532:
3466:
389:
8679:
8657:
8645:
8620:
7734:
7664:
7622:
7540:
7513:
7416:
7300:
7253:
7211:
7036:
6951:
6895:
6858:
6722:
6687:
6495:
6470:
6411:
6384:
6261:
6183:
6017:
5728:
5633:
5573:
5370:
5157:
5032:
4818:
4728:
4716:
4672:
4623:
4532:
4499:
4480:
4468:
4431:
4363:
4330:
4104:
3680:
3551:
3488:
2936:
2872:
2754:
2324:
1994:
1984:
1835:
1801:
1718:
1711:
1622:
1471:
1072:
978:
972:
964:
340:
remain elusive. One key function may be that the coccosphere offers protection against
137:
7367:
6991:
5773:
5292:
3773:
9766:
9662:
9555:
9550:
8969:
8689:
8652:
8640:
8630:
8564:
8385:
8380:
8375:
8197:
8116:
7961:
7881:
7806:
7738:
7689:
7626:
7545:
7472:
7433:
Tyrell, T.; et al. (1999), "Optical impacts of oceanic coccolithophore blooms",
7408:
7371:
7338:
7258:
7040:
6900:
6882:
6839:
6727:
6500:
6451:
6416:
6266:
6179:
6146:
6127:
6085:
6077:
6022:
5964:
5960:
5866:
5720:
5507:
Balch, W. M.; Gordon, Howard R.; Bowler, B. C.; Drapeau, D. T.; Booth, E. S. (2005).
5362:
5358:
5255:
5116:
5037:
4956:
4919:
4861:
4810:
4720:
4676:
4537:
4472:
4435:
4368:
4220:
3976:
3943:
3898:
3850:
3802:
3556:
3492:
3480:
3426:
3385:
3291:
3038:
2984:
2877:
2658:
2584:
2415:
2258:
2211:
2145:
2125:
2120:
1999:
1909:
1578:
1512:
1437:
1374:
1345:
1328:
1145:
1067:
935:
861:
837:
813:
763:
507:
490:
480:
476:
465:
453:
380:
327:
296:
285:
7514:"A voltage-gated H channel underlying pH homeostasis in calcifying coccolithophores"
7304:
7215:
6955:
6385:"A Voltage-Gated H Channel Underlying pH Homeostasis in Calcifying Coccolithophores"
6187:
5637:
5374:
4732:
4627:
4484:
4108:
3684:
3243:
851:
264:
community. They form a group of about 200 species, and belong either to the kingdom
9537:
9521:
9358:
9255:
9025:
9007:
8954:
8949:
8812:
8763:
8604:
8327:
8307:
8231:
8105:
8052:
7991:
7726:
7709:
Larsen, S. H. (2005). "Solar variability, dimethyl sulphide, clouds, and climate".
7668:
7656:
7614:
7584:
7580:
7535:
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7450:
7420:
7400:
7363:
7334:
7292:
7248:
7238:
7201:
7157:
7147:
7111:
7078:
7068:
7026:
6987:
6943:
6908:
6890:
6872:
6831:
6796:
6766:
6717:
6707:
6656:
6610:
6570:
6528:
6490:
6482:
6443:
6406:
6396:
6350:
6308:
6256:
6246:
6175:
6123:
6069:
6012:
6002:
5956:
5920:
5858:
5732:
5712:
5669:
5623:
5615:
5577:
5565:
5528:
5477:
5429:
5403:
5354:
5313:
5288:
5251:
5192:
5161:
5149:
5069:
5027:
5017:
4979:
4948:
4894:
4857:
4853:
4822:
4800:
4759:
4712:
4662:
4613:
4605:
4568:
4527:
4519:
4464:
4427:
4399:
4358:
4350:
4289:
4279:
4212:
4189:
4179:
4140:
4094:
4053:
4014:
3968:
3935:
3890:
3825:
3769:
3714:
3670:
3593:
3546:
3536:
3470:
3418:
3375:
3313:
2579:
2538:
1959:
1949:
1929:
1546:
1466:
574:
546:
472:
413:
341:
292:
197:
6447:
5689:
5140:
Jordan, R. W.; Chamberlain, A.H.L. (1997), "Biodiversity among haptophyte algae",
4034:"Ratio of coccolith CaCO3to foraminifera CaCO3in late Holocene deep sea sediments"
2506:
1023:
due to increasing carbon dioxide could severely affect coccolithophores. Recent CO
234:
Coccolithophore cells are covered with protective calcified (chalk) scales called
9516:
9017:
8992:
8979:
8941:
8856:
8839:
8804:
8435:
8312:
8138:
8122:
7926:
7851:
7530:
7243:
7031:
7006:
6747:"Evolutionary and ecological perspectives on carbon acquisition in phytoplankton"
6712:
6688:"Ocean Acidification Reduces Growth and Calcification in a Marine Dinoflagellate"
6661:
6636:
6614:
6401:
6313:
6288:
6251:
4693:, Eds A. Winter and W. G. Siesser (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press), 63–82.
4667:
4642:
4144:
3972:
3939:
3844:
3323:
3308:
3285:
2902:
2800:
2759:
2749:
2429:
2365:
2141:
1825:
1701:
1615:
1583:
1298:
1289:. The oldest known coccolithophores are known from the Late Triassic, around the
1137:
1056:
801:
656:
530:
348:
9745:
9667:
6532:
5862:
4898:
4216:
3829:
3787:
3634:"Biogeography and dispersal of micro-organisms: a review emphasizing protists",
3422:
1337:
1002:
738:
phase. During the haploid phase, coccolithophores produce haploid cells through
493:. However, there are Prymnesiophyceae species lacking coccoliths (e.g. in genus
344:
predation, which is one of the main causes of phytoplankton death in the ocean.
9638:
9508:
9327:
9188:
9149:
9002:
8900:
8848:
8635:
8505:
8236:
8151:
8027:
7769:
7761:– illustrated guide to the taxonomy of coccolithophores and other nannofossils.
6673:
6367:
5494:
5443:
5327:
5317:
4885:
4746:
Breckels, M. N.; Roberts, E. C.; Archer, S. D.; Malin, G.; Steinke, M. (2011).
4018:
3597:
3503:
3400:
3085:
3042:
2862:
2842:
2810:
2715:
2647:
2557:
2543:
2352:
2332:
2320:
2200:
1967:
1830:
1817:
1671:
1644:
1639:
1117:
982:
752:
707:
582:
385:
372:
360:
304:
300:
212:
167:
7296:
7073:
7056:
6947:
6800:
6771:
6746:
6355:
6330:
5834:"Coccolithophores and the biological pump: responses to environmental changes"
5196:
5153:
4609:
4573:
4556:
4184:
4159:
3675:
3380:
3363:
2222:. Coccolithophores are the major planktonic group responsible for pelagic CaCO
782:
9811:
9470:
9449:
8932:
8892:
8736:
8515:
8485:
8370:
8365:
8092:
8069:
8006:
7976:
7971:
6886:
6283:
Krumhardt, Kristen M.; Lovenduski, Nicole S.; Iglesias-Rodriguez, M. Debora;
6081:
4865:
4814:
4404:
4387:
3902:
3484:
3389:
3273:
3130:
2815:
2669:
2601:
2514:
2262:
2207:
2133:
2073:
1989:
1934:
1774:
1737:
1600:
1558:
1529:
1524:
1408:
1258:
1221:
1040:
998:
586:
503:
429:
253:
219:
76:
7152:
7135:
6282:
6007:
5925:
5716:
5482:
5457:
5407:
5022:
4805:
4780:
4764:
4747:
4523:
3541:
3475:
3450:
1027:
increases have seen a sharp increase in the population of coccolithophores.
518:) which cover the cell surface in the form of a spherical coating, called a
9282:
8883:
8510:
8405:
8332:
8287:
8259:
8156:
8132:
7981:
7906:
7876:
7871:
7861:
7549:
7512:
Taylor, A.R.; Chrachri, A.; Wheeler, G.; Goddard, H.; Brownlee, C. (2011).
7412:
7375:
7262:
6904:
6843:
6731:
6504:
6486:
6455:
6420:
6284:
6270:
6089:
6026:
5968:
5724:
5366:
5041:
4724:
4541:
4476:
4372:
4354:
3560:
3250:
3122:
3030:
2857:
2805:
2795:
2735:
2631:
2606:
2533:
2528:
2189:
2004:
1681:
1676:
1658:
1476:
1282:
1076:
1035:
792:
672:
652:
648:
640:
625:
621:
37:
6912:
5833:
5796:
4500:"The mutual interplay between calcification and coccolithovirus infection"
2310:
is presently unknown. Cell physiological examinations found the essential
919:
9701:
9647:
9344:
9158:
9080:
8918:
8874:
8724:
8475:
8460:
8410:
8275:
8099:
7896:
7891:
7846:
7730:
7454:
7354:
Marsh, M.E. (2003), "Regulation of CaCO3 formation in coccolithophores",
6575:
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5673:
5619:
5533:
5508:
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4058:
4033:
3963:
Hay, William W. (2004). "Carbonate fluxes and calcareous nannoplankton".
3246:
3046:
2953:
2948:
2897:
2837:
2829:
2740:
2519:
2463:
2176:
2092:
1954:
1939:
1882:
1796:
1563:
1495:
1351:
1266:
1253:" between coccolithophores and these viruses does not follow the classic
1242:
1044:
910:
889:
845:
683:
519:
421:
420:
it forms in nutrient depleted waters after the reformation of the summer
397:
368:
332:
312:
257:
128:
51:
7404:
5433:
4618:
4294:
1445:
903:
620:, which are about 2–25 micrometres across. Each cell contains two brown
119:
9336:
9273:
8964:
8910:
8360:
8297:
8226:
8218:
8016:
8011:
7956:
6877:
4986:. Washington, D.C.: Mineralogical Society of America. pp. 189–216.
4422:
Hamm, Christian; Smetacek, Victor (2007). "Armor: Why, when, and How".
4193:
3719:
3295:
3134:
2663:
2574:
2287:
2283:
2266:
2088:
1534:
1278:
1269:
arms race at least between the coccolithoviruses and diploid organism.
1100:
841:
636:
617:
523:
495:
468:
409:
355:. Depending on habitat, they can produce up to 40 percent of the local
288:
187:
96:
61:
9706:
8556:
7206:
7181:
7116:
7099:
7083:
7057:"The Possession of Coccoliths Fails to Deter Microzooplankton Grazers"
6588:
6586:
6544:
6542:
6475:
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
6378:
6376:
5074:
4417:
4415:
4284:
4259:
4158:
Frankignoulle, Michel; Canon, Christine; Gattuso, Jean-Pierre (1994).
3894:
2441:. In 2015, Harvey et al. investigated predation by the dinoflagellate
9180:
8777:
8715:
8587:
8430:
8415:
8355:
8337:
8317:
8292:
8253:
8241:
8081:
7660:
7618:
7162:
5816:
5628:
2397:
2381:
2340:
2249:
2077:
1877:
1870:
1764:
1610:
1568:
1310:
1250:
1238:
1226:
870:
719:
711:
679:
676:
605:
515:
485:
393:
308:
235:
154:
101:
9693:
9609:
3272:
similar to the one that is widely accepted to affect the land-based
9632:
9140:
8795:
8786:
8674:
8591:
8480:
8186:
8145:
8127:
7901:
7838:
7829:
6583:
6539:
6373:
4412:
3417:. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg. pp. 99–125.
3269:
3173:
from future research in this area. Groups like the European-based
3126:
2679:
2488:
2458:
2389:
1865:
1855:
1590:
1573:
1294:
1286:
1104:
1096:
664:
632:
550:
534:
457:
445:
425:
401:
277:
265:
261:
230:
177:
91:
86:
71:
66:
56:
7274:
6928:
Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom
5569:
4781:"Covariation of metabolic rates and cell size in coccolithophores"
3877:
Avrahami, Yoav; Frada, Miguel J. (31 March 2020). Mock, T. (ed.).
3616:
Transactions of the Gulf Coast Association of Geological Societies
3361:
2339:
perturbation events even though evolutionary adaption to changing
1013:
9051:
8540:
8470:
8347:
8086:
7758:
7134:
Harvey, Elizabeth L.; Bidle, Kay D.; Johnson, Matthew D. (2015).
6672:
Material was copied from this source, which is available under a
6366:
Material was copied from this source, which is available under a
5493:
Material was copied from this source, which is available under a
5442:
Material was copied from this source, which is available under a
5326:
Material was copied from this source, which is available under a
5093:
Hogan, M.C. ""Coccolithophores"". In Cleveland, Cutler J. (ed.).
3652:
3502:
Material was copied from this source, which is available under a
3399:
Material was copied from this source, which is available under a
2361:
2150:
2129:
1860:
1785:
1706:
1595:
1481:
1129:
881:
same values in between that of the lower and upper photic zones.
874:
748:
743:
739:
735:
731:
668:
667:
structures, which are involved not only in motility, but also in
644:
589:
578:
499:), so not every member of Prymnesiophyceae is a coccolithophore.
337:
106:
81:
6039:
Taylor, Alison R.; Brownlee, Colin; Wheeler, Glen (2017-01-03).
4121:
3104:
1188:
were shown to be non-toxic as were species of the coastal genus
1051:
367:
increases, their coccoliths may become even more important as a
8202:
8173:
6634:
3575:
2674:
2636:
2348:
2107:
The primary constituent of coccoliths is calcium carbonate, or
1889:
1290:
1133:
1112:
986:
715:
461:
281:
7053:
6289:"Coccolithophore growth and calcification in a changing ocean"
4388:"On the Genesis and Function of Coccolithophore Calcification"
3448:
3253:. They are the main constituent of chalk deposits such as the
3029:
Coccolithophores have both long and short term effects on the
2087:
Each coccolithophore encloses itself in a protective shell of
9680:
7638:
6863:
6685:
6668:
6362:
6331:"A global compilation of coccolithophore calcification rates"
5650:
5547:
5489:
5438:
5322:
3498:
3395:
2252:
to the CV is the dominant cost associated with calcification.
2238:
2231:
2108:
1605:
855:
Size comparison between the relatively large coccolithophore
316:
7511:
7179:
6382:
6109:
5748:"What's fueling the rise of coccolithophores in the oceans?"
8520:
7798:
5213:
5173:
4555:
Haunost, Mathias; Riebesell, Ulf; Bach, Lennart T. (2020).
2364:
may even profit from chemical changes since photosynthetic
1723:
1662:
359:. They are of particular interest to those studying global
6972:
Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography
6327:
5113:
Coccolithophores-from molecular processes to global impact
4916:
Coccolithophores-from molecular processes to global impact
4745:
3999:
Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography
3451:"Haplo-diplontic life cycle expands coccolithophore niche"
526:, and are able to photosynthesise as well as ingest prey.
