5135:
2978:". Others defended the language variety: "The London dialect is really, especially on the South side of the Thames, a perfectly legitimate and responsible child of the old Kentish tongue the dialect of London North of the Thames has been shown to be one of the many varieties of the Midland or Mercian dialect, flavoured by the East Anglian variety of the same speech". Since then, the Cockney accent has been more accepted as an alternative form of the English language rather than a lesser one, though the low status mark remains. In the 1950s, the only accent to be heard on the
1155:
1195:
1223:
330:
262:
5121:
5149:
4730:
3184:
762:
9774:
3158:
8668:
9765:
8660:
349:
847:. Before they were replaced in 1961, there was a period when, by the "within earshot" definition, no "Bow Bell" Cockneys could be born. The use of such a literal definition produces other problems since the area around the church is no longer residential, and the noise pollution means few are born within earshot.
281:
1420:
is traditionally described as having the unaspirated variants. Also, in broad
Cockney at least, the degree of aspiration is typically greater than in RP, and may often also involve some degree of affrication . Affricatives may be encountered in initial, intervocalic, and final position. This feature
783:
The audible range of the Bells is dependent on geography and wind conditions. The east is mostly low lying, a factor which combines with the strength and regularity of the prevailing wind, blowing from west-south-west for nearly three-quarters of the year, to carry the sound further to the east, and
644:
The East End of London and the vicinity of Bow bells are often used interchangeably, representing the identity of the East End. The region within the audible range of the bells varies depending on the direction of the wind, but there is a correlation between the two geographic definitions under the
352:
1138:
to house poor East Enders in a previously rural area of Essex. The residents typically kept their
Cockney dialect rather than adopt an Essex dialect. Wright also reports that the Cockney dialect spread along the main railway routes to towns in the surrounding counties as early as 1923, spreading
350:
2497:, the vocalized dark l is sometimes an unoccluded lateral approximant, which differs from the RP only by the lack of the alveolar contact. Relatedly, there are many possible vowel neutralisations and absorptions in the context of a following dark L () or its vocalized version; these include:
284:
2085:
may be realized as a closing diphthong . Wells states that "no rigid rules can be given for the distribution of monophthongal and diphthongal variants, though the tendency seems to be for the monophthongal variants to be commonest within the utterance, but the diphthongal realizations in
1084:, said that the accent, which has been around for more than 500 years, is being replaced in London by a new hybrid language. "Cockney in the East End is now transforming itself into Multicultural London English, a new, melting-pot mixture of all those people living here who learned
282:
5483:
7304:
3134:. Writing in April 2013, Wells argued that research by Joanna Przedlacka "demolished the claim that EE was a single entity sweeping the southeast. Rather, we have various sound changes emanating from working-class London speech, each spreading independently".
2334:
or a centering diphthong/triphthong of the type when in final position, with the latter variants being more common in broad
Cockney; thus "saw"-"sore"-"soar", "law"-"lore", "war"-"wore". The diphthong is retained before inflectional endings, so that
5916:
5602:"This cokneys and tytyllynges ... may abide no sorrow when they come to age ... In these great cytees as London, York, Perusy, and such ... the children be so nicely and wantonly brought up ... that commonly they can little good.
2992:
of
Standard English, whereas nowadays many different accents, including Cockney or accents heavily influenced by it, can be heard on the BBC. In a survey of 2,000 people conducted by Coolbrands in the autumn of 2008, Cockney was voted equal fourth
9036:
5493:
2059:. Thus, the most common variants are and , with and also being possible. The broadest Cockney variant approaches . There is also a variant that is used only by women, namely . In addition, there are two monophthongal pronunciations,
641:, the term applied to all Londoners, and this lingered into the 19th century. As the city grew, the definitions shifted to alternatives based on dialect or more specific areas; the East End and the area within earshot of Bow Bells.
348:
9492:
8471:
7308:
5838:: "A citizen of London, being in the country, and hearing a horse neigh, exclaimed, Lord! How that horse laughs! A by-stander telling him that noise was called Neighing; the next morning, when the cock crowed, the citizen to
2004:
is realized as or even in "vigorous, dialectal" Cockney. The second element may be reduced or absent (with compensatory lengthening of the first element), so that there are variants such as . This means that pairs such as
280:
5950:
In 2000for, the City of London - unable to find the details anywhere, but it said the bells would have been heard up to six miles to the east, five miles to the north, three miles to the south, and four miles to the west.
