Cochin Jews - Knowledge

3279: 3143:, they allegedly discriminated against its Jews. Nevertheless, to some extent they shared language and culture, so ever more Jews came to live under Portuguese rule (actually under the Spanish crown, again, between 1580 and 1640). The Protestant Dutch killed the raja of Cochin, allied of the Portuguese, plus sixteen hundred Indians in 1662, during their siege of Cochin. The Jews, having supported the Dutch military attempt, suffered the murderous retaliation of both the Portuguese and Malabar populations. A year later, the second Dutch siege was successful and, after slaughtering the Portuguese, they demolished most Catholic churches or turned them into Protestant churches (not sparing the one where Vasco da Gama had been buried). They were more tolerant of Jews, having granted asylum claims in the Netherlands. (See the 4725: 4087: 4752: 2793: 3002: 4649: 3418: 4661: 4677: 3095: 3227:, of whom are specifically named Michael and Abraham Sargon, David Baruch Rahabi, Hacham Samuel, and Judah David Ashkenazi. These exerted themselves not only in changing the minds of the Bene-Israel and of their children generally, but also particularly in turning the minds of these few of the Bene-Israel, who through heathen influence had gone astray from the path of the religion of their forefathers, to the study of their own religion, and to the contemplation of 3287: 9976: 8302: 4743: 4734: 3166: 4693: 8312: 3641:, common traits and features. For example, verbatim translations from Hebrew to Malayalam, archaic features of Old Malayalam, Hebrew components agglutinated to Dravidian verb and noun formations and special idiomatic usages based on its Hebrew loanwords. Due to the lack of long-term scholarship on this language variation, there is no separate designation for the language (if it can be so considered), for it to have its own language code ( 4709: 32: 171: 9990: 2785: 5685:

which usage would have been familiar to our author, Zechariah al-Dhahiri. Not that the Germans are really derived from Canaan, since this has been refuted by later scholars, but only for the sake of clarity of intent do we make mention of this fact. Al-Dhahiri knew, just as we know today, that German Jews had settled in Cochin, the most notable families of which being Rottenburg and Ashkenazi, among others. In

189: 153: 2931:, and own property "without conditions attached". A family connection to Rabban, "the king of Shingly" (another name for Cranganore), was long considered a sign of both purity and prestige within the community. Rabban's descendants led this distinct community until a chieftainship dispute broke out between two brothers, one of them named 3076:, which upon entering I was sorely grieved at what I had seen, for the city’s inhabitants are all uncircumcised and given over to idolatry. There isn’t to be found in her a single Jew with whom I could have, otherwise, taken respite in my journeys and wanderings. I then turned away from her and went into the city of 5438:(Descriptive catalogue of the Hebrew and Samaritan Manuscripts in the Sassoon Library, London), vol. 1, Oxford Univ. Press: London 1932, p. 370, section 268. According to David Solomon Sassoon, the copper plates were inscribed during the period of the last ruler of the Perumal dynasty, Shirman Perumal. 2911:

Central to the history of the Cochin Jews was their close relationship with Indian rulers. This was codified on a set of copper plates granting the community special privileges. The date of these plates, known as "Sâsanam", is contentious. The plates are physically inscribed with the date 379 CE, but

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established a trading beachhead in 1500, and until 1663 remained the dominant power. They continued to discriminate against the Jews, although doing business with them. A synagogue was built at Parur in 1615, at a site that according to tradition had a synagogue built in 1165. Almost every member of

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Although David Rahabi was convinced that the Bene Israel were the descendants of the Jews, he still wanted to examine them further. He therefore gave their women clean and unclean fish to be cooked together, but they singled out the clean from the unclean ones, saying that they never used fish that

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The word used here in the Hebrew original is "Kena`anim", typically translated as "Canaanites". Etymologically, it is important to point out that during the Middle-Ages amongst Jewish scholars, the word "Kena`ani" had taken on the connotation of "German", or resident of Germany (Arabic: Alemania),

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customs, they found the Malabari Jewish community as established in Cochin to be quite different. According to the historian Mandelbaum, there were resulting tensions between the two ethnic communities. The European Jews had some trade links to Europe and useful languages to conduct international

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This view is supported by Rabbi Yehezkel Rachbi of Cochin who, in a letter addressed to Tobias Boas of Amsterdam in 1768, wrote: "We are called 'White Jews', being people who have come from the Holy Land, (may it be built and established quickly, even in our days), while the Jews that are called

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into the origins of the Cochin Jewish and other Indian Jewish communities noted that until the present day the Indian Jews maintained in the range of 3%-20% Middle Eastern ancestry, confirming the traditional narrative of migration from the Middle East to India. The tests noted however that the

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Thekkambagham Synagogue was built in Ernakulam in 1580, and rebuilt in 1939. It is the synagogue in Ernakulam sometimes used for services if former members of the community visit from Israel. In 1998, five families who were members of this congregation still lived in Kerala or in Madras.

3047:. In the latter location, Kadavumbagham Synagogue was built about 1200 and restored in the 1790s. Its members believed they were the congregation to receive the historic copper plates. In the 1930s and 1940s, the congregation was as large as 2,000 members, but all emigrated to Israel. 2850:

In 1768, a certain Tobias Boas of Amsterdam had posed eleven questions to Rabbi Yehezkel Rachbi of Cochin. The first of these questions addressed to the said Rabbi concerned the origins of the Jews of Cochin and the duration of their settlement in India. In Rabbi Yehezkel's response

5693:(1160–1235), in his commentary on Obadiah 1:20, writes similarly: "Now they say by way of tradition that the people of the land of Germany (Alemania) were Canaanites, for when the Canaanite went away from Joshua, just as we have written in the Book of Joshua, they went off to the 3507:

According to Martine Chemana, the Jews of Cochin "coalesced around the religious fundamentals: devotion and strict obedience to Biblical Judaism, and to the Jewish customs and traditions ... Hebrew, taught through the Torah texts by rabbis and teachers who came especially from

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Chaubey, Gyaneshwer; Singh, Manvendra; Rai, Niraj; Kariappa, Mini; Singh, Kamayani; Singh, Ashish; Pratap Singh, Deepankar; Tamang, Rakesh; Selvi Rani, Deepa; Reddy, Alla G.; Kumar Singh, Vijay; Singh, Lalji; Thangaraj, Kumarasamy (13 January 2016).

3252:, although he worked also as a book-binder. While engaged in his avocation, he was at all times ready to explain any scriptural difficulty that might happen to be brought to him by any Bene Israel. He was a Reader, Preacher, Expounder of the Law, 3235:

had neither fins nor scales. Being thus satisfied, he began to teach them the tenets of the Jewish religion. He taught Hebrew reading, without translation, to three Bene Israel young men from the families of Jhiratker, Shapurker and Rajpurker.

3450:"Only lately, some well-to-do men came forward and purchased three copies of my code , which they distributed through messengers... Thus, the horizon of these Jews was widened, and the religious life in all communities as far as India revived." 3071:

I travelled from the land of Yemen unto the land of India and Cush, in order to search out a better livelihood. I had chosen the frontier route, where I made a passage across the Great Sea by ship for twenty days... I arrived at the city of

3080:, wherein I found what my soul desired, insofar that a community of Spaniards is to be found there who are derived of Jewish lineage, along with other congregations of proselytes. They had been converted many years ago, of the natives of 2744:

with occasional services, managed by one of few remaining Cochin Jews of the ancient Malabar Jewish tradition. A few synagogues are in ruins and one was even demolished and a two-storeyed house was built in its place. The synagogue at

5689:'s commentary on Obadiah 1:20, he writes: "Who are the Canaanites. We have heard from great men that the land of Germany (Alemania) they are the Canaanites who fled from the children of Israel when they came into the country". Rabbi 8267: 2908:, Kerala in the 4th or 8th century. These symmetries are noted in both the wedding traditions and especially the folk songs of the two communities, some songs maintaining the exact same lyrics with few corruptions and variations. 2982:

beginning in the 12th and 13th centuries. The oldest known gravestone of a Cochin Jew is written in Hebrew and dates to 1269 CE. It is near the Chendamangalam Synagogue, built in 1614, which is now operated as a museum.

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and Germany. They are adept in their knowledge of Jewish laws and customs, acknowledging the injunctions of the Divine Law (Torah), and making use of its means of punishment. I dwelt there three months, among the holy

2832:, but also known under other names, is a city of legendary importance to this community. Fernandes writes, it is "a substitute Jerusalem in India". Katz and Goldberg note the "symbolic intertwining" of the two cities. 6824:

Weil, Shalva. "Indo-Judaic Studies in the Twenty-First Century: A Perspective from the Margin", Katz, N., Chakravarti, R., Sinha, B. M. and Weil, S. (eds) New York and Basingstoke, England: Palgrave-Macmillan Press.

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edition (published in 1965 by the Ben Zvi Institute in Jerusalem), believed Zechariah al-Dhahiri's intention here was to "emancipated Canaanite slaves", in which case, he takes the word literally as meaning

5154:, where he mentions the first places of Jewish settlement on the Malabar Coast as Cranganore, Madai, Pelota and Palur, which were then under the rule of the Perumal dynasty. See: David Solomon Sassoon, 3520:

The Jews of Cochin had a long tradition of singing devotional hymns (piyyutim) and songs on festive occasions such as Purim. Women used to sing Jews songs in Judeo-Malayalam. They did not adhere to the

3499:"Though they neither eat nor drink together, nor intermarry, the Black and the White Jews of Cochin have almost the same social and religious customs. They hold the same doctrines, use the same ritual ( 8272: 3219:

and the Bene Israel community were greatest in the mid-19th century. According to native Bene Israel historian Haeem Samuel Kehimkar (1830-1909), several prominent members from the "White Jews" of

6476:, reproduced from the Cochin Synagogue, 4th century, Vol. 1968, Ed. Velayudhan and Koder, Kerala History Association, Ernakulam, reproduced in ICHC I, Ed. George Menachery, 1998, pp. 562–563 6469:, Cochin Jewish life in 18th century, read Chapter VIII (pp. 336 to 354), reproduced pp. 446–451 in ICHC I, 1998, Ed. George Menachery. Francis Day was a British civil surgeon in 1863. 4110:), there were 18 synagogues as per their oral traditions. Today no archaeological evidence has been yet uncovered to validate these traditions. However the custom of naming their synagogues as " 8106: 3368:. Since the late 20th century, former Cochin Jews have also immigrated to the United States. It is recorded that currently only 26 Jews live in Kerala, who is located in different parts of 4320: 6682:

Weil, Shalva. "Cochin Jews", in Carol R. Ember, Melvin Ember and Ian Skoggard (eds) Encyclopedia of World Cultures Supplement, New York: Macmillan Reference USA, 2002. pp. 78–80.

7440: 6899: 3542: 7996: 7991: 8287: 7374: 3036:(Perumpadapu Swaroopam). The Hindu Raja of Cochin gave them asylum. Moreover, he exempted Jews from taxation but bestowed on them all privileges enjoyed by the tax-payers. 2927:

The Hindu king gave permission in perpetuity (or, in the more poetic expression of those days, "as long as the world, sun and moon endure") for Jews to live freely, build

7519: 5654:'Black' they became such in Malabar from proselytization and emancipation. However, their status and their rule of law, as well as their prayer, are just as ours." See: 1279: 3409:

communities had considerable Indian admixture, exhibiting the fact that the Indian Jewish people "inherited their ancestry from Middle Eastern and Indian populations".

7445: 7476: 3503:), observe the same feasts and fasts, dress alike, and have adopted the same language Malayalam. ... The two classes are equally strict in religious observances", 6698:

Weil, Shalva. "Cochin Jews" in Judith Baskin (ed.) Cambridge Dictionary of Judaism and Jewish Culture, New York: Cambridge University Press, 2011. pp. 107.

4957: 3470:) had a large Jewish population who dabbled in yearly pepper trade with the Portuguese. As far as their religious life, he wrote that they "only recognize the 2717:

and emigrated from Kerala to Israel in the mid-1950s. In contrast, most of the Paradesi Jews (Sephardi in origin) preferred to migrate to Australia and other

1857: 7260: 5158:(Descriptive catalogue of the Hebrew and Samaritan Manuscripts in the Sassoon Library, London), vol. 1, Oxford Univ. Press: London 1932, p. 370, section 268. 1512: 1207: 6722:

Chiriyankandath, James (1 March 2008). "Nationalism, religion and community: A. B. Salem, the politics of identity and the disappearance of Cochin Jewry".

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from the Malabar Jews. The two communities retained their ethnic and cultural distinctions. In the late 19th century, a few Arabic-speaking Jews, known as

1399: 5697:(Alemania) and Escalona, which is called the land of Ashkenaz, while unto this day they are called Canaanites". Notwithstanding, Yehuda Ratzaby, in his 3193:

slave, and was at times used in a derogatory way. Salem fought against the discrimination by boycotting the Paradesi Synagogue for a time. He also used

6916: 6243: 2607: 2694:(or Foreign Jews). The European Jews maintained some trade connections to Europe, and their language skills were useful. Although the Sephardim spoke 3459: 371: 5297: 4122:. Several oral songs sung by Cochini women also contain references to these synagogues. Apart from these, numerous Syrian Christian churches of the 9480: 5990: 1394: 6787: 6407: 9870: 8191: 7524: 1642: 7681: 7671: 5253: 3391:

is still active as a place of worship, but the Jewish community is very small. The building also attracts visitors as a historic tourist site.

2859:, i. e., 68 CE, about ten thousand men and women had come to the land of Malabar and were pleased to settle in four places; those places being 6685:

Weil, Shalva. "Jews in India." in M.Avrum Erlich (ed.) Encyclopaedia of the Jewish Diaspora, Santa Barbara, USA: ABC CLIO. 2008, 3: 1204–1212.

6507: 8553: 8236: 7646: 7600: 1896: 6206:"Les femmes chantent, les hommes écoutent.. Chants en malayalam (pattu-kal) des Kochini, communautés juives du Kerala, en Inde et en Israël" 3118:. Both "Black Jews" and the "White Jews" (the Spanish Jews) of Malabar claimed that they are the true inheritors of the old Jewish culture. 6926: 3298:

India became independent from British rule in 1947 and Israel established itself as a nation in 1948. With the heightened emphasis on the

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to combat the social discrimination. According to Mandelbaum, by the mid-1930s many of the old taboos had fallen with a changing society.

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Ophira Gamliel notes however that the first physical evidence of the presence of Jews in South India dates only to the granting of the

5193: 2839:. The copper plates are a trade deed dated to the year 849 C.E bestowed upon the Nestorian merchant magnate Maruvan Sapir Iso and the 7696: 7656: 6570:

Jussay, P.M. (1986) "The Wedding Songs of the Cochin Jews and of the Knanite Christians of Kerala: A Study in Comparison". Symposium.

4840: 3115: 2855:, he wrote: "after the destruction of the Second Temple (may it soon be rebuilt and reestablished in our days!), in the year 3828 of 2732:

in Kerala, with a few being sold or adapted for other uses. Among the 8 synagogues that survived till the mid-20th century, only the

1820: 6651:

Weil, Shalva (25 July 2016). "Symmetry between Christians and Jews in India: the Cnanite Christians and the Cochin Jews of Kerala".

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Jews. Inspired by Indian nationalism and Zionism, he also tried to reconcile the divisions among the Cochin Jews. He became both an

8377: 8026: 1843: 2889:, is believed to have come to Southern India in the 1st century, in search of the Jewish community there. It is possible that the 2847:. The copper plates include signatures in Kufic, Pahlavi, and Hebrew and serve as evidence of West Asian mercantilism in Kerala. 9876: 8216: 7291: 7265: 7193: 7188: 7183: 7148: 6968: 1193: 8976: 8430: 8231: 8136: 7384: 2600: 1770: 1705: 1587: 6208:[Women sing, men listen: Malayalam folksongs of the Cochini, the Jewish Community of Kerala, in India and in Israel]. 3162:

marriage, maintaining their distinctions. Both communities claimed special privileges and the greater status over each other.

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Throughout their history numerous synagogues have been constructed and lost to time. in their first settlement at Shingly (

2990:(Kochi). Many of the Jews moved quickly, and within four years, they had built their first synagogue at the new community. 1329: 8880: 96: 8991: 8986: 8410: 8186: 8151: 7494: 7471: 1597: 1414: 1404: 644: 6161: 4676: 68: 10021: 9803: 8680: 8076: 8071: 7966: 7163: 7158: 6496: 4648: 1993: 1943: 1908: 1602: 1467: 1334: 10056: 8831: 8685: 8196: 8171: 8086: 8066: 8016: 7986: 7976: 7676: 7666: 7565: 7425: 6751: 6644: 6630: 6616: 6598: 5464: 5395:

Weil, Shalva. "Symmetry between Christians and Jews in India: the Cnanite Christians and the Cochin Jews of Kerala",

5338: 5278: 4863: 4724: 4309: 3479: 2737: 2593: 1685: 1647: 1622: 1542: 1527: 1374: 1314: 1269: 115: 6801:

Van der Haven, Alexander. "A Jewish Qur’an: An Eighteenth-Century Hebrew Qur’an Translation in its Indian Context."