7562:
7136:"Consequences of strain variability and calcification in
7004:
6856:
5590:
5455:
5058:
4640:
4260:"Environmental controls on coccolithophore calcification"
4157:
2347:
Silicate- or cellulose-armored functional groups such as
2344:
chemistry perturbations can be compensated by evolution.
1010:) alongside the North Atlantic and North Pacific oceans.
726:
The complex life cycle of coccolithophores is known as a
7765:
INA — International Nannoplankton Association
7491:
6925:
5506:
4497:
4327:
3995:
859:
and the relatively small but ubiquitous coccolithophore
647:
are located on either side of the cell and surround the
27:
Unicellular algae responsible for the formation of chalk
7764:
5177:
Deep-Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers
4881:
2328:
2261:
include the synthesis of CAPs (gray rectangles) by the
2164:
755:
may affect the frequency with which each phase occurs.
557:. Thus, coccolithophores play an important role in the
6674:
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License
6368:
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License
5495:
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License
5444:
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License
5328:
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License
3504:
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License
3401:
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License
3260:
Of particular interest are fossils dating back to the
3033:. The production of coccoliths requires the uptake of
2475:
2136:
where protein templates nucleate the formation of CaCO
1265:
provides a more direct link to study a Red Queen-like
1123:
997:(PIC) feature occurring alongside seasonally elevated
371:. Management strategies are being employed to prevent
6468:
6433:
6038:
811:
In the Atlantic Ocean, the most abundant species are
6041:"Coccolithophore Cell Biology: Chalking Up Progress"
5686:
4554:
3612:
1039:
Satellite photograph: The milky blue colour of this
786:
Global distribution of coccolithophores in the ocean
682:
is also present. This structure, which is unique to
7097:
6517:
4689:Young, J. R. (1994) "Functions of coccoliths". In:
3101:mediating the effects of greenhouse gas emissions.
869:ocean's properties, such as coastal and equatorial
631:Enclosed in each coccosphere is a single cell with
7133:
3800:
3731:
3729:
1232:
7788:The Paleontology Portal: Calcareous Nanoplankton
7316:
6785:
6595:Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology
6032:
5593:"Response of ocean ecosystems to climate warming"
5139:
604:Coccolithophore cell surrounded by its shield of
479:). Coccolithophores are distinguished by special
9809:
7599:Geological Society, London, Special Publications
7386:
7384:
6141:Falkowski, P.G.; Knoll, A.H. (August 29, 2007).
4877:
4875:
2433:preferred calcified over non-calcified cells of
663:, and other organelles. Each cell also has two
483:plates (or scales) of uncertain function called
7681:
7556:
6159:
5987:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
5892:
5209:
5207:
5205:
5002:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
4323:
4321:
4319:
4317:
4315:
4313:
4311:
4309:
4307:
4305:
3726:
3521:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
3231:
2306:The degree by which calcification can adapt to
1014:Effect of global climate change on distribution
993:The Great Calcite Belt, defined as an elevated
529:Coccolithophores have been an integral part of
424:. and for its production of molecules known as
8838:
8803:
7460:
7268:
6857:Xu, K.; Hutchins, D.; Gao, K. (9 April 2018).
6549:Erba, Elisabetta; Tremolada, Fabrizio (2004).
6145:. Amsterdam, Boston: Elsevier Academic Press.
6140:
4909:
4907:
3801:Young, J. R.; Geisen, M.; Probert, I. (2005).
3444:
3442:
1047:strongly suggests it contains coccolithophores
734:phase, while the sexual phase is known as the
378:The most abundant species of coccolithophore,
8847:
8572:
7814:
7381:
7349:
7347:
7129:
7127:
6548:
6207:
6134:
5906:
5904:
5886:
5831:
5266:
5264:
5236:Deep-Sea Research and Oceanographic Abstracts
5135:
5133:
5106:
5104:
5054:
5052:
5050:
4938:
4936:
4913:
4872:
4257:
4206:
4031:
3929:
3876:
3646:
3412:
3357:
3355:
3353:
3351:
3349:
3242:Coccolith fossils are prominent and valuable
3105:Evolutionary responses to ocean acidification
3024:
3005:
2053:
1301:. However, there was a sharp drop during the
1152:
7432:
7175:
7173:
7098:Hansen, FC; Witte, HJ; Passarge, J. (1996).
5932:
5340:
5338:
5336:
5229:
5227:
5225:
5202:
5088:
5086:
5084:
4995:
4993:
4973:
4971:
4587:
4421:
4302:
4032:Broecker, Wallace; Clark, Elizabeth (2009).
2407:
311:, and exist in large numbers throughout the
9432:
9111:
7426:
6630:
6628:
6626:
6624:
6165:
5167:
4904:
4073:Klaas, Christine; Archer, David E. (2002).
4072:
3753:
3627:
3571:
3569:
3514:
3512:
3439:
3084:released in the calcification reaction for
1309:, but have subsequently declined since the
821:with smaller concentrations of the species
609:
608:. The coccolith-bearing cell is called the
299:). Coccolithophores are almost exclusively
9157:
9104:
8756:
8579:
8565:
7821:
7807:
7590:
7344:
7310:
7222:
7124:
6968:
6813:
5901:
5895:Introduction to the Biology of Marine Life
5261:
5233:
5130:
5101:
5047:
4977:
4933:
3842:
3696:
3346:
3012:
2998:
2060:
2046:
1277:Coccolithophores are members of the clade
1272:
1107:in particular areas of the ocean dictates
1090:
326:on the planet, covering themselves with a
118:
9335:
9073:
7539:
7529:
7356:Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology B
7252:
7242:
7205:
7170:
7161:
7151:
7115:
7082:
7072:
7030:
6894:
6876:
6770:
6721:
6711:
6660:
6574:
6494:
6410:
6400:
6354:
6312:
6260:
6250:
6213:
6143:Evolution of Primary Producers in the Sea
6016:
6006:
5974:
5924:
5852:
5766:
5644:
5627:
5532:
5500:
5481:
5449:
5333:
5222:
5081:
5073:
5031:
5021:
4990:
4968:
4835:
4804:
4763:
4666:
4617:
4572:
4531:
4454:
4424:Evolution of Primary Producers in the Sea
4403:
4362:
4293:
4283:
4183:
4098:
4057:
3718:
3674:
3608:
3606:
3550:
3540:
3474:
3379:
2445:on different genotypes of non-calcifying
2298:Benefits of coccolithophore calcification
1424:
1207:
322:Coccolithophores are the most productive
9066:
7480:
7390:
6621:
6222:
5938:
5825:
5690:"The Oceanic Sink for Anthropogenic CO2"
5216:Origin and Evolution of Coccolithophores
4702:
3788:"International Nanoplankton Association"
3759:
3566:
3509:
2375:
2293:
2194:
2083:Exoskeleton: coccospheres and coccoliths
1095:The ratio between the concentrations of
1050:
1034:
949:
850:
781:
698:
694:
599:
565:and the oceanic uptake of atmospheric CO
229:
8794:
8586:
6744:
3690:
3279:
2423:ingestion rates of microzooplankton on
1030:
14:
9828:Extant Late Triassic first appearances
9810:
7708:
7563:Self-Trail, J.M.; et al. (2012),
5910:
5893:Morrissey, J.F.; Sumich, J.L. (2012).
5270:
5110:
4984:Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry
4942:
4778:
4705:The Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology
4457:The Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology
4385:
3603:
3113:due to increasing concentrations of CO
1245:infect coccolithophores, particularly
777:
704:Life cycle strategies of phytoplankton
549:organic matter. At the same time, the
9614:
9613:
8560:
7802:
7596:
7353:
7228:
5980:
5745:
5344:
5218:. Boston: Elsevier. pp. 251–285.
4999:
3518:
2265:(white rectangles) that regulate the
2175:Coccoliths are the main component of
2091:, calcified scales which make up its
1303:Cretaceous-Paleogene extinction event
945:
561:by influencing the efficiency of the
6836:10.1146/annurev-marine-120709-142720
6592:
6228:
6074:10.1146/annurev-marine-122414-034032
5788:
5746:Gitau, Beatrice (28 November 2015).
5115:. Berlin: Springler. pp. 1–29.
4918:. Berlin: Springler. pp. 1–29.
3578:Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science
3049:by the following chemical reaction:
1200:, both coastal genera were toxic to
1182:Emiliania, Gephyrocapsa, Calcidiscus
675:. In some species, a functional or
7140:huxleyion microzooplankton grazing"
4953:10.1002/9780470015902.a0001981.pub2
4943:Jordan, R.W. (2012), "Haptophyta",
3962:
2476:Importance in global climate change
1124:Impact on water column productivity
502:Coccolithophores are single-celled
24:
7778:Introductions to coccolithophores
4982:; Yoreo, J.J.; Weiner, S. (eds.).
4791:(15). Copernicus GmbH: 4665–4692.
4717:10.1111/j.1550-7408.2004.tb00540.x
4469:10.1111/j.1550-7408.2004.tb00537.x
4331:"Why marine phytoplankton calcify"
25:
9849:
7749:
5985:in response to viral infection",
5092:
3461:(3). Copernicus GmbH: 1161–1184.
3262:Palaeocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum
3145:and decreasing concentrations of
2453:was dependent on the genotype of
7925:
7754:Sources of detailed information
7702:
7675:
7632:
7505:
6667:
6521:Zeitschrift für Sportpsychologie
6361:
6180:10.1111/j.0022-3646.1991.00082.x
6128:10.1111/j.1502-3931.2012.00311.x
6099:from the original on 2021-07-16.
5961:10.1111/j.1461-0248.2007.01117.x
5832:Rost, B.; Riebesell, U. (2004),
5794:
5488:
5437:
5359:10.1111/j.1529-8817.2008.00643.x
5321:
4432:10.1016/B978-012370518-1/50015-1
4258:Raven, JA; Crawfurd, K. (2012).
3497:
3394:
3215:
3199:
3182:
2979:
2978:
2495:
2027:
2026:
1444:
1336:
1320:
1307:Paleocene-Eocene thermal maximum
918:
902:
888:
836:. Deep-dwelling coccolithophore
260:(self-feeding) component of the
141:
49:
7468:"Can seashells save the world?"
7435:Journal of Geophysical Research
7091:
7047:
6998:
6962:
6919:
6850:
6816:Annual Review of Marine Science
6807:
6779:
6738:
6679:
6511:
6462:
6427:
6321:
6276:
6193:
6103:
6049:Annual Review of Marine Science
5882:from the original on 2012-11-10
5810:
5754:. The Christian Science Monitor
5739:
5680:
5654:Journal of Geophysical Research
5584:
5541:
5513:Journal of Geophysical Research
5413:
5380:
5298:
5142:Biodiversity & Conservation
4829:
4772:
4739:
4696:
4683:
4634:
4581:
4548:
4491:
4448:
4379:
4251:
4242:
4233:
4200:
4151:
4115:
4066:
4025:
3989:
3956:
3923:
3870:
3849:. Academic Press. p. 239.
3836:
3794:
3780:
2467:on calcified relative to naked
2210:, the biological production of
1791:microbial calcite precipitation
1233:Viral infection and coevolution
1116:agricultural processes lead to
7585:10.1016/j.marmicro.2012.05.003
5797:"Virus Taxonomy: 2014 Release"
4858:10.1016/j.marmicro.2008.01.005
4264:Marine Ecology Progress Series
3699:Marine Ecology Progress Series
3406:
3045:are produced from calcium and
2327:, and/or lower their internal
2323:more frequently, adjust their
2102:
1215:
412:base of a large proportion of
13:
1:
7857:High lipid content microalgae
7795:– podcast on coccolithophores
7368:10.1016/s1096-4959(03)00180-5
6992:10.1016/S0967-0645(02)00329-6
6745:Tortell, Philippe D. (2000).
6448:10.1016/j.tplants.2012.06.009
5293:10.1016/s0377-8398(00)00016-5
4844:(1–2). Elsevier BV: 143–154.
3915:: CS1 maint: date and year (
3774:10.1016/S0304-4203(98)00079-6
3339:
3238:Protists in the fossil record
2868:Great Atlantic Sargassum Belt
2396:elements, which are organic (
2314:(stemming from the use of HCO
2119:Coccoliths are produced by a
1751:marine biogenic calcification
1331:innovations and morphogroups.
1281:, which is a sister clade to
1192:, however several species of
1175:Lackey. Members of the genus
1075:has one of the largest known
7828:
7711:Global Biogeochemical Cycles
7531:10.1371/journal.pbio.1001085
7339:10.1016/0304-4203(95)00068-2
7244:10.1371/journal.pbio.1001087
7144:Journal of Plankton Research
7032:10.1016/j.pocean.2018.02.024
6713:10.1371/journal.pone.0065987
6662:10.1016/j.pocean.2015.04.012
6615:10.1016/j.palaeo.2005.09.013
6402:10.1371/journal.pbio.1001085
6314:10.1016/j.pocean.2017.10.007
6252:10.1371/journal.pone.0013436
5913:Journal of Plankton Research
5600:Global Biogeochemical Cycles
5256:10.1016/0011-7471(73)90059-4
4779:Aloisi, G. (6 August 2015).
4752:Journal of Plankton Research
4668:10.1016/j.pocean.2018.02.024
4145:10.1016/j.pocean.2007.11.003
4079:Global Biogeochemical Cycles
3973:10.1007/978-3-662-06278-4_19
3940:10.1007/978-3-662-06278-4_18
3843:Schaechter, Moselio (2012).
3232:Impact on microfossil record
3109:Research also suggests that
2140:crystals and complex acidic
2114:
995:particulate inorganic carbon
595:
432:as a means to estimate past
336:. However, the reasons they
7:
8456:Fish diseases and parasites
7967:Photosynthetic picoplankton
7061:Frontiers in Marine Science
5863:10.1007/978-3-662-06278-4_5
5817:Largest known viral genomes
4899:10.1016/j.algal.2012.06.002
4561:Frontiers in Marine Science
4392:Frontiers in Marine Science
4217:10.1007/978-3-662-06278-4_5
3830:10.2113/gsmicropal.51.4.267
3423:10.1007/978-3-662-06278-4_5
3368:Frontiers in Marine Science
3302:
2597:Photosynthetic picoplankton
2218:), is a key process in the
2157:
1980:Biomineralising polychaetes
1746:amorphous calcium carbonate
1432:Part of a series related to
1343:Coccolithophore diversity.