1044:
Linguistic research conducted in the early 2010s suggests that today, some aspects of the
Cockney accent are declining in usage within multicultural areas, where some traditional features of Cockney have been displaced by
2892:
fieldworker, concluded that this was not a universal feature of
Cockneys but that it was more common to hear this in the London area than elsewhere in Britain. This description may also be a result of mishearing the
9301:
8136:
3025:
accents on television and radio may have caused the spread of
Cockney English since the 1960s. Cockney is more and more influential and some claim that in the future many features of the accent may become standard.
5913:
5855:
995:
8576:
9028:
2974:, stating that "the Cockney mode of speech, with its unpleasant twang, is a modern corruption without legitimate credentials, and is unworthy of being the speech of any person in the capital city of the
9431:
9341:
8034:
7917:
8798:
8854:
368:
339:
9182:
2447:. All this reinforces the phonemic nature of the opposition and increases its functional load. It is now well-established in all kinds of London-flavoured accents, from broad Cockney to near-RP.
5935:
8166:
7616:
7141:
996:
351:
6132:
1095:
and expanded towns have often had a strong influence on local speech. Many areas beyond the capital have become
Cockney-speaking to a greater or lesser degree, including the new towns of
9484:
8453:
7493:
8823:
812:. An earlier study suggested the sound would have carried even further. The 2012 study showed that in the modern era, noise pollution means that the bells can only be heard as far as
300:
271:
6401:
283:
9799:
5529:
9006:
2970:
The
Cockney accent has long been regarded as an indicator of low status. For example, in 1909 the Conference on the Teaching of English in London Elementary Schools issued by the
1982:⟩ (phonetically and in fully narrow transcription). Only the central offglides and are transcribed as non-syllabic vowels due to the lack of appropriate glide symbols.
7553:
9271:
8197:
5914:
https://www.heathrow.com/content/dam/heathrow/web/common/documents/company/local-community/noise/reports-and-statistics/reports/community-noise-reports/CIR_Ascot_0914_0215.pdf
625:: Refers to a fake Cockney accent, though the term is sometimes also used as a self-deprecatory moniker by second, third, and subsequent generations of the Cockney diaspora.
9293:
8713:
8118:
7288:
8607:
776:
is one of the oldest, largest, and historically most important churches in the City of London. The definition based on being born within earshot of the bells, cast at the
8944:
7978:
2320:
or a closing diphthong of the type when in non-final position, with the latter variants being more common in broad
Cockney: "sauce"-"source", "laud"-"lord", "water."
3116:
has been used to describe London pronunciations slightly closer to RP than Cockney. The variety first came to public prominence in an article by David Rosewarne in the
4987:
9371:
8735:
5852:
9552:
5545:: a native of London. An ancient nickname implying effeminacy, used by the oldest English writers, and derived from the imaginary fool's paradise, or lubber-land,
617:. It also refers to the descendants of those people, in areas where there was enough migration for identification with London to persist in subsequent generations.
7856:
9462:
9401:
997:
8347:
5025:
535:
comes from its use among rural Englishmen (attested in 1520) as a pejorative term for effeminate town-dwellers, from an earlier general sense (encountered in "
8637:
6211:
9423:
9323:
8914:
8317:
8227:
7826:
8026:
7909:
3109:
has noted that these features have occurred independently in some other dialects, such as TH-fronting in Yorkshire and L-vocalisation in parts of Scotland.
10911:
8795:
7331:
7014:"Wells, John (1994). "Transcribing Estuary English - a discussion document". Speech Hearing and Language: UCL Work in Progress, volume 8, 1994, pp. 259–67"
5523:
9094:
8846:
1500:
are often omitted in informal Cockney, in non-prevocalic environments, including some that cannot be omitted in Received Pronunciation. Examples include
1146:
in Norfolk, which tripled in size from 1957 in a deliberate attempt to attract Londoners by providing social housing funded by the London County Council.