10046: 10041: 8740: 8648: 8282: 8161: 8156: 8036: 7798: 7706: 7379: 4660: 3474:, and possessed no other authority or traditional law". According to the contemporary historian Nathan Katz, Rabbi 1978: 1960: 1866: 1760: 1612: 1607: 1532: 1497: 1364: 75: 6756:

Katz, Nathan; Goldberg, Ellen S; (1995) "Leaving Mother India: Reasons for the Cochin Jews' Migration to Israel",

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wrote about the Malabari coast of Kerala: "They know the law of Moses and the prophets, and to a small extent the

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After India gained its independence in 1947 and Israel was established as a nation, most of the Cochin Jews made

2496: 2395: 1950: 1933: 1886: 1785: 1695: 1632: 1582: 1562: 1557: 1477: 1451: 1426: 1304: 1294: 1284: 1264: 1259: 4086: 8781: 8341: 8201: 8116: 8096: 7981: 7971: 7168: 5328: 1969: 1955: 1923: 1903: 1871: 1815: 1790: 1765: 1745: 1735: 1720: 1715: 1710: 1690: 1680: 1675: 1652: 1567: 1552: 1472: 1431: 1384: 1379: 1299: 1244: 53: 5454: 4568:, the first leader of the Jewish community of Kodungallur, was given copper plates of special grants from the 10036: 9882: 9203: 8246: 8181: 8146: 8081: 8061: 8051: 8011: 7808: 7803: 7711: 7691: 2390: 1928: 1913: 1876: 1838: 1810: 1800: 1795: 1780: 1775: 1755: 1740: 1725: 1700: 1666: 1637: 1537: 1522: 1446: 1436: 1354: 1324: 1249: 1235: 82: 6253: 4692: 3248:(Reader) in the then newly formed synagogue of the Bene-Israel in Bombay for the trifling sum of 100 rupees 3177:(1882–1967), a young lawyer who became known as a "Jewish Gandhi", worked to end the discrimination against 9945: 9813: 9808: 8996: 8981: 8745: 8700: 8445: 8206: 8166: 8141: 8121: 8056: 8031: 8021: 8006: 7143: 6941: 5880: 5663:, Book One (article: "Sources for the History on the Relations Between the White and Black Jews of Cochin") 4770: 4765: 4025: 3478:(the Ran) visited the Cochini Jews. They preserve in their song books the poem he wrote about them. In the 3107: 2809: 2770: 2729: 2652: 1998: 1918: 1881: 1805: 1750: 1617: 1592: 1517: 1492: 1482: 1421: 1344: 1339: 1319: 1309: 1289: 1274: 1167: 871: 635: 630: 49: 5785: 4126:

community in Kerala claim to have been built on old synagogues, though archaeological evidence is scarce.

9910: 9895: 8776: 8636: 8126: 8091: 8046: 8041: 7742: 7605: 7489: 7410: 7219: 6961: 5305: 3596: 2836: 1988: 1983: 1938: 1891: 1577: 1547: 1507: 1502: 1359: 665: 5330:

Madras Rediscovered: A Historical Guide to Looking Around, Supplemented with Tales of 'Once Upon a City'

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The Baghdadi Jews in India: Maintaining Communities, Negotiating Identities and Creating Super-Diversity

64: 10051: 9864: 9758: 9409: 9303: 9011: 8944: 8505: 8395: 7339: 6784: 5870:(ed. Immanuel Olsvanger), Tel-Aviv : The Dayag Press, Ltd.; London : G. Salby 1937, pp. 67-68 3238:

Another influential man from Cochin, who is alleged to have been of Yemenite Jewish origin, was Hacham

2462: 2307: 2015: 1409: 605: 595: 331: 4708: 3106:, also called "White Jews", settled in the Cochin region in the 16th century and later, following the 2958:. The inhabitants are all black, and the Jews also. The latter are good and benevolent. They know the 9980: 9920: 9818: 9798: 9668: 9593: 9453: 9320: 9006: 8966: 8334: 7661: 7450: 7153: 7011: 7001: 6688:

Weil, Shalva. India's Jewish Heritage: Ritual, Art and Life-Cycle, Mumbai: Marg Publications, 2009. .

4853: 3557: 3231:. David Rahabi effected a religious revival at Revandanda, followed by his successor, Hacham Samuel. 2986:

In 1341, a disastrous flood silted up the port of Cranganore, and trade shifted to a smaller port at

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Katz 2000; Koder 1973; Thomas Puthiakunnel 1973; David de Beth Hillel, 1832; Lord, James Henry 1977.

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A number of scholars have noted that the Cochin Jews maintain striking cultural similarities to the

9900: 9731: 9030: 8905: 7958: 7936: 7585: 6516: 5425:(ed. Immanuel Olsvanger), Tel-Aviv : The Dayag Press, Ltd.; London : G. Salby 1937, p. 64 4751: 4276: 3440:." European Jews sent texts to the community of Cochin Jews to teach them about normative Judaism. 2746: 2279: 2259: 1369: 849: 390: 6302: 5268: 3110:

due to forced conversion and religious persecution in Spain and then Portugal. Some fled north to

10026: 9853: 9842: 9436: 9357: 9062: 8961: 8900: 8786: 8759: 7772: 7726: 7701: 7514: 7334: 7296: 6276: 4262: 4123: 3400: 3228: 2916:

the rank of prince over the Jews of Cochin, giving him the rulership and tax revenue of a pocket

2894: 2813: 2718: 2420: 2410: 2375: 2254: 2244: 2027: 1198: 1140: 974: 653: 610: 325: 261: 42: 6179: 9889: 9859: 8922: 7570: 7539: 7529: 7415: 6954: 6904: 3577: 3239: 2840: 2641: 2539: 2274: 2188: 1254: 806: 425: 395: 5659: 9915: 9836: 9618: 9325: 9208: 8949: 8939: 8932: 8917: 8803: 7509: 7504: 7240: 7115: 6860: 5502: 5151: 3634: 3592: 3273: 2430: 2425: 2370: 2158: 1073: 801: 788: 683: 400: 5756: 4118:" (lit: River side) is cited as a cultural memory of two such synagogues that once stood in 3482:, a Hebrew school was available for both "children's education and adult study of Torah and 3006: 10031: 10016: 9950: 9940: 9443: 8415: 7890: 7823: 7782: 7721: 7595: 7405: 7203: 6047: 4177: 3013: 2932: 2736:

still has a regular congregation. Today it also attracts tourists as a historic site. The

2501: 2453: 2193: 2051: 864: 729: 718: 676: 3629:, or simply a language variation. Judeo-Malayalam shares with other Jewish languages like 3215:(of Bombay and its environs), Calcutta, and New Delhi, communications between the Jews of 2800:

P. M. Jussay wrote that it was believed that the earliest Jews in India were sailors from

8: 9598: 9566: 9492: 9401: 9347: 8954: 8754: 8488: 8453: 8256: 7929: 7762: 7615: 7052: 7042: 6996: 6991: 6909: 6092: 4790: 4775: 4606: 4080: 3603: 3587:) is the traditional language of the Kochinim, spoken today by a few dozens of people in 3491: 3174: 3033: 2554: 2249: 927: 794: 697: 690: 620: 508: 383: 89: 6051: 3686:

archaisms, in this case, from the days before Malayalam became fully distinguished from

3158:. The latter group was very small by comparison to the Malabaris. Both groups practiced 9930: 9925: 9736: 9458: 9335: 9330: 9315: 9285: 9238: 9161: 9067: 8927: 8500: 8405: 8372: 7818: 7590: 7575: 7499: 7455: 7435: 7306: 7135: 7006: 6668: 6559: 6462: 6068: 6035: 5984: 5947: 5844:(ed. Immanuel Olsvanger), Tel-Aviv: The Dayag Press, Ltd.; London: G. Salby 1937, p. 66 5815: 5247: 4372: 4331: 4129:

Synagogues believed to have existed or speculated on basis of oral traditions include:

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Greece, Greek (Likely to be derived from "Ionian", the Greeks who lived in Asia Minor)

3618: 3591:

and by probably fewer than 25 in India. In their antiquity, Malabar Jews may have used

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Puthiakunnel, Thomas. (1973) "Jewish Colonies of India Paved the Way for St. Thomas",

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in 1925, tradition was setting it as 1069 CE. Indian rulers granted the Jewish leader

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Synagogues in recorded history whose location and/or remains have been lost in time:

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The following is a description of the Jews of Cochin by 16th-century Jewish traveler

3029: 3024:), attacked the wealthy Jews of Cranganore because of their primacy in the lucrative 3001: 2994: 2754: 2660: 2549: 2491: 2471: 2288: 1848: 1487: 947: 818: 748: 625: 538: 405: 6835:

Weil, Shalva. "Cochin Jews." in Carol R. Ember, Melvin Ember and Ian Skoggard (eds)

5168: 4901:

Weil, Shalva. "Cochin Jews", in Carol R. Ember, Melvin Ember and Ian Skoggard (eds)

3310:, most of the Cochin Jews emigrated from India. Generally they went to Israel (made 9780: 9748: 9709: 9680: 9663: 9613: 9414: 9223: 9156: 9109: 9057: 9025: 9016: 9001: 8875: 8850: 8826: 8710: 8641: 8558: 8425: 7625: 7321: 7270: 7102: 7067: 6731: 6660: 6551: 6063: 6055: 5931: 5686: 3671: 3606: 3475: 2890: 2792: 2774: 2519: 2400: 2360: 2324: 2022: 1572: 1083: 839: 743: 658: 548: 340: 265: 6842:

Weil, Shalva. "Judaism-South Asia", in David Levinson and Karen Christensen (eds)

4603:

Nehemiah ben Abraham (d. 1615 A.D), (Nehemiah Mutha), patron saint of Malabar Jews

3417: 23:(White Jews) of Cochin who immigrated from Spain/Portugal during the 15th century. 16:

Jewish community that settled in the Kingdom of Cochin in modern-day Kerala, India

9690: 9685: 9497: 9424: 9257: 9228: 9151: 9141: 9104: 9079: 8895: 8890: 8885: 8870: 8865: 8855: 8840: 8631: 8548: 8515: 8473: 8463: 7854: 7757: 7620: 7178: 6817:

Weil, Shalva. "Indian Judaic Tradition." in Sushil Mittal and Gene Thursby (eds)

6791: 6381: 5669: 5516: 5229: 4587: 4054: 4041: 3664: 3660: 3568: 3538: 3405: 3144: 3128: 2825: 2699: 2683: 2671:. As early as the 12th century, mention is made of the Jews in southern India by 2632: 2481: 2440: 2435: 2415: 2337: 2331: 2264: 2216: 2056: 2037: 1188: 917: 829: 812: 356: 213: 209: 6093:"The Itinerary of Benjamin of Tudela: Critical Text, Translation and Commentary" 3123:

Some went beyond that territory, including a few families who followed the Arab

2753:) was reconstructed in 2006 as Kerala Jews Life Style Museum. The synagogue at 9994: 9969: 9790: 9697: 9655: 9635: 9623: 9603: 9517: 9507: 9475: 9468: 9448: 9419: 9391: 9386: 9352: 9262: 9186: 9176: 9114: 8912: 8860: 8771: 8766: 8528: 8523: 8458: 8387: 7544: 7534: 6664: 6536: 4841:"Ancient Indian Jewish community holds on to customs despite shrinking numbers" 4597: 4287: 4281: 3687: 3463: 3325: 2978:

These people later became known as the Malabari Jews. They built synagogues in

2796:

The inscription from the Sasanam outlining the grant of rights to Joseph Rabban

2750: 2695: 2581: 2380: 2235: 2115: 2094: 2071: 2066: 2044: 2032: 1627: 1108: 1042: 1007: 985: 922: 760: 738: 600: 579: 555: 321: 303: 245: 7921: 6864:. Vol. 3 (2nd ed.). Detroit: Macmillan Reference. pp. 335–339. 6735: 3674:. Like many other Jewish languages, Judeo-Malayalam also contains a number of 2954:"hroughout the island, including all the towns thereof, live several thousand 2690:

eventually made their way to Cochin in the 16th century. They became known as

10010: 9763: 9608: 9535: 9342: 9276: 9249: 9198: 9146: 9119: 9094: 9084: 8845: 8791: 8725: 8705: 8695: 8690: 8663: 8609: 8538: 8483: 8305: 7747: 7580: 7481: 6625:. Foreword by Daniel J. Elazar, Columbia, SC: Univ. of South Carolina Press. 6555: 6341: 6205: 6165: 6009: 5976: 5943: 5484: 4795: 4785: 4667: 4569: 4565: 4303: 4171: 4099: 3471: 3103: 2913: 2758: 2703: 2691: 2687: 2529: 2524: 1730: 1657: 1183: 1032: 1027: 1022: 1012: 990: 942: 704: 543: 448: 410: 361: 253: 237: 20: 4600:(1694–1771), chief Jewish merchant of the Dutch East India Company in Cochin 4584:

Sarah bat Israel, whose tombstone (d. 1249 A.D) is the oldest found in India

9743: 9540: 9502: 9463: 9052: 8796: 8735: 8715: 8675: 8658: 8626: 8614: 8575: 8493: 8468: 7868: 7861: 7813: 7777: 7752: 7344: 7082: 7062: 7057: 6855: 6679:

Weil, Shalva. From Cochin to Israel. Jerusalem: Kumu Berina, 1984. (Hebrew)

6077: 5690: 5631:

Weil, Shalva. From Cochin to Israel. Jerusalem: Kumu Berina, 1984. (Hebrew)

5239: 4780: 4363: 4336: 4292: 4267: 4256: 4225: 3333: 3040: 3025: 2959: 2917: 2805: 2801: 2722: 2656: 2559: 2385: 2226: 2221: 2179: 2132: 1226: 1093: 1078: 1037: 1002: 615: 457: 257: 5640:

Weil, Shalva. "A Revival of Jewish Heritage on the Indian Tourism Trail".

5489:

Weil, Shalva. "Jews of India" in Raphael Patai and Haya Bar Itzhak (eds.)

3094: 9753: 9268: 9193: 9171: 9074: 8668: 8592: 8580: 8570: 8315: 7910: 7900: 7847: 7286: 7245: 7198: 7173: 7077: 5855:

A sketch of the history of Bene-Israel: and an appeal for their education

5730:, vol. 29, no. 1–2, Jan. 2002, pp. 66–76, doi:10.1177/037698360202900204. 5016:

Weil, Shalva. "In an Ancient Land: Trade and synagogues in south India",

4892:, Mumbai: Marg Publications, 2009. Katz 2000; Koder 1973; Menachery 1998 4615: 4107: 3361: 3212: 3190: 3124: 2905: 2829: 2741: 2664: 2544: 2486: 2151: 1057: 1052: 1017: 249: 6772: 5003:"The Synagogues of Kerala, India: Architectural and Cultural Heritage." 9847: 9554: 9136: 8730: 8478: 8400: 7359: 7037: 6894: 6702:

Weil, Shalva (2006). "Today is Purim: A Cochin Jewish Song in Hebrew".

6537:"Back from Shingly: Revisiting the Premodern History of Jews in Kerala" 6223:

Weil, Shalva (2006). "Today is Purim: A Cochin Jewish Song in Hebrew".

5533:

The Jews of Asia: Especially in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries

4805: 4742: 4733: 4220: 4194: 4182: 3675: 3467: 3443: 3381: 3195: 3165: 3159: 2963: 2955: 2928: 2921: 2860: 2856: 2821: 2817: 2202: 1216: 1145: 1103: 932: 912: 471: 378: 298: 6806: 6059: 5951: 5548:(ed. Marcus Nathan Adler), Oxford University Press, London 1907, p. 65 4824:"Jews from Cochin Bring Their Unique Indian Cuisine to Israeli Diners" 3286: 2820:

are records found that attest to numerous Jewish settlers arriving at

9768: 9233: 9124: 9035: 8653: 8587: 7895: 7364: 7032: 7027: 6691:

Weil, Shalva. "The Place of Alwaye in Modern Cochin Jewish History."

6331: 6248: 6180:"Jacobs, Joseph and Joseph Ezekiel. "Cochin", 1901–1906, pp. 135–138" 5966: 5618:

Weil, Shalva. "The Place of Alwaye in Modern Cochin Jewish History",

5595:

The Chennamangalam Synagogue: Jewish Community in a Village in Kerala

4992:

The Chennamangalam Synagogue: Jewish Community in a Village in Kerala

4939:

Weil, Shalva. "The Place of Alwaye in Modern Cochin Jewish History",

4325: 4314: 4210: 4091: 4072: 4058: 4031: 3679: 3670:, which are regularly transliterated, as much as possible, using the 3500: 3365: 3345: 3341: 3207:

Although India is noted for having four distinct Jewish communities,

3132: 3073: 3044: 3017: 2707: 2365: 2350: 1440: 1388: 1150: 1098: 1088: 769: 765: 755: 670: 430: 8604: 6746:; Berkeley, Los Angeles and London: University of California Press. 5919: 5194:"Benedict XVI, General Audience, St Peter's Square: Thomas the twin" 1118: 31: 9487: 9429: 9374: 9369: 9040: 8326: 7905: 7885: 7767: 7072: 5935: 5716:(in Hebrew). (ed. Mordechai Yitzhari), Bnei Barak 2008. p. 67. 4240: 4236: 4159: 3667: 3622: 3526: 3377: 3307: 3202: 3021: 2804:'s time. It has been claimed that following the destruction of the 2534: 2144: 2076: 907: 415: 366: 3446:(1135–1204), the preeminent Jewish philosopher of his day, wrote, 9702: 9586: 9581: 9571: 9559: 9379: 9364: 9308: 9243: 9218: 9181: 9045: 8720: 8619: 8543: 8435: 8361: 7311: 7087: 6333:

Jay Waronker : India's synagogues ; March-April 7, 2007

6134:. University of South Carolina Press, p. 40. Also, Katz, Nathan, 5655: 5575:

Weil, Shalva. "Kerala to restore 400-year-old Indian synagogue",

4800: 4353: 4119: 3648: 3638: 3626: 3610: 3483: 3437: 3357: 3337: 3321: 3260: 3111: 2971: 2901: 2882: 2878: 2784: 2510: 2476: 2345: 2139: 1128: 1123: 995: 886: 781: 777: 773: 522: 517: 494: 476: 351: 346: 336: 314: 289: 241: 225: 6828:

Weil, Shalva. "Cochin Jews(South Asia)." in Paul Hockings (ed.)