1161:
771:K or r- selected strategies
489:, which are also important
454:Five kingdom classification
439:
10:
9854:
8446:Dimethylsulfoniopropionate
7947:Heterotrophic picoplankton
7186:Limnology and Oceanography
6751:Limnology and Oceanography
5318:10.1038/s41598-019-38661-0
4590:Limnology and Oceanography
4504:Environmental Microbiology
4386:Müller, Marius N. (2019).
4164:Limnology and Oceanography
4019:10.1016/j.dsr2.2006.12.003
3655:Limnology and Oceanography
3598:10.1016/j.ecss.2007.03.030
3319:Dimethylsulfoniopropionate
3283:
3235:
3035:dissolved inorganic carbon
3025:Impact on the carbon cycle
2566:Heterotrophic picoplankton
2071:
2012:Burgess Shale preservation
1396:Umbellosphaera irregularis
1153:Predator-prey interactions
1136:, and 2) there is induced
1062:Emiliania huxleyi virus 86
970:
804:and circulation patterns.
714:(asexual) life cycle, (b)
689:
428:that are commonly used by
9622:
9564:
9536:
9507:
9469:
9462:
9425:
9409:
9366:
9357:
9326:
9306:
9290:
9281:
9272:
9223:
9197:
9179:
9166:
9148:
9139:
9097:
9059:
9050:
9016:
8978:
8940:
8931:
8909:
8891:
8882:
8873:
8829:
8785:
8776:
8749:
8732:
8723:
8714:
8598:
8501:Marine primary production
8398:
8346:
8283:
8274:
8217:
8172:
8077:
8068:
7990:
7934:
7923:
7836:
7297:10.1080/01490451003703014
7104:Aquatic Microbial Ecology
7074:10.3389/fmars.2020.569896
6948:10.1017/S0025315402005593
6801:10.1016/j.hal.2007.05.006
6772:10.4319/lo.2000.45.3.0744
6533:10.1026/1612-5010/a000109
6356:10.5194/essd-10-1859-2018
6335:Earth System Science Data
5822:. Accessed: 11 June 2020.
5197:10.1016/j.dsr.2005.11.006
5062:Aquatic Microbial Ecology
4610:10.4319/lo.2004.49.1.0051
4574:10.3389/fmars.2020.530757
4185:10.4319/lo.1994.39.2.0458
3676:10.4319/lo.2008.53.3.1181
3381:10.3389/fmars.2021.664269
3294:(DMS) into the air whose
2923:Marine primary production
2408:Defence against predation
1974:Cupriavidus metallidurans
1417:. Scale bar is 5 μm.
1363:Braarudosphaera bigelowii
832:and different species of
728:haplodiplontic life cycle
408:an important part of the
357:marine primary production
208:
203:
138:Scientific classification
136:
126:
117:
34:
8421:Algal nutrient solutions
8163:Thalassiosira pseudonana
8035:Flavobacterium columnare
8022:Enteric redmouth disease
7682:Lovelock, James (2007).
7569:Marine Micropaleontology
7011:Progress in Oceanography
6641:Progress in Oceanography
6293:Progress in Oceanography
5273:Marine Micropaleontology
4838:Marine Micropaleontology
4647:Progress in Oceanography
4405:10.3389/fmars.2019.00049
4125:Progress in Oceanography
3194:(scale bar is 1 μm)
2132:formation begins in the
1695:Teeth, scales, tusks etc
1400:Gladiolithus flabellatus
1065:(arrowed), infecting an
522:. Many species are also
434:sea surface temperatures
8441:Diel vertical migration
7957:Microphyte (microalgae)
7942:Eukaryotic picoplankton
7887:Paradox of the plankton
7277:Geomicrobiology Journal
6436:Trends in Plant Science
6008:10.1073/pnas.0807707105
5717:10.1126/science.1097403
5483:10.5194/bg-14-4905-2017
5408:10.5194/bg-11-6915-2014
5154:10.1023/A:1018383817777
5023:10.1073/pnas.1208895109
4806:10.5194/bg-12-4665-2015
4524:10.1111/1462-2920.14362
3542:10.1073/pnas.1117508109
3476:10.5194/bg-18-1161-2021
3208:Rhabdosphaera clavigera
3119:evolutionary adaptation
2944:Paradox of the plankton
2913:Diel vertical migration
2170:
1756:calcareous nannofossils
1552:Choanoflagellate lorica
1387:Rhabdosphaera clavigera
1273:Evolution and diversity
1180:coccolithophore genera
1091:Dependence on nutrients
926:Scyphosphaera apsteinii
857:Scyphosphaera apsteinii
840:is greatly affected by
545:into the deep ocean by
384:, belongs to the order
250:single-celled organisms
8303:Gelatinous zooplankton
6487:10.1098/rstb.2013.0049
4355:10.1126/sciadv.1501822
3374:. Frontiers Media SA.
3333:Pleurochrysis carterae
2791:Gelatinous zooplankton
2385:
2299:
2204:
1945:Magnetotactic bacteria
1770:oolitic aragonite sand
1628:scaly-foot snail shell
1425:Coccolithophore shells
1358:Calcidiscus leptoporus
1239:DNA-containing viruses
1208:Community interactions
1080:
1071:coccolithophore. This
1048:
968:
896:Calcidiscus leptoporus
865:
787:
723:
613:
563:biological carbon pump
533:communities since the
252:which are part of the
238:
8496:Marine microorganisms
8266:Velvet (fish disease)
8001:Aeromonas salmonicida
7867:Marine microorganisms
7153:10.1093/plankt/fbv081
5926:10.1093/plankt/fbh079
5422:Nature communications
5095:Encyclopedia of Earth
4765:10.1093/plankt/fbq114
3255:white cliffs of Dover
3224:Discosphaera tubifera
3191:Gephyrocapsa oceanica
2379:
2297:
2198:
2181:White Cliffs of Dover
1415:Helicosphaera carteri
1404:Florisphaera profunda
1392:Calciosolenia murrayi
1381:Discosphaera tubifera
1369:Gephyrocapsa oceanica
1263:programmed cell death
1109:competitive dominance
1054:
1038:
967:in the Southern Ocean
962:
911:Coccolithus braarudii
854:
830:Umbellosphaera tenuis
819:Florisphaera profunda
785:
702:
695:Life history strategy
671:and formation of the
661:endoplasmic reticulum
603:
233:
9445:Chrysochromulinaceae
8248:Pfiesteria piscicida
8048:Marine bacteriophage
7952:Marine microplankton
7731:10.1029/2004GB002333
7455:10.1029/1998jc900052
6576:10.1029/2003PA000884
6216:Ecological Bulletins
6168:Journal of Phycology
5674:10.1029/2011JC006941
5620:10.1029/2003GB002134
5534:10.1029/2004JC002560
5347:Journal of Phycology
4426:. pp. 311–332.
4100:10.1029/2001GB001765
4059:10.1029/2009PA001731
3967:. pp. 509–528.
3934:. pp. 481–508.
3883:Journal of Phycology
3280:Impact on the oceans
2848:Cyanobacterial bloom
2612:Marine microplankton
2384:chemistry conditions
2269:and geometry of CaCO
1285:, which are both in
1085:primary productivity
1031:Role in the food web
963:Yearly cycle of the
324:calcifying organisms
9494:Reticulosphaeraceae
9381:Calyptrosphaeraceae
9376:Braarudosphaeraceae
8831:Katablepharidophyta
8491:Ocean acidification
8426:Artificial seawater
8193:Coscinodiscophyceae
8059:Streptococcus iniae
8042:Pelagibacter ubique
7723:2005GBioC..19.1014L
7685:The Revenge of Gaia
7653:1987Natur.326..655C
7611:2011GSLSP.358..167L
7577:2012MarMP..92...61S
7447:1999JGR...104.3223T
7405:10.1038/nature10295
7331:1996MarCh..51..347B
7289:2010GmbJ...27..585M
7198:2018LimOc..63..617S
7023:2019PrOce.17701928M
6984:2002DSRII..49.5969O
6940:2002JMBUK..82..359F
6828:2011ARMS....3..291R
6763:2000LimOc..45..744T
6704:2013PLoSO...865987V
6653:2015PrOce.135..125B
6607:2006PPP...232..237E
6567:2004PalOc..19.1008E
6347:2018ESSD...10.1859D
6305:2017PrOce.159..276K
6243:2010PLoSO...513436I
6066:2017ARMS....9..283T
5999:2008PNAS..10515944F
5993:(41): 15944–15949,
5953:2007EcolL..10.1170L
5709:2004Sci...305..367S
5666:2011JGRC..116.0F06B
5612:2004GBioC..18.3003S
5562:1998Natur.393..245S
5525:2005JGRC..110.7001B
5474:2017BGeo...14.4905S
5434:10.1038/ncomms10543
5285:2000MarMP..39...87K
5248:1973DSRA...20..355O
5189:2006DSRI...53.1073B
5014:2012PNAS..10919327V
5008:(47): 19327–19332,
4850:2008MarMP..67..143H
4797:2015BGeo...12.4665A
4659:2019PrOce.17701928M
4602:2004LimOc..49...51C
4516:2019EnvMi..21.1896J
4347:2016SciA....2E1822M
4276:2012MEPS..470..137R
4211:. pp. 99–125.
4176:1994LimOc..39..458F
4137:2008PrOce..76..217H
4091:2002GBioC..16.1116K
4050:2009PalOc..24.3205B
4011:2007DSRII..54..538P
3846:Eukaryotic Microbes
3822:2005MiPal..51..267Y
3741:www.hup.harvard.edu
3711:1992MEPS...83..281E
3667:2008LimOc..53.1181B
3636:Acta Protozoologica
3590:2007ECSS...74...63Y
3533:2012PNAS..109.8845S
3467:2021BGeo...18.1161D
3111:ocean acidification
2932:Ocean fertilization
2853:Harmful algal bloom
2771:Freshwater plankton
2483:Part of a series on
2402:species composition
2308:ocean acidification
2259:Metabolic processes
2220:marine carbon cycle
1672:Vertebrate skeleton
1462:Mineralized tissues
1021:ocean acidification
873:, frontal systems,
778:Global distribution
760:reproduce asexually
624:which surround the
559:marine carbon cycle
506:that produce small
404:oceans. This makes
274:five-kingdom system
9499:Pleurochrysidaceae
9463:Calcihaptophycidae
9401:Umbellosphaeraceae
6878:10.7717/PEERJ.4608
5306:Scientific Reports
3720:10.3354/meps083281
3642:(2): 111–136, 2005
2873:Great Calcite Belt
2464:Amphidinium longum
2386:
2325:membrane potential
2300:
2205:
1836:diatomaceous earth
1802:Great Calcite Belt
1719:Scale microfossils
1712:otolithic membrane
1623:small shelly fauna
1596:echinoderm stereom
1472:Biocrystallization
1081:
1073:giant marine virus
1049:
979:Great Calcite Belt
973:Great Calcite Belt
969:
965:Great Calcite Belt
946:Great Calcite Belt
866:
788:
724:
718:tend to utilize a
710:tend to utilize a
614:
239:
9805:
9804:
9767:Open Tree of Life
9616:Taxon identifiers
9607:
9606:
9603:
9602:
9599:
9598:
9595:
9594:
9591:
9590:
9572:Helicosphaeraceae
9556:Syracosphaeraceae
9551:Rhabdosphaeraceae
9546:Calciosoleniaceae
9458:
9457:
9440:Chrysoculteraceae
9426:Prymnesiophycidae
9353:
9352:
9322:
9321:
9268:
9267:
9264:
9263:
9135:
9134:
9131:
9130:
9127:
9126:
9093:
9092:
9089:
9088:
9046:
9045:
9042:
9041:
9038:
9037:
9034:
9033:
8970:Pleuromastigaceae
8927:
8926:
8869:
8868:
8865:
8864:
8825:
8824:
8821:
8820:
8772:
8771:
8745:
8744:
8554:
8553:
8394:
8393:
8381:Siphonostomatoida
8376:Poecilostomatoida
8328:Crustacean larvae
8232:Choanoflagellates
8213:
8212:
8203:Bacillariophyceae
8198:Fragilariophyceae
8117:Emiliania huxleyi
7962:Nanophytoplankton
7882:Milky seas effect
7771:Emiliania huxleyi
7695:978-0-14-102597-1
7647:(6114): 655–661.
7473:Independent.co.uk
7441:(C2): 3223–3241,
7207:10.1002/lno.10655
7117:10.3354/ame010307
6978:(26): 5969–5990.
5983:Emiliania huxleyi
5947:(12): 1170–1181,
5872:978-3-642-06016-8
5752:www.csmonitor.com
5703:(5682): 367–371.
5556:(6682): 245–249.
5468:(21): 4905–4925.
5402:(23): 6915–6925.
5388:Emiliania huxleyi
5075:10.3354/ame044291
4285:10.3354/meps09993
4226:978-3-642-06016-8
3982:978-3-642-06016-8
3949:978-3-642-06016-8
3895:10.1111/jpy.12997
3856:978-0-12-383876-6
3810:Micropaleontology
3527:(23): 8845–8849,
3432:978-3-642-06016-8
3325:Emiliania huxleyi
3096:in atmospheric CO
3039:Calcium carbonate
3022:
3021:
2878:Milky seas effect
2585:Nanophytoplankton
2416:Emiliania huxleyi
2286:in noncalcifying
2212:calcium carbonate
2126:calcium signaling
2121:biomineralization
2070:
2069:
2000:permineralization
1985:Mineral nutrients
1910:Mineral evolution
1579:foraminifera test
1438:Biomineralization
1402:, (K and L)
1375:Emiliania huxleyi
1346:Emiliania huxleyi
1329:biomineralization
1261:and induction of
1146:radiative forcing
1068:Emiliania huxleyi
960:
936:Emiliania huxleyi
862:Emiliania huxleyi
838:species abundance
758:Coccolithophores
508:calcium carbonate
481:calcium carbonate
477:Coccolithophyceae
392:. It is found in
381:Emiliania huxleyi
328:calcium carbonate
297:Coccolithophyceae
246:coccolithophorids
228:
227:
112:
40:grouping of algae
16:(Redirected from
9845:
9798:
9797:
9785:
9784:
9775:
9774:
9762:
9761:
9749:
9748:
9746:NHMSYS0000547765
9736:
9735:
9723:
9722:
9710:
9709:
9697:
9696:
9684:
9683:
9671:
9670:
9658:
9657:
9656:
9643:
9642:
9641:
9611:
9610:
9577:Pontosphaeraceae
9538:Syracosphaerales
9522:Noelaerhabdaceae
9489:Hymenomonadaceae
9467:
9466:
9430:
9429:
9396:Papposphaeraceae
9391:coccolithophores
9364:
9363:
9359:Prymnesiophyceae
9333:
9332:
9288:
9287:
9279:
9278:
9256:Raphidiophryidae
9164:
9163:
9155:
9154:
9146:
9145:
9109:
9108:
9102:
9101:
9071:
9070:
9064:
9063:
9057:
9056:
9026:Tetragonidiaceae
9008:Pyrenomonadaceae
8960:Cyathomonadaceae
8955:Cryptomonadaceae
8950:Butschliellaceae
8938:
8937:
8889:
8888:
8880:
8879:
8845:
8844:
8836:
8835:
8813:Palpitomonadidae
8801:
8800:
8792:
8791:
8783:
8782:
8764:Microheliellidae
8754:
8753:
8730:
8729:
8721:
8720:
8627:
8607:
8581:
8574:
8567:
8558:
8557:
8308:Hunting copepods
8281:
8280:
8106:Chaetocerotaceae
8075:
8074:
7992:Bacterioplankton
7929:
7823:
7816:
7809:
7800:
7799:
7743:
7742:
7706:
7700:
7699:
7679:
7673:
7672:
7661:10.1038/326655a0
7636:
7630:
7629:
7619:10.1144/sp358.11
7594:
7588:
7587:
7571:, 92–93: 61–80,
7560:
7554:
7553:
7543:
7533:
7509:
7503:
7502:
7500:
7499:
7490:. Archived from
7484:
7478:
7477:
7476:. 22 April 2008.
