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38:
331:
571:
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56:
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release. They will only do damage at extreme densities. In their second stage, larva will cause the most damage to crops. In their third stage, larva will do less but still severe damage to crops. They most prominently use structures on their antennae called pore plates to smell. This structure is a
308:
have 3 stages of development over the course of 3-4 years. In the first stage, they are 10-20 mm long, then grow to 30-35 mm in the second year of development, and finally reach their full size of 40-46 mm in their final year of development before emerging. In some areas of
Eastern Europe the larvae
248:
Cockchafers are prevalent across Europe, including in
Germany, France, and the United Kingdom. They are particularly prevalent in temperate regions with suitable soil conditions for larval development. However, they have also been reported in parts of Asia, including Turkey and the Caucasus region.
922:
Environmental factors such as temperature, humidity, and plant type have a considerable impact on the existence and behaviour of cockchafers in wooded environments. It indicates that cockchafer populations are strongly influenced by climatic conditions, with warmer temperatures and higher humidity
695:
In Sweden the peasants looked upon the grub of the cockchafer as furnishing an unfailing prognostic whether the ensuing winter will be mild or severe; if the animal has a bluish hue (a circumstance which arises from its being replete with food), they affirm it will be mild, but if it is white, the
342:
Adults appear at the end of April or in May and live for about five to seven weeks. After about two weeks, the female begins laying eggs, which she buries about 10 to 20 cm deep in the earth. She may do this several times until she has laid between 60 and 80 eggs. Most typically, the female beetle
228:
The mating behaviour is controlled by pheromones. The males usually swarm during the mating season while the females stay put and feed on leaves. The leaves release green leaf volatiles when they are fed on by females, which the male can sense and thus locate the female for mating opportunity. The
224:
of crops such as grasses and fruit trees. Adults have harmful effects for the crop when they aggregate in large groups. The larvae can cause severe damage and kill the plant by gnawing the plant roots. The cockchafer develops via metamorphosis, in which the beetle undergoes stages of egg, larvae,
516:
males are more sensitive to lower GLV concentrations, possibly due to the anatomical differences between male and female antennae. Due to this phenomenon, sexual dimorphism can be observed in flight behaviour. During swarming behaviour, males will hover around the foliage while females remain on
480:
This behaviour occurs for several hours until darkness for about 10-20 days. These swarms typically have minimal damage to the trees, but they are occasionally harmful in cherry or plum orchards because of their consumption of blossoms. Once the females have matured and mated, they return to the
321:
Cockchafer feeds on deciduous plant and fruit tree leaves, including oaks, maple, sweet chestnut, beech, plum, and walnut trees. The feeding behaviour of larvae can cause severe damage to the plants. They feed on both the small roots of field plants such as grain, grass, tree, beet roots and the
630:
era, the main mechanism to control their numbers was to collect and kill the adult beetles, thereby interrupting the cycle. They were once very abundant: in 1911, more than 20 million individuals were collected in 18 km of forest. Collecting adults was an only moderately successful method.
529:
larvae are the primary agricultural pests. Larva hatch from their eggs 4-6 weeks after being laid and develop into adults over the course of 3-4 years. Immediately after hatching, larvae will gnaw on small roots. It will continue feeding on roots, particularly grasses, cereals, and other crops,
806:
are also being investigated, but they have been difficult to apply to fields as opposed to laboratory settings. The focus on entomopathogenic bacteria has been on its symbiosis with entomopathogenic nematodes and their ability to act together as a larval control strategy. Poor results with the
757:
is also a promising possibility, with buckwheat being of particular interest because it can reduce grub weight and population density before the crop of interest is planted. Sex pheromones have been used for mass trapping, mating disruption, and “Attract and Kill” methods. The unlikelihood of
704:
Only with the modernisation of agriculture in the 20th century and the invention of chemical pesticides did it become possible to effectively combat the cockchafer. Combined with the transformation of many pastures into agricultural land, this has resulted in a decrease of the cockchafer to
380:
Because of their long development time as larvae, cockchafers appear in a cycle of every three or four years; the years vary from region to region. There is a larger cycle of around 30 years superimposed, in which they occur (or rather, used to occur) in unusually high numbers (10,000s).