5518:

Roots of Dalit History, Christianity, Theology, and Spirituality

9773: 9640: 9576: 7047: 4612:

Benjamin Meyuhasheem, the last Cochin Jew in Seremban, Malaysia

4573: 4134: 3683: 3614: 3588: 3522: 3433: 3373: 3369: 3353: 3316: 3311: 3291: 3244: 2987: 2979: 2967: 2943: 2714: 2679: 2668: 2170: 2165: 2125: 2110: 1221: 1113: 533: 499: 485: 420: 176: 7441:

St. Mary's Syro-Malabar Catholic Cathedral Basilica, Ernakulam

6900:(1687) Mosseh Pereyra de Paiva - Notisias dos Judeos de Cochim 6467:

The Land of the Permauls, Or, Cochin, Its Past and Its Present

6463:

The Land of the Permauls, Or, Cochin, Its Past and Its Present

3364:

had settled. The migrated Cochin Jews still continue to speak

152: 9724: 9719: 9673: 9628: 9549: 9544: 8808: 8563: 8533: 7389: 7375:

Syro-Malabar Catholic Major Archeparchy of Ernakulam-Angamaly

6977: 4591: 3663:. It does, however, like most Jewish languages, contain many 3509: 3455: 3422: 3349: 3329: 3303: 3254: 3224: 3220: 3216: 3081: 3077: 2886: 2844: 1133: 562: 466: 435: 194: 5491:

Jewish Folklore and Traditions: A Multicultural Encyclopedia

5367: 5365: 2867:

Madai Plota. Most were in Cranganore, which is also called

2812:(587 BCE), some Jewish exiles came to India. Only after the 9823: 8357: 7369: 6936: 5094: 5092: 4858:

by Orpa Slapak. The Israel Museum, Jerusalem. 2003. p. 27.

4095: 285: 7446:

St. George Syro-Malabar Catholic Forane Church, Edappally

6839:. New York: Macmillan Reference USA. 2002, pp. 78–80. 5352: 5350: 5300:

India and St.Thomas > South Indian Mission >Overview

4630:

Elias "Babu" Josephai, caretaker of Kadavumbagam Synagogue

2924:

near Cranganore, and rights to seventy-two "free houses".

2655:, with roots that are claimed to date back to the time of 6767:, Vol. III, 2010, Plate f.p. 264 for 9 photographs, 6647:, Lib. Cong. Cat. Card. No. 73-905568 ; B.N.K. Press 6459:. Philadelphia and Jerusalem: Jewish Publication Society. 5726:"Further Studies in the Jewish Copper Plates of Cochin", 5377: 5362: 3656: 3621:

dialects, it is not considered by many linguists to be a

3148: 7477:

Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre

6946: 6355: 5110:

Place unidentified; possibly Keezhallur in Kerala State.

5089: 4875:

Weil, Shalva. "Jews in India." in M. Avrum Erlich (ed.)

4636:(1922-2019), the oldest member of the Paradesi community 4578:

Aaron Azar, among the last Jewish princes of Kodungallur

4356:(interiors taken from Thekkumbhagam Ernakulam Synagogue) 3154:

The Paradesi Jews built their own house of worship, the

2761:) has been reconstructed as Kerala Jews History Museum. 6880:

Weil, Shalva. "Jews in India." in M.Avrum Erlich (ed.)

6623:

The Last Jews of Cochin: Jewish Identity in Hindu India

6578:. Calicut: Publication division, University of Calicut. 6132:

The Last Jews of Cochin: Jewish Identity in Hindu India

6036:"Genetic affinities of the Jewish populations of India" 6032: 5347: 3562: 3282:

A Jewish couple from Cochin after immigrating to Israel

2904:, Jewish-Christian migrants from Persia who settled in 6846:. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. 2004, 3: 284–286. 6821:, London: Palgrave Publishers. 2006, pp. 169–183. 5119:

Place unidentified; poss. Madayikonan in Kerala State.

4921: 4918:, New York: Cambridge University Press, 2011. pp. 107. 3054: 7261:

International Container Transshipment Terminal, Kochi

6927:

news "Indian officials recount Cochin Jewish history"

6704:

TAPASAM Journal: Quarterly Journal for Kerala Studies

6489:

Christianity in India: From Beginnings to the Present

6281:

Jewish Women: A Comprehensive Historical Encyclopedia

6225:

TAPASAM Journal: Quarterly Journal for Kerala Studies

5857:, Bombay : Education Society's Press 1892, p. 20 5226:

Jewish colonies of India paved the way for St. Thomas

4905:, New York: Macmillan Reference USA, 2002. pp. 78-80. 4163:(known only from a rimon (ornament) bearing its name) 6210:

Bulletin du Centre de recherche français à Jérusalem

6090: 4890:

India's Jewish Heritage: Ritual, Art, and Life-Cycle

4609:(1882–1967), Cochin Jewish Indian nationalist leader 3659:

languages, Judeo-Malayalam is not written using the

3582: 2646: 2149: 2130: 553: 6274: 5593:Weil, Shalva (with Jay Waronker and Marian Sofaer) 4990:Weil, Shalva (with Jay Waronker and Marian Sofaer) 4914:

Weil, Shalva. "Cochin Jews" in Judith Baskin (ed.)