7464:
7458:
7457:
7430:
7424:
7423:
7388:
7379:
7378:
7351:
7342:
7341:
7319:Marine Chemistry
7314:
7308:
7307:
7283:(6–7): 585–595,
7272:
7266:
7265:
7256:
7246:
7226:
7220:
7219:
7209:
7177:
7168:
7167:
7165:
7155:
7131:
7122:
7121:
7119:
7095:
7089:
7088:
7086:
7076:
7051:
7045:
7044:
7034:
7002:
6996:
6995:
6966:
6960:
6959:
6923:
6917:
6916:
6898:
6880:
6854:
6848:
6847:
6811:
6805:
6804:
6783:
6777:
6776:
6774:
6742:
6736:
6735:
6725:
6715:
6683:
6677:
6671:
6666:
6664:
6632:
6619:
6618:
6601:(2–4): 237–250.
6590:
6581:
6580:
6578:
6555:Paleoceanography
6546:
6537:
6536:
6515:
6509:
6508:
6498:
6466:
6460:
6459:
6431:
6425:
6424:
6414:
6404:
6380:
6371:
6365:
6360:
6358:
6341:(4): 1859–1876.
6325:
6319:
6318:
6316:
6285:Kleypas, Joan A.
6280:
6274:
6273:
6264:
6254:
6226:
6220:
6219:
6211:
6205:
6204:
6203:. 2 August 2016.
6197:
6191:
6190:
6163:
6157:
6156:
6138:
6132:
6131:
6107:
6101:
6100:
6098:
6045:
6036:
6030:
6029:
6020:
6010:
5978:
5972:
5971:
5936:
5930:
5929:
5928:
5908:
5899:
5898:
5890:
5884:
5883:
5881:
5856:
5841:Coccolithophores
5838:
5829:
5823:
5820:Giantviruses.org
5814:
5808:
5807:
5805:
5803:
5792:
5786:
5785:
5783:
5781:
5770:
5764:
5763:
5761:
5759:
5743:
5737:
5736:
5694:
5684:
5678:
5677:
5648:
5642:
5641:
5631:
5597:
5588:
5582:
5581:
5545:
5539:
5538:
5536:
5504:
5498:
5492:
5487:
5485:
5453:
5447:
5441:
5417:
5411:
5384:
5378:
5377:
5342:
5331:
5325:
5302:
5296:
5295:
5268:
5259:
5258:
5231:
5220:
5219:
5211:
5200:
5199:
5183:(6): 1073–1099,
5171:
5165:
5164:
5137:
5128:
5126:
5108:
5099:
5098:
5090:
5079:
5078:
5077:
5056:
5045:
5044:
5035:
5025:
4997:
4988:
4987:
4975:
4966:
4965:
4940:
4931:
4929:
4911:
4902:
4901:
4879:
4870:
4869:
4833:
4827:
4826:
4808:
4776:
4770:
4769:
4767:
4743:
4737:
4736:
4700:
4694:
4691:Coccolithophores
4687:
4681:
4680:
4670:
4638:
4632:
4631:
4621:
4585:
4579:
4578:
4576:
4552:
4546:
4545:
4535:
4510:(6): 1896–1915.
4495:
4489:
4488:
4452:
4446:
4445:
4419:
4410:
4409:
4407:
4383:
4377:
4376:
4366:
4335:Science Advances
4325:
4300:
4299:
4297:
4287:
4255:
4249:
4246:
4240:
4237:
4231:
4230:
4209:Coccolithophores
4204:
4198:
4197:
4187:
4155:
4149:
4148:
4119:
4113:
4112:
4102:
4070:
4064:
4063:
4061:
4038:Paleoceanography
4029:
4023:
4022:
4005:(5–7): 538–557.
3993:
3987:
3986:
3965:Coccolithophores
3960:
3954:
3953:
3932:Coccolithophores
3927:
3921:
3920:
3914:
3906:
3889:(4): 1103–1108.
3874:
3868:
3867:
3865:
3863:
3840:
3834:
3833:
3807:
3798:
3792:
3791:
3784:
3778:
3776:
3762:Marine Chemistry
3757:
3751:
3750:
3748:
3747:
3733:
3724:
3723:
3722:
3694:
3688:
3687:
3678:
3661:(3): 1181–1185,
3650:
3644:
3643:
3631:
3625:
3623:
3610:
3601:
3600:
3573:
3564:
3563:
3554:
3544:
3516:
3507:
3501:
3496:
3478:
3446:
3437:
3436:
3415:Coccolithophores
3410:
3404:
3398:
3393:
3383:
3359:
3314:Dimethyl sulfide
3292:dimethyl sulfide
3270:rock record bias
3219:
3203:
3186:
3156:
3155:
3154:
3151:
3076:
3062:
3061:
3058:
3014:
3007:
3000:
2987:
2982:
2981:
2643:coccolithophores
2580:Microzooplankton
2539:Bacterioplankton
2499:
2480:
2479:
2185:calcareous oozes
2062:
2055:
2048:
2035:
2030:
2029:
1950:Magnetoreception
1930:Ballast minerals
1525:Cephalopod shell
1520:Brachiopod shell
1467:Remineralisation
1448:
1429:
1428:
1340:
1324:
1173:Chrysochromulina
961:
922:
906:
892:
575:microzooplankton
473:Prymnesiophyceae
450:Robert Whittaker
430:earth scientists
414:marine food webs
390:Noëlaerhabdaceae
342:microzooplankton
293:Prymnesiophyceae
270:Robert Whittaker
242:Coccolithophores
204:Groups included
198:Prymnesiophyceae
146:
145:
122:
111:
48:
44:Temporal range:
43:
32:
31:
21:
18:Coccolithophores
9853:
9852:
9848:
9847:
9846:
9844:
9843:
9842:
9808:
9807:
9806:
9801:
9793:
9788:
9780:
9778:
9770:
9765:
9757:
9752:
9744:
9739:
9731:
9726:
9718:
9713:
9705:
9700:
9692:
9687:
9679:
9674:
9666:
9661:
9654:Coccosphaerales
9652:
9651:
9646:
9637:
9636:
9631:
9624:Coccosphaerales
9618:
9608:
9587:
9560:
9532:
9517:Isochrysidaceae
9503:
9454:
9421:
9405:
9386:Ceratolithaceae
9349:
9318:
9314:Rappemonadaceae
9302:
9298:Pavlomulinaceae
9260:
9219:
9215:Raphidocystidae
9205:Acanthocystidae
9193:
9175:
9171:Spiculophryidae
9123:
9085:
9030:
9018:Tetragonidiales
9012:
8998:Falcomonadaceae
8993:Chroomonadaceae
8980:Pyrenomonadales
8974:
8942:Cryptomonadales
8923:
8905:
8861:
8857:Katablepharidae
8840:Katablepharidea
8817:
8805:Palpitomonadida
8768:
8750:Microheliellida
8741:
8710:
8709:
8625:
8603:
8594:
8585:
8555:
8550:
8481:Marine mucilage
8436:Biological pump
8390:
8342:
8313:Ichthyoplankton
8270:
8237:Dinoflagellates
8209:
8168:
8139:Nannochloropsis
8123:Eustigmatophyte
8111:Coccolithophore
8064:
7986:
7930:
7921:
7852:CLAW hypothesis
7832:
7827:
7752:
7747:
7746:
7707:
7703:
7696:
7680:
7676:
7637:
7633:
7595:
7591:
7561:
7557:
7524:(6): e1001085.
7510:
7506:
7497:
7495:
7486:
7485:
7481:
7466:
7465:
7461:
7431:
7427:
7389:
7382:
7352:
7345:
7315:
7311:
7273:
7269:
7237:(6): e1001087,
7227:
7223:
7178:
7171:
7132:
7125:
7096:
7092:
7052:
7048:
7003:
6999:
6967:
6963:
6924:
6920:
6855:
6851:
6812:
6808:
6784:
6780:
6743:
6739:
6684:
6680:
6633:
6622:
6591:
6584:
6547:
6540:
6516:
6512:
6467:
6463:
6442:(11): 675–684.
6432:
6428:
6395:(6): e1001085.
6381:
6374:
6326:
6322:
6281:
6277:
6227:
6223:
6212:
6208:
6199:
6198:
6194:
6164:
6160:
6153:
6139:
6135:
6108:
6104:
6096:
6043:
6037:
6033:
5979:
5975:
5941:Ecology Letters
5937:
5933:
5909:
5902:
5891:
5887:
5879:
5873:
5854:10.1.1.455.2864
5836:
5830:
5826:
5815:
5811:
5801:
5799:
5793:
5789:
5779:
5777:
5772:
5771:
5767:
5757:
5755:
5744:
5740:
5692:
5685:
5681:
5649:
5645:
5595:
5589:
5585:
5546:
5542:
5505:
5501:
5454:
5450:
5418:
5414:
5385:
5381:
5343:
5334:
5303:
5299:
5279:(1–4): 87–112,
5269:
5262:
5232:
5223:
5212:
5203:
5172:
5168:
5138:
5131:
5123:
5109:
5102:
5091:
5082:
5057:
5048:
4998:
4991:
4976:
4969:
4963:
4941:
4934:
4926:
4912:
4905:
4880:
4873:
4834:
4830:
4777:
4773:
4744:
4740:
4701:
4697:
4688:
4684:
4639:
4635:
4586:
4582:
4553:
4549:
4496:
4492:
4453:
4449:
4442:
4420:
4413:
4384:
4380:
4341:(7): e1501822.
4326:
4303:
4256:
4252:
4247:
4243:
4238:
4234:
4227:
4205:
4201:
4156:
4152:
4120:
4116:
4071:
4067:
4030:
4026:
3994:
3990:
3983:
3961:
3957:
3950:
3928:
3924:
3908:
3907:
3875:
3871:
3861:
3859:
3857:
3841:
3837:
3805:
3799:
3795:
3786:
3785:
3781:
3758:
3754:
3745:
3743:
3735:
3734:
3727:
3695:
3691:
3651:
3647:
3633:
3632:
3628:
3611:
3604:
3574:
3567:
3517:
3510:
3447:
3440:
3433:
3411:
3407:
3360:
3347:
3342:
3309:CLAW hypothesis
3305:
3288:
3286:CLAW hypothesis
3282:
3267:
3240:
3234:
3227:
3220:
3211:
3204:
3195:
3187:
3171:
3152:
3149:
3148:
3146:
3144:
3140:
3116:
3107:
3099:
3094:
3083:
3074:
3070:
3066:
3059:
3056:
3055:
3053:
3027:
3018:
2977:
2970:
2969:
2968:
2927:
2903:CLAW hypothesis
2892:
2884:
2883:
2882:
2832:
2822:
2821:
2820:
2801:Ichthyoplankton
2785:
2777:
2776:
2775:
2766:
2750:Marine plankton
2745:
2730:
2722:
2721:
2720:
2711:
2702:
2686:
2666:
2654:
2648:dinoflagellates
2639:
2626:
2618:
2617:
2616:
2570:
2560:
2550:
2549:
2548:
2524:
2509:
2478:
2430:Oxyrrhis marina
2410:
2371:
2366:carbon fixation
2362:RuBisCO enzymes
2359:
2353:dinoflagellates
2338:
2321:proton channels
2317:
2276:
2272:
2247:
2242:
2235:
2225:
2217:
2173:
2160:
2142:polysaccharides
2139:
2117:
2105:
2080:
2066:
2025:
2018:
2017:
2016:
1904:
1896:
1895:
1894:
1850:
1842:
1841:
1840:
1826:biogenic silica
1820:
1810:
1809:
1808:
1793:
1781:
1760:
1740:
1730:
1729:
1728:
1696:
1688:
1687:
1686:
1666:
1651:
1650:
1649:
1616:gastropod shell
1584:testate amoebae
1574:diatom frustule
1499:
1488:
1487:
1486:
1456:
1427:
1422:
1421:
1420:
1419:
1418:
1413:, and (N)
1341:
1333:
1332:
1325:
1299:Late Cretaceous
1275:
1235:
1218:
1210:
1164:
1155:
1138:photoinhibition
1126:
1093:
1057:coccolithovirus
1033:
1026:
1016:
1009:
975:
950:
948:
943:
942:
941:
940:
930:
929:
928:
923:
915:
914:
907:
899:
898:
893:
780:
764:binary fission.