10851:
8975:
9176:
7886:
916:
844:
8430:
6929:
8773:
8502:
1119:. However, this is, except where least mixed, difficult to discern because of common features: linguistic historian and researcher of early dialects
8553:
6444:
5932:
8158:
7608:
7133:
5871:
5811:"A Cockney or a Cocksie, applied only to one born within the sound of Bow bell, that is in the City of London". Note, however, that his proffered
2094:
is length, with the quality being secondary. The contrast appears only in the word-internal position, exactly where the monophthongal variants of
9749:. Vol. 1: An Introduction (pp. i–xx, 1–278), Vol. 2: The British Isles (pp. i–xx, 279–466). Cambridge University Press.
8057:
1974:⟩ are used for the diphthong offsets. In narrow phonetic transcription, their rounded and unrounded counterparts are written with ⟨
8884:
6126:
2958:
By the 1980s and 1990s, most of the features mentioned above had partly spread into more general south-eastern speech, giving the accent called
828:. The studies mean that it is credible that Whittington might have heard them on one of the infrequent days that the wind blows from the south.
7676:
5729:
9522:
7732:
5955:
5255:
9064:
8004:
7646:
7485:
6040:
6013:
8815:
3146:
are famous as an East End institution, but that perception is not wholly correct as they are found in other places across London, including
9584:
7463:
7228:
6405:
5759:
5306:
8095:
7258:
5645:"... I shall explain myself more particularly; only laying down this as a general and certain observation for the women to consider,
7199:
5519:
9204:
9154:
8998:
8399:
7583:
5360:
10946:
9919:
7781:
9240:
7947:
11072:
7545:
7110:
784:
more often. A 2012 study showed that in the 19th century, and under typical conditions, the sound of the bells would carry as far as
8373:
8257:
8189:
7074:
5405:
5278:
1139:
further after World War II when many refugees left London owing to the bombing, and continuing to speak Cockney in their new homes.
9866:— Listen to examples of London and other regional accents and dialects of the UK on the British Library's "Sounds Familiar" website
9263:
7017:
5853:
https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/files/98762773/The_PRICE_MOUTH_crossover_in_the_Cockney_Diaspora_Cole_Strycharczuk.pdf
2192:
have higher starting points than in RP: . However, Beaken considers the former to be unshifted in comparison with traditional RP: .
6441:"Linguistics 110 Linguistic Analysis: Sentences & Dialects, Lecture Number Twenty-One: Regional English Dialects of the World"
571: ... or the darling of", "to indulge or pamper". By 1600, this meaning of cockney was being particularly associated with the
8705:
7523:
7046:
5891:
5703:
2939:, for example, "At's me book you got 'ere" . (where 'ere' means 'there'). It cannot be used when "my" is emphasized; e.g., "At's
1085:
6251:
9658:
8599:
5790:
2378:
936:
made another recording in 1999 which showed how the accent had changed. One of the characteristic pronunciations of Cockney is
9124:
8936:
7970:
7436:
6991:
2086:
utterance-final position, or where the syllable in question is otherwise prominent." Furthermore, the main difference between
10996:
10781:
9720:
9147:"Joe Pasquale - Comedian with an unforgettable voice. He won New Faces and became a regular face on TV, hosting and guesting"
7174:
5440:
1910:
1591:
1584:
7392:
11047:
11016:
10089:
9974:
9363:
8743:
4939:
4840:
1081:
11057:
11052:
10497:
9544:
6104:"money slang history, words, expressions and money slang meanings, london cockney money slang words meanings expressions"
5996:
5018:
2046:
241:
8577:"Barry and Eddie Hearn look back: 'When I turned 16 he took me to a boxing ring and we sparred. It was pretty violent!'"
866:
The kit featured the Bow Bell on the reverse, as a symbol of the area, and the promotional video included the church of
645:
typical prevailing wind conditions. The term can apply to East Londoners who do not speak the dialect and those who do.
10602:
9758:
7848:
5327:
5184:
2468:
1926:
1610:
1602:
9454:
9393:
8339:
7706:
7351:
6081:
5383:
4794:
3248:
9668:
8287:
5465:
4813:
3267:
2169:
are also possible, and at least are regarded as very strongly Cockney. Among these, the triphthongal realization of
859:
released an away shirt which it called the ‘Cockney Kit’. The promotional material celebrated a Cockney identity for
4766:
3220:
1080:, predicted that the Cockney accent would disappear from London's streets within 30 years. The study, funded by the
10401:
9771:
9762:
8629:
6208:
3791:
3105:
vowels – have spread across the south-east of England and, to a lesser extent, to other areas of Britain. However,
2460:
8906:
8309:
8219:
7818:
5074:. The two main characters, Ronnie and Reggie Kray plus a certain number of other characters have a cockney accent.