931:
The name "cockchafer" derives from the late-17th-century usage of "cock" (in the sense of expressing size or vigour) + "chafer" which simply means an insect of this type, referring to its propensity for gnawing and damaging plants. The term "chafer" has its root in Old
English
398:
is a natural predator of cockchafers. Moles are known to feed on cockchafer larvae. They can detect them using their keen sense of smell and specialised digging behaviour. This predation can help regulate cockchafer populations in mole-inhabited areas.
696:
weather will be severe: and they carry this so far as to foretell, that if the anterior be white and the posterior blue, the cold will be most severe at the beginning of the winter. Hence they call this grub Bemärkelse-mask—prognostic worm.
682:-coated cockchafers. Cockchafer larvae can also be fried or cooked over open flames, although they require some preparation by soaking in vinegar in order to purge them of soil in their digestive tracts. A cockchafer stew is referred to in
1145:
Other names include: bracken clock, bummler, chovy, cob-worm, dorrs, dumbledarey, dumbledore, humbuz, June bug, kittywitch, billy witch, may-bittle, midsummer dor, mitchamador, oak-wib, rookworm, snartlegog, spang beetle, tom beedel and
923:
level favouring their occurrence. Additionally, specific vegetation types, including deciduous trees and shrubs, provide suitable habitats for cockchafers, facilitating their survival and reproduction within forest stands.
464:
and locate around groups of trees at forest edges. On the other hand, females will stay in place and feed on leaves until they reach sexual maturity. Males primarily fly around the branches looking for females to mate
728:
and worldwide. In recent years, the cockchafer's numbers have been increasing again, causing damage to agricultural use of over 1,000 square kilometres (390 sq mi) of land all over Europe (0.001% of land).
517:
twigs and branches to feed. Males then use GLVs to identify which leaves have females that they can mate with. GLVs are being investigated as a possible pest control technique to attract males and prevent mating.
2204:
Brown, Joanna Cullen, Review of Thomas Hardy: Cent Poèmes. Anthologie bilingue (Les
Editions de L’Aire, Vevey, 2008) by Eric Christen, Françoise Baud, The Hardy Society Journal, Vol. 4, No. 3 (Autumn 2008), pp.
442:
eggs hatch underground and look for cockchafer larvae to hibernate within over the winter. Their presence will ultimately kill the beetle larvae in the spring. One to six fly larva can parasitise a single host.
481:
fields to lay their eggs in the soil. Only a third of females will survive this trip, but any survivors will make a second, and occasionally third, swarming trip and return to the field to lay eggs again.
309:
develop for a fourth year. They have white bodies that curve into an arc with a black coloration at the abdomen and long, hairy, and well developed legs. They have large orange heads with strong, grabbing
744:
adults, particularly males, when put at height (4 m). If a peak swarming time can be identified, shaking isolated trees and collecting feeding adults can reduce population, though it is time consuming.
902:
enzymes and other antimicrobial substances to decrease competition from the beetle's native microbiome. This creates an optimal environment for nematode development. Bacterial species in the midgut of
1097:
602:
and sentenced to withdraw within three days onto a specially designated area, otherwise they would be outlawed. Subsequently, since they failed to comply, they were collected and killed. (Similar
512:
are attracted to GLVs, using its release to identify leaves that female beetles are feeding on. Females have the ability to detect GLV, but any change in behaviour that it may cause is unclear.
944:, all of which mean "gnawer" as it relates to the jaw. As such, the name "cockchafer" can be understood to mean "large plant-gnawing beetle" and is applicable to its history as a pest animal.
594:
was rare, and people had no effective means to protect their harvest. This gave rise to events that seem bizarre from a modern perspective. In 1320, for instance, cockchafers were brought to
1637:
spp. Grubs in
Organic Strawberry Plantations by Entomopathogenic Fungi as Affected by Environmental and Metabolic Factors and the Interaction with Soil Microbial Biodiversity"
293:, while their underside is black and partly white on the sides. They have a dark head with two antennae with ten segments each. Male cockchafers have seven "leaves" on their
795:
910:
have been found to fight back, acting as antagonists to entomopathogenic bacteria. These bacteria have been identified differentially in different larval stages, with
749:
is a chemical that inhibits maturation feeding and egg development, but low persistence and difficulty spraying it high enough in trees prevents widespread use.