708:dinoflagellates
705:
697:
692:
657:golgi apparatus
598:
583:dinoflagellates
568:
556:
544:
540:
531:marine plankton
513:
448:, according to
442:
349:biological pump
330:shell called a
268:, according to
140:
113:
110:
109:
104:
99:
94:
89:
84:
79:
74:
69:
64:
59:
54:
47:Rhaetian–Recent
46:
45:
41:
35:Coccolithophore
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
9851:
9841:
9840:
9835:
9830:
9825:
9820:
9803:
9802:
9800:
9799:
9786:
9776:
9763:
9750:
9737:
9724:
9711:
9698:
9685:
9672:
9659:
9644:
9628:
9626:
9620:
9619:
9605:
9604:
9601:
9600:
9597:
9596:
9593:
9592:
9589:
9588:
9586:
9585:
9579:
9574:
9568:
9566:
9562:
9561:
9559:
9558:
9553:
9548:
9542:
9540:
9534:
9533:
9531:
9530:
9524:
9519:
9513:
9511:
9509:Isochrysidales
9505:
9504:
9502:
9501:
9496:
9491:
9486:
9484:Coccolithaceae
9481:
9479:Calcidiscaceae
9475:
9473:
9464:
9460:
9459:
9456:
9455:
9453:
9452:
9447:
9442:
9436:
9434:
9427:
9423:
9422:
9420:
9419:
9417:Phaeocystaceae
9413:
9411:
9407:
9406:
9404:
9403:
9398:
9393:
9388:
9383:
9378:
9373:
9371:Alisphaeraceae
9367:
9361:
9355:
9354:
9351:
9350:
9348:
9347:
9341:
9339:
9330:
9328:Pavlovophyceae
9324:
9323:
9320:
9319:
9317:
9316:
9310:
9308:
9307:Rappemonadales
9304:
9303:
9301:
9300:
9294:
9292:
9291:Pavlomulinales
9285:
9276:
9270:
9269:
9266:
9265:
9262:
9261:
9259:
9258:
9253:
9248:
9243:
9241:Heterophryidae
9238:
9233:
9231:Choanocystidae
9227:
9225:
9221:
9220:
9218:
9217:
9212:
9207:
9201:
9199:
9198:Acanthocystida
9195:
9194:
9192:
9191:
9189:Yogsothothidae
9185:
9183:
9177:
9176:
9174:
9173:
9167:
9161:
9152:
9150:Centroheliozoa
9143:
9137:
9136:
9133:
9132:
9129:
9128:
9125:
9124:
9122:
9121:
9115:
9113:
9106:
9099:
9095:
9094:
9091:
9090:
9087:
9086:
9084:
9083:
9081:Ancoracystidae
9077:
9075:
9068:
9061:
9054:
9048:
9047:
9044:
9043:
9040:
9039:
9036:
9035:
9032:
9031:
9029:
9028:
9022:
9020:
9014:
9013:
9011:
9010:
9005:
9003:Geminigeraceae
9000:
8995:
8990:
8988:Baffinellaceae
8984:
8982:
8976:
8975:
8973:
8972:
8967:
8962:
8957:
8952:
8946:
8944:
8935:
8929:
8928:
8925:
8924:
8922:
8921:
8915:
8913:
8907:
8906:
8904:
8903:
8901:Goniomonadidae
8897:
8895:
8886:
8877:
8871:
8870:
8867:
8866:
8863:
8862:
8860:
8859:
8853:
8851:
8849:Katablepharida
8842:
8833:
8827:
8826:
8823:
8822:
8819:
8818:
8816:
8815:
8809:
8807:
8798:
8789:
8780:
8774:
8773:
8770:
8769:
8767:
8766:
8760:
8758:
8751:
8747:
8746:
8743:
8742:
8740:
8739:
8733:
8727:
8718:
8712:
8711:
8708:
8707:
8706:
8705:
8704:
8703:
8700:Mesomycetozoea
8697:
8692:
8682:
8672:
8671:
8670:
8665:
8660:
8655:
8650:
8649:
8648:
8636:Diaphoretickes
8633:
8628:
8623:
8618:
8613:
8608:
8600:
8599:
8596:
8595:
8584:
8583:
8576:
8569:
8561:
8552:
8551:
8549:
8548:
8543:
8538:
8533:
8528:
8523:
8518:
8513:
8508:
8506:Pseudoplankton
8503:
8498:
8493:
8488:
8483:
8478:
8473:
8468:
8463:
8458:
8453:
8448:
8443:
8438:
8433:
8428:
8423:
8418:
8413:
8408:
8402:
8400:
8399:Related topics
8396:
8395:
8392:
8391:
8389:
8388:
8383:
8378:
8373:
8368:
8363:
8358:
8352:
8350:
8348:Copepod orders
8344:
8343:
8341:
8340:
8335:
8330:
8325:
8320:
8315:
8310:
8305:
8300:
8295:
8290:
8284:
8278:
8272:
8271:
8269:
8268:
8263:
8256:
8251:
8244:
8239:
8234:
8229:
8223:
8221:
8215:
8214:
8211:
8210:
8208:
8207:
8206:
8205:
8200:
8195:
8184:
8178:
8176:
8170:
8169:
8167:
8166:
8159:
8154:
8152:Prasinophyceae
8149:
8142:
8135:
8130:
8125:
8120:
8113:
8108:
8103:
8096:
8089:
8084:
8078:
8072:
8066:
8065:
8063:
8062:
8055:
8050:
8045:
8038:
8031:
8028:Flavobacterium
8024:
8019:
8014:
8009:
8004:
7996:
7994:
7988:
7987:
7985:
7984:
7979:
7974:
7969:
7964:
7959:
7954:
7949:
7944:
7938:
7936:
7932:
7931:
7924:
7922:
7920:
7919:
7914:
7909:
7904:
7899:
7894:
7889:
7884:
7879:
7874:
7869:
7864:
7859:
7854:
7849:
7843:
7841:
7834:
7833:
7826:
7825:
7818:
7811:
7803:
7797:
7796:
7790:
7785:
7776:
7775:
7767:
7762:
7751:
7750:External links
7748:
7745:
7744:
7701:
7694:
7674:
7631:
7605:(1): 167–177,
7589:
7555:
7504:
7479:
7459:
7425:
7399:(7358): 80–3,
7380:
7362:(4): 743–754,
7343:
7325:(4): 347–358,
7309:
7267:
7221:
7192:(2): 617–627.
7169:
7123:
7090:
7046:
6997:
6961:
6934:(3): 359–368.
6918:
6849:
6806:
6778:
6757:(3): 744–750.
6737:
6678:
6620:
6582:
6538:
6510:
6461:
6426:
6372:
6320:
6275:
6237:(10): e13436,
6221:
6206:
6192:
6158:
6151:
6133:
6122:(4): 507–523.
6102:
6058:Annual Reviews
6031:
5973:
5931:
5919:(8): 875–883,
5900:
5885:
5871:
5824:
5809:
5787:
5765:
5738:
5679:
5660:(C4): C00F06.
5643:
5583:
5540:
5519:(C7): C07001.
5499:
5462:Biogeosciences
5448:
5412:
5396:Biogeosciences
5379:
5353:(1): 213–226,
5332:
5297:
5260:
5242:(4): 355–374,
5221:
5201:
5166:
5148:(1): 131–152,
5129:
5121:
5100:
5080:
5046:
4989:
4967:
4962:978-0470016176
4961:
4932:
4924:
4903:
4893:(2): 120–133,
4886:Algal Research
4871:
4828:
4785:Biogeosciences
4771:
4758:(4): 629–639.
4738:
4711:(2): 156–168.
4695:
4682:
4633:
4580:
4547:
4490:
4463:(2): 125–138.
4447:
4440:
4411:
4378:
4301:
4250:
4241:
4232:
4225:
4199:
4170:(2): 458–462.
4150:
4131:(3): 217–285.
4114:
4065:
4024:
3988:
3981:
3955:
3948:
3922:
3869:
3855:
3835:
3816:(4): 267–288.
3793:
3779:
3768:(4): 301–313,
3752:
3725:
3705:(2): 281–289,
3689:
3645:
3626:
3602:
3584:(1–2): 63–67,
3565:
3508:
3455:Biogeosciences
3438:
3431:
3405:
3344:
3343:
3341:
3338:
3337:
3336:
3329:
3321:
3316:
3311:
3304:
3301:
3281:
3278:
3265:
3233:
3230:
3229:
3228:
3221:
3214:
3212:
3205:
3198:
3196:
3188:
3181:
3169:
3142:
3138:
3114:
3106:
3103:
3097:
3092:
3086:photosynthesis
3081:
3078:
3077:
3072:
3068:
3064:
3043:carbon dioxide
3026:
3023:
3020:
3019:
3017:
3016:
3009:
3002:
2994:
2991:
2990:
2989:
2988:
2972:
2971:
2967:
2966:
2961:
2956:
2951:
2946:
2941:
2940:
2939:
2928:
2926:
2925:
2920:
2915:
2910:
2905:
2900:
2894:
2893:
2891:Related topics
2890:
2889:
2886:
2885:
2881:
2880:
2875:
2870:
2865:
2863:Eutrophication
2860:
2855:
2850:
2845:
2843:Critical depth
2840:
2834:
2833:
2828:
2827:
2824:
2823:
2819:
2818:
2813:
2811:Pseudoplankton
2808:
2803:
2798:
2793:
2787:
2786:
2783:
2782:
2779:
2778:
2774:
2773:
2767:
2765:
2764:
2763:
2762:
2757:
2746:
2744:
2743:
2738:
2732:
2731:
2728:
2727:
2724:
2723:
2719:
2718:
2712:
2710:
2709:
2703:
2701:
2700:
2699:
2698:
2687:
2685:
2684:
2683:
2682:
2677:
2672:
2670:foraminiferans
2667:
2655:
2653:
2652:
2651:
2650:
2645:
2640:
2628:
2627:
2624:
2623:
2620:
2619:
2615:
2614:
2609:
2604:
2599:
2594:
2593:
2592:
2582:
2577:
2571:
2569:
2568:
2562:
2561:
2556:
2555:
2552:
2551:
2547:
2546:
2541:
2536:
2531:
2525:
2523:
2522:
2517:
2511:
2510:
2505:
2504:
2501:
2500:
2492:
2491:
2485:
2484:
2477:
2474:
2409:
2406:
2369:
2357:
2336:
2333:photosynthesis
2315:
2292:
2291:
2279:
2278:
2274:
2270:
2254:
2253:
2245:
2240:
2233:
2223:
2215:
2201:photosynthetic
2172:
2169:
2159:
2156:
2137:
2116:
2113:
2104:
2101:
2085:
2084:
2068:
2067:
2065:
2064:
2057:
2050:
2042:
2039:
2038:
2037:
2036:
2020:
2019:
2015:
2014:
2009:
2008:
2007:
2002:
1992:
1987:
1982:
1977:
1970:
1965:
1957:
1952:
1947:
1942:
1937:
1932:
1927:
1926:
1925:
1923:immobilization
1920:
1918:mineralization
1912:
1906:
1905:
1902:
1901:
1898:
1897:
1893:
1892:
1887:
1886:
1885:
1875:
1874:
1873:
1868:
1858:
1852:
1851:
1848:
1847:
1844:
1843:
1839:
1838:
1833:
1831:siliceous ooze
1828:
1822:
1821:
1818:Silicification
1816:
1815:
1812:
1811:
1807:
1806:
1805:
1804:
1799:
1794:
1782:
1780:
1779:
1778:
1777:
1772:
1761:
1759:
1758:
1753:
1748:
1742:
1741:
1736:
1735:
1732:
1731:
1727:
1726:
1721:
1716:
1715:
1714:
1704:
1698:
1697:
1694:
1693:
1690:
1689:
1685:
1684:
1679:
1674:
1668:
1667:
1657:
1656:
1653:
1652:
1648:
1647:
1642:
1640:Sponge spicule
1637:
1636:
1635:
1633:estuary shells
1630:
1625:
1620:
1619:
1618:
1613:
1608:
1598:
1588:
1587:
1586:
1581:
1576:
1571:
1566:
1556:
1555:
1554:
1544:
1543:
1542:
1537:
1532:
1522:
1517:
1516:
1515:
1510:
1501:
1500:
1494:
1493:
1490:
1489:
1485:
1484:
1479:
1474:
1469:
1464:
1458:
1457:
1454:
1453:
1450:
1449:
1441:
1440:
1434:
1433:
1426:
1423:
1342:
1335:
1334:
1326:
1319:
1318:
1317:
1316:
1315:
1274:
1271:
1267:coevolutionary
1234:
1231:
1217:
1214:
1209:
1206:
1163:
1160:
1154:
1151:
1142:stratification
1125:
1122:
1118:eutrophication
1092:
1089:
1032:
1029:
1024:
1015:
1012:
1007:
983:Southern Ocean
971:Main article:
947:
944:
932:
931:
924:
917:
916:
908:
901:
900:
894:
887:
886:
885:
884:
883:
823:Umbellosphaera
779:
776:
753:biotic factors
703:
696:
693:
691:
688:
597:
594:
566:
554:
542:
538:
511:
441:
438:
386:Isochrysidales
373:eutrophication
361:climate change
305:photosynthetic
226:
225:
224:
223:
216:
213:Isochrysidales
206:
205:
201:
200:
195:
191:
190:
185:
181:
180:
175:
171:
170:
168:Diaphoretickes
165:
158:
157:
152:
148:
147:
134:
133:
124:
123:
115:
114:
105:
100:
95:
90:
85:
80:
75:
70:
65:
60:
55:
50:
42:
36:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
9850:
9839:
9838:Sedimentology
9836:
9834:
9831:
9829:
9826:
9824:
9821:
9819:
9816:
9815:
9813:
9796:
9791:
9787:
9783:
9777:
9773:
9768:
9764:
9760:
9755:
9751:
9747:
9742:
9738:
9734:
9729:
9725:
9721:
9716:
9712:
9708:
9703:
9699:
9695:
9690:
9686:
9682:
9677:
9673:
9669:
9664:
9660:
9655:
9649:
9645:
9640:
9634:
9630:
9629:
9627:
9625:
9621:
9617:
9612:
9584:
9583:Zygodiscaceae
9580:
9578:
9575:
9573:
9570:
9569:
9567:
9563:
9557:
9554:
9552:
9549:
9547:
9544:
9543:
9541:
9539:
9535:
9529:
9525:
9523:
9520:
9518:
9515:
9514:
9512:
9510:
9506:
9500:
9497:
9495:
9492:
9490:
9487:
9485:
9482:
9480:
9477:
9476:
9474:
9472:
9471:Coccolithales
9468:
9465:
9461:
9451:
9450:Prymnesiaceae
9448:
9446:
9443:
9441:
9438:
9437:
9435:
9431:
9428:
9424:
9418:
9415:
9414:
9412:
9410:Phaeocystales
9408:
9402:
9399:
9397:
9394:
9392:
9389:
9387:
9384:
9382:
9379:
9377:
9374:
9372:
9369:
9368:
9365:
9362:
9360:
9356:
9346:
9343:
9342:
9340:
9338:
9334:
9331:
9329:
9325:
9315:
9312:
9311:
9309:
9305:
9299:
9296:
9295:
9293:
9289:
9286:
9284:
9280:
9277:
9275:
9271:
9257:
9254:
9252:
9251:Pterocystidae
9249:
9247:
9244:
9242:
9239:
9237:
9234:
9232:
9229:
9228:
9226:
9222:
9216:
9213:
9211:
9208:
9206:
9203:
9202:
9200:
9196:
9190:
9187:
9186:
9184:
9182:
9178:
9172:
9169:
9168:
9165:
9162:
9160:
9156:
9153:
9151:
9147:
9144:
9142:
9138:
9120:
9117:
9116:
9114:
9110:
9107:
9103:
9100:
9096:
9082:
9079:
9078:
9076:
9072:
9069:
9065:
9062:
9058:
9055:
9053:
9049:
9027:
9024:
9023:
9021:
9019:
9015:
9009:
9006:
9004:
9001:
8999:
8996:
8994:
8991:
8989:
8986:
8985:
8983:
8981:
8977:
8971:
8968:
8966:
8963:
8961:
8958:
8956:
8953:
8951:
8948:
8947:
8945:
8943:
8939:
8936:
8934:
8933:Cryptophyceae
8930:
8920:
8917:
8916:
8914:
8912:
8908:
8902:
8899:
8898:
8896:
8894:
8893:Goniomonadida
8890:
8887:
8885:
8881:
8878:
8876:
8872:
8858:
8855:
8854:
8852:
8850:
8846:
8843:
8841:
8837:
8834:
8832:
8828:
8814:
8811:
8810:
8808:
8806:
8802:
8799:
8797:
8793:
8790:
8788:
8784:
8781:
8779:
8775:
8765:
8762:
8761:
8759:
8755:
8752:
8748:
8738:
8737:Tetraheliidae
8735:
8734:
8731:
8728:
8726:
8722:
8719:
8717:
8713:
8701:
8698:
8696:
8693:
8691:
8688:
8687:
8686:
8683:
8681:
8678:
8677:
8676:
8673:
8669:
8666:
8664:
8663:Stramenopiles
8661:
8659:
8656:
8654:
8651:
8647:
8644:
8643:
8642:
8639:
8638:
8637:
8634:
8632:
8629:
8626:(major groups
8624:
8622:
8619:
8617:
8614:
8612:
8609:
8606:
8602:
8601:
8597:
8593:
8589:
8582:
8577:
8575:
8570:
8568:
8563:
8562:
8559:
8547:
8544:
8542:
8539:
8537:
8534:
8532:
8529:
8527:
8524:
8522:
8519:
8517:
8516:Tychoplankton
8514:
8512:
8509:
8507:
8504:
8502:
8499:
8497:
8494:
8492:
8489:
8487:
8486:Microbial mat
8484:
8482:
8479:
8477:
8474:
8472:
8469:
8467:
8464:
8462:
8459:
8457:
8454:
8452:
8449:
8447:
8444:
8442:
8439:
8437:
8434:
8432:
8429:
8427:
8424:
8422:
8419:
8417:
8414:
8412:
8409:
8407:
8404:
8403:
8401:
8397:
8387:
8384:
8382:
8379:
8377:
8374:
8372:
8371:Monstrilloida
8369:
8367:
8366:Harpacticoida
8364:
8362:
8359:
8357:
8354:
8353:
8351:
8349:
8345:
8339:
8336:
8334:
8331:
8329:
8326:
8324:
8323:Marine larvae
8321:
8319:
8316:
8314:
8311:
8309:
8306:
8304:
8301:
8299:
8296:
8294:
8291:
8289:
8286:
8285:
8282:
8279:
8277:
8273:
8267:
8264:
8262:
8261:
8257:
8255:
8252:
8250:
8249:
8245:
8243:
8240:
8238:
8235:
8233:
8230:
8228:
8225:
8224:
8222:
8220:
8216:
8204:
8201:
8199:
8196:
8194:
8190:
8189:
8188:
8185:
8183:
8180:
8179:
8177:
8175:
8174:Diatom orders
8171:
8165:
8164:
8160:
8158:
8155:
8153:
8150:
8148:
8147:
8143:
8141:
8140:
8136:
8134:
8131:
8129:
8126:
8124:
8121:
8119:
8118:
8114:
8112:
8109:
8107:
8104:
8102:
8101:
8097:
8095:
8094:
8093:Bacteriastrum
8090:
8088:
8085:
8083:
8080:
8079:
8076:
8073:
8071:
8070:Phytoplankton
8067:
8061:
8060:
8056:
8054:
8051:
8049:
8046:
8044:
8043:
8039:
8037:
8036:
8032:
8030:
8029:
8025:
8023:
8020:
8018:
8015:
8013:
8010:
8008:
8007:Cyanobacteria
8005:
8003:
8002:
7998:
7997:
7995:
7993:
7989:
7983:
7980:
7978:
7977:Picoeukaryote
7975:
7973:
7972:Picobiliphyte
7970:
7968:
7965:
7963:
7960:
7958:
7955:
7953:
7950:
7948:
7945:
7943:
7940:
7939:
7937:
7933:
7928:
7918:
7915:
7913:
7910:
7908:
7905:
7903:
7900:
7898:
7895:
7893:
7890:
7888:
7885:
7883:
7880:
7878:
7875:
7873:
7870:
7868:
7865:
7863:
7860:
7858:
7855:
7853:
7850:
7848:
7845:
7844:
7842:
7840:
7835:
7831:
7824:
7819:
7817:
7812:
7810:
7805:
7804:
7801:
7794:
7791:
7789:
7786:
7784:
7781:
7780:
7779:
7774:
7772:
7768:
7766:
7763:
7760:
7757:
7756:
7755:
7740:
7736:
7732:
7728:
7724:
7720:
7717:(1): GB1014.
7716:
7712:
7705:
7697:
7691:
7687:
7686:
7678:
7670:
7666:
7662:
7658:
7654:
7650:
7646:
7642:
7635:
7628:
7624:
7620:
7616:
7612:
7608:
7604:
7600:
7593:
7586:
7582:
7578:
7574:
7570:
7566:
7559:
7551:
7547:
7542:
7537:
7532:
7527:
7523:
7519:
7515:
7508:
7494:on 2020-12-30
7493:
7489:
7483:
7475:
7474:
7469:
7463:
7456:
7452:
7448:
7444:
7440:
7436:
7429:
7422:
7418:
7414:
7410:
7406:
7402:
7398:
7394:
7387:
7385:
7377:
7373:
7369:
7365:
7361:
7357:
7350:
7348:
7340:
7336:
7332:
7328:
7324:
7320:
7313:
7306:
7302:
7298:
7294:
7290:
7286:
7282:
7278:
7271:
7264:
7260:
7255:
7250:
7245:
7240:
7236:
7232:
7225:
7217:
7213:
7208:
7203:
7199:
7195:
7191:
7187:
7183:
7176:
7174:
7164:
7159:
7154:
7149:
7145:
7141:
7139:
7130:
7128:
7118:
7113:
7109:
7105:
7101:
7094:
7085:
7080:
7075:
7070:
7066:
7062:
7058:
7050:
7042:
7038:
7033:
7028:
7024:
7020:
7016:
7012:
7008:
7001:
6993:
6989:
6985:
6981:
6977:
6973:
6965:
6957:
6953:
6949:
6945:
6941:
6937:
6933:
6929:
6922:
6914:
6910:
6906:
6902:
6897:
6892:
6888:
6884:
6879:
6874:
6870:
6866:
6865:
6860:
6853:
6845:
6841:
6837:
6833:
6829:
6825:
6821:
6817:
6810:
6802:
6798:
6794:
6790:
6789:Harmful Algae
6782:
6773:
6768:
6764:
6760:
6756:
6752:
6748:
6741:
6733:
6729:
6724:
6719:
6714:
6709:
6705:
6701:
6698:(6): e65987.
6697:
6693:
6689:
6682:
6675:
6670:
6663:
6658:
6654:
6650:
6646:
6642:
6638:
6631:
6629:
6627:
6625:
6616:
6612:
6608:
6604:
6600:
6596:
6589:
6587:
6577:
6572:
6568:
6564:
6560:
6556:
6552:
6545:
6543:
6534:
6530:
6526:
6522:
6514:
6506:
6502:
6497:
6492:
6488:
6484:
6480:
6476:
6472:
6465:
6457:
6453:
6449:
6445:
6441:
6437:
6430:
6422:
6418:
6413:
6408:
6403:
6398:
6394:
6390:
6386:
6379:
6377:
6369:
6364:
6357:
6352:
6348:
6344:
6340:
6336:
6332:
6324:
6315:
6310:
6306:
6302:
6298:
6294:
6290:
6286:
6279:
6272:
6268:
6263:
6258:
6253:
6248:
6244:
6240:
6236:
6232:
6225:
6217:
6210:
6202:
6196:
6189:
6185:
6181:
6177:
6173:
6169:
6162:
6154:
6152:9780123705181
6148:
6144:
6137:
6129:
6125:
6121:
6117:
6113:
6106:
6095:
6091:
6087:
6083:
6079:
6075:
6071:
6067:
6063:
6059:
6055:
6051:
6050:
6042:
6035:
6028:
6024:
6019:
6014:
6009:
6004:
6000:
5996:
5992:
5988:
5984:
5977:
5970:
5966:
5962:
5958:
5954:
5950:
5946:
5942:
5935:
5927:
5922:
5918:
5914:
5907:
5905:
5897:. p. 67.
5896:
5889:
5878:
5874:
5868:
5864:
5860:
5855:
5850:
5846:
5842:
5835:
5828:
5821:
5818:
5813:
5798:
5791:
5775:
5769:
5753:
5749:
5742:
5734:
5730:
5726:
5722:
5718:
5714:
5710:
5706:
5702:
5698:
5691:
5683:
5675:
5671:
5667:
5663:
5659:
5655:
5647:
5639:
5635:
5630:
5625:
5621:
5617:
5613:
5609:
5605:
5601:
5594:
5587:
5579:
5575:
5571:
5570:10.1038/30455
5567:
5563:
5559:
5555:
5551:
5544:
5535:
5530:
5526:
5522:
5518:
5514:
5510:
5503:
5496:
5491:
5484:
5479:
5475:
5471:
5467:
5463:
5459:
5452:
5445:
5440:
5435:
5431:
5427:
5423:
5416:
5409:
5405:
5401:
5397:
5393:
5389:
5383:
5376:
5372:
5368:
5364:
5360:
5356:
5352:
5348:
5341:
5339:
5337:
5329:
5324:
5319:
5315:
5311:
5307:
5301:
5294:
5290:
5286:
5282:
5278:
5274:
5267:
5265:
5257:
5253:
5249:
5245:
5241:
5237:
5230:
5228:
5226:
5217:
5210:
5208:
5206:
5198:
5194:
5190:
5186:
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5178:
5170:
5163:
5159:
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5147:
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5136:
5134:
5124:
5122:9783540219286
5118:
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5053:
5051:
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5034:
5029:
5024:
5019:
5015:
5011:
5007:
5003:
4996:
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4981:
4974:
4972:
4964:
4958:
4954:
4950:
4946:
4939:
4937:
4927:
4925:9783540219286
4921:
4917:
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4908:
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4896:
4892:
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4887:
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4876:
4867:
4863:
4859:
4855:
4851:
4847:
4843:
4839:
4832:
4824:
4820:
4816:
4812:
4807:
4802:
4798:
4794:
4790:
4786:
4782:
4775:
4766:
4761:
4757:
4753:
4749:
4742:
4734:
4730:
4726:
4722:
4718:
4714:
4710:
4706:
4699:
4692:
4686:
4678:
4674:
4669:
4664:
4660:
4656:
4652:
4648:
4644:
4637:
4629:
4625:
4620:
4615:
4611:
4607:
4603:
4599:
4595:
4591:
4584:
4575:
4570:
4566:
4562:
4558:
4551:
4543:
4539:
4534:
4529:
4525:
4521:
4517:
4513:
4509:
4505:
4501:
4494:
4486:
4482:
4478:
4474:
4470:
4466:
4462:
4458:
4451:
4443:
4441:9780123705181
4437:
4433:
4429:
4425:
4418:
4416:
4406:
4401:
4397:
4393:
4389:
4382:
4374:
4370:
4365:
4360:
4356:
4352:
4348:
4344:
4340:
4336:
4332:
4324:
4322:
4320:
4318:
4316:
4314:
4312:
4310:
4308:
4306:
4296:
4291:
4286:
4281:
4277:
4273:
4269:
4265:
4261:
4254:
4245:
4236:
4228:
4222:
4218:
4214:
4210:
4203:
4195:
4191:
4186:
4181:
4177:
4173:
4169:
4165:
4161:
4154:
4146:
4142:
4138:
4134:
4130:
4126:
4118:
4110:
4106:
4101:
4096:
4092:
4088:
4084:
4080:
4076:
4069:
4060:
4055:
4051:
4047:
4043:
4039:
4035:
4028:
4020:
4016:
4012:
4008:
4004:
4000:
3992:
3984:
3978:
3974:
3970:
3966:
3959:
3951:
3945:
3941:
3937:
3933:
3926:
3918:
3912:
3904:
3900:
3896:
3892:
3888:
3884:
3880:
3873:
3858:
3852:
3848:
3847:
3839:
3831:
3827:
3823:
3819:
3815:
3811:
3804:
3797:
3789:
3783:
3775:
3771:
3767:
3763:
3756:
3742:
3738:
3732:
3730:
3721:
3716:
3712:
3708:
3704:
3700:
3693:
3686:
3682:
3677:
3672:
3668:
3664:
3660:
3656:
3649:
3641:
3637:
3630:
3621:
3617:
3609:
3607:
3599:
3595:
3591:
3587:
3583:
3579:
3572:
3570:
3562:
3558:
3553:
3548:
3543:
3538:
3534:
3530:
3526:
3522:
3515:
3513:
3505:
3500:
3494:
3490:
3486:
3482:
3477:
3472:
3468:
3464:
3460:
3456:
3452:
3445:
3443:
3434:
3428:
3424:
3420:
3416:
3409:
3402:
3397:
3391:
3387:
3382:
3377:
3373:
3369:
3365:
3358:
3356:
3354:
3352:
3350:
3345:
3335:
3334:
3330:
3328:
3326:
3322:
3320:
3317:
3315:
3312:
3310:
3307:
3306:
3300:
3297:
3293:
3287:
3277:
3275:
3274:fossil record
3271:
3263:
3258:
3256:
3252:
3248:
3245:
3239:
3226:
3225:
3218:
3213:
3210:
3209:
3202:
3197:
3193:
3192:
3185:
3180:
3179:
3178:
3176:
3167:
3163:
3160:
3136:
3132:
3131:feedback loop
3128:
3124:
3120:
3112:
3102:
3089:
3087:
3052:
3051:
3050:
3048:
3044:
3040:
3037:and calcium.