4879:, Santa Barbara, USA: ABC CLIO. 2008, 3: 1204-1212. 4386:List of Cochin Jewish names and surnames (partial) 56:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 6832:, Boston, Mass: G.K. Hall & Co.2. 1992, 71–73. 6785:Paulose, Rachel. "Minnesota and the Jews of India" 5881:"SHURRABI, SHELOMO SALEM - JewishEncyclopedia.com" 4916:Cambridge Dictionary of Judaism and Jewish Culture 4618:(1912-2002), Indian-Israeli author and subject of 4581:Joseph Azar, the last Jewish prince of Kodungallur 4193:, (1514 A.D-1556 A.D), Saude, a locality south of 3098:Photo identified as "White Jew town", Cochin, 1913 3005:Jewish couple depicted in 16th century Portuguese 2698:(Spanish or Judeo-Spanish), in India they learned 6810:Weil, Shalva. "Obituary: Professor J. B. Segal." 6408:"Sarah Cohen, the oldest Kerala Jew, passes away" 6380:Rubin, Aaron D.; Kahn, Lily (13 September 2020). 5141:, vol. iii, Hildesheim 1965, pp. 459-462 (German) 5128:Place unidentified; poss. Palode in Kerala State. 10008: 7611:St.Treasas Convent Girls Higher Secondary School 6457:Ruby of Cochin: An Indian Jewish Woman Remembers 6450:The Saint Thomas Christian Encyclopedia of India 6162:"ISJM Jewish Heritage Report Volume II, nos 3-4" 5139:Die Jüdische Literatur seit Abschluss des Kanons 4927:Katz 2000; Koder 1973; Thomas Puthiakunnel 1973. 4098:of the Parur Synagogue are now displayed in the 3203:Relations between the Cochin Jews and Other Jews 3039:The Malabar Jews built additional synagogues at 7951: 7682:Rajagiri School of Engineering & Technology 7525:Mar Augustine Kandathil Memorial Lisie Hospital 6765:The St. Thomas Christian Encyclopaedia of India 6721: 6515:(PhD thesis). Hebrew University. Archived from 6443:The St. Thomas Christian Encyclopaedia of India 5270:The Jews of India: A Story of Three Communities 5231:The St. Thomas Christian Encyclopaedia of India 5219: 5217: 5215: 4855:The Jews of India: A Story of Three Communities 2824:, an ancient port near Cochin. Cranganore, now 2788:Arrival of the Jewish pilgrims at Cochin, 71 CE 7672:School of Communication and Management Studies 6942:Synagogues of Chendamangalam and Pavur, Kerala 6637:The St. Thomas Christian Encyclopedia of India 6621:Katz, Nathan; & Goldberg, Ellen S; (1993) 6414:. 30 August 2019 – via www.thehindu.com. 6138:, University of California Press, 2000, p. 33. 5459:. University of California Press. p. 33. 2893:at that time were absorbed by what became the 8342: 7937: 7647:National University of Advanced Legal Studies 7601:Sacred Heart Higher Secondary School, Thevara 6962: 6544:The Indian Economic and Social History Review 5906:Karmic Passages: Israeli Scholarship on India 3525:prohibition against public singing by women ( 3412: 3012:In 1524, the Muslims, backed by the ruler of 2946:(Quilon) on the Malabar Coast, writes in his 2885:region of Israel and one of the disciples of 2706:, also immigrated to southern India from the 2601: 5989:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 5448: 5446: 5444: 5283:– via University Press of New England. 5273:. The Israel Museum, Jerusalem. p. 27. 5223: 5212: 4627:Dr. Eliyahu Bezalel, renowned horticulturist 3609:. Since it does not differ substantially in 3185:and Zionist. His family were descended from 2998:this community emigrated to Israel in 1954. 2843:community by Ayyan Atikal, the ruler of the 2779: 9831:Center of Contemporary Jewish Documentation 7687:Federal Institute of Science and Technology 7652:Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute 7642:Cochin University of Science and Technology 7421:Thamaramkulangara Sree Dharma Sastha Temple 6441:Koder, S. "History of the Jews of Kerala", 6241: 5908:. New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2008. 5530: 4019: 845:History of the Jews in the Byzantine Empire 8349: 8335: 7944: 7930: 6969: 6955: 6486: 6452:, ed. George Menachery, Vol. II., Trichur. 5997: 5383: 5292: 5290: 5252:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 5150:A similar tradition has been preserved by 2853:(Merzbacher's Library in Munich, MS. 4238) 2721:countries, similar to the choices made by 2608: 2594: 151: 7697:SCMS School of Engineering and Technology 7657:Sree Sankaracharya University of Sanskrit 6837:Encyclopedia of World Cultures Supplement 6379: 6067: 5597:. Kerala: Chennamangalam Synagogue, 2006. 5441: 4994:. Kerala: Chennamangalam Synagogue, 2006. 4903:Encyclopedia of World Cultures Supplement 4378: 3336:. Others settled in the neighbourhood of 3294:(largely historical) and Israel (current) 116:Learn how and when to remove this message 8378:Index of Jewish history-related articles 6329: 6121:. Behrman House. Inc., 1972, pp. 481–482 6008:(2nd ed.). London, United Kingdom: 5566:. Jerusalem: Kumu Berina, 1984. (Hebrew) 4978:, Jerusalem: Kumu Berina, 1984. (Hebrew) 4085: 3466:had told him the India town of Shingly ( 3416: 3290:Judeo-Malayalam speaking communities in 3285: 3277: 3164: 3093: 3000: 2791: 2783: 9877:United States Holocaust Memorial Museum 8514: 7266:Kerala State Civil Supplies Corporation 7194:Kerala State Water Transport Department 7189:Kerala State Road Transport Corporation 7184:Kerala Urban Road Transport Corporation 6850:Weil, Shalva (2007). "Cochin Jews". In 6534: 6505: 6455:Daniel, Ruby & B. Johnson. (1995). 6203: 6199: 6197: 5917: 5868:The History of the Bene-Israel of India 5842:The History of the Bene-Israel of India 5558: 5556: 5554: 5423:The History of the Bene-Israel of India 5326: 5287: 5098: 4079:a suffix added to prayer houses of the 3089: 2667:, now part of the present-day state of 10009: 7385:Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Verapoly 6573: 6336:. Handwerker Gallery, Ithaca College. 5711: 5371: 5266: 5007:, Friends of Kerala Synagogues, 2011.M 4559: 4203:, (1745 A.D-1768 A.D) Thiruthur, Kochi 4186:(oldest synagogue in recorded history) 4030:A synagogue is called a beit knesset ( 3264:. He died on 17 April 1856 in Bombay. 8330: 7925: 7717:Government Medical College, Ernakulam 6950: 6884:, Santa Barbara, USA: ABC CLIO. 2008. 6325: 6323: 6003: 5507:(pp. 59-60) by Israel Joseph Benjamin 5030: 5028: 4986: 4984: 4970: 4968: 8356: 7431:Kadavumbhagam Mattancherry Synagogue 7256:Greater Cochin Development Authority 7251:Fertilisers and Chemicals Travancore 6882:Encyclopaedia of the Jewish Diaspora 6849: 6701: 6650: 6593:. 120 pp.; Greenwood Press Reprint; 6584:The History of Christianity in India 6275:Johnson, Barbara C. (1 March 2009). 6222: 6204:Chemana, Martine (15 October 2002). 6194: 6130:Katz, Nathan and Ellen S. Goldberg. 5672:, p. רמט, but in PDF p. 271 (Hebrew) 5551: 5493:, ABC-CLIO, Inc. 2013, (1: 255-258). 5452: 5356: 4935: 4933: 4877:Encyclopaedia of the Jewish Diaspora 4263:Thekkumbhagam Mattancherry Synagogue 4252:Kadavumbhagam Mattancherry Synagogue 3147:for the situation of Jews in nearby 163:Regions with significant populations 54:adding citations to reliable sources 25: 7495:Indira Gandhi Co-operative Hospital 7472:Amala Institute of Medical Sciences 5720: 5546:The Itinerary of Benjamin of Tudela 5521:(p. 28) by James Massey, I.S.P.C.K. 5481:Jewish Communities in Exotic Places 5397:Contributions to Indian Sociology, 3572: 3394: 3314:). Many of the migrants joined the 3055:A Jewish traveler's visit to Cochin 2636: 13: 9824:YIVO Institute for Jewish Research 9804:American Jewish Historical Society 7164:Ernakulam Terminus railway station 7159:Ernakulam Junction railway station 6715: 6693:Journal of Modern Jewish Studies. 6605:The Indian Church History Classics 6591:The Jews in India and the Far East 6320: 5964: 5920:"Shingli Tunes of the Cochin Jews" 5025: 4981: 4965: 4830:, by Dana Kessler, 23 October 2013 4590:, a 17th century Hebrew poet from 4572:ruler Bhaskara Ravivarman II from 3602:Judeo-Malayalam is the only known 3532: 3462:wrote that a Jewish merchant from 3428:The 12th-century Jewish traveller 3028:trade. The Jews fled south to the 2740:was restored in 2018, it houses a 14: 10073: 7677:Albertian Institute of Management 7667:Government Law College, Ernakulam 7426:Kadavumbhagam Ernakulam Synagogue 6888: 6653:Contributions to Indian Sociology 6164:. 25 January 1999. Archived from 6099:. New York: Phillip Feldheim, Inc 5504:Three Years in America, 1859–1862 4930: 4654:A high Priest of the Malabar Jews 4321:Thekkumbhagam Ernakulam Synagogue 4310:Kadavumbhagam Ernakulam Synagogue 3223:had moved to Bombay in 1825 from 3139:When the Portuguese occupied the 2738:Kadavumbhagam Ernakulam Synagogue 2659:. The Cochin Jews settled in the 636:Historical population comparisons 9988: 9975: 9974: 8310: 8301: 8300: 7380:Roman Catholic Diocese of Cochin 7292:LuLu International Shopping Mall 6917:"Cochin Jewish musical heritage" 5904:Shulman, D. and Weil, S. (eds). 5620:Journal of Modern Jewish Studies 5333:. East West Books. p. 113. 4941:Journal of Modern Jewish Studies 4750: 4741: 4732: 4723: 4707: 4691: 4675: 4659: 4647: 4145:Kadavumbhagam Synagogue, Shingly 4142:Thekkumbhagam synagogue, Shingly 3032:, seeking the protection of the 2814:destruction of the Second Temple 1280:Democratic Republic of the Congo 1194:Historical population by country 187: 169: 30: 6400: 6373: 6348: 6295: 6268: 6235: 6216: 6172: 6154: 6141: 6124: 6111: 6084: 6026: 5968:A history of the Jews of Cochin 5958: 5911: 5898: 5873: 5860: 5847: 5834: 5808: 5795: 5779: 5763: 5745: 5733: 5705: 5675: 5647: 5634: 5625: 5612: 5600: 5582: 5569: 5539: 5524: 5510: 5496: 5473: 5428: 5415: 5402: 5389: 5320: 5260: 5228:". In Menachery, George (ed.). 5186: 5161: 5144: 5131: 5122: 5113: 5104: 5077: 5065: 5056: 5044: 5010: 4997: 4962:London and New York: Routledge. 4946: 3116:fled east to the Ottoman Empire 2678:Following their expulsion from 41:needs additional citations for 9896:Relations with other religions 8268:British Indian Ocean Territory 7169:Ernakulam Town railway station 6830:Encyclopedia of World Cultures 6812:Journal of Indo-Judaic Studies 6635:Menachery, George, ed. (1973) 6603:Menachery, George, ed. (1998) 6509:Jewish Malayalam Women's Songs 6506:Gamliel, Ophira (April 2009). 6479:de Beth Hillel, David. (1832) 6303:"Cochin: Jewish Women's Music" 6277:"Cochin: Jewish Women's Music" 6004:Abram, David (November 2010). 5786:"A Kochi dream died in Mumbai" 5224:Puthiakunnel, Thomas (1973). " 4908: 4895: 4882: 4869: 4847: 4833: 4817: 4624:Meydad Eliyahu, Israeli artist 4493:Pal/Pallivathikal/Palivathukal 4345:Cochini synagogues in Israel: 3543:List of loanwords in Malayalam 3320:(agricultural settlements) of 3169:Cochin Jewish children in 1936 3063:(recollections of his travels 2871:; it is also called Sengale." 157:A Malabar Jewish family (1900) 1: 9883:Encyclopedia of the Holocaust 7712:MES College Marampally, Aluva 7707:Maharaja's College, Ernakulam 7692:Sacred Heart College, Thevara 6421: 6091:Adler, Marcus Nathan (1907). 4451:Kalloor/Kallookaran/Kallooran 4246:Extant synagogues in Kerala: 4139:Cranganore Synagogue, Shingly 3267: 851:Christianity and Judaism 9814:Leo Baeck Institute New York 9809:American Sephardi Federation 7144:Cochin International Airport 6431:. London: Portobello Books. 6383:Jewish Languages from A to Z 5776:. Accessed 13 December 2008. 5531:Mendelssohn, Sidney (1920). 5137:J. Winter and Aug. Wünsche, 4771:History of the Jews in India 4766:List of Synagogues in Kerala 4472:Mordekhai/Mordechai/Mordehay 4026:List of synagogues in Kerala 3189:. The Hebrew word denoted a 3127:to southern India. Speaking 3020:and not to be confused with 2966:, and to a small extent the 2771:History of the Jews in India 7: 8637:Constantinopolitan Karaites 7952:History of the Jews in Asia 7411:Sree Poornathrayeesa Temple 7220:Kochi Municipal Corporation 6844:Encyclopedia of Modern Asia 6760:39, 1 & 2 : 35–53. 6491:. Oxford University Press. 6487:Frykenberg, Robert (2010). 6242:Pradeep, K. (15 May 2005). 4759: 3583: 3563: 3515: 3454:In a 1535 letter sent from 3302:into a secular republic of 3173:In the early 20th century, 2647: 2150: 2131: 1858:Latin America and Caribbean 554: 10: 10078: 9865:National Library of Israel 8506:Zionism, race and genetics 7809:Maharaja's College Stadium 7340:Latin Catholics of Malabar 6744:Who Are the Jews of India? 6665:10.1177/006996678201600202 6589:Lord, James Henry. (1977) 6386:. Routledge. p. 136. 6356:"The Synagogues of Kerala" 6149:Who Are the Jews of India? 6136:Who Are the Jews of India? 5885:www.jewishencyclopedia.com 5760:, New Delhi: Primus Books. 5644:, 16 July 2010. pp. 34-36. 5456:Who are the Jews of India? 5267:Slapak, Orpa, ed. (2003). 4640: 4324:, (1200 A.D or 1580 A.D), 4302:, (1164 A.D or 1616 A.D), 4291:, (1400 A.D or 1597 A.D), 4255:, (1130 A.D or 1539 A.D), 4023: 3696:Malayalam Transliteration 3536: 3413:Traditions and way of life 3398: 3271: 2891:Jews who became Christians 2768: 2764: 2651:) are the oldest group of 2463:Jewish political movements 2160:Conversion to Judaism 18: 10022:Jews and Judaism in India 9963: 9819:Yeshiva University Museum 9799:Center for Jewish History 9789: 9654: 9526: 9400: 9294: 8825: 8444: 8386: 8368: 8296: 8255: 8215: 7957: 7878: 7832: 7791: 7735: 7662:Model Engineering College 7634: 7558: 7520:Lourdes Hospital (Kerala) 7464: 7398: 7320: 7279: 7233: 7212: 7154:Edappally railway station 7134: 7101: 7020: 7012:Ariyittuvazhcha Kovilakam 6984: 6976: 6736:10.1017/S1740022808002428 6724:Journal of Global History 6445:, ed. G. Menachery, 1973. 