366:
roots. The grubs develop in the earth for three to four years, in colder climates even five years, and grow continually to a size of about 4–5 cm, before they
1631:
Tartanus, Malgorzata; Furmanczyk, Ewa M.; Canfora, Loredana; Pinzari, Flavia; Tkaczuk, Cezary; Majchrowska-Safaryan, Anna; Malusá, Eligio (February 2021).
558:. They've also been found to push their heads into the walls of their burrows and probe with their antennae, likely to taste the soil with bristle-like
236:
The number of cockchafers increased over the past few years due to the decrease in pesticide usage. Soil tilling can be used to remove larvae hatching.
894:
microbiome has been focused on increasing the entomopathogenic properties of nematodes used as pest control due to their symbiosis. Bacteria such as
790:
has been successful with other agricultural pests. There have been difficulties with determining the best strategy to apply the fungi to the fields.
1338:
37:
2462:
878:
1964:
L.) Larvae
Exhibiting Antagonistic Activity Against Bacterial Symbionts of Entomopathogenic Nematodes: Isolation and Molecular Identification"
2488:
501:
1793:
Verfluchte
Kreaturen: Lichtenbergs "Proben seltsamen Aberglaubens" und die Logik der Hexen- und Insektenverfolgung im "Malleus Maleficarum"
794:
have been found to be particularly successful ways of reducing populations, particularly when larvae are in the first and second stage.
827:
family. These are low energy foods such as grass roots and rotting organic matter in the soil. There are two major compartments in the
2436:
2249:
2327:
887:
in the hindgut suggests that sulphate reduction is an important process, but the source of this sulphate in the diet is unknown.
1958:
Skowronek, Marcin; Sajnaga, Ewa; Pleszczyńska, Małgorzata; Kazimierczak, Waldemar; Lis, Magdalena; Wiater, Adrian (2020-01-16).
2026:
Egert, Markus; Stingl, Ulrich; Dyhrberg Bruun, Lars; Pommerenke, Bianca; Brune, Andreas; Friedrich, Michael W. (August 2005).
1206:
758:
developing resistance due to the sex pheromones being produced by the beetles makes this a promising method of pest control.
854:
activity of enzymes in the midgut is hypothesised to increase resistance to entomopathogenic bacteria in the beetle larvae.
2560:
2109:
2555:
2397:
766:
Entomopathogenic organisms—organisms that produce disease in insects—are an active area of research for the control of
1805:
2415:
313:. On their heads they have 2 small antennae which they use to smell and taste their surroundings while underground.
1246:
500:, which is a compound released by an organism that only benefits the receiver. This enhances the attractiveness of
850:. It has been shown that proteolytic breakdown of toxins is a common resistance mechanism for agricultural pests.
249:
Geographical barriers, climatic conditions, and ecological factors may limit their dispersal to other continents.
2493:
2428:
2313:
2475:
1503:
Eilers, Elisabeth J.; Talarico, Giovanni; Hansson, Bill S.; Hilker, Monika; Reinecke, Andreas (2012-07-25).
2575:
1324:: literature report on biology, life cycle and pest incidence, current control possibilities and pheromones
688:
2219:
2345:
310:
277:
reach sizes of 25 to 30 millimetres (1.0 to 1.2 in) in length. Behind their heads they have a black
20:
2350:
407:
adults are predated by ground beetles and ants. Larvae are predated by click beetles while underground.
322:
large part of crop rootlets. Larvae can gnaw the root for 30cm each day, which quickly kills the plant.
204:
It is native to Europe, and it is one of several closely-related and morphologically similar species of
2565:
2193:
1438:
290:
55:
753:
has been a historically successful method, particularly in early June when larvae are first hatching.
1091:
791:
555:
807:
application of these methods have stemmed intensive research into the gut enzymes and microbiome of
1272:
960:
thread to its feet and set it free, amusing themselves to watch it fly in spirals. English boys in
530:
during its three larval stages, only pausing to burrow deep into the soil for winter hibernation.
1911:
1359:
Reinecke, Andreas; Ruther, Joachim; Tolasch, Till; Francke, Wittko; Hilker, Monika (2002-06-01).
1181:
980:
377:
in the earth at depths between 20 and 100 cm. They work their way to the surface only in spring.