3036:
3032:
3015:
3010:
3008:
3003:
3001:
2996:
2995:
2993:
2992:
2986:
2976:
2975:
2974:
2973:
2965:
2962:
2960:
2957:
2955:
2952:
2950:
2947:
2945:
2942:
2938:
2935:
2934:
2933:
2930:
2929:
2924:
2921:
2919:
2916:
2914:
2911:
2909:
2906:
2904:
2901:
2899:
2896:
2895:
2888:
2887:
2879:
2876:
2874:
2871:
2869:
2866:
2864:
2861:
2859:
2856:
2854:
2851:
2849:
2846:
2844:
2841:
2839:
2836:
2835:
2831:
2826:
2825:
2817:
2816:Tychoplankton
2814:
2812:
2809:
2807:
2804:
2802:
2799:
2797:
2794:
2792:
2789:
2788:
2781:
2780:
2772:
2769:
2768:
2761:
2758:
2756:
2753:
2752:
2751:
2748:
2747:
2742:
2739:
2737:
2734:
2733:
2726:
2725:
2717:
2714:
2713:
2708:
2705:
2704:
2697:
2696:cyanobacteria
2694:
2693:
2692:
2689:
2688:
2681:
2678:
2676:
2673:
2671:
2668:
2665:
2662:
2661:
2660:
2657:
2656:
2649:
2646:
2644:
2641:
2638:
2635:
2634:
2633:
2630:
2629:
2622:
2621:
2613:
2610:
2608:
2605:
2603:
2602:Picoeukaryote
2600:
2598:
2595:
2591:
2588:
2587:
2586:
2583:
2581:
2578:
2576:
2573:
2572:
2567:
2564:
2563:
2559:
2554:
2553:
2545:
2544:Virioplankton
2542:
2540:
2537:
2535:
2532:
2530:
2527:
2526:
2521:
2518:
2516:
2515:Phytoplankton
2513:
2512:
2508:
2503:
2502:
2498:
2494:
2493:
2490:
2487:
2486:
2482:
2481:
2473:
2470:
2466:
2465:
2460:
2456:
2452:
2448:
2444:
2440:
2436:
2432:
2431:
2426:
2422:
2418:
2417:
2405:
2403:
2399:
2395:
2391:
2383:
2378:
2374:
2367:
2363:
2354:
2350:
2345:
2342:
2334:
2330:
2326:
2322:
2313:
2309:
2304:
2296:
2289:
2285:
2281:
2280:
2268:
2264:
2263:Golgi complex
2260:
2256:
2255:
2251:
2243:
2236:
2229:
2228:
2227:
2221:
2213:
2209:
2208:Calcification
2202:
2197:
2193:
2191:
2186:
2182:
2178:
2168:
2166:
2155:
2152:
2147:
2143:
2135:
2134:golgi complex
2131:
2127:
2124:regulated by
2122:
2112:
2110:
2100:
2098:
2094:
2090:
2082:
2081:
2079:
2075:
2074:Protist shell
2063:
2058:
2056:
2051:
2049:
2044:
2043:
2041:
2040:
2034:
2024:
2023:
2022:
2021:
2013:
2010:
2006:
2003:
2001:
1998:
1997:
1996:
1995:Fossilization
1993:
1991:
1990:Microbial mat
1988:
1986:
1983:
1981:
1978:
1976:
1975:
1971:
1969:
1966:
1964:
1962:
1958:
1956:
1953:
1951:
1948:
1946:
1943:
1941:
1938:
1936:
1935:Magnetofossil
1933:
1931:
1928:
1924:
1921:
1919:
1916:
1915:
1913:
1911:
1908:
1907:
1900:
1899:
1891:
1888:
1884:
1881:
1880:
1879:
1876:
1872:
1869:
1867:
1864:
1863:
1862:
1859:
1857:
1854:
1853:
1846:
1845:
1837:
1834:
1832:
1829:
1827:
1824:
1823:
1819:
1814:
1813:
1803:
1800:
1798:
1795:
1792:
1789:
1788:
1787:
1784:
1783:
1776:
1775:aragonite sea
1773:
1771:
1768:
1767:
1766:
1763:
1762:
1757:
1754:
1752:
1749:
1747:
1744:
1743:
1739:
1738:Calcification
1734:
1733:
1725:
1722:
1720:
1717:
1713:
1710:
1709:
1708:
1705:
1703:
1700:
1699:
1692:
1691:
1683:
1680:
1678:
1675:
1673:
1670:
1669:
1664:
1660:
1659:Endoskeletons
1655:
1654:
1646:
1643:
1641:
1638:
1634:
1631:
1629:
1626:
1624:
1621:
1617:
1614:
1612:
1609:
1607:
1604:
1603:
1602:
1601:mollusc shell
1599:
1597:
1594:
1593:
1592:
1589:
1585:
1582:
1580:
1577:
1575:
1572:
1570:
1567:
1565:
1562:
1561:
1560:
1559:Protist shell
1557:
1553:
1550:
1549:
1548:
1545:
1541:
1538:
1536:
1533:
1531:
1530:cirrate shell
1528:
1527:
1526:
1523:
1521:
1518:
1514:
1511:
1509:
1506:
1505:
1503:
1502:
1497:
1492:
1491:
1483:
1480:
1478:
1475:
1473:
1470:
1468:
1465:
1463:
1460:
1459:
1452:
1451:
1447:
1443:
1442:
1439:
1436:
1435:
1431:
1430:
1416:
1412:
1410:
1409:Syracosphaera
1405:
1401:
1397:
1393:
1389:
1388:
1383:
1382:
1377:
1376:
1371:
1370:
1365:
1364:
1359:
1355:
1353:
1348:
1347:
1339:
1330:
1323:
1314:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1270:
1268:
1264:
1260:
1259:sphingolipids
1256:
1252:
1248:
1244:
1241:are known to
1240:
1230:
1228:
1223:
1222:phytoplankton
1213:
1205:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1194:Pleurochrysis
1191:
1187:
1183:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1159:
1150:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1121:
1119:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1088:
1086:
1078:
1077:virus genomes
1074:
1070:
1069:
1064:
1063:
1058:
1053:
1046:
1042:
1041:phytoplankton
1037:
1028:
1022:
1011:
1004:
1000:
999:chlorophyll a
996:
991:
988:
984:
980:
974:
966:
938:
937:
927:
921:
913:
912:
905:
897:
891:
882:
878:
876:
872:
864:
863:
858:
853:
849:
847:
843:
839:
835:
831:
827:
824:
820:
816:
815:
809:
805:
803:
797:
794:
784:
775:
772:
768:
765:
761:
756:
754:
750:
745:
741:
737:
733:
729:
721:
717:
713:
709:
701:
687:
685:
681:
678:
674:
670:
666:
662:
658:
654:
650:
646:
642:
639:. Two large
638:
634:
629:
627:
623:
619:
611:
607:
602:
593:
591:
588:
587:Heterotrophic
584:
580:
576:
570:
564:
560:
552:
548:
536:
532:
527:
525:
521:
517:
509:
505:
504:phytoplankton
500:
498:
497:
492:
488:
487:
482:
478:
474:
470:
467:
463:
459:
455:
451:
447:
437:
435:
431:
427:
423:
419:
415:
411:
407:
403:
399:
395:
391:
387:
383:
382:
376:
374:
370:
366:
365:ocean acidity
362:
358:
354:
350:
345:
343:
339:
335:
334:
329:
325:
320:
318:
314:
313:sunlight zone
310:
306:
302:
298:
294:
290:
287:
283:
279:
275:
271:
267:
263:
259:
255:
254:phytoplankton
251:
247:
243:
237:
232:
222:
221:
220:Coccolithales
217:
215:
214:
210:
209:
207:
202:
199:
196:
193:
192:
189:
186:
183:
182:
179:
176:
173:
172:
169:
166:
163:
160:
159:
156:
153:
150:
149:
144:
139:
135:
132:
130:
125:
121:
116:
108:
103:
98:
93:
88:
83:
78:
73:
68:
63:
58:
53:
39:
33:
30:
19:
9823:Microfossils
9623:
9565:Zygodiscales
9433:Prymnesiales
9390:
9283:Rappephyceae
9246:Oxnerellidae
9236:Clypiferidae
9224:Pterocystida
9210:Marophryidae
9112:Nibbleridida
8884:Goniomonadea
8787:Palpitophyta
8716:Cryptobionta
8685:Opisthokonta
8511:Stromatolite
8406:Aeroplankton
8333:Salmon louse
8288:Chaetognatha
8260:Symbiodinium
8258:
8246:
8161:
8157:Raphidophyte
8144:
8137:
8133:Stramenopile
8115:
8110:
8098:
8091:
8057:
8040:
8033:
8026:
7999:
7982:Picoplankton
7907:Spring bloom
7877:Mycoplankton
7872:Meroplankton
7862:Holoplankton
7777:
7770:
7753:
7714:
7710:
7704:
7684:
7677:
7644:
7640:
7634:
7602:
7598:
7592:
7568:
7558:
7521:
7518:PLOS Biology
7517:
7507:
7496:. Retrieved
7492:the original
7482:
7471:
7462:
7438:
7434:
7428:
7396:
7392:
7359:
7355:
7322:
7318:
7312:
7280:
7276:
7270:
7234:
7231:PLOS Biology
7230:
7224:
7189:
7185:
7143:
7137:
7107:
7103:
7093:
7064:
7060:
7049:
7014:
7010:
7000:
6975:
6971:
6964:
6931:
6927:
6921:
6868:
6862:
6852:
6819:
6815:
6809:
6792:
6788:
6781:
6754:
6750:
6740:
6695:
6691:
6681:
6644:
6640:
6598:
6594:
6558:
6554:
6524:
6520:
6513:
6478:
6474:
6464:
6439:
6435:
6429:
6392:
6389:PLOS Biology
6388:
6338:
6334:
6323:
6296:
6292:
6278:
6234:
6230:
6224:
6215:
6209:
6195:
6174:(1): 82–86,
6171:
6167:
6161:
6142:
6136:
6119:
6115:
6105:
6053:
6047:
6034:
5990:
5986:
5982:
5976:
5944:
5940:
5934:
5916:
5912:
5894:
5888:
5844:
5840:
5827:
5819:
5812:
5800:. Retrieved
5790:
5778:. Retrieved
5774:"Viral Zone"
5768:
5756:. Retrieved
5751:
5741:
5700:
5696:
5682:
5657:
5653:
5646:
5603:
5599:
5586:
5553:
5549:
5543:
5516:
5512:
5502:
5465:
5461:
5451:
5425:
5421:
5415:
5399:
5395:
5391:
5387:
5382:
5350:
5346:
5309:
5305:
5300:
5276:
5272:
5239:
5235:
5215:
5180:
5176:
5169:
5145:
5141:
5112:
5094:
5065:
5061:
5005:
5001:
4983:
4944:
4915:
4890:
4884:
4841:
4837:
4831:
4788:
4784:
4774:
4755:
4751:
4741:
4708:
4704:
4698:
4690:
4685:
4650:
4646:
4636:
4619:10261/134985
4596:(1): 51–57.
4593:
4589:
4583:
4564:
4560:
4550:
4507:
4503:
4493:
4460:
4456:
4450:
4423:
4395:
4391:
4381:
4338:
4334:
4295:10453/114799
4267:
4263:
4253:
4244:
4235:
4208:
4202:
4167:
4163:
4153:
4128:
4124:
4117:
4082:
4078:
4068:
4041:
4037:
4027:
4002:
3998:
3991:
3964:
3958:
3931:
3925:
3911:cite journal
3886:
3882:
3872:
3860:. Retrieved
3845:
3838:
3813:
3809:
3796:
3782:
3765:
3761:
3755:
3744:. Retrieved
3740:
3702:
3698:
3692:
3658:
3654:
3648:
3639:
3635:
3629:
3619:
3615:
3581:
3577:
3524:
3520:
3458:
3454:
3414:
3408:
3371:
3367:
3331:
3324:
3289:
3259:
3251:carbon cycle
3247:microfossils
3241:
3222:
3206:
3189:
3165:
3161:
3158:
3133:. Low ocean
3123:ion channels
3108:
3090:
3079:
3031:carbon cycle
3028:
2858:Spring bloom
2806:Meroplankton
2796:Holoplankton
2736:Aeroplankton
2664:radiolarians
2642:
2607:Picoplankton
2534:Mycoplankton
2529:Mixoplankton
2507:Trophic mode
2468:
2462:
2454:
2450:
2446:
2442:
2438:
2434:
2428:
2424:
2420:
2414:
2411:
2387:
2346:
2305:
2301:
2248:through the
2206:
2190:microfossils
2174:
2161:
2118:
2106:
2096:
2086:
2005:petrifaction
1972:
1960:
1955:Microfossils
1702:Limpet teeth
1682:Ossification
1677:Bone mineral
1611:chiton shell
1496:Exoskeletons
1477:Biointerface
1414:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1385:
1379:
1373:
1367:
1361:
1357:
1350:
1344:
1283:Centrohelida
1276:
1246:
1236:
1219:
1211:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1176:
1172:
1171:Massart and
1168:
1165:
1156:
1127:
1094:
1082:
1066:
1060:
1017:
992:
976:
934:
925:
909:
895:
879:
867:
860:
856:
834:Gephyrocapsa
833:
829:
825:
822:
818:
812:
810:
806:
798:
793:oligotrophic
789:
769:
757:
725:
673:cytoskeleton
653:mitochondria
641:chloroplasts
630:
622:chloroplasts
615:
571:
528:
501:
494:
491:microfossils
484:
443:
405:
379:
377:
363:because, as
353:carbon cycle
346:
331:
321:
245:
241:
240:
218:
211:
188:Haptophytina
161:
127:
38:Paraphyletic
29:
9833:Planktology
9818:Haptophytes
9702:iNaturalist
9648:Wikispecies
9528:Prinsiaceae
9345:Pavlovaceae
9159:Centrohelea
9119:Nibbleridae
9105:Nibbleridea
9098:Nibbleridia
8919:Hemiarmidae
8875:Cryptophyta
8757:Microhelida
8725:Axomonadida
8476:Manta trawl
8461:Heterotroph
8411:Algaculture
8276:Zooplankton
8219:Flagellates
8100:Chaetoceros
8053:SAR11 clade
7912:Thin layers
7897:Planktology
7892:Planktivore
7847:Algal bloom
7688:. Penguin.
7488:"cal.mar.o"
7110:: 307–313.
6822:: 291–315.
6647:: 125–138.
6299:: 276–295.
6060:: 283–310.
5758:30 November
5392:Coccolithus
5312:(1): 1–12.