6006:The Rough Guide to Kerala 5918:Spector, Johanna (1972). 5816:"The Last Jews of Cochin" 5535:. AMS Press. p. 109. 5037:, P. M. Jussay, cited in 4481:Mutas/Mutach/Mutath/Mutat 4340:(oldest active synagogue) 4114:" (lit: south side) and " 3552: 3421:A Cochin Jewish man with 2780:First Jews in South India 866:Hinduism and Judaism 236: 231: 224: 219: 208: 203: 185: 167: 162: 150: 140: 138: 10057:South Indian communities 8411:Ancient Israel and Judah 8017:East Timor (Timor-Leste) 7799:Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium 7586:Cochin Refineries School 6937:The Synagogues of Kerala 6805:. 2023, 14 no. 11, 1368 6556:10.1177/0019464617745926 6535:Gamliel, Ophira (2018). 6427:Fernandes, Edna. (2008) 6283:. Jewish Women's Archive 6212:(in French) (11): 28–44. 6182:. Jewishencyclopedia.com 5728:Indian Historical Review 5487:Inc., 2000. pp. 115–130. 5234:. Vol. 2. Trichur. 4811: 4369:Nehemiah Motta Synagogue 4350:Moshav Nevatim Synagogue 4277:Chendamangalam Synagogue 4020:Cochin Jewish synagogues 3625:in its own right, but a 692:Temple in Jerusalem 385:Bar and bat mitzvah 19:Not to be confused with 10047:Ethnic groups in Kerala 10042:Social groups of Kerala 8787:North African Sephardim 8760:Jewish tribes of Arabia 8278:Cocos (Keeling) Islands 7773:Kaloor-Kadavanthra Road 7515:Lourdes Heart institute 7335:Saint Thomas Christians 7149:Cochin Harbour Terminus 6819:Religions in South Asia 6429:The Last Jews of Kerala 5971:. Vallentine Mitchell. 5866:Haeem Samuel Kehimkar, 5853:Haeem Samuel Kehimkar, 5840:Haeem Samuel Kehimkar, 5803:The Last Jews of Kerala 5741:The Last Jews of Kerala 5712:Al-Dhahiri, Zechariah. 5668:28 October 2014 at the 5642:Jerusalem Post Magazine 5607:The Last Jews of Kerala 5589:The Last Jews of Kerala 5434:David Solomon Sassoon, 5421:Haeem Samuel Kehimkar, 5173:Encyclopædia Britannica 5084:The Last Jews of Kerala 5072:The Last Jews of Kerala 5051:The Last Jews of Kerala 5039:The Last Jews of Kerala 4397:Abraham/Avraham/Ibrahim 4181:,(1344 A.D - 1789 A.D) 4168:Kokkamangalam Synagogue 3480:Kadavumbhagam synagogue 3401:Genetic studies on Jews 2935:, in the 16th century. 2881:-speaking Jew from the 654:Twelve Tribes of Israel 262:Saint Thomas Christians 181:7,000–8,000 (estimated) 10062:Ethnic groups in India 9890:Holocaust Encyclopedia 9860:Jewish Virtual Library 7804:Regional Sports Centre 7571:Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan 7540:Sunrise Hospital Kochi 7530:Medical Trust Hospital 7416:Ernakulam Shiva Temple 6639:B.N.K. Press, vol. 2, 6574:Jussay, P. M. (2005). 6330:Waronker, Jay (2007). 6307:Jewish Women's Archive 5965:B., Segal, J. (1993). 5622:. 2010, 8(3): 319-335. 4943:, 2010. 8(3): 319-335. 4588:Eliyah ben Moses Adeni 4547:Yoseph/Joseph/Josephai 4379:Cochin Jewish surnames 4360:Mesilat Zion Synagogue 4280:, (1420 or 1614 A.D), 4271:(demolished in 1960's) 4103: 3990:യിസ്രായേൽ, യിസ്രായേലി 3617:from other colloquial 3505: 3452: 3425: 3306:and a semi-theocratic 3295: 3283: 3240:Shelomo Salem Shurrabi 3170: 3099: 3087: 3009: 2976: 2841:Saint Thomas Christian 2797: 2789: 2730:synagogues still exist 9837:Encyclopaedia Judaica 9619:Sefer Raziel HaMalakh 8804:Sephardic Bnei Anusim 8554:Udmurt and Tatar Jews 7510:Lisie Heart Institute 7241:Cochin Stock Exchange 7116:Thoma of Villarvattom 6861:Encyclopaedia Judaica 6742:Katz, Nathan. (2000) 6582:Hough, James. (1893) 6465:Day, Francis (1869). 5564:From Cochin to Israel 5453:Katz, Nathan (2000). 5399:1982. 16(2): 175-196. 5152:David Solomon Sassoon 4976:From Cochin to Israel 4702:(Jewess in Malayalam) 4686:(Jewess in Malayalam) 4089: 4024:Further information: 3853:rabbi, teacher, monk 3537:Further information: 3497: 3448: 3420: 3399:Further information: 3289: 3281: 3274:Indian Jews in Israel 3168: 3108:expulsion from Iberia 3097: 3069: 3004: 2952: 2795: 2787: 2769:Further information: 1400:São Tomé and Príncipe 1395:Republic of the Congo 789:Second Temple Judaism 660:Kingdom of Judah 631:Modern historiography 232:Related ethnic groups 10037:Jewish ethnic groups 8416:Second Temple period 8192:United Arab Emirates 7824:Kochi Tuskers Kerala 7783:Seaport-Airport Road 7727:St. Albert's College 7722:Bharata Mata College 7702:St. Teresa's College 7596:Navy Children School 7566:Assissi Vidyaniketan 7406:Chottanikkara Temple 7204:Vyttila Mobility Hub 6796:Asian American Press 6790:14 June 2013 at the 6256:on 10 September 2006 6097:Depts.washington.edu 5327:Muthiah, S. (1999). 4843:. 13 September 2022. 4217:Fort Kochi Synagogue 4178:Kochangadi Synagogue 4124:St. Thomas Christian 3999:yisra'él, yisra'éli 3597:Kollam Copper plates 3595:as evident from the 3090:1660 to independence 2938:The Jewish traveler 2837:Kollam copper plates 2686:, a few families of 2502:World Agudath Israel 1643:United Arab Emirates 730:Second Temple period 720:Babylonian captivity 50:improve this article 9854:Jewish Encyclopedia 9599:Hekhalot literature 9410:Religious movements 8945:Judeo-Tripolitanian 8219:limited recognition 7879:Television channels 7743:Mahatma Gandhi Road 7616:Toc-H Public School 6997:Mattancherry Palace 6933:, 11 September 2003 6913:, 1901-1906 edition 6910:Jewish Encyclopedia 6814:. 2005, 7: 117–119. 6695:2010, 8(3): 319-335 6472:Walter J. Fischel, 6119:A Maimonides Reader 6052:2016NatSR...619166C 5822:. 21 September 2017 5792:, 13 December 2008. 5483:. Northvale, N.J.: 5374:, pp. 118–128. 5359:, pp. 175–196. 5200:. 27 September 2006 4791:Abraham Barak Salem 4776:Gathering of Israel 4607:Abraham Barak Salem 4560:Notable Cochin Jews 4057:or "Jootha Palli" ( 3492:Jewish Encyclopedia 3175:Abraham Barak Salem 3034:Cochin Royal Family 2637:יְהוּדֵֽי־קוֹצִֽ׳ין 795:Hellenistic Judaism 373:Land of Israel 332:Principles of faith 145:കൊച്ചിയിലെ ജൂതന്മാർ 141:יְהוּדֵֽי־קוֹצִֽ׳ין 135: 9995:Judaism portal 9931:Jews and Halloween 9926:Jews and Christmas 9316:Rabbinic authority 9068:Judaeo-Piedmontese 8501:Xueta Christianity 8406:Origins of Judaism 8373:Outline of Judaism 7819:Kerala Blasters FC 7591:Kendriya Vidyalaya 7576:Chinmaya Vidyalaya 7500:Lakeshore Hospital 7456:Vallarpadam Church 7451:St. Francis Church 7436:Paradesi Synagogue 7307:Forum Thomsun Mall 7007:Durbar Hall Ground 6852:Berenbaum, Michael 6798:, 14 February 2012 6763:George Menachery, 6576:The Jews of Kerala 6244:"Musical Heritage" 6151:, op. cit., p. 32. 6117:Twersky, Isadore. 6040:Scientific Reports 5658:; online edition: 5577:The Jerusalem Post 5169:"Aramaic language" 5035:The Jews of Kerala 4666:A Paradesi Jew of 4424:Elia/Elias/Eliyahu 4332:Paradesi Synagogue 4233:Seremban Synagogue 4155:Palayoor Synagogue 4133:Madayi Synagogue, 4104: 3817:mitsráyim, mitsrí 3495:(1901-1906) said, 3472:Code of Maimonides 3430:Benjamin of Tudela 3426: 3389:Paradesi Synagogue 3300:Partition of India 3296: 3284: 3183:Indian nationalist 3171: 3156:Paradesi Synagogue 3100: 3010: 3007:Códice Casanatense 2940:Benjamin of Tudela 2810:Siege of Jerusalem 2798: 2790: 2734:Paradesi synagogue 2673:Benjamin of Tudela 2356:Jewish Koine Greek 1898:Dominican Republic 1179:Judaism by country 858:Jews and Christmas 713:Assyrian captivity 133: 10052:Judaism in Kerala 10004: 10003: 9970:extinct languages 9871:YIVO Encyclopedia 9646:Hebrew literature 9614:Sefer HaEtz Chaim 9454:Reconstructionist 9132:Judaeo-Portuguese 8821: 8820: 8777:Eastern Sephardim 8421:Synagogal Judaism 8324: 8323: 8261:other territories 7919: 7918: 7841:Malayala Manorama 7550:Rajagiri Hospital 7399:Places of worship 7355:Culture of Kerala 7350:Cuisine of Kerala 7302:Abad Nucleus Mall 7225:Kerala High Court 7126:Travancore-Cochin 7121:History of Kerala 7111:Kingdom of Cochin 7093:Willingdon Island 6871:978-0-02-866097-4 6780:978-81-87132-06-6 6758:Population Review 6437:978-1-84627-098-7 6393:978-1-351-04343-4 6060:10.1038/srep19166 6019:978-1-84836-541-4 5739:Cited on p 51 in 5101:, pp. 55–56. 5018:Asian Jewish Life 4634:Sarah Jacob Cohen 4557: 4556: 4299:Paravur Synagogue 4224:(congregation of 4201:Tir-Tur Synagogue 4017: 4016: 3808:മിശ്രേം, മിശ്രീം 3584:malayalam yəhūḏīṯ 3581: 3561: 3547:Judeo-Malayalam ( 3141:Kingdom of Cochin 3114:but the majority 3061:Zechariah Dhahiri 3030:Kingdom of Cochin 2995:Portuguese Empire 2895:Nasrani Community 2869:Mago dera Patinas 2854: 2661:Kingdom of Cochin 2645: 2618: 2617: 2567: 2566: 2315: 2314: 2062:Reconstructionist 2006: 2005: 1158: 1157: 965: 964: 802:Jewish–Roman wars 750:Hasmonean dynasty 666:Kingdom of Israel 570: 569: 271: 270: 126: 125: 118: 100: 10069: 9993: 9992: 9991: 9978: 9977: 9110:Judeo-Golpaygani 8711:Palestinian Jews 8686:Alexandrian Jews 8642:Crimean Karaites 8559:Unterlander Jews 8512: 8511: 8426:Rabbinic Judaism 8351: 8344: 8337: 8328: 8327: 8314: 8304: 8303: 8273:Christmas Island 7959:Sovereign states 7946: 7939: 7932: 7923: 7922: 7626:Vidyodaya School 7490:General Hospital 7486:Gautham Hospital 7297:Gold Souk Grandé 7271:Kochi Refineries 7068:Panampilly Nagar 6971: 6964: 6957: 6948: 6947: 6875: 6739: 6711: 6676: 6579: 6567: 6541: 6531: 6529: 6527: 6522:on 26 March 2017 6521: 6514: 6502: 6416: 6415: 6404: 6398: 6397: 6377: 6371: 6370: 6368: 6366: 6352: 6346: 6345: 6327: 6318: 6317: 6315: 6313: 6299: 6293: 6292: 6290: 6288: 6272: 6266: 6265: 6263: 6261: 6252:. Archived from 6239: 6233: 6232: 6220: 6214: 6213: 6201: 6192: 6191: 6189: 6187: 6176: 6170: 6169: 6158: 6152: 6145: 6139: 6128: 6122: 6115: 6109: 6108: 6106: 6104: 6088: 6082: 6081: 6071: 6030: 6024: 6023: 6001: 5995: 5994: 5988: 5980: 5962: 5956: 5955: 5915: 5909: 5902: 5896: 5895: 5893: 5891: 5877: 5871: 5864: 5858: 5851: 5845: 5838: 5832: 5831: 5829: 5827: 5820:Pacific Standard 5812: 5806: 5799: 5793: 5783: 5777: 5767: 5761: 5749: 5743: 5737: 5731: 5724: 5718: 5717: 5709: 5703: 5679: 5673: 5651: 5645: 5638: 5632: 5629: 5623: 5616: 5610: 5604: 5598: 5586: 5580: 5573: 5567: 5560: 5549: 5543: 5537: 5536: 5528: 5522: 5514: 5508: 5500: 5494: 5477: 5471: 5470: 5450: 5439: 5432: 5426: 5419: 5413: 5410:Indian Antiquary 5406: 5400: 5393: 5387: 5381: 5375: 5369: 5360: 5354: 5345: 5344: 5324: 5318: 5317: 5315: 5313: 5304:. Archived from 5294: 5285: 5284: 5264: 5258: 5257: 5251: 5243: 5221: 5210: 5209: 5207: 5205: 5190: 5184: 5183: 5181: 5179: 5165: 5159: 5148: 5142: 5135: 5129: 5126: 5120: 5117: 5111: 5108: 5102: 5096: 5087: 5081: 5075: 5069: 5063: 5060: 5054: 5048: 5042: 5032: 5023: 5014: 5008: 5001: 4995: 4988: 4979: 4972: 4963: 4950: 4944: 4937: 4928: 4925: 4919: 4912: 4906: 4899: 4893: 4886: 4880: 4873: 4867: 4851: 4845: 4844: 4837: 4831: 4821: 4754: 4745: 4736: 4727: 4711: 4695: 4679: 4663: 4651: 4383: 4382: 4207:Muttam Synagogue 4081:Abrahamic faiths 3993:Israel, Israeli 3887:sfarad, sfaradi 3881:Spain, Spaniard 3811:Egypt, Egyptian 3783:Hebrew language 3693: 3692: 3672:Malayalam script 3586: 3576: 3574: 3566: 3564:yehūdyamalayāḷaṃ 3556: 3554: 3476:Nissim of Gerona 3395:Genetic analysis 3242:who served as a 2866: 2852: 2845:Kingdom of Venad 2775:History of Kochi 2650: 2640: 2638: 2610: 2603: 2596: 2459: 2458: 2340: 2161: 2155: 2136: 2100: 2099: 2047: 1994:New Zealand 1946: 1909:El Salvador 1899: 1831:Northern America 1823: 1417: 1173: 1172: 1084:Crimean Karaites 980: 979: 958: 956: 877: 875: 867: 861: 852: 840:Rabbinic Judaism 821: 815: 809: 797: 785: 751: 744:Maccabean Revolt 721: 714: 708: 700: 693: 687: 679: 661: 585: 584: 559: 454: 453: 386: 374: 273: 272: 266:Dravidian people 193: 191: 190: 175: 173: 172: 155: 142: 136: 132: 121: 114: 110: 107: 101: 99: 58: 34: 26: 10077: 10076: 10072: 10071: 10070: 10068: 10067: 10066: 10007: 10006: 10005: 10000: 9989: 9987: 9959: 9785: 9650: 9522: 9396: 9290: 9105:Judeo-Borujerdi 9080:Judeo-Malayalam 9026:Judeo-Aragonese 8997:Lishanid Noshan 8829: 8817: 8549:Oberlander Jews 8510: 8440: 8382: 8364: 8355: 8325: 8320: 8292: 8260: 8251: 8232:Northern Cyprus 8218: 8211: 7953: 7950: 7920: 7915: 7874: 7855:Madhyamam Daily 7828: 7787: 7758:Shanmugham Road 7731: 7630: 7621:The Delta Study 7606:SRV High School 7554: 7460: 7394: 7316: 7275: 7229: 7208: 7179:Cochin Shipyard 7130: 7097: 7016: 6980: 6975: 6905:"Calcutta Jews" 6891: 6872: 6792:Wayback Machine 6718: 6716:Further reading 6611:, Ollur, 1998. 6539: 6525: 6523: 6519: 6512: 6499: 6474:The Cochin Jews 6424: 6419: 6406: 6405: 6401: 6394: 6378: 6374: 6364: 6362: 6354: 6353: 6349: 6328: 6321: 6311: 6309: 6301: 6300: 6296: 6286: 6284: 6273: 6269: 6259: 6257: 6240: 6236: 6221: 6217: 6202: 6195: 6185: 6183: 6178: 6177: 6173: 6168:on 15 May 2001. 6160: 6159: 6155: 6146: 6142: 6129: 6125: 6116: 6112: 6102: 6100: 6089: 6085: 6031: 6027: 6020: 6012:. p. 181. 6002: 5998: 5982: 5981: 5963: 5959: 5916: 5912: 5903: 5899: 5889: 5887: 5879: 5878: 5874: 5865: 5861: 5852: 5848: 5839: 5835: 5825: 5823: 5814: 5813: 5809: 5800: 5796: 5784: 5780: 5768: 5764: 5757:The Jews of Goa 5750: 5746: 5738: 5734: 5725: 5721: 5710: 5706: 5695:land of Germany 5680: 5676: 5670:Wayback Machine 5652: 5648: 5639: 5635: 5630: 5626: 5617: 5613: 5605: 5601: 5592: 5587: 5583: 5574: 5570: 5561: 5552: 5544: 5540: 5529: 5525: 5515: 5511: 5501: 5497: 5488: 5478: 5474: 5467: 5451: 5442: 5433: 5429: 5420: 5416: 5412:, iii. 333–334. 5407: 5403: 5394: 5390: 5386:, pp. 113. 