237:
210:
2532:
877:
is a major product of this fermentation, suggesting that much of the bacteria in the hindgut is
330:
2570:
2467:
2275:
1850:
Malusá, Eligio; Tartanus, Małgorzata; Furmanczyk, Ewa M.; Łabanowska, Barbara H. (2020-12-01).
1316:
771:
898:
are transported by nematodes and released into the insect's midgut. The bacteria will release
2527:
2519:
1125:
618:
have a voracious appetite and thus have been and sometimes continue to be a major problem in
281:
covered with short hairs. This black coloration distinguishes them from their close relative
150:
362:", hatch four to six weeks after being laid as eggs. They feed on plant roots, for instance
2371:
2043:
1867:
1520:
1454:
1376:
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1745:
8:
1792:
1505:"Sensing the Underground – Ultrastructure and Function of Sensory Organs in Root-Feeding
709:
489:
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2047:
1871:
1584:
1524:
1458:
1380:
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2072:
2027:
1998:
1959:
1912:"Characterization of the proteolytic enzymes in the midgut of the European Cockchafer,
1671:
1632:
1551:
1504:
1478:
1408:
1009:
988:
733:
732:
Due to legal provisions from the
European Union for the sustainable use of pesticides,
570:
221:
50:
1931:
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released by vascular plants in response to stresses. GLVs have been found to act as a
2514:
2358:
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2003:
1985:
1935:
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1801:
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1400:
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1360:
1332:
1202:
866:
708:
Since the 1970s, agriculture has generally reduced its use of pesticides. Because of
627:
484:
Green leaf volatiles (GLVs) are a series of saturated and monounsaturated six-carbon
457:
294:
2055:
1482:
1412:
2363:
2067:
2051:
1993:
1975:
1927:
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1757:
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1648:
1600:
1546:
1528:
1462:
1384:
984:
2028:"Structure and Topology of Microbial Communities in the Major Gut Compartments of
835:
enzymes for macromolecule breakdown, and the second is a bulbous hindgut used for
2501:
2253:
2141:
1533:
1196:
1022:
643:
635:
2480:
2423:
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1880:
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1222:
1153:
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811:
to determine if they are acting as defense against entomopathogenic organisms.
725:
547:
1388:
1007:
The cockchafer is featured in a German children's song similar to the
English
2549:
2402:
2094:
2063:
1989:
1889:
1817:
1769:
1746:"Green Leaf Volatiles—The Forefront of Plant Responses Against Biotic Attack"
1662:
1612:
1542:
1474:
1396:
994:
964:
times played a very similar game by sticking a pin through one of its wings.
961:
883:
824:
754:
713:
505:
395:
194:
2142:"Peter Parley's annual: A Christmas and New Year's present for young people"
1653:
862:
have been found to break down certain bacterial toxins and inactivate them.
823:
larvae allow them to exploit a variety of ecological niches unique to their
2298:
2161:
2081:
2007:
1939:
1800:, p. 11ff, Saarbrücken 2004 (SDV Saarländische Druckerei und Verlag),
1777:
1680:
1560:
1404:
1083:
1068:
965:
836:
828:
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populations, is now banned. Light traps have been successful in attracting
683:
667:
647:
603:
591:
117:
1761:
1604:
2449:
2307:
2124:
1980:
851:
619:
587:
456:
Males leave the soil when the temperature is favourable in April or May.
374:
266:
Close up of a male cockchafer, showing the seven "leaves" on the antennae
2506:
2337:
2206:
1957:
1317:
Huiting, H. F., Moraal, L. G., Griepink, F. C., & Ester, A. (2006),
542:
thin layer of cells that covers a number of sensory units consisting of
2441:
1694:
1106:
976:
847:
832:
721:
717:
359:
199:
127:
2454:
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1064:
1045:
870:
831:
larvae intestinal tract. The first is a tubular midgut that secretes
559:
497:
87:
67:
2269:
285:, whose pronotum is brown. The top of their bodies have hard, brown
2389:
2292:
2025:
1910:
Wagner, Wolfgang; Möhrlen, Frank; Schnetter, Wolfgang (July 2002).
968:
recalls that as a child he made one of his first "inventions", an "
623:
543:
485:
461:
408:
370:
in early autumn and develop into an adult cockchafer in six weeks.
278:
1849:
952:
Children since antiquity have played with cockchafers. In ancient
240:
and nematodes can effectively remove beetles at the larval stage.