1061:(and other features of Cockney speech) are among the Cockney influences on Multicultural London English, and some
10649:
10445:
8765:
5933:
https://www.standard.co.uk/news/london/bow-bells-to-be-given-audio-boost-to-curb-decline-of-cockneys-7880794.html
5179:
4704:
3857:
2802:
all end in . But these developments are restricted to broad Cockney, not being found in London speech in general.
1898:
1683:
1676:
1451:
1092:
898:
614:
231:
9029:"Former Chislehurst boxing legend Frank Maloney, now Kellie, speaks out over sex change and return to the sport"
5872:
https://www.standard.co.uk/news/london/east-londoners-want-cockney-recognised-as-official-language-b1067950.html
3038:
have begun to use certain aspects of Cockney and other Anglicisms in their speech. infiltrating the traditional
1348:
in various positions, including after a stressed syllable. Glottal stops also occur, albeit less frequently for
10966:
10406:
9912:
9086:
6163:
4773:
4751:
3954:
3227:
3205:
2587:
are thus phonetically similar or identical; speakers are usually ready to treat them as the same phoneme. Thus
2206:
1958:
1185:
9855:
8966:
5134:
2560:. Sometimes such pairs are kept apart, in a more deliberate speech at least, by a kind of length difference:
11006:
10699:
10661:
9688:
4895:. The film had to be subtitled when released in the United States due to audience comprehension difficulties.
2062:
613:: The term Cockney diaspora refers to the migration of Cockney speakers to places outside London, especially
8454:"Something that touched people's lives for the better died with greats such as Roger Hunt and Jimmy Greaves"
7878:
11001:
10654:
10474:
10291:
10112:
8422:
6925:
4871:
4709:
4469:
3118:
2805:
A neutralization discussed by Beaken (1971) and Bowyer (1973), but ignored by Siversten (1960), is that of
2766:
can also join in this neutralisation. They may, on the one hand, neutralize concerning one another so that
2382:
2315:
2070:
1942:
1465:
1046:
448:
9485:"I'm a Celebrity's Adam Woodyatt's Welsh life and how his job as a butcher almost cost him Ian Beale role"
8494:
7040:"Altendorf, Ulrike (1999). "Estuary English: is English going Cockney?" In: Moderna Språk, XCIII, 1, 1–11"
3051:
2898:
2865:
2861:
2845:
2841:
2837:
2806:
2763:
2759:
2716:
2712:
2693:
2689:
2685:
2658:
2630:
2626:
2619:
2615:
2611:
2592:
2584:
2580:
2576:
2572:
2521:
2506:
2502:
2486:
2450:
2396:
2389:
2374:
2360:
2353:
2346:
2339:
2323:
2309:
2287:
2265:
2255:
2233:
2229:
2222:
2218:
2212:
2200:
2189:
2185:
2170:
2166:
2159:
2155:
2151:
2144:
2137:
2130:
2123:
2116:
2109:
2102:
2095:
2091:
2087:
2082:
2078:
2040:
2036:
2030:
2024:
2001:
1995:
1989:
1979:
1975:
1971:
1967:
1952:
1948:
1936:
1932:
1920:
1916:
1904:
1892:
1888:
1884:
1880:
1867:
1863:
1857:
1853:
1849:
1845:
1839:
1835:
1829:
1825:
1821:
1817:
1813:
1807:
1803:
1797:
1793:
1787:
1783:
1779:
1775:
1771:
1767:
1763:
1759:
1755:
1751:
1747:
1733:
1497:
1493:
1459:
1445:
1389:
1377:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1320:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1215:
1207:
1203:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1163:
964:
912:
908:
10377:
10367:
9965:
9932:
9928:
8545:
6440:
5056:
4780:
3234:
2366:
2329:
2247:
2239:
1661:
1653:
1520:
497:
305:
2259:
11067:
10961:
10676:
10534:
9945:
9892:
9878:
5078:
4831:'s early films were set in London. Loach has a reputation for using genuine dialect speakers in films:
2889:
2301:
1705:
943:
The early development of Cockney vocabulary is obscure, but appears to have been heavily influenced by
929:
9897:
8065:
2607:-dropping broad Cockney, is thus nothing more than a matter of stress and perhaps syllable boundaries.