5384:Frykenberg 2010 5382: 5378: 5370: 5363: 5355: 5348: 5341: 5325: 5321: 5311: 5309: 5296: 5295: 5288: 5281: 5265: 5261: 5245: 5244: 5222: 5213: 5203: 5201: 5192: 5191: 5187: 5177: 5175: 5167: 5166: 5162: 5149: 5145: 5136: 5132: 5127: 5123: 5118: 5114: 5109: 5105: 5097: 5090: 5082: 5078: 5070: 5066: 5061: 5057: 5049: 5045: 5033: 5026: 5015: 5011: 5002: 4998: 4989: 4982: 4973: 4966: 4951: 4947: 4938: 4931: 4926: 4922: 4913: 4909: 4900: 4896: 4887: 4883: 4874: 4870: 4852: 4848: 4839: 4838: 4834: 4828:Tablet Magazine 4822: 4818: 4814: 4762: 4755: 4746: 4737: 4728: 4719: 4714:A Malabar Jew, 4712: 4703: 4696: 4687: 4680: 4671: 4664: 4655: 4652: 4643: 4562: 4553: 4484:Nehemia/Nehemya 4381: 4191:Saudi Synagogue 4071:meaning Jew in 4055:Judeo-Malayalam 4028: 4022: 3996:ישראל, הישראלי 3878:സഫറാദ്, സഫറാദി 3850:റബ്ബാൻ, രമ്പാൻ 3766:ബേത് ക്‌നേസേത് 3661:Hebrew alphabet 3607:Jewish language 3573:מלאיאלאם יהודית 3545: 3539:Judeo-Malayalam 3535: 3533:Judeo-Malayalam 3518: 3460:David del Rossi 3415: 3406:Genetic testing 3403: 3397: 3387:In Cochin, the 3276: 3270: 3205: 3145:Goa Inquisition 3129:Ladino language 3092: 3057: 2864: 2782: 2777: 2767: 2700:Judeo-Malayalam 2684:Alhambra Decree 2682:in 1492 by the 2623:(also known as 2614: 2569: 2568: 2456: 2446: 2445: 2436:Judeo-Malayalam 2416:Judaeo-Georgian 2336: 2327: 2317: 2316: 2217:Yiddish theatre 2159: 2097: 2087: 2086: 2045: 2018: 2008: 2007: 1944: 1897: 1821: 1415: 1199:Genetic studies 1170: 1160: 1159: 977: 967: 966: 954: 953: 873: 872: 865: 855: 850: 832:and Middle Ages 830:Rabbinic period 817: 811: 804: 792: 763: 749: 719: 712: 703: 695: 691: 682: 677:in Judaism 674: 659: 582: 572: 571: 451: 441: 440: 384: 372: 317: 214:Judeo-Malayalam 188: 186: 170: 168: 158: 146: 144: 131: 122: 111: 105: 102: 59: 57: 47: 35: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 10075: 10065: 10064: 10059: 10054: 10049: 10044: 10039: 10034: 10029: 10027:Kerala society 10024: 10019: 10002: 10001: 9999: 9998: 9984: 9964: 9961: 9960: 9958: 9957: 9956: 9955: 9954: 9953: 9948: 9943: 9937:non-Christian 9935: 9934: 9933: 9928: 9923: 9918: 9913: 9908: 9893: 9886: 9879: 9874: 9867: 9862: 9857: 9850: 9845: 9840: 9833: 9828: 9827: 9826: 9821: 9816: 9811: 9806: 9795: 9793: 9787: 9786: 9784: 9783: 9778: 9777: 9776: 9771: 9761: 9756: 9751: 9746: 9741: 9740: 9739: 9729: 9728: 9727: 9722: 9712: 9707: 9706: 9705: 9695: 9694: 9693: 9683: 9678: 9677: 9676: 9671: 9660: 9658: 9652: 9651: 9649: 9648: 9643: 9638: 9636:Shulchan Aruch 9633: 9632: 9631: 9626: 9624:Sefer Yetzirah 9621: 9616: 9611: 9606: 9604:Pardes Rimonim 9601: 9594:Kabbalah texts 9591: 9590: 9589: 9584: 9579: 9574: 9564: 9563: 9562: 9557: 9552: 9538: 9532: 9530: 9524: 9523: 9521: 9520: 9515: 9510: 9505: 9500: 9495: 9490: 9485: 9484: 9483: 9478: 9473: 9472: 9471: 9461: 9456: 9451: 9446: 9441: 9440: 9439: 9434: 9433: 9432: 9427: 9406: 9404: 9398: 9397: 9395: 9394: 9389: 9387:Land of Israel 9384: 9383: 9382: 9372: 9367: 9362: 9361: 9360: 9350: 9345: 9340: 9339: 9338: 9328: 9323: 9318: 9313: 9312: 9311: 9300: 9298: 9292: 9291: 9289: 9288: 9283: 9282: 9281: 9280: 9279: 9274: 9273: 9272: 9265: 9263:Judeo-Alsatian 9255: 9254: 9253: 9246: 9241: 9236: 9216: 9211: 9206: 9201: 9196: 9191: 9190: 9189: 9184: 9174: 9169: 9164: 9159: 9154: 9149: 9144: 9139: 9134: 9129: 9128: 9127: 9122: 9117: 9115:Judeo-Hamedani 9112: 9107: 9102: 9092: 9090:Judaeo-Occitan 9087: 9082: 9077: 9072: 9071: 9070: 9060: 9055: 9050: 9049: 9048: 9043: 9038: 9031:Jewish English 9028: 9023: 9022: 9021: 9020: 9019: 9009: 9004: 8999: 8994: 8989: 8984: 8979: 8974: 8969: 8962:Judaeo-Aramaic 8959: 8958: 8957: 8952: 8950:Judeo-Tunisian 8947: 8942: 8940:Judeo-Moroccan 8937: 8936: 8935: 8933:Judeo-Baghdadi 8920: 8915: 8910: 8909: 8908: 8903: 8898: 8893: 8888: 8883: 8878: 8873: 8868: 8863: 8858: 8853: 8848: 8837: 8835: 8823: 8822: 8819: 8818: 8816: 8815: 8814: 8813: 8812: 8811: 8801: 8800: 8799: 8789: 8784: 8782:Livornese Jews 8779: 8769: 8764: 8763: 8762: 8752: 8751: 8750: 8749: 8748: 8743: 8738: 8733: 8723: 8718: 8713: 8708: 8703: 8698: 8693: 8688: 8683: 8673: 8672: 8671: 8661: 8656: 8651: 8646: 8645: 8644: 8639: 8629: 8624: 8623: 8622: 8612: 8607: 8602: 8601: 8600: 8595: 8585: 8584: 8583: 8578: 8568: 8567: 8566: 8561: 8556: 8551: 8546: 8541: 8536: 8531: 8529:Afrikaner-Jode 8520: 8518: 8509: 8508: 8503: 8498: 8497: 8496: 8486: 8481: 8476: 8471: 8466: 8461: 8456: 8450: 8448: 8442: 8441: 8439: 8438: 8433: 8428: 8423: 8418: 8413: 8408: 8403: 8398: 8392: 8390: 8384: 8383: 8381: 8380: 8375: 8369: 8366: 8365: 8354: 8353: 8346: 8339: 8331: 8322: 8321: 8319: 8318: 8308: 8297: 8294: 8293: 8291: 8290: 8285: 8280: 8275: 8270: 8264: 8262: 8253: 8252: 8250: 8249: 8244: 8239: 8234: 8229: 8223: 8221: 8213: 8212: 8210: 8209: 8204: 8199: 8194: 8189: 8184: 8179: 8174: 8169: 8164: 8159: 8154: 8149: 8144: 8139: 8134: 8129: 8124: 8119: 8114: 8109: 8104: 8099: 8094: 8089: 8084: 8079: 8074: 8069: 8064: 8059: 8054: 8049: 8044: 8039: 8034: 8029: 8024: 8019: 8014: 8009: 8004: 7999: 7994: 7989: 7984: 7979: 7974: 7969: 7963: 7961: 7955: 7954: 7949: 7948: 7941: 7934: 7926: 7917: 7916: 7914: 7913: 7908: 7903: 7898: 7893: 7888: 7882: 7880: 7876: 7875: 7873: 7872: 7865: 7858: 7851: 7844: 7836: 7834: 7830: 7829: 7827: 7826: 7821: 7816: 7811: 7806: 7801: 7795: 7793: 7789: 7788: 7786: 7785: 7780: 7775: 7770: 7765: 7760: 7755: 7750: 7745: 7739: 7737: 7733: 7732: 7730: 7729: 7724: 7719: 7714: 7709: 7704: 7699: 7694: 7689: 7684: 7679: 7674: 7669: 7664: 7659: 7654: 7649: 7644: 7638: 7636: 7632: 7631: 7629: 7628: 7623: 7618: 7613: 7608: 7603: 7598: 7593: 7588: 7583: 7578: 7573: 7568: 7562: 7560: 7556: 7555: 7553: 7552: 7547: 7545:Renai medicity 7542: 7537: 7535:Saraf Hospital 7532: 7527: 7522: 7517: 7512: 7507: 7505:Lisie Hospital 7502: 7497: 7492: 7487: 7484: 7479: 7474: 7468: 7466: 7462: 7461: 7459: 7458: 7453: 7448: 7443: 7438: 7433: 7428: 7423: 7418: 7413: 7408: 7402: 7400: 7396: 7395: 7393: 7392: 7387: 7382: 7377: 7372: 7367: 7362: 7357: 7352: 7347: 7342: 7337: 7332: 7326: 7324: 7318: 7317: 7315: 7314: 7309: 7304: 7299: 7294: 7289: 7283: 7281: 7277: 7276: 7274: 7273: 7268: 7263: 7258: 7253: 7248: 7243: 7237: 7235: 7231: 7230: 7228: 7227: 7222: 7216: 7214: 7210: 7209: 7207: 7206: 7201: 7196: 7191: 7186: 7181: 7176: 7171: 7166: 7161: 7156: 7151: 7146: 7140: 7138: 7132: 7131: 7129: 7128: 7123: 7118: 7113: 7107: 7105: 7099: 7098: 7096: 7095: 7090: 7085: 7080: 7075: 7070: 7065: 7060: 7055: 7050: 7045: 7040: 7035: 7030: 7024: 7022: 7021:Neighbourhoods 7018: 7017: 7015: 7014: 7009: 7004: 6999: 6994: 6988: 6986: 6982: 6981: 6974: 6973: 6966: 6959: 6951: 6945: 6944: 6939: 6934: 6924: 6914: 6902: 6897: 6890: 6889:External links 6887: 6886: 6885: 6877: 6876: 6870: 6847: 6840: 6833: 6826: 6822: 6815: 6808: 6799: 6782: 6761: 6754: 6740: 6717: 6714: 6713: 6712: 6699: 6696: 6689: 6686: 6683: 6680: 6677: 6659:(2): 175–196. 6648: 6633: 6619: 6601: 6587: 6580: 6571: 6568: 6532: 6503: 6498:978-0199575831 6497: 6484: 6477: 6470: 6460: 6453: 6446: 6439: 6423: 6420: 6418: 6417: 6399: 6392: 6372: 6347: 6319: 6294: 6267: 6234: 6215: 6193: 6171: 6153: 6140: 6123: 6110: 6083: 6025: 6018: 5996: 5957: 5936:10.2307/833956 5910: 5897: 5872: 5859: 5846: 5833: 5807: 5794: 5790:Indian Express 5778: 5774:Indian Express 5762: 5744: 5732: 5719: 5714:Sefer Ha-Musar 5704: 5699:Sefer Hamussar 5674: 5646: 5633: 5624: 5611: 5599: 5581: 5568: 5562:Weil, Shalva. 5550: 5538: 5523: 5509: 5495: 5472: 5465: 5440: 5427: 5414: 5401: 5388: 5376: 5361: 5346: 5339: 5319: 5308:on 7 June 2011 5286: 5279: 5259: 5211: 5185: 5160: 5143: 5130: 5121: 5112: 5103: 5088: 5076: 5064: 5055: 5043: 5024: 5009: 4996: 4980: 4974:Weil, Shalva. 4964: 4945: 4929: 4920: 4907: 4894: 4888:Weil, Shalva. 4881: 4868: 4846: 4832: 4815: 4813: 4810: 4809: 4808: 4803: 4798: 4793: 4788: 4783: 4778: 4773: 4768: 4761: 4758: 4757: 4756: 4749: 4747: 4740: 4738: 4731: 4729: 4722: 4720: 4713: 4706: 4704: 4697: 4690: 4688: 4681: 4674: 4672: 4665: 4658: 4656: 4653: 4646: 4642: 4639: 4638: 4637: 4631: 4628: 4625: 4622: 4620:Ruby of Cochin 4613: 4610: 4604: 4601: 4598:Ezekiel Rahabi 4595: 4585: 4582: 4579: 4576: 4561: 4558: 4555: 4554: 4552: 4551: 4548: 4545: 4542: 4541:Yeoshua/Joshua 4539: 4536: 4533: 4530: 4529:Solomon/Shlomo 4527: 4524: 4521: 4520:Sharet/Chorath 4518: 4515: 4512: 4509: 4506: 4503: 4500: 4497: 4494: 4491: 4488: 4485: 4482: 4479: 4476: 4473: 4470: 4467: 4464: 4461: 4458: 4455: 4452: 4449: 4446: 4443: 4440: 4439:Itzhak/Yitzhak 4437: 4434: 4431: 4428: 4425: 4422: 4421:Efraim/Evarayi 4419: 4416: 4415:David/Davidson 4413: 4410: 4407: 4404: 4401: 4398: 4395: 4391: 4388: 4387: 4380: 4377: 4376: 4375: 4366: 4357: 4343: 4342: 4335:, (1568 A.D), 4328: 4317: 4313:, (1200 A.D), 4306: 4295: 4288:Mala Synagogue 4284: 4282:Chendamangalam 4273: 4266:, (1647 A.D), 4259: 4244: 4243: 4230: 4219:, (1848 A.D), 4214: 4204: 4198: 4188: 4174: 4165: 4147: 4146: 4143: 4140: 4137: 4038:ബേത് ക്‌നേസേത് 4021: 4018: 4015: 4014: 4011: 4008: 4005: 4001: 4000: 3997: 3994: 3991: 3987: 3986: 3985:yaván, yevani 3983: 3980: 3977: 3973: 3972: 3969: 3966: 3963: 3959: 3958: 3955: 3952: 3949: 3945: 3944: 3941: 3938: 3935: 3931: 3930: 3927: 3924: 3921: 3917: 3916: 3913: 3910: 3907: 3903: 3902: 3899: 3896: 3893: 3889: 3888: 3885: 3882: 3879: 3875: 3874: 3871: 3868: 3865: 3861: 3860: 3857: 3854: 3851: 3847: 3846: 3843: 3840: 3837: 3833: 3832: 3829: 3826: 3823: 3819: 3818: 3815: 3812: 3809: 3805: 3804: 3801: 3798: 3795: 3791: 3790: 3787: 3784: 3781: 3777: 3776: 3773: 3770: 3767: 3763: 3762: 3759: 3756: 3753: 3749: 3748: 3745: 3742: 3739: 3735: 3734: 3731: 3728: 3725: 3721: 3720: 3717: 3714: 3711: 3707: 3706: 3705:Pronunciation 3703: 3702:Original Form 3700: 3697: 3534: 3531: 3517: 3514: 3414: 3411: 3396: 3393: 3272:Main article: 3269: 3266: 3204: 3201: 3091: 3088: 3085:congregations. 3056: 3053: 3016:(today called 2942:, speaking of 2826:transliterated 2781: 2778: 2766: 2763: 2751:Chennamangalam 2747:Chendamangalam 2728:Most of their 2648:Yehudey Kochin 2616: 2615: 2613: 2612: 2605: 2598: 2590: 2587: 2586: 2585: 2584: 2579: 2571: 2570: 2565: 2564: 2563: 2562: 2557: 2552: 2547: 2542: 2537: 2532: 2527: 2522: 2514: 2513: 2507: 2506: 2505: 2504: 2499: 2497:Territorialism 2494: 2489: 2484: 2479: 2474: 2466: 2465: 2457: 2452: 2451: 2448: 2447: 2444: 2443: 2438: 2433: 2428: 2423: 2418: 2413: 2408: 2403: 2398: 2393: 2388: 2383: 2381:Judaeo-Spanish 2378: 2376:Judaeo-Iranian 2373: 2368: 2363: 2358: 2353: 2348: 2343: 2342: 2341: 2328: 2323: 2322: 2319: 2318: 2313: 2312: 2311: 2310: 2305: 2300: 2292: 2291: 2285: 2284: 2283: 2282: 2277: 2272: 2267: 2262: 2257: 2252: 2247: 2239: 2238: 2232: 2231: 2230: 2229: 2224: 2219: 2214: 2206: 2205: 2199: 2198: 2197: 2196: 2191: 2183: 2182: 2176: 2175: 2174: 2173: 2168: 2163: 2156: 2147: 2142: 2137: 2128: 2123: 2118: 2113: 2105: 2104: 2098: 2093: 2092: 2089: 2088: 2085: 2084: 2079: 2074: 2069: 2064: 2059: 2054: 2049: 2042: 2041: 2040: 2035: 2030: 2019: 2014: 2013: 2010: 2009: 2004: 2003: 2002: 2001: 1996: 1991: 1986: 1981: 1973: 1972: 1966: 1965: 1964: 1963: 1958: 1953: 1948: 1941: 1936: 1931: 1926: 1921: 1916: 1911: 1906: 1901: 1894: 1889: 1884: 1879: 1874: 1869: 1861: 1860: 1854: 1853: 1852: 1851: 1846: 1841: 1833: 1832: 1828: 1827: 1826: 1825: 1822:United Kingdom 1818: 1813: 1808: 1803: 1798: 1793: 1788: 1783: 1778: 1773: 1768: 1763: 1758: 1753: 1748: 1743: 1738: 1733: 1728: 1723: 1718: 1713: 1708: 1703: 1698: 1693: 1688: 1683: 1678: 1670: 1669: 1663: 1662: 1661: 1660: 1655: 1650: 1645: 1640: 1635: 1630: 1625: 1620: 1615: 1610: 1605: 1600: 1595: 1590: 1585: 1580: 1575: 1570: 1565: 1560: 1555: 1550: 1545: 1540: 1535: 1530: 1525: 1520: 1515: 1510: 1505: 1500: 1495: 1490: 1485: 1480: 1475: 1470: 1462: 1461: 1457: 1456: 1455: 1454: 1449: 1444: 1434: 1429: 1424: 1419: 1412: 1407: 1402: 1397: 1392: 1382: 1377: 1372: 1367: 1362: 1357: 1352: 1347: 1342: 1337: 1332: 1327: 1322: 1317: 1312: 1307: 1302: 1297: 1292: 1287: 1282: 1277: 1272: 1267: 1262: 1257: 1255:Bilad-el-Sudan 1252: 1247: 1239: 1238: 1232: 1231: 1230: 1229: 1224: 1219: 1211: 1210: 1208:Land of Israel 1204: 1203: 1202: 1201: 1196: 1191: 1186: 1181: 1171: 1166: 1165: 1162: 1161: 1156: 1155: 1154: 1153: 1148: 1143: 1138: 1137: 1136: 1131: 1126: 1121: 1116: 1106: 1101: 1096: 1091: 1086: 1081: 1076: 1068: 1067: 1066:Related groups 1063: 1062: 1061: 1060: 1055: 1050: 1045: 1040: 1035: 1030: 1025: 1020: 1015: 1010: 1005: 1000: 999: 998: 993: 978: 973: 972: 969: 968: 963: 962: 961: 960: 950: 945: 940: 935: 930: 925: 923:Jewish atheism 920: 915: 910: 902: 901: 897: 896: 895: 894: 889: 884: 879: 874:Islamic–Jewish 869: 862: 847: 842: 834: 833: 826: 825: 824: 823: 799: 786: 758: 753: 746: 741: 739:Yehud Medinata 733: 732: 726: 725: 724: 723: 716: 709: 701: 688: 680: 668: 663: 656: 648: 647: 645:Ancient Israel 641: 640: 639: 638: 633: 628: 623: 618: 613: 608: 603: 601:Land of Israel 598: 590: 589: 583: 578: 577: 574: 573: 568: 567: 566: 565: 560: 556:Shulchan Aruch 551: 546: 541: 536: 528: 527: 526: 525: 520: 512: 511: 505: 504: 503: 502: 497: 489: 488: 482: 481: 480: 479: 474: 469: 461: 460: 452: 447: 446: 443: 442: 439: 438: 433: 428: 423: 418: 413: 408: 403: 398: 393: 388: 381: 376: 369: 364: 359: 354: 349: 344: 334: 329: 322:God in Judaism 318: 313: 312: 309: 308: 307: 306: 301: 293: 292: 282: 281: 269: 268: 246:Sephardic Jews 234: 233: 229: 228: 222: 221: 217: 216: 206: 205: 201: 200: 197: 183: 182: 179: 165: 164: 160: 159: 156: 148: 147: 139: 129: 124: 123: 38: 36: 29: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 10074: 10063: 10060: 10058: 10055: 10053: 10050: 10048: 10045: 10043: 10040: 10038: 10035: 10033: 