220:
The adults and larvae feed on plants, and are regarded as serious
1437:
Reinecke, Andreas; Ruther, Joachim; Hilker, Monika (April 2005).
1072:
874:
855:
750:
671:
655:
599:
468:
348:
286:
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1630:
843:
in the intestinal tract reflects the diversity of food sources.
2322:
1727:"Effect of environmental factors on occurrence of cockchafers (
1318:
1094:, Hardy uses the dialect word dumbledore to mean a bumble bee.
1076:
969:
953:
663:
651:
639:
363:
107:
97:
77:
957:
899:
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355:
305:
270:
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1358:
2165:
1502:
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659:
416:
412:
367:
846:
In the midgut, glucose is broken down and absorbed by the
606:
also occurred for many other animals in the Middle Ages.)
343:
lays its eggs in fields. The preferred food for adults is
914:
usually being found in the third and final larval stage.
344:
865:
The hindgut has a high density of bacteria that ferment
972:" made by harnessing four cockchafers in this fashion.
814:
724:) many chemical pesticides have been phased out in the
1909:
705:
near-extinction in some areas in Europe in the 1970s.
1436:
873:, with the byproducts being absorbed by the beetle.
460:
is observed as male beetles, at dusk, will begin to
1439:"Electrophysiological and behavioural responses of
881:. High abundance of species in the bacterial genus
1075:with the closing months of that war as well, when
839:. High bacterial diversity between individuals of
650:of cockchafers without wings and legs in sizzling
1833:De Geer, iv. 275–6. Kirb. and Sp. Introd., i. 33.
940:, of Germanic origin and is related to the Dutch
634:In some areas and times, cockchafers were served
2547:
1960:"Bacteria from the Midgut of Common Cockchafer (
1744:Matsui, Kenji; Engelberth, Jurgen (2022-10-31).
1743:
1443:to saturated and unsaturated aliphatic alcohols"
1361:"Alcoholism in cockchafers: orientation of male
1063:in the first half of the 17th century, in which
1320:Biology, control and luring of the cockchafer,
774:is currently being studied as a way to control
550:organs on the head of the larva can identify CO
1247:"7 things you never knew about the cockchafer"
736:, which had been used to successfully control
2217:
423:larvae, often after a field has been plowed.
1337:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1020:
1968:International Journal of Molecular Sciences
1818:Cooking cockchafer with old-timey Europeans
1147:
1082:According to one source, the dumbledore in
565:
525:Though adults can damage some fruit trees,
229:larvae use both the plant volatiles and CO
36:
2071:
1997:
1979:
1920:Insect Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
1879:
1670:
1652:
1550:
1532:
1176:
1174:
1172:
1067:was pillaged and suffered heavily. Since
1327:, Praktijkonderzoek Plant & Omgeving
1239:
1096:
993:
678:from the 1920s tells of students eating
569:
467:
329:
261:
1856:spp. in organic strawberry plantations"
1784:
1724:
1447:Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata
1090:is a cockchafer. However, in his novel
975:Cockchafers appear in the fairy tales "
2548:
2139:
2036:Applied and Environmental Microbiology
1720:
1718:
1582:
1270:
1195:Marren, Peter; Mabey, Richard (2010).
1169:
1079:troops advanced into eastern Germany.
2274:
2273:
2160:
2021:
2019:
2017:
1953:
1951:
1949:
1905:
1903:
1901:
1899:
1845:
1843:
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1839:
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1622:
1578:
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1498:
1496:
1494:
1492:
1312:
1310:
1308:
1306:
1304:
1302:
1266:
1264:
297:, whereas the females have only six.
2429:b2605f94-fa4c-425b-8c7b-90e53926ebab
1432:
1430:
1428:
1426:
1424:
1422:
1354:
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1300:
1298:
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1292:
1290:
1288:
1286:
1284:
1282:
1132:
917:
815:Intestinal components and microbiome
2218:Cook, John D. (22 September 2011).
1796:, in Joost, U.; Neumann, A. (eds):
1715:
1050:Pomerania is burned to the ground –
716:concerns (pesticides may enter the
451:
347:leaves, but they will also feed on
233:to locate the plant root for food.