2173:
occurs most commonly. There is not a complete agreement about the distribution of these; according to
11062:
10941:
10467:
10425:
10396:
10328:
10296:
9905:
8876:
5264:
5049:
4948:
2917:
2909:
2489:
is influenced by surrounding vowels, and it may be realized as , , or . It is also transcribed as a
2466:
2458:
2364:
2327:
2313:
2299:
2291:
2277:
2269:
2245:
2237:
2204:
2068:
2060:
2052:
2044:
1956:
1940:
1924:
1908:
1896:
1720:
1632:
1625:
1518:
1463:
1449:
1309:
1267:
1259:
1183:
7668:
4762:
3216:
10666:
10620:
10519:
10492:
10457:
10352:
10223:
9514:
7486:"From melodic scouse to Adele's cockney – I love the UK's regional accents | Hannah Jane Parkinson"
5952:
5733:
5252:
5108:) is a silent film actress whose Cockney accent becomes a problem when transition to talking films.
5100:
5086:
4747:
3687:
3201:
3005:
was voted least popular, receiving just 2%. The Cockney accent often featured in films produced by
2054:
777:
20:
9058:
8119:"'It's weird that a reality show got me here. But no one can have a life which is a pure fantasy'"
8000:
7728:
7638:
7417:
Upton, Clive (2012). "Modern Regional English in the British Isles". In Mugglestone, Lynda (ed.).
6036:
6009:
555:) of a "cokenay" as "a child tenderly brought up" and, by extension, "an effeminate fellow" or "a
10878:
10711:
10529:
10504:
9841:
9643:
English Accents and Dialects: An Introduction to Social and Regional Varieties of British English
5755:
5617:
5563:
5489:
4943:, a West End musical comedy (with Cockney speech in the title) about Cockney low-life characters.
4740:
4478:
4323:
3875:
3866:
3194:
3162:
3143:
2919:
2293:
2279:
1311:
1269:
102:
92:
9574:
7459:
7232:
5298:
1123:
in 1890 stated that Cockney developed owing to the influence of Essex dialect on London speech.
11077:
10793:
10771:
10575:
10272:
10241:
10119:
8690:
Hildebrandt, Melinda (16 May 2016). "Bob Hoskins". In McFarlane, Brian; Slide, Anthony (eds.).
8087:
7256:
4891:
4104:
4003:
3490:
3123:
2998:
2989:
1417:
1330:
894:
440:
10689:
8530:
7203:
5580:
is from 1824 and consists of a tongue-in-cheek allusion to an existing notion of "Cockneydom".
10991:
10776:
10671:
10384:
10318:
10072:
10062:
10057:
9610:
9146:
8395:
7575:
7433:"Rosewarne, David (1984). "Estuary English". Times Educational Supplement, 19 (October 1984)"
6988:"Rosewarne, David (1984). "Estuary English". Times Educational Supplement, 19 (October 1984)"
5032:
4214:
3919:
3394:
3009:
and was frequently portrayed as the typical British accent of the lower classes in movies by
2971:
2782:; or they may go further into a fivefold neutralization with the one just mentioned, so that
1135:
10984:
7773:
1037:
in 1964 found that the area's dialect was very similar to that recorded in Bethnal Green by
721:. The informal definition of the East End gradually expanded to include towns in south-west
10413:
10306:
10246:
10124:
10097:
10014:
9795:"Cockney moved East: the dialect of the first generation of East Londoners raised in Essex"
9232:
7939:
7106:
4972:
4907:
4887:. Fagin and his working orphans, particularly The Artful Dodger and Nancy, speak in Cockney
4296:
4243:
3989:
3696:
3598:
2021:
may become homophones: , . But this neutralisation is an optional, recoverable one: "bite"
1120:
1073:
856:
836:
832:
545:
165:
3169:
who sew thousands of pearl buttons onto their clothing in elaborate and creative patterns.