10030: 10028: 10025: 10023: 10020: 10018: 10015: 10014: 10012: 9997: 9996: 9985: 9983: 9982: 9973: 9972: 9971: 9967: 9962: 9952: 9949: 9947: 9944: 9942: 9939: 9938: 9936: 9932: 9929: 9927: 9924: 9922: 9921:Protestantism 9919: 9917: 9914: 9912: 9909: 9907: 9904: 9903: 9902: 9899: 9898: 9897: 9894: 9892: 9891: 9887: 9885: 9884: 9880: 9878: 9875: 9873: 9872: 9868: 9866: 9863: 9861: 9858: 9856: 9855: 9851: 9849: 9846: 9844: 9841: 9839: 9838: 9834: 9832: 9829: 9825: 9822: 9820: 9817: 9815: 9812: 9810: 9807: 9805: 9802: 9801: 9800: 9797: 9796: 9794: 9792: 9788: 9782: 9779: 9775: 9772: 9770: 9767: 9766: 9765: 9762: 9760: 9757: 9755: 9752: 9750: 9747: 9745: 9742: 9738: 9735: 9734: 9733: 9730: 9726: 9723: 9721: 9718: 9717: 9716: 9713: 9711: 9708: 9704: 9701: 9700: 9699: 9696: 9692: 9689: 9688: 9687: 9684: 9682: 9679: 9675: 9672: 9670: 9667: 9666: 9665: 9662: 9661: 9659: 9657: 9653: 9647: 9644: 9642: 9639: 9637: 9634: 9630: 9627: 9625: 9622: 9620: 9617: 9615: 9612: 9610: 9609:Sefer HaBahir 9607: 9605: 9602: 9600: 9597: 9596: 9595: 9592: 9588: 9585: 9583: 9580: 9578: 9575: 9573: 9570: 9569: 9568: 9565: 9561: 9558: 9556: 9553: 9551: 9548: 9547: 9546: 9542: 9539: 9537: 9536:Sifrei Kodesh 9534: 9533: 9531: 9529: 9525: 9519: 9516: 9514: 9511: 9509: 9506: 9504: 9501: 9499: 9496: 9494: 9491: 9489: 9486: 9482: 9479: 9477: 9474: 9470: 9467: 9466: 9465: 9462: 9460: 9457: 9455: 9452: 9450: 9447: 9445: 9442: 9438: 9435: 9431: 9428: 9426: 9423: 9422: 9421: 9418: 9417: 9416: 9413: 9412: 9411: 9408: 9407: 9405: 9403: 9399: 9393: 9392:Who is a Jew? 9390: 9388: 9385: 9381: 9378: 9377: 9376: 9373: 9371: 9368: 9366: 9363: 9359: 9356: 9355: 9354: 9351: 9349: 9346: 9344: 9341: 9337: 9334: 9333: 9332: 9329: 9327: 9324: 9322: 9321:Chosen people 9319: 9317: 9314: 9310: 9307: 9306: 9305: 9302: 9301: 9299: 9297: 9293: 9287: 9284: 9278: 9277:Scots-Yiddish 9275: 9271: 9270: 9266: 9264: 9261: 9260: 9259: 9256: 9252: 9251: 9250:Klezmer-loshn 9247: 9245: 9242: 9240: 9237: 9235: 9232: 9231: 9230: 9227: 9226: 9225: 9222: 9221: 9220: 9217: 9215: 9212: 9210: 9207: 9205: 9202: 9200: 9197: 9195: 9192: 9188: 9185: 9183: 9180: 9179: 9178: 9175: 9173: 9170: 9168: 9165: 9163: 9160: 9158: 9155: 9153: 9150: 9148: 9145: 9143: 9140: 9138: 9135: 9133: 9130: 9126: 9123: 9121: 9120:Judeo-Shirazi 9118: 9116: 9113: 9111: 9108: 9106: 9103: 9101: 9098: 9097: 9096: 9095:Judeo-Persian 9093: 9091: 9088: 9086: 9085:Judeo-Marathi 9083: 9081: 9078: 9076: 9073: 9069: 9066: 9065: 9064: 9063:Judeo-Italian 9061: 9059: 9056: 9054: 9051: 9047: 9044: 9042: 9039: 9037: 9034: 9033: 9032: 9029: 9027: 9024: 9018: 9015: 9014: 9013: 9010: 9008: 9005: 9003: 9000: 8998: 8995: 8993: 8990: 8988: 8985: 8983: 8980: 8978: 8975: 8973: 8970: 8968: 8965: 8964: 8963: 8960: 8956: 8953: 8951: 8948: 8946: 8943: 8941: 8938: 8934: 8931: 8930: 8929: 8926: 8925: 8924: 8921: 8919: 8918:Judeo-Amazigh 8916: 8914: 8911: 8907: 8904: 8902: 8899: 8897: 8894: 8892: 8889: 8887: 8884: 8882: 8879: 8877: 8874: 8872: 8869: 8867: 8864: 8862: 8859: 8857: 8854: 8852: 8849: 8847: 8844: 8843: 8842: 8839: 8838: 8836: 8833: 8828: 8824: 8810: 8807: 8806: 8805: 8802: 8798: 8795: 8794: 8793: 8790: 8788: 8785: 8783: 8780: 8778: 8775: 8774: 8773: 8770: 8768: 8765: 8761: 8758: 8757: 8756: 8753: 8747: 8744: 8742: 8741:Hadhrami Jews 8739: 8737: 8734: 8732: 8729: 8728: 8727: 8724: 8722: 8719: 8717: 8714: 8712: 8709: 8707: 8706:Mountain Jews 8704: 8702: 8701:Egyptian Jews 8699: 8697: 8696:Bukharan Jews 8694: 8692: 8689: 8687: 8684: 8682: 8679: 8678: 8677: 8674: 8670: 8667: 8666: 8665: 8662: 8660: 8657: 8655: 8652: 8650: 8647: 8643: 8640: 8638: 8635: 8634: 8633: 8630: 8628: 8625: 8621: 8618: 8617: 8616: 8613: 8611: 8608: 8606: 8603: 8599: 8596: 8594: 8591: 8590: 8589: 8586: 8582: 8579: 8577: 8574: 8573: 8572: 8569: 8565: 8562: 8560: 8557: 8555: 8552: 8550: 8547: 8545: 8542: 8540: 8537: 8535: 8532: 8530: 8527: 8526: 8525: 8522: 8521: 8519: 8517: 8513: 8507: 8504: 8502: 8499: 8495: 8492: 8491: 8490: 8487: 8485: 8484:Lists of Jews 8482: 8480: 8477: 8475: 8472: 8470: 8467: 8465: 8462: 8460: 8457: 8455: 8452: 8451: 8449: 8447: 8443: 8437: 8434: 8432: 8429: 8427: 8424: 8422: 8419: 8417: 8414: 8412: 8409: 8407: 8404: 8402: 8399: 8397: 8394: 8393: 8391: 8389: 8385: 8379: 8376: 8374: 8371: 8370: 8367: 8363: 8359: 8352: 8347: 8345: 8340: 8338: 8333: 8332: 8329: 8317: 8313: 8309: 8307: 8299: 8298: 8295: 8289: 8286: 8284: 8281: 8279: 8276: 8274: 8271: 8269: 8266: 8265: 8263: 8258: 8254: 8248: 8245: 8243: 8242:South Ossetia 8240: 8238: 8235: 8233: 8230: 8228: 8225: 8224: 8222: 8220: 8214: 8208: 8205: 8203: 8200: 8198: 8195: 8193: 8190: 8188: 8185: 8183: 8180: 8178: 8175: 8173: 8170: 8168: 8165: 8163: 8160: 8158: 8155: 8153: 8150: 8148: 8145: 8143: 8140: 8138: 8135: 8133: 8130: 8128: 8125: 8123: 8120: 8118: 8115: 8113: 8110: 8108: 8105: 8103: 8100: 8098: 8095: 8093: 8090: 8088: 8085: 8083: 8080: 8078: 8075: 8073: 8070: 8068: 8065: 8063: 8060: 8058: 8055: 8053: 8050: 8048: 8045: 8043: 8040: 8038: 8035: 8033: 8030: 8028: 8025: 8023: 8020: 8018: 8015: 8013: 8010: 8008: 8005: 8003: 8000: 7998: 7995: 7993: 7990: 7988: 7985: 7983: 7980: 7978: 7975: 7973: 7970: 7968: 7965: 7964: 7962: 7960: 7956: 7947: 7942: 7940: 7935: 7933: 7928: 7927: 7924: 7912: 7909: 7907: 7904: 7902: 7899: 7897: 7894: 7892: 7889: 7887: 7884: 7883: 7881: 7877: 7871: 7870: 7866: 7864: 7863: 7859: 7857: 7856: 7852: 7850: 7849: 7845: 7843: 7842: 7838: 7837: 7835: 7831: 7825: 7822: 7820: 7817: 7815: 7812: 7810: 7807: 7805: 7802: 7800: 7797: 7796: 7794: 7790: 7784: 7781: 7779: 7776: 7774: 7771: 7769: 7766: 7764: 7761: 7759: 7756: 7754: 7751: 7749: 7748:Chittoor Road 7746: 7744: 7741: 7740: 7738: 7734: 7728: 7725: 7723: 7720: 7718: 7715: 7713: 7710: 7708: 7705: 7703: 7700: 7698: 7695: 7693: 7690: 7688: 7685: 7683: 7680: 7678: 7675: 7673: 7670: 7668: 7665: 7663: 7660: 7658: 7655: 7653: 7650: 7648: 7645: 7643: 7640: 7639: 7637: 7633: 7627: 7624: 7622: 7619: 7617: 7614: 7612: 7609: 7607: 7604: 7602: 7599: 7597: 7594: 7592: 7589: 7587: 7584: 7582: 7581:Choice School 7579: 7577: 7574: 7572: 7569: 7567: 7564: 7563: 7561: 7557: 7551: 7548: 7546: 7543: 7541: 7538: 7536: 7533: 7531: 7528: 7526: 7523: 7521: 7518: 7516: 7513: 7511: 7508: 7506: 7503: 7501: 7498: 7496: 7493: 7491: 7488: 7485: 7483: 7482:Aster Medcity 7480: 7478: 7475: 7473: 7470: 7469: 7467: 7463: 7457: 7454: 7452: 7449: 7447: 7444: 7442: 7439: 7437: 7434: 7432: 7429: 7427: 7424: 7422: 7419: 7417: 7414: 7412: 7409: 7407: 7404: 7403: 7401: 7397: 7391: 7388: 7386: 7383: 7381: 7378: 7376: 7373: 7371: 7368: 7366: 7363: 7361: 7358: 7356: 7353: 7351: 7348: 7346: 7343: 7341: 7338: 7336: 7333: 7331: 7328: 7327: 7325: 7323: 7319: 7313: 7310: 7308: 7305: 7303: 7300: 7298: 7295: 7293: 7290: 7288: 7285: 7284: 7282: 7278: 7272: 7269: 7267: 7264: 7262: 7259: 7257: 7254: 7252: 7249: 7247: 7244: 7242: 7239: 7238: 7236: 7234:Organizations 7232: 7226: 7223: 7221: 7218: 7217: 7215: 7211: 7205: 7202: 7200: 7197: 7195: 7192: 7190: 7187: 7185: 7182: 7180: 7177: 7175: 7172: 7170: 7167: 7165: 7162: 7160: 7157: 7155: 7152: 7150: 7147: 7145: 7142: 7141: 7139: 7137: 7133: 7127: 7124: 7122: 7119: 7117: 7114: 7112: 7109: 7108: 7106: 7104: 7100: 7094: 7091: 7089: 7086: 7084: 7081: 7079: 7076: 7074: 7071: 7069: 7066: 7064: 7061: 7059: 7056: 7054: 7051: 7049: 7046: 7044: 7041: 7039: 7036: 7034: 7031: 7029: 7026: 7025: 7023: 7019: 7013: 7010: 7008: 7005: 7003: 7000: 6998: 6995: 6993: 6990: 6989: 6987: 6983: 6979: 6972: 6967: 6965: 6960: 6958: 6953: 6952: 6949: 6943: 6940: 6938: 6935: 6932: 6928: 6925: 6923:, 15 May 2005 6922: 6918: 6915: 6912: 6911: 6906: 6903: 6901: 6898: 6896: 6893: 6892: 6883: 6879: 6878: 6873: 6867: 6863: 6862: 6857: 6856:Skolnik, Fred 6853: 6848: 6845: 6841: 6838: 6834: 6831: 6827: 6823: 6820: 6816: 6813: 6809: 6807: 6804: 6800: 6797: 6793: 6789: 6786: 6783: 6781: 6777: 6774: 6770: 6766: 6762: 6759: 6755: 6753: 6752:0-520-21323-8 6749: 6745: 6741: 6737: 6733: 6729: 6725: 6720: 6719: 6710:(3): 575–588. 6709: 6705: 6700: 6697: 6694: 6690: 6687: 6684: 6681: 6678: 6674: 6670: 6666: 6662: 6658: 6654: 6649: 6646: 6645:81-87132-06-X 6642: 6638: 6634: 6632: 6631:0-87249-847-6 6628: 6624: 6620: 6618: 6617:81-87133-05-8 6614: 6610: 6609:The Nazranies 6606: 6602: 6600: 6599:0-8371-2615-0 6596: 6592: 6588: 6585: 6581: 6577: 6572: 6569: 6565: 6561: 6557: 6553: 6549: 6545: 6538: 6533: 6518: 6511: 6510: 6504: 6500: 6494: 6490: 6485: 6482: 6478: 6475: 6471: 6468: 6464: 6461: 6458: 6454: 6451: 6447: 6444: 6440: 6438: 6434: 6430: 6426: 6425: 6413: 6409: 6403: 6395: 6389: 6385: 6384: 6376: 6361: 6360:cochinsyn.com 6357: 6351: 6343: 6339: 6335: 6334: 6326: 6324: 6308: 6304: 6298: 6282: 6278: 6271: 6255: 6251: 6250: 6245: 6238: 6231:(3): 575–588. 6230: 6226: 6219: 6211: 6207: 6200: 6198: 6181: 6175: 6167: 6163: 6157: 6150: 6144: 6137: 6133: 6127: 6120: 6114: 6098: 6094: 6087: 6079: 6075: 6070: 6065: 6061: 6057: 6053: 6049: 6045: 6041: 6037: 6029: 6021: 6015: 6011: 6010:Penguin Books 6007: 6000: 5992: 5986: 5978: 5974: 5970: 5969: 5961: 5953: 5949: 5945: 5941: 5937: 5933: 5929: 5925: 5921: 5914: 5907: 5901: 5886: 5882: 5876: 5869: 5863: 5856: 5850: 5843: 5837: 5821: 5817: 5811: 5804: 5798: 5791: 5787: 5782: 5775: 5771: 5770:"Cochin Jews" 5766: 5759: 5758: 5753: 5748: 5742: 5736: 5729: 5723: 5715: 5708: 5700: 5696: 5692: 5688: 5683: 5678: 5671: 5667: 5664: 5662: 5657: 5650: 5643: 5637: 5628: 5621: 5615: 5608: 5603: 5596: 5590: 5585: 5578: 5572: 5565: 5559: 5557: 5555: 5547: 5542: 5534: 5527: 5520: 5519: 5513: 5506: 5505: 5499: 5492: 5486: 5485:Jason Aronson 5482: 5476: 5468: 5466:9780520213234 5462: 5458: 5457: 5449: 5447: 5445: 5437: 5431: 5424: 5418: 5411: 5405: 5398: 5392: 5385: 5380: 5373: 5368: 5366: 5358: 5353: 5351: 5342: 5340:818-685-222-0 5336: 5332: 5331: 5323: 5307: 5303: 5301: 5293: 5291: 5282: 5280:965-278-179-7 5276: 5272: 5271: 5263: 5255: 5249: 5241: 5237: 5233: 5232: 5227: 5220: 5218: 5216: 5199: 5198:w2.vatican.va 5195: 5189: 5174: 5170: 5164: 5157: 5153: 5147: 5140: 5134: 5125: 5116: 5107: 5100: 5095: 5093: 5085: 5080: 5073: 5068: 5059: 5052: 5047: 5040: 5036: 5031: 5029: 5022: 5019: 5013: 5006: 5005:Cochinsyn.com 5000: 4993: 4987: 4985: 4977: 4971: 4969: 4961: 4959: 4954: 4949: 4942: 4936: 4934: 4924: 4917: 4911: 4904: 4898: 4891: 4885: 4878: 4872: 4865: 4864:965-278-179-7 4861: 4857: 4856: 4850: 4842: 4836: 4829: 4825: 4820: 4816: 4807: 4804: 4802: 4799: 4797: 4796:Joseph Rabban 4794: 4792: 4789: 4787: 4786:Paradesi Jews 4784: 4782: 4779: 4777: 4774: 4772: 4769: 4767: 4764: 4763: 4753: 4748: 4744: 4739: 4735: 4730: 4726: 4721: 4717: 4710: 4705: 4701: 4694: 4689: 4685: 4678: 4673: 4669: 4662: 4657: 4650: 4645: 4644: 4635: 4632: 4629: 4626: 4623: 4621: 4617: 4614: 4611: 4608: 4605: 4602: 4599: 4596: 4593: 4589: 4586: 4583: 4580: 4577: 4575: 4571: 4567: 4566:Joseph Rabban 4564: 4563: 4549: 4546: 4543: 4540: 4537: 4534: 4531: 4528: 4525: 4522: 4519: 4516: 4513: 4510: 4507: 4504: 4501: 4498: 4495: 4492: 4490:Palliparambil 4489: 4486: 4483: 4480: 4477: 4474: 4471: 4468: 4465: 4462: 4459: 4456: 4453: 4450: 4447: 4444: 4441: 4438: 4435: 4432: 4429: 4426: 4423: 4420: 4417: 4414: 4411: 4408: 4405: 4402: 4399: 4396: 4393: 4392: 4390: 4389: 4385: 4384: 4374: 4370: 4367: 4365: 4361: 4358: 4355: 4351: 4348: 4347: 4346: 4341: 4338: 4334: 4333: 4329: 4327: 4323: 4322: 4318: 4316: 4312: 4311: 4307: 4305: 4301: 4300: 4296: 4294: 4290: 4289: 4285: 4283: 4279: 4278: 4274: 4272: 4269: 4265: 4264: 4260: 4258: 4254: 4253: 4249: 4248: 4247: 4242: 4238: 4234: 4231: 4229: 4227: 4222: 4218: 4215: 4212: 4208: 4205: 4202: 4199: 4196: 4192: 4189: 4187: 4184: 4180: 4179: 4175: 4173: 4172:Kokkamangalam 4169: 4166: 4164: 4161: 4157: 4156: 4152: 4151: 4150: 4144: 4141: 4138: 4136: 4132: 4131: 4130: 4127: 4125: 4121: 4117: 4116:Kadavumbhagam 4113: 4112:Thekkumbhagam 4109: 4101: 4100:Israel Museum 4097: 4093: 4088: 4084: 4082: 4078: 4074: 4070: 4066: 4063: 4060: 4056: 4052: 4049: 4046: 4043: 4039: 4036: 4033: 4027: 4012: 4009: 4006: 4004:യൂദാ, യെഹൂദൻ 4003: 4002: 3998: 3995: 3992: 3989: 3988: 3984: 3981: 3978: 3975: 3974: 3970: 3967: 3964: 3961: 3960: 3956: 3953: 3950: 3947: 3946: 3942: 3939: 3936: 3933: 3932: 3928: 3925: 3922: 3919: 3918: 3914: 3911: 3908: 3905: 3904: 3900: 3897: 3895:hello, peace 3894: 3891: 3890: 3886: 3883: 3880: 3877: 3876: 3872: 3869: 3866: 3863: 3862: 3858: 3855: 3852: 3849: 3848: 3844: 3841: 3838: 3835: 3834: 3830: 3827: 3824: 3821: 3820: 3816: 3813: 3810: 3807: 3806: 3802: 3799: 3796: 3793: 3792: 3788: 3785: 3782: 3779: 3778: 3775:beit-k'néset 3774: 3771: 3768: 3765: 3764: 3760: 3757: 3754: 3751: 3750: 3746: 3743: 3740: 3737: 3736: 3732: 3729: 3726: 3723: 3722: 3718: 3715: 3712: 3709: 3708: 3704: 3701: 3698: 3695: 3694: 3691: 3689: 3685: 3681: 3677: 3673: 3669: 3666: 3662: 3658: 3653: 3651: 3650: 3646: 3640: 3636: 3632: 3628: 3624: 3620: 3616: 3612: 3608: 3605: 3600: 3598: 3594: 3593:Judeo-Persian 3590: 3585: 3579: 3570: 3565: 3559: 3553:യെഹൂദ്യമലയാളം 3550: 3544: 3540: 3530: 3528: 3524: 3513: 3511: 3504: 3502: 3496: 3494: 3493: 3487: 3485: 3481: 3477: 3473: 3469: 3465: 3461: 3457: 3451: 3447: 3445: 3441: 3439: 3435: 3431: 3424: 3419: 3410: 3407: 3402: 3392: 3390: 3385: 3383: 3379: 3375: 3371: 3367: 3363: 3360:, where many 3359: 3355: 3351: 3347: 3343: 3339: 3335: 3331: 3327: 3323: 3319: 3318: 3313: 3309: 3305: 3301: 3293: 3288: 3280: 3275: 3265: 3263: 3262: 3257: 3256: 3251: 3247: 3246: 3241: 