13:
2032:Larvae (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae)"
2014:
1946:
1896:
1836:
1619:
1567:
1509:(Coleoptera: Scarabaeinae) Larvae"
1489:
1261:
819:The gut enzymes and microbiota of
761:
181:), also colloquially known as the
14:
2587:
2240:
1589:spp. grubs – a review of methods"
1419:
1345:
1279:
1249:. Discover Wildlife. 8 April 2014
1188:
1101:A group of cockchafers in Ukraine
956:, boys caught the insect, tied a
858:-like enzymes from the midgut of
520:
316:
1467:10.1111/j.1570-7458.2005.00274.x
54:
2220:"Thomas Hardy and Harry Potter"
2211:
2198:
2190:Collected poems of Thomas Hardy
2183:
2154:
2133:
2118:
2103:
2088:
2056:10.1128/AEM.71.8.4556-4566.2005
1827:
1811:
1737:
1725:Marzena, Niemczyk (June 2017).
1687:
1003:shaking cockchafers from a tree
699:
609:
243:
1852:"Holistic approach to control
1215:
1139:
782:has been found to work on the
581:
358:, known as "chafer grubs" or "
252:
208:called cockchafers, alongside
1:
1932:10.1016/S0965-1748(01)00167-9
1583:Woreta, Danuta (2015-03-01).
1029:die Mutter ist in Pommerland,
947:
638:. A 19th-century recipe from
508:in scarab beetles. Only male
434:is a parasitic fly that uses
325:
1534:10.1371/journal.pone.0041357
1365:towards green leaf alcohols"
1163:
1059:The verse dates back to the
926:
446:
426:
389:
7:
2561:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
1916:(Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae)"
1119:
1031:Pommerland ist abgebrannt –
1015:
537:larvae identify roots by CO
21:Cockchafer (disambiguation)
10:
2592:
1881:10.1007/s13165-020-00295-2
792:Entomopathogenic nematodes
384:
18:
2556:Beetles described in 1758
2282:
1798:Lichtenberg-Jahrbuch 2004
1750:Plant and Cell Physiology
1593:Folia Forestalia Polonica
1389:10.1007/s00114-002-0314-2
1092:The Mayor of Casterbridge
796:Entomopathogenic bacteria
546:bundles. These and other
300:
257:
156:
149:
51:Scientific classification
49:
44:
35:
30:
2140:Martin, William (1866).
908:Pseudomonas chlororaphis
566:Pest control and history
16:Species of scarab beetle
2170:Electrical Experimenter
1731:spp.) in forest stands"
1654:10.3390/insects12020127
1585:"Control of cockchafer
1227:Encyclopedia Britannica
1201:. Chatto & Windus.
1027:Der Vater ist im Krieg,
981:Hans Christian Andersen
896:Xenorhabdus nematophila
438:larvae as their hosts.
214:(the forest cockchafer)
211:Melolontha hippocastani
197:belonging to the genus
1148:
1102:
1071:, it is associated in
1021:
1004:
780:Beauveria brongniartii
772:Entomopathogenic fungi
654:, then cook them in a
578:
533:In their first stage,
477:
339:
267:
238:Entomopathogenic fungi
2528:Paleobiology Database
2328:melolontha-melolontha
2314:Melolontha melolontha
2284:Melolontha melolontha
2030:Melolontha melolontha
1962:Melolontha melolontha
1914:Melolontha melolontha
1697:Melolontha melolontha
1605:10.1515/ffp-2015-0005
1507:Melolontha melolontha
1441:Melolontha melolontha
1363:Melolontha melolontha
1322:Melolontha melolontha
1223:"Cockchafer | insect"
1128:, native to Australia
1126:Red-headed cockchafer
1105:There have been four
1100:
997:
890:Some research on the
662:liver and serve with
573:
471:
333:
265:
179:Melolontha melolontha
160:Melolontha melolontha
2424:Fauna Europaea (new)
2130:accessed 30 May 2021
2115:accessed 30 May 2021
2100:accessed 30 May 2021
1981:10.3390/ijms21020580
1824:accessed 30 May 2021
19:For other uses, see
2576:Insect common names
2048:2005ApEnM..71.4556E
1872:2020OrgAg..10S..13M
1860:Organic Agriculture
1762:10.1093/pcp/pcac117
1525:2012PLoSO...741357E
1459:2005EEApp.115...33R
1381:2002NW.....89..265R
1369:Naturwissenschaften
1271:Fraval, A. (1998).