559:". This may have developed from the sources above or separately, alongside such terms as "
8:
11011:
10841:
10833:
10731:
10694:
10580:
10565:
10440:
10430:
10357:
10196:
8369:
8249:
7081:
5409:
5012:
5008:. A newspaper headline in the film refers to the Pimlico residents as "crushed Cockneys".
5004:
4960:
4924:
4686:
4621:
4509:
4366:
4365:
in 1889, became famous after abandoning his heavy Cockney accent and developing a unique
4238:
3870:
3777:
3522:
3450:
1966:
In the rest of the article, this is treated as a simple allophonic rule and only ⟨
1323:
1041:, but there were still some features that distinguished Leytonstone speech from Cockney.
1002:
536:
443:, also widely spoken in and around London, as well as in wider South Eastern England. In
373:
2924:. This is common to most traditional, Southern English dialects except for those in the
2385:. Thus a phonemic split has occurred in London English, exemplified by the minimal pair
1274:
in broad Cockney. As with all or nearly all non-rhotic accents, the paired lexical sets
1078:
Multicultural London English: the emergence, acquisition, and diffusion of a new variety
991:, meaning good) reflect the influence of those groups on the development of the speech.
10901:
10868:
10803:
10786:
10641:
10462:
10009:
9999:
9822:
7013:
5354:
5070:
5063:
4977:
4412:
4251:
4234:
4153:
4042:
4011:
3831:
3804:
3630:
3059:
3022:
1134:
as influential in the spread of the Cockney dialect. This vast estate was built by the
654:
521:
426:
414:
107:
97:
7515:
5997:
https://www.whufc.com/news/cockney-kit-introducing-new-202425-west-ham-united-away-kit
5883:
5870:
Evening Standard article on attempts to promote both the cockney dialect and identity
5707:
5576:
Note, however, that the earliest attestation of this particular usage provided by the
10906:
10891:
10863:
10823:
10615:
10552:
10301:
10077:
10041:
9826:
9808:
9716:
9700:
9664:
9333:
8518:
8463:
8128:
7347:
7039:
6247:
6103:
5461:
5436:
4864:
4787:
4647:
4616:
4381:
4260:
4087:
4051:
3958:
3751:
3299:
3241:
2911:
2836:
One further possible neutralization in the environment of a following non-prevocalic
2614:
is not absorbed but remains phonetically present as a back vocoid in such a way that
2271:
2268:
is on occasion somewhat fronted and lightly rounded, giving Cockney variants such as
1951:
on his charts). Furthermore, Wells remarks on the laxness of the unrounded offset of
1646:
1639:
1261:
1053:
particularly common amongst young people from diverse backgrounds. Nevertheless, the
875:
793:
738:
505:
10597:
5842:
he had not forgotten what was told him, cried out, Do you hear how the Cock Neighs?"
5782:
5730:"Cockney. Bow Bells. St Mary-le-Bow. St Thomas Becket. London Walks. (London Walks)"
2033:
is realized as or a monophthongal , perhaps with little lip rounding, or : "boot"
237:
11026:
10979:
10931:
10858:
10766:
10756:
10751:
10741:
10587:
10560:
10418:
10338:
10283:
10181:
10163:
10150:
9987:
9982:
9812:
9750:
9116:
7432:
7343:
6987:
5092:
4919:
4669:
4615:, actress, known for her role as Nancy in the 1968 Musical Film "Oliver!", born in
4505:
4451:
4349:
4340:
4230:
4121:
3971:
3932:
3835:
3773:
3486:
3398:
3091:
3047:
2952:
2501:
In broad Cockney, and to some extent in general popular London speech, a vocalized
1422:
1357:
1337:
1006:
817:
734:
540:
468:
444:
402:
190:
117:
112:
9848:
7910:"EastEnders star Brian Conley reveals the exceptional way he proposed to his wife"
7166:
1154:
568:
10896:
10798:
10736:
10706:
10514:
10389:
10210:
10186:
10158:
10129:
10102:
10067:
9954:
9650:
9612:
A study of phonological development in a primary school population of East London