5068:: 291–301,
4270:: 137–166.
4194:2268/246251
4085:(4): 1116.
3159:Calcidiscus
3047:bicarbonate
2959:Thin layers
2954:Planktology
2949:Planktivore
2898:Algaculture
2838:Algal bloom
2784:Other types
2755:prokaryotes
2741:Geoplankton
2625:By taxonomy
2520:Zooplankton
2103:Composition
2097:coccosphere
2093:exoskeleton
1940:Magnetosome
1883:phosphorite
1849:Other forms
1797:calcite sea
1564:coccosphere
1508:exoskeleton
1406:, (M)
1398:, (J)
1394:, (I)
1390:, (H)
1384:, (G)
1378:, (F)
1372:, (E)
1366:, (D)
1360:, (C)
1356:, (B)
1352:Coccolithus
1216:Competition
1198:Jomonlithus
1190:Hymenomonas
1186:Coccolithus
1045:Barents Sea
846:thermocline
826:irregularis
684:haptophytes
643:with brown
610:coccosphere
520:coccosphere
456:, or clade
422:thermocline
398:subtropical
388:and family
369:carbon sink
333:coccosphere
309:mixotrophic
276:, or clade
258:autotrophic
184:Subphylum:
129:Coccolithus
9812:Categories
9337:Pavlovales
9274:Haptophyta
9074:Nebulidida
8965:Hilleaceae
8911:Hemiarmida
8471:Macroalgae
8431:Autotrophs
8361:Cyclopoida
8298:Ctenophora
8227:Brevetoxin
8017:Cyanotoxin
8012:Cyanobiont
7498:2021-04-24
7146:: fbv081.
7084:1912/26802
7017:: 101928.
6561:(1): n/a.
5847:: 99–125,
5606:(3): n/a.
5394:species".
4980:Dove, P.M.
4653:: 101928.
3862:30 January
3746:2018-01-26
3340:References
3284:See also:
3244:calcareous
3236:See also:
3166:E. huxleyi
3162:leptoporus
3135:alkalinity
2729:By habitat
2659:Protozoans
2590:calcareous
2575:Microalgae
2469:E. huxleyi
2455:E. huxleyi
2447:E. huxleyi
2439:E. huxleyi
2435:E. huxleyi
2425:E. huxleyi
2288:haptophyte
2284:exocytosis
2267:nucleation
2089:coccoliths
2072:See also:
1535:cuttlebone
1504:Arthropod
1279:Haptophyta
1247:E. huxleyi
1227:Trade-offs
1177:Prymnesium
1169:Prymnesium
1101:phosphorus
842:nutricline
814:E. huxleyi
637:organelles
618:coccoliths
606:coccoliths
547:ballasting
524:mixotrophs
516:coccoliths
514:) scales (
496:Prymnesium
486:coccoliths
469:Haptophyta
410:planktonic
406:E. huxleyi
289:Haptophyta
236:coccoliths
9181:Chthonida
9067:Nebulidea
9060:Nebulidia
8778:Cryptista
8680:Amoebozoa
8658:Alveolata
8646:Cryptista
8621:Eukaryota
8588:Eukaryota
8416:Algal mat
8356:Calanoida
8338:Sea louse
8318:Jellyfish
8293:Ciguatera
8254:Saxitoxin
8242:Flagellum
8191:Classes:
8182:Centrales
8082:Auxospore
7773:Home Page
7759:Nannotax3
7739:128504924
7627:129049029
7163:1912/7739
7138:Emiliania
7041:135347218
6913:Q52718666
6887:2167-8359
6871:: e4608.
6795:: 76–90.
6218:: 291–299
6082:1941-1405
5849:CiteSeerX
5629:1912/3392
5428:: 10543.
4866:0377-8398
4815:1726-4189
4677:135347218
3903:0022-3646
3622:: 428–480
3493:233976784
3485:1726-4189
3390:2296-7745
3054:Ca + 2HCO
2459:genotypes
2451:O. marina
2443:O. marina
2404:as well.
2398:cellulose
2382:carbonate
2341:carbonate
2277:crystals.
2250:cytoplasm
2177:the Chalk
2115:Formation
2078:coccolith
1961:engrailed
1878:Phosphate
1871:oil shale
1765:Aragonite
1569:coccolith
1354:pelagicus
1311:Oligocene
1255:Red Queen
1251:arms race
1243:lytically
1043:bloom in
871:upwelling
720:diplontic
712:haplontic
680:haptonema
677:vestigial
665:flagellar
596:Structure
426:alkenones
394:temperate
155:Eukaryota
131:pelagicus
9639:Q1647990
9633:Wikidata
9141:Haptista
8796:Palpitea
8675:Amorphea
8653:Rhizaria
8641:Hacrobia
8631:Excavata
8616:Bacteria
8592:Hacrobia
8187:Pennales
8146:Navicula
8128:Frustule
7902:Red tide
7839:plankton
7830:Plankton
7793:RadioLab
7550:21713028
7413:21814280
7376:14662299
7305:85403507
7263:21713029
7216:90415703
6956:85890446
6909:Wikidata
6905:29666762
6844:21329207
6732:23776586
6692:PLOS ONE
6527:: 1–12.
6505:23980248
6481:(1627).
6456:22819465
6421:21713028
6287:(2017).
6271:20976167
6231:PLOS ONE
6188:84368830
6094:Archived
6090:27814031
6027:18824682
5969:17927770
5877:archived
5776:. ExPASy
5725:15256665
5638:15482539
5375:27901484
5367:27033659
5042:23134731
4733:36526359
4725:15134250
4628:22995996
4542:30043404
4485:21017882
4477:15134247
4373:27453937
4109:34159028
3685:16601834
3561:22615387
3327:virus 86
3303:See also
3127:acidosis
2985:Category
2760:protists
2691:Bacteria
2680:ciliates
2489:Plankton
2390:frustule
2360:-fixing
2312:H efflux
2158:Function
2033:Category
1914:In soil
1866:alginite
1856:Bone bed
1591:Seashell
1498:(shells)
1295:Rhaetian
1287:Haptista
1162:Toxicity
1105:silicate
1097:nitrogen
802:currents
762:through
633:membrane
590:protists
579:ciliates
551:biogenic
535:Jurassic
471:, class
466:division
458:Hacrobia
446:Protista
440:Overview
402:tropical
351:and the
291:, class
286:division
278:Hacrobia
266:Protista
262:plankton
178:Haptista
174:Phylum:
151:Domain:
9052:Provora
8690:Animals
8611:Archaea
8541:MOCNESS
8451:f-ratio
8386:More...
8087:Axodine
7935:By size
7917:More...
7719:Bibcode
7669:4321239
7649:Bibcode
7607:Bibcode
7573:Bibcode
7541:3119654
7443:Bibcode
7421:4417285
7327:Bibcode
7285:Bibcode
7254:3119655
7194:Bibcode
7019:Bibcode
6980:Bibcode
6936:Bibcode
6896:5896503
6824:Bibcode
6759:Bibcode
6723:3679017
6700:Bibcode
6649:Bibcode
6603:Bibcode
6563:Bibcode
6496:3758179
6412:3119654
6343:Bibcode
6301:Bibcode
6262:2955539
6239:Bibcode
6116:Lethaia
6062:Bibcode
6018:2572935
5995:Bibcode
5949:Bibcode
5802:15 June
5780:15 June
5733:5607281
5705:Bibcode
5697:Science
5662:Bibcode
5608:Bibcode
5578:4317429
5558:Bibcode
5521:Bibcode
5470:Bibcode
5281:Bibcode
5244:Bibcode
5185:Bibcode
5162:9564456
5033:3511156
5010:Bibcode
4846:Bibcode
4823:6227548
4793:Bibcode
4655:Bibcode
4598:Bibcode
4533:7379532
4512:Bibcode
4364:4956192
4343:Bibcode
4272:Bibcode
4172:Bibcode
4133:Bibcode
4087:Bibcode
4046:Bibcode
4007:Bibcode
3818:Bibcode
3707:Bibcode
3663:Bibcode
3586:Bibcode
3552:3384182
3529:Bibcode
3463:Bibcode
3175:CALMARO
3063:⇌ CaCO
2918:f-ratio
2716:Viruses
2707:Archaea
2675:amoebae
2637:diatoms
2558:By size
2421:in situ
2349:diatoms
2203:budget.
2151:calcite
2146:vesicle
2130:Calcite
1903:Related
1861:Kerogen
1786:Calcite
1707:Otolith
1540:gladius
1513:cuticle
1482:Biofilm
1455:General
1411:pulchra
1202:Artemia
1130:calcite
1113:diatoms
1003:austral
981:of the
875:benthic
749:abiotic
744:meiosis
740:mitosis
736:diploid
732:haploid
716:diatoms
690:Ecology
669:mitosis
649:nucleus
645:pigment
626:nucleus
338:calcify
315:of the
194:Class:
9795:115059
9782:427610
9779:uBio:
9772:488591
9733:610061
9707:152224
8668:Plants
8605:Domain
8536:AusCPR
8526:C-MORE
7837:About
7737:
7692:
7667:
7641:Nature
7625:
7548:
7538:
7419:
7411:
7393:Nature
7374:
7303:
7261:
7251:
7214:
7039:
6954:
6911:
6903:
6893:
6885:
6842:
6730:
6720:
6503:
6493:
6454:
6419:
6409:
6269:
6259:
6186:
6149:
6088:
6080:
6025:
6015:
5967:
5869:
5851:
5795:ICTV.
5731:
5723:
5636:
5576:
5550:Nature
5373:
5365:
5160:
5119:
5040:
5030:
4959:
4922:
4864:
4821:
4813:
4731:
4723:
4675:
4626:
4540:
4530:
4483:
4475:
4438:
4371:
4361:
4223:
4107:
3979:
3946:
3901:
3853:
3683:
3559:
3549:
3491:
3483:
3429:
3388:
3296:nuclei
2983:
2964:NAAMES
2830:Blooms
2394:thecal
2290:algae.
2031:
1890:Pyrena
1547:Lorica
1291:Norian
1237:Giant
1134:albedo
987:diatom
635:bound
462:phylum
418:blooms
400:, and
303:, are
301:marine
282:phylum
256:, the
248:, are
9790:WoRMS
9759:73027
9720:10278
9715:IRMNG
8695:Fungi
7735:S2CID
7665:S2CID
7623:S2CID
7417:S2CID
7301:S2CID
7212:S2CID
7037:S2CID
6952:S2CID
6864:PeerJ
6184:S2CID
6097:(PDF)
6056:(1).
6044:(PDF)
5880:(PDF)
5837:(PDF)
5729:S2CID
5693:(PDF)
5634:S2CID
5596:(PDF)
5574:S2CID
5371:S2CID
5158:S2CID
4819:S2CID
4729:S2CID
4673:S2CID
4624:S2CID
4481:S2CID
4105:S2CID
4044:(3).
3806:(PDF)
3681:S2CID
3489:S2CID
2632:Algae
2214:(CaCO
2109:chalk
1968:Druse
1663:bones
1606:nacre
1220:Most
577:like
510:(CaCO
317:ocean
244:, or
162:Clade
9754:NCBI
9728:ITIS
9694:1084
9689:GBIF
9681:3375
8546:SCAR
8521:Zoid
8466:HNLC
7690:ISBN
7546:PMID
7409:PMID
7372:PMID
7259:PMID
6901:PMID
6883:ISSN
6840:PMID
6728:PMID
6501:PMID
6452:PMID
6417:PMID
6267:PMID
6147:ISBN
6086:PMID
6078:ISSN
6023:PMID
5965:PMID
5867:ISBN
5804:2015
5782:2015
5760:2015
5721:PMID
5390:and
5363:PMID
5117:ISBN
5038:PMID
4957:ISBN
4920:ISBN
4862:ISSN
4811:ISSN
4721:PMID
4538:PMID
4473:PMID
4436:ISBN
4369:PMID
4221:ISBN
3977:ISBN
3944:ISBN
3917:link
3899:ISSN
3864:2015
3851:ISBN
3557:PMID
3481:ISSN
3427:ISBN
3386:ISSN
3067:+ CO
3041:and
2937:iron
2351:and
2257:(B)
2237:and
2171:Uses
2076:and
1963:gene
1724:Tusk
1645:Test
1196:and
1184:and
1128:The
1103:and
977:The
844:and
817:and
751:and
706:(a)
581:and
475:(or
307:and
295:(or
52:PreꞒ
9741:NBN
9676:EoL
9663:CoL
8531:CPR
7727:doi
7657:doi
7645:326
7615:doi
7603:358
7581:doi
7536:PMC
7526:doi
7451:doi
7439:104
7401:doi
7397:476
7364:doi
7360:136
7335:doi
7293:doi
7249:PMC
7239:doi
7202:doi
7158:hdl
7148:doi
7112:doi
7079:hdl
7069:doi
7027:doi
7015:177
6988:doi
6944:doi
6891:PMC
6873:doi
6832:doi
6797:doi
6767:doi
6718:PMC
6708:doi
6657:doi
6645:135
6611:doi
6599:232
6571:doi
6529:doi
6491:PMC
6483:doi
6479:368
6444:doi
6407:PMC
6397:doi
6351:doi
6309:doi
6297:159
6257:PMC
6247:doi
6176:doi
6124:doi
6070:doi
6013:PMC
6003:doi
5991:105
5957:doi
5921:doi
5859:doi
5713:doi
5701:305
5670:doi
5658:116
5624:hdl
5616:doi
5566:doi
5554:393
5529:doi
5517:110
5478:doi
5430:doi
5404:doi
5355:doi
5314:doi
5289:doi
5252:doi
5193:doi
5150:doi
5070:doi
5028:PMC
5018:doi
5006:109
4949:doi
4945:eLS
4895:doi
4854:doi
4801:doi
4760:doi
4713:doi
4663:doi
4651:177
4614:hdl
4606:doi
4569:doi
4528:PMC
4520:doi
4465:doi
4428:doi
4400:doi
4359:PMC
4351:doi
4290:hdl
4280:doi
4268:470
4213:doi
4190:hdl
4180:doi
4141:doi
4095:doi
4054:doi
4015:doi
3969:doi
3936:doi
3891:doi
3826:doi
3770:doi
3715:doi
3671:doi
3594:doi
3547:PMC
3537:doi
3525:109
3471:doi
3419:doi
3376:doi
3071:+ H
2908:CPR
2239:HCO
2095:or
1006:(CO
1001:in
464:or
452:'s
284:or
272:'s
9814::
9792::
9769::
9756::
9743::
9730::
9717::
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9678::
9668:YV
9665::
9650::
9635::
8590::
7733:.
7725:.
7715:19
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