3236: 3232: 3230: 3226: 3222: 3218: 3214: 3210: 3200: 3198: 3197: 3192: 3188: 3184: 3180: 3176: 3167: 3163: 3161: 3157: 3152: 3150: 3146: 3142: 3137: 3134: 3130: 3126: 3121: 3120: 3117: 3113: 3109: 3105: 3104:Paradesi Jews 3096: 3086: 3083: 3079: 3075: 3068: 3066: 3062: 3052: 3048: 3046: 3042: 3037: 3035: 3031: 3027: 3023: 3019: 3015: 3008: 3003: 2999: 2996: 2991: 2989: 2984: 2981: 2975: 2973: 2969: 2965: 2961: 2957: 2951: 2949: 2945: 2941: 2936: 2934: 2930: 2925: 2923: 2919: 2915: 2914:Joseph Rabban 2909: 2907: 2903: 2898: 2896: 2892: 2888: 2884: 2880: 2876: 2872: 2870: 2862: 2858: 2848: 2846: 2842: 2838: 2833: 2831: 2827: 2823: 2819: 2815: 2811: 2807: 2803: 2794: 2786: 2776: 2772: 2762: 2760: 2756: 2752: 2748: 2743: 2739: 2735: 2731: 2726: 2724: 2723:Anglo-Indians 2720: 2716: 2711: 2709: 2705: 2701: 2697: 2693: 2692:Paradesi Jews 2689: 2688:Sephardi Jews 2685: 2681: 2676: 2674: 2670: 2666: 2662: 2658: 2654: 2653:Jews in India 2649: 2643: 2634: 2630: 2626: 2622: 2611: 2606: 2604: 2599: 2597: 2592: 2591: 2589: 2588: 2583: 2580: 2578: 2575: 2574: 2573: 2572: 2561: 2558: 2556: 2553: 2551: 2548: 2546: 2543: 2541: 2538: 2536: 2533: 2531: 2528: 2526: 2523: 2521: 2518: 2517: 2516: 2515: 2512: 2509: 2508: 2503: 2500: 2498: 2495: 2493: 2490: 2488: 2485: 2483: 2480: 2478: 2475: 2473: 2470: 2469: 2468: 2467: 2464: 2461: 2460: 2455: 2450: 2449: 2442: 2439: 2437: 2434: 2432: 2429: 2427: 2424: 2422: 2421:Judeo-Aramaic 2419: 2417: 2414: 2412: 2411:Judeo-Italian 2409: 2407: 2404: 2402: 2399: 2397: 2394: 2392: 2391:Ghardaïa Sign 2389: 2387: 2384: 2382: 2379: 2377: 2374: 2372: 2369: 2367: 2364: 2362: 2359: 2357: 2354: 2352: 2349: 2347: 2344: 2339: 2335: 2334: 2333: 2330: 2329: 2326: 2321: 2320: 2309: 2306: 2304: 2301: 2299: 2296: 2295: 2294: 2293: 2290: 2287: 2286: 2281: 2278: 2276: 2273: 2271: 2268: 2266: 2263: 2261: 2258: 2256: 2253: 2251: 2248: 2246: 2243: 2242: 2241: 2240: 2237: 2234: 2233: 2228: 2225: 2223: 2220: 2218: 2215: 2213: 2210: 2209: 2208: 2207: 2204: 2201: 2200: 2195: 2192: 2190: 2187: 2186: 2185: 2184: 2181: 2178: 2177: 2172: 2169: 2167: 2164: 2162: 2157: 2154: 2153: 2148: 2146: 2143: 2141: 2138: 2135: 2134: 2129: 2127: 2124: 2122: 2119: 2117: 2114: 2112: 2109: 2108: 2107: 2106: 2102: 2101: 2096: 2091: 2090: 2083: 2080: 2078: 2075: 2073: 2070: 2068: 2065: 2063: 2060: 2058: 2055: 2053: 2050: 2048: 2043: 2039: 2036: 2034: 2031: 2029: 2026: 2025: 2024: 2021: 2020: 2017: 2016:Denominations 2012: 2011: 2000: 1997: 1995: 1992: 1990: 1987: 1985: 1982: 1980: 1977: 1976: 1975: 1974: 1971: 1968: 1967: 1962: 1959: 1957: 1954: 1952: 1949: 1947: 1942: 1940: 1937: 1935: 1932: 1930: 1927: 1925: 1922: 1920: 1917: 1915: 1912: 1910: 1907: 1905: 1902: 1900: 1895: 1893: 1890: 1888: 1885: 1883: 1880: 1878: 1875: 1873: 1870: 1868: 1865: 1864: 1863: 1862: 1859: 1856: 1855: 1850: 1847: 1845: 1844:United States 1842: 1840: 1837: 1836: 1835: 1834: 1830: 1829: 1824: 1819: 1817: 1814: 1812: 1809: 1807: 1804: 1802: 1799: 1797: 1794: 1792: 1789: 1787: 1784: 1782: 1779: 1777: 1774: 1772: 1769: 1767: 1764: 1762: 1759: 1757: 1754: 1752: 1749: 1747: 1744: 1742: 1739: 1737: 1734: 1732: 1729: 1727: 1724: 1722: 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1308: 1306: 1303: 1301: 1298: 1296: 1293: 1291: 1288: 1286: 1283: 1281: 1278: 1276: 1273: 1271: 1268: 1266: 1263: 1261: 1258: 1256: 1253: 1251: 1248: 1246: 1243: 1242: 1241: 1240: 1237: 1234: 1233: 1228: 1225: 1223: 1220: 1218: 1215: 1214: 1213: 1212: 1209: 1206: 1205: 1200: 1197: 1195: 1192: 1190: 1187: 1185: 1184:Lists of Jews 1182: 1180: 1177: 1176: 1175: 1174: 1169: 1164: 1163: 1152: 1149: 1147: 1144: 1142: 1139: 1135: 1132: 1130: 1127: 1125: 1122: 1120: 1117: 1115: 1112: 1111: 1110: 1107: 1105: 1102: 1100: 1097: 1095: 1092: 1090: 1087: 1085: 1082: 1080: 1077: 1075: 1072: 1071: 1070: 1069: 1065: 1064: 1059: 1056: 1054: 1051: 1049: 1046: 1044: 1041: 1039: 1036: 1034: 1031: 1029: 1026: 1024: 1021: 1019: 1016: 1014: 1011: 1009: 1006: 1004: 1001: 997: 994: 992: 989: 988: 987: 984: 983: 982: 981: 976: 971: 970: 959: 951: 949: 946: 944: 943:The Holocaust 941: 939: 936: 934: 931: 929: 926: 924: 921: 919: 916: 914: 911: 909: 906: 905: 904: 903: 899: 898: 893: 890: 888: 885: 883: 880: 878: 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305: 304:Who is a Jew? 302: 300: 297: 296: 295: 294: 291: 287: 284: 283: 279: 275: 274: 267: 263: 259: 255: 254:Baghdadi Jews 251: 247: 243: 239: 238:Paradesi Jews 235: 230: 227: 223: 218: 215: 211: 207: 202: 198: 196: 184: 180: 178: 166: 161: 154: 149: 137: 128: 120: 117: 109: 106:February 2023 98: 95: 91: 88: 84: 81: 77: 74: 70: 67: – 66: 65:"Cochin Jews" 62: 61:Find sources: 55: 51: 45: 44: 39:This article 37: 33: 28: 27: 22: 21:Paradesi Jews 9986: 9979: 9965: 9888: 9881: 9869: 9852: 9835: 9669:perspectives 9503:Samaritanism 9464:Neo-Hasidism 9444:Conservative 9358:Names of God 9267: 9248: 9058:Judaeo-Greek 9053:Judeo-Gascon 8992:Lishán Didán 8987:Lishana Deni 8955:Judeo-Yemeni 8923:Judeo-Arabic 8797:Meshuchrarim 8716:Persian Jews 8649:Kurdish Jews 8627:Kaifeng Jews 8597: 8576:Beta Abraham 8539:Galitzianers 8494:Antisemitism 8469:Israeli Jews 8454:Assimilation 8257:Dependencies 8187:Turkmenistan 8152:Saudi Arabia 7869:Sathyadeepam 7867: 7862:Deshabhimani 7860: 7853: 7846: 7839: 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9162:Koiné Greek 9075:Judeo-Latin 9012:Palestinian 8906:Palestinian 8755:Mustaʿravim 8681:Afghan Jews 8669:Berber Jews 8593:Bene Israel 8581:Falash Mura 8571:Beta Israel 8489:Persecution 8431:Middle Ages 8316:Asia portal 8217:States with 8137:Philippines 8077:South Korea 8072:North Korea 7967:Afghanistan 7911:Indiavision 7901:Reporter TV 7848:Mathrubhumi 7763:Park Avenue 7465:Health care 7330:Cochin Jews 7287:Oberon Mall 7246:Consumerfed 7199:Kochi Metro 7174:Cochin Port 7078:Kadavanthra 7002:Hill Palace 6895:Cochin Jews 5924:Asian Music 5754:2020 (ed.) 5479:Ken Blady, 5372:Jussay 2005 4955:2019 (ed.) 4616:Ruby Daniel 4469:Meyuhasheem 4268:Mattanchery 4257:Mattanchery 4213:, Alappuzha 4209:(1800A.D), 3915:shalóm ali 3362:Bene Israel 3213:Bene Israel 3131:and having 2933:Joseph Azar 2906:Kodungallur 2897:in Kerala. 2863:, Dschalor, 2830:Kodungallur 2742:sefer torah 2665:South India 2621:Cochin Jews 2555:Revisionist 2545:Neo-Zionism 2152:Zeved habat 1945:Puerto Rico 1771:Netherlands 1603:South Korea 1588:Philippines 1468:Afghanistan 1335:Ivory Coast 1109:Crypto-Jews 1074:Bnei Anusim 1053:Bene Israel 1018:Beta Israel 975:Communities 882:Middle Ages 621:Persecution 396:Bereavement 250:Bene Israel 134:Cochin Jews 10011:Categories 9906:Anabaptism 9848:Jew (word) 9715:Leadership 9528:Literature 9513:Secularism 9459:Humanistic 9326:Conversion 9296:Philosophy 9137:Judeo-Urdu 8901:Babylonian 8746:Saada Jews 8731:Adeni Jews 8524:Ashkenazim 8479:Samaritans 8446:Population 8401:Israelites 8197:Uzbekistan 8172:Tajikistan 8087:Kyrgyzstan 8067:Kazakhstan 7987:Bangladesh 7977:Azerbaijan 7360:Kalabhavan 7213:Government 7038:Fort Kochi 6607:, Vol. I, 6422:References 5702:Canaanite. 5436:Ohel Dawid 5156:Ohel Dawid 4806:Anjuvannam 4682:Two Young 4221:Fort Kochi 4195:Fort Kochi 4183:Kochangadi 4108:Cranganore 3976:യവൻ, യാവന 3948:തപ്പുവാഖ് 3912:שלום עליי 3906:ശാലോം ആയി 3769:synagogue 3738:അലുവ/ഹലുവ 3727:ascension 3468:Cranganore 3458:to Italy, 3444:Maimonides 3382:Thiruvalla 3268:Since 1947 3196:satyagraha 3191:manumitted 3160:endogamous 2956:Israelites 2929:synagogues 2922:Anjuvannam 2861:Cranganore 2857:anno mundi 2822:Cranganore 2540:Maximalism 2492:Secularism 2472:Autonomism 2289:Literature 2082:Humanistic 1686:Azerbaijan 1648:Uzbekistan 1623:Tajikistan 1543:Kyrgyzstan 1528:Kazakhstan 1375:Mozambique 1350:Madagascar 1270:Cape Verde 1222:New Yishuv 1217:Old Yishuv 1168:Population 1146:Subbotniks 1104:Samaritans 1043:Romanyotim 986:Ashkenazim 933:Old Yishuv 913:Sabbateans 900:Modern era 892:Golden Age 819:Bar Kokhba 539:Beit Yosef 406:Philosophy 76:newspapers 9968:indicate 9916:Mormonism 9901:Christian 9781:Symbolism 9769:Synagogue 9749:Mythology 9710:Education 9681:Astronomy 9664:Astrology 9481:relations 9286:Zarphatic 9234:Galitzish 9036:Yeshivish 8913:Catalanic 8876:Samaritan 8851:Ashkenazi 8832:Diasporic 8827:Languages 8772:Sephardim 8767:Romaniote 8654:Krymchaks 8588:Desi Jews 8464:Buddhists 8283:Hong Kong 8237:Palestine 8162:Sri Lanka 8157:Singapore 8037:Indonesia 7896:Jeevan TV 7365:Malayalam 7136:Transport 7033:Ernakulam 7028:Edappally 6985:Landmarks 6931:The Hindu 6921:The Hindu 6803:Religions 6673:143053857 6564:149268133 6550:: 53–76. 6526:2 October 6483:; Madras. 6412:The Hindu 6365:9 October 6342:173844321 6249:The Hindu 5985:cite book 5977:624148605 5944:0044-9202 5890:26 August 5682:Excursus: 5408:Burnell, 5357:Weil 1982 5248:cite book 4502:Roby/Rubi 4487:Oran/Oren 4400:Ashkenazi 4326:Ernakulam 4315:Ernakulam 4073:Malayalam 3864:സായിത്ത് 3772:בית כנסת 3684:syntactic 3668:loanwords 3643:see also 3619:Malayalam 3604:Dravidian 3578:romanized 3558:romanized 3549:Malayalam 3501:Sephardic 3366:Malayalam 3346:Beersheba 3344:, and in 3342:Jerusalem 3250:per annum 3133:Sephardic 3045:Ernakulam 3018:Kozhikode 2948:Itinerary 2708:Near East 2704:Baghdadis 2642:romanized 2550:Religious 2406:Zarphatic 2396:Bukharian 2366:Judeo-Tat 2351:Yeshivish 2325:Languages 2280:Sephardic 2270:Israelite 2260:Ethiopian 2250:Ashkenazi 2189:Religious 1979:Australia 1961:Venezuela 1867:Argentina 1849:Greenland 1761:Lithuania 1613:Sri Lanka 1608:Singapore 1533:Kurdistan 1498:Indonesia 1488:Hong Kong 1441:Abayudaya 1365:Mauritius 1099:Igbo Jews 1089:Krymchaks 1008:Sephardim 876:relations 770:Sadducees 766:Pharisees 756:Sanhedrin 671:Jerusalem 431:Synagogue 299:Etymology 204:Languages 9981:Category 9951:Hinduism 9941:Buddhism 9843:Genetics 9759:Politics 9732:Marriage 9691:Holidays 9686:Calendar 9567:Rabbinic 9543:/Hebrew 9488:Haymanot 9415:Orthodox 9402:Branches 9375:Kabbalah 9370:Haskalah 9348:Holiness 9224:dialects 9204:Shassagh 9167:Krymchak 9147:Kayliñña 9041:Yinglish 9017:Galilean 9007:Talmudic 9002:Biblical 8977:Betanure 8896:Biblical 8891:Mishnaic 8886:Medieval 8871:Tiberian 8866:Yemenite 8856:Sephardi 8792:Paradesi 8736:Ḥabbanim 8726:Teimanim 8691:Baghdadi 8664:Maghrebi 8632:Karaites 8610:Gruzínim 8598:Kochinim 8516:Diaspora 8474:Karaites 8459:Atheists 8396:Timeline 8306:Category 8227:Abkhazia 8177:Thailand 8132:Pakistan 8112:Mongolia 8107:Maldives 8102:Malaysia 8002:Cambodia 7906:Kochu TV 7886:Surya TV 7768:S.A Road 7073:Kakkanad 6858:(eds.). 6788:Archived 6078:26759184 5805:, p. 164 5752:Weil, S. 5687:Ibn Ezra 5666:Archived 5074:, p. 102 5020:. 2011. 4953:Weil, S. 4760:See also 4668:Baghdadi 4535:Tifferet 4514:Sarphati 4433:Hallegua 4241:Malaysia 4237:Seremban 4065:ജൂതപള്ളി 3957:tapúakh 3943:shoshán 3934:ശോഷന്നാ 3839:prophet 3780:ഇവിരീത് 3699:Meaning 3623:language 3527:kol isha 3523:Talmudic 3516:Piyyutim 3378:Kottayam 3372:such as 3317:moshavim 3308:Pakistan 3211:Cochin, 3022:Calcutta 2964:prophets 2962:and the 2629:Kochinim 2577:Category 2535:Kahanism 2482:Feminism 2454:Politics 2338:Biblical 2308:American 2255:Bukharan 2245:American 2145:Shidduch 2121:Clothing 2077:Haymanot 2023:Orthodox 1951:Suriname 1934:Paraguay 1887:Colombia 1786:Portugal 1696:Bulgaria 1633:Thailand 1583:Pakistan 1563:Mongolia 1558:Malaysia 1478:Cambodia 1452:Zimbabwe 1427:Tanzania 1305:Eswatini 1295:Ethiopia 1285:Djibouti 1265:Cameroon 1260:Botswana 1189:Diaspora 1151:Noahides 1124:Marranos 1048:Cochinim 1033:Bukharim 1023:Gruzinim 1013:Teimanim 1003:Mizrahim 991:Galician 957:conflict 918:Hasidism 908:Haskalah 813:Diaspora 684:timeline 596:Timeline 509:Rabbinic 416:Kabbalah 391:Marriage 367:Tzedakah 357:Holidays 315:Religion 278:a series 276:Part of 220:Religion 143:‎ 9966:Italics 9791:Studies 9737:Divorce 9703:Kashrut 9698:Cuisine 9656:Culture 9587:Midrash 9582:Tosefta 9572:Mishnah 9560:Ketuvim 9555:Nevi'im 9518:Schisms 9508:Science 9498:Karaite 9469:Renewal 9430:Litvaks 9425:Hasidic 9380:Sefirot 9365:Halakha 9336:Messiah 9309:Mitzvah 9304:Beliefs 9258:Western 9244:Poylish 9239:Litvish 9229:Eastern 9219:Yiddish 9214:Shuadit 9199:Qwareña 9187:Tetuani 9182:Haketia 9157:Knaanic 9152:Kivruli 9100:Bukhori 9046:Heblish 8982:Hulaulá 8972:Barzani 8928:Yahudic 8861:Mizrahi 8721:Urfalim 8676:Mizrahi 8620:Neofiti 8615:Italkim 8544:Lita'im 8436:Zionism 8388:History 8362:Judaism 8202:Vietnam 8117:Myanmar 8097:Lebanon 8027:Georgia 7982:Bahrain 7972:Armenia 7891:Flowers 7559:Schools 7322:Culture 7312:Q1 Mall 7103:History 7088:Vyttila 6773:1237836 6481:Travels 6069:4725824 6048:Bibcode 5661:Sefunot 5656:Sefunot 5609:p. 111. 5579:(2009). 5312:25 July 5240:1237836 5204:30 June 5178:30 June 5086:, p. 47 5053:, p. 98 5041:, p. 79 4801:Judaism 4641:Gallery 4544:Yohanan 4517:Sassoon 4466:Menahem 4454:Kunjeli 4442:Japheth 4430:Hai/Hay 4427:Gershon 4406:Bezalel 4354:Nevatim 4120:Muziris 4069:joothan 4067:) with 4013:y'hudi 3901:shalóm 3747:halvah 3676:lexical 3649:ISO 639 3639:Yiddish 3627:dialect 3611:grammar 3580:: 3560:: 3484:Mishnah 3464:Tripoli 3438:Halacha 3358:Yeruham 3338:Katamon 3322:Nevatim 3261:Shochet 3136:trade 3112:Holland 3074:Calicut 3067:1558). 3014:Calicut 2972:Halacha 2902:Knanaya 2883:Galilee 2879:Aramaic 2808:in the 2765:History 2755:Paravur 2644:: 2520:General 2511:Zionism 2487:Leftism 2477:Bundism 2401:Knaanic 2361:Yevanic 2346:Yiddish 2303:Yiddish 2298:Israeli 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