8970:
8802:
7385:
7262:
6215:
5959:
5939:
5920:
5859:
5686:
5283:
5259:
5174:
5126:
4899:
4847:
4673:
4656:
4643:
4630:
4607:
4540:
4464:
4385:
4331:
4287:
4226:
4219:
4205:
4100:
4096:
3998:
3818:
3710:
3639:
3504:
3464:
3388:
3379:
3370:
3366:
3361:
3113:
3055:
3002:
2959:
2894:
1670:
1194:
1116:
1096:
972:
785:
706:
436:
122:
84:
9455:"EastEnders legend Adam Woodyatt's net worth and life away from being Ian Beale"
5323:
3062:
accents featuring heavily on television, such as the popular BBC One soap opera
1126:
Writing in 1981, the dialectologist Peter Wright identified the building of the
1021:
of 1859, refers to "their use of a peculiar slang language" when describing the
10971:
10886:
10846:
10746:
10570:
10323:
10228:
10218:
10134:
9936:
9324:"Profile: Terry Venables: The wide boy with a history of trouble off the pitch"
8190:"Craig Fairbrass on not being a soap person' and getting typecast a 'hard man'"
5825:
5197:
5193:
5162:
5154:
5042:
4883:
4713:
4603:
4576:
4549:
4487:
4376:
4372:
4327:
4309:
4166:
4126:
3967:
3844:
3769:
3738:
3674:
3477:
3455:
3343:
3084:
3058:
speech characteristics is likely to be a result of the influence of London and
3039:
3006:
2984:
2975:
2478:
1058:
1050:
867:
773:
766:
686:
638:
572:
482:
430:
179:
160:
9883:
9869:
9817:
9794:
8847:"Former Sex Pistol Steve Jones Returns to LA Radio After Seven Years: Q&A"
5082:. The characters Alfie Solomons and Billie Kimber speak with a cockney accent.
11041:
11021:
10936:
10592:
10509:
10450:
10362:
10313:
10191:
10173:
9754:
9742:
9704:
9654:
9337:
8467:
8159:"Reality star Joey Essex displays bizarre 'living Ken doll' look at premiere"
8132:
5829:
5828:
which grew up around the derivation from "cock" and "neigh" was preserved by
5349:
5233:
5228:
5189:
5140:
5105:
5096:
are video games released by Sony that center around cockney gangster culture.
4981:
4965:
4912:
4876:
4691:
4639:
4594:
4496:
4460:
4446:
4442:
4408:
4345:
4170:
4078:
4073:
4056:
3994:
3923:
3827:
3813:
3760:
3746:
3728:
3719:
3661:
3652:
3594:
3576:
3536:
3527:
3459:
3438:
3429:
3411:
3348:
3317:
3312:
3127:
2381:. These variants are retained when the addition of a suffix turns the dark l
2211:
or , with the latter occurring before voiced consonants, particularly before
1542:
1490:
1470:
in any environment except word-initially when it can be . "they", "bother".
1069:
1062:
1038:
944:
925:
662:
576:
473:
410:
292:
66:
9178:
Goal of the Day Teddy Sheringham v Sheffield Wednesday Tuesday 3 August 2021
5820:
1887:: . In all other cases, they are more similar to or . According to Beaken,
932:
took a recording from a long-time resident of Hackney in the 1950s, and the
924:
Cockney speakers have distinctive accents and dialects and occasionally use
584:
10524:
10372:
10251:
7698:
6077:
5375:
5218:
5038:
4931:
4661:
4612:
4571:
4518:
4455:
4399:
4390:
4358:
4336:
4318:
4314:
4305:
4278:
4269:
4256:
4183:
4144:
4135:
4016:
3950:
3888:
3853:
3800:
3782:
3723:
3612:
3585:
3554:
3545:
3384:
3352:
3166:
2925:
1426:
1329:. This originated in London in the 16th–17th centuries and is also part of
1108:
1054:
1022:
1010:
825:
801:
702:
670:
588:
186:
8423:"Len Goodman leaves Tipping Point viewers in stitches with unique tactics"
8340:"BBC - Derby - Around Derby - Richard Blackwood and Dean Gaffney in Derby"
8279:
7223:
7221:
3351:, comedian, actor, television presenter, YouTuber, author, activist, from
3131:
1947:: . According to Mott, do not occur at all as glides: (he does not show
1222:
780:, reflects the early definition of the term as relating to all of London.