1182:"Common Cockchafer"
614:Both the grubs and
2258:Senckenberg Museum
2252:2004-06-09 at the
2128:www.etymonline.com
2113:www.etymonline.com
2098:www.etymonline.com
1103:
1088:An August Midnight
1010:Ladybird, Ladybird
1005:
778:grub populations.
770:grub populations.
720:and thus also the
646:reads: "roast one
579:
478:
340:
268:
225:pupae and adults.
222:agricultural pests
193:, is a species of
142:M. melolontha
31:Common cockchafer
2566:Beetles of Europe
2543:
2542:
2515:Open Tree of Life
2276:Taxon identifiers
2224:www.johndcook.com
1820:11 February 2016
1756:(10): 1378–1390.
1699:(Linnaeus, 1758)"
1208:978-0-7011-8180-2
1133:Explanatory notes
1061:Thirty Years' War
1057:
1056:
1052:Cockchafer, fly!
1042:Father is at war,
918:Ecological impact
869:residues such as
458:Sexual dimorphism
175:common cockchafer
171:
170:
2583:
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2075:
2042:(8): 4556–4566.
2023:
2012:
2011:
2001:
1983:
1955:
1944:
1943:
1907:
1894:
1893:
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1040:Cockchafer, fly!
1035:
1016:
985:Princess Rosette
798:from the genera
734:aerial treatment
452:Mating behaviour
162:
59:
58:
40:
28:
27:
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2166:"My Inventions"
2159:
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2138:
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2119:
2108:
2104:
2095:cockchafer (n.)
2093:
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2024:
2015:
1956:
1947:
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1848:
1837:
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1033:Maikäfer flieg!
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989:Madame d'Aulnoy
950:
929:
920:
912:P. chlororaphis
817:
804:Heterorhabditis
764:
762:Entomopathogens
702:
674:newspaper from
658:soup, add some
644:cockchafer soup
612:
584:
568:
556:plant volatiles
553:
540:
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429:
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373:The cockchafer
328:
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283:M. hippocastani
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2241:External links
2239:
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2013:
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1344:
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1273:"HYPP Zoology"
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821:M. melolontha
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786:species, and
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776:M. melolontha
773:
769:
768:M. melolontha
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742:M. melolontha
739:
738:M. melolontha
735:
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714:public health
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710:environmental
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535:M. melolontha
531:
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527:M. melolontha
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514:M. melolontha
511:
510:M. melolontha
507:
506:sex pheromone
503:
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474:M. melolontha
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436:M. melolontha
433:
432:Dexia rustica
424:
422:
421:M. melolontha
419:also predate
418:
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405:M. melolontha
402:
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396:European mole
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2247:Der Maikäfer
2227:. Retrieved
2223:
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2173:. Retrieved
2169:
2156:
2145:. Retrieved
2135:
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2097:
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2039:
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1971:
1967:
1961:
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1913:
1866:(1): 13–22.
1863:
1859:
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1829:
1821:
1813:
1808:. In German.
1797:
1791:
1790:Barton, K.:
1786:
1753:
1749:
1739:
1728:
1706:. Retrieved
1703:www.gbif.org
1702:
1696:
1689:
1644:
1640:
1634:
1599:(1): 33–41.
1596:
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1450:
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1372:
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1319:
1251:. Retrieved
1241:
1230:. Retrieved
1226:
1217:
1197:
1190:
1141:
1112:
1109:ships named
1104:
1087:
1084:Thomas Hardy
1081:
1069:World War II
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966:Nikola Tesla
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867:recalcitrant
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837:fermentation
825:phylogenetic
820:
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755:Pre-cropping
751:Soil tilling
747:Azadirachtin
741:
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700:Modern times
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684:W. G. Sebald
633:
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610:19th century
592:pest control
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244:Distribution
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118:Scarabaeidae
25:
2450:iNaturalist
2308:Wikispecies
2265:(in German)
2256:, from the
2125:chafer (n.)
1184:. Bug Life.
852:Proteolytic
800:Steinernema
788:B. bassiana
620:agriculture
588:Middle Ages
582:Middle Ages
502:toluquinone
375:overwinters
360:white grubs
253:Description
2550:Categories
2175:2023-03-29
2147:2017-05-27
2110:cock (n.1)
1974:(2): 580.