556:
5649:. that most children's constitutions are spoiled, or at least harmed, by
4997:
4993:
4700:
4695:
4682:
4625:
4585:
4553:
4531:
4527:
4429:
4416:
4369:
described as "half American, half English and a little Cockney thrown in"
4247:
4209:
4192:
4148:
4117:
4047:
4029:
4007:
3985:
3976:
3963:
3936:
3910:
3901:
3896:
3883:
3879:
3840:
3809:
3786:
3742:
3621:
3567:
3563:
3540:
3495:
3442:
3420:
3375:
3339:
3330:
3321:
3290:
3106:
3077:
3010:
1578:
1554:
1537:
1436:
1166:
is the word-internal variety; the word-final variety often overlaps with
1034:
937:
860:
855:
Regional definitions are sometimes blurred. Ahead of the 2024-25 season,
809:
789:
750:
742:
714:
666:
635:
478:
447:
areas of London, the Cockney dialect is, to an extent, being replaced by
360:
155:
9424:"EastEnders star Jake Wood is 'tipped' for latest series of I'm A Celeb"
9264:"Exclusive: I'm a Scot at heart, reveals I'm A Celebrity star Joe Swash"
5834:
2262:, which Beaken (1971) claims characterizes "vigorous, informal" Cockney.
564:
10435:
9927:
9294:"Profile: Spurred from Queer Street to Wembley: Terry Venables is in a"
7218:
5364:. Vol. 6 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 627.
5168:
4754: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
4634:
4567:
4536:
4522:
4482:
4394:
4362:
4282:
4265:
4196:
4178:
4174:
4161:
4139:
4113:
4065:
4025:
3927:
3822:
3795:
3764:
3701:
3692:
3643:
3580:
3549:
3518:
3472:
3357:
3308:
3303:
3208: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
3064:
3034:
Studies have indicated that working-class adolescents in areas such as
1699:
1559:
1547:
1511:
1251:
1238:
are shown on the chart with an unrounded mid central starting point: .
1112:
871:
813:
698:
690:
386:
364:
318:
6159:
2962:; an Estuary speaker will use some but not all of the Cockney sounds.
2591:
can best be regarded as containing two occurrences of the same vowel,
9992:
9328:
8458:
8123:
7330:
Stuart-Smith, Jane; Timmins, Claire; Tweedie, Fiona (17 April 2007).
5812:
4828:
4678:
4652:
4562:
4558:
4421:
4403:
4200:
4108:
4038:
4033:
3940:
3848:
3705:
3683:
3665:
3656:
3625:
3616:
3607:
3603:
3589:
3446:
3424:
3325:
3285:
3157:
2493:
by some linguists, e.g., Coggle and Rosewarne. However, according to
2490:
2221:
may be , , or before certain voiced consonants, particularly before
1728:
1619:
1341:
1127:
1009:, a music hall performer who based his material on life as a Cockney
840:
797:
682:
658:
501:
296:
216:
204:
58:
7971:"Jim Davidson 'cancels' Cornwall gig because 'people don't want me'"
5839:
4729:
3183:
761:
560:
10019:
9680:
Cockney, Past and Present: a Short History of the Dialect of London
7194:
7192:
6404:. rogalinski.com.pl – Journalist blog. 31 July 2011. Archived from
5120:
4854:
4665:
4589:
4580:
4513:
4491:
4434:
4353:
4300:
4091:
4068:, identical twin brothers, gangsters, and business owners, born in
3914:
3905:
3861:
3755:
3714:
3670:
3647:
3571:
3514:
3481:
3468:
3433:
3415:
3406:
3334:
3294:
2947:
2482:
1782:
also can be considered to be an allophone, a positional variant of
1381:
1158:
Ranges of the short monophthongs of Cockney on a vowel chart, from
1143:
1131:
1100:
904:
821:
746:
726:
718:
591:
included the term in this newly restricted sense in his dictionary
249:
9862:
8816:"Former Daily Express Editor Derek Jameson dies of a heart attack"
5995:
West Ham United website. promotional material for the Cockney Kit
5148:
4903:. The film's tagline was "Cockney youth - with English subtitles".
2829:
neutralization is rather widespread in London, but that involving
2244:. Beaken, on the other hand, considers variants no more open than
1392:
are often aspirated in intervocalic