1854:Melolontha
1729:Melolontha
1708:2024-03-21
1647:(2): 127.
1635:Melolontha
1587:Melolontha
1232:2021-07-01
1113:Cockchafer
1107:Royal Navy
977:Thumbelina
948:In culture
848:epithelium
833:hydrolytic
829:scarabaeid
784:Melolontha
722:human body
718:food chain
440:D. rustica
326:Life cycle
206:Melolontha
200:Melolontha
129:Melolontha
108:Coleoptera
88:Arthropoda
2262:Frankfurt
2192:, 1923, p
2064:0099-2240
1990:1422-0067
1890:1879-4246
1770:0032-0781
1663:2075-4450
1613:2199-5907
1543:1932-6203
1475:0013-8703
1397:0028-1042
1164:Citations
1111:HMS
1065:Pomerania
1046:Pomerania
962:Victorian
927:Etymology
871:cellulose
686:'s novel
548:olfactory
498:kairomone
486:aldehydes
447:Behaviour
427:Parasites
409:Starlings
390:Predators
351:needles.
311:mandibles
191:doodlebug
187:Maybeetle
136:Species:
74:Kingdom:
68:Eukaryota
2468:11673098
2335:BioLib:
2293:Wikidata
2250:Archived
2164:(1919).
2082:16085849
2008:31963214
1940:12044497
1778:35934892
1681:33540558
1561:22848471
1513:PLOS ONE
1483:84471627
1413:25772038
1405:12146792
1333:citation
1120:See also
1025:, flieg!
1023:Maikäfer
906:such as
624:forestry
560:sensilla
544:dendrite
490:alcohols
295:antennae
279:pronotum
114:Family:
84:Phylum:
78:Animalia
64:Domain:
2520:1093496
2442:4990995
2377:2924496
2073:1183286
2044:Bibcode
1999:7013910
1868:Bibcode
1672:7912822
1641:Insects
1552:3405142
1521:Bibcode
1455:Bibcode
1377:Bibcode
1073:Germany
875:Acetate
856:Trypsin
656:chicken
636:as food
600:Avignon
586:In the
476:Beetle.
385:Enemies
349:conifer
338:Beetle.
334:Female
124:Genus:
104:Order:
98:Insecta
94:Class:
45:Female
2533:319806
2416:257676
2403:275032
2390:MELOME
2323:ARKive
2299:Q28175
2229:30 May
2080:
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1395:
1253:4 July
1205:
1077:Soviet
970:engine
954:Greece
934:ceafor
672:German
664:chives
652:butter
640:France
616:adults
577:(grub)
494:esters
492:, and
415:, and
368:pupate
364:potato
356:larvae
306:Larvae
301:Larvae
291:thorax
287:elytra
271:Adults
258:Adults
183:Maybug
2463:IRMNG
2455:48197
2398:EUNIS
2364:3ZMMR
2351:25382
1479:S2CID
1409:S2CID
1154:Welsh
987:" by
983:and "
979:" by
958:linen
942:kever
938:cefer
900:lytic
680:sugar
676:Fulda
670:". A
668:toast
666:on a
648:pound
596:court
575:Larva
472:Male
465:with.
462:swarm
417:gulls
413:crows
189:, or
2507:1463
2494:7061
2489:NCBI
2437:GBIF
2385:EPPO
2346:BOLD
2338:8100
2231:2024
2078:PMID
2060:ISSN
2004:PMID
1986:ISSN
1936:PMID
1886:ISSN
1802:ISBN
1774:PMID
1766:ISSN
1677:PMID
1659:ISSN
1609:ISSN
1557:PMID
1539:ISSN
1471:ISSN
1401:PMID
1393:ISSN
1339:link
1255:2016
1203:ISBN
802:and
712:and
660:veal
642:for
622:and
554:and
504:, a
394:The
354:The
173:The
2476:NBN
2372:EoL
2359:CoL
2260:in
2194:154
2068:PMC
2052:doi
1994:PMC
1976:doi
1928:doi
1876:doi
1758:doi
1667:PMC
1649:doi
1601:doi
1547:PMC
1529:doi
1463:doi
1451:115
1385:doi
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598:in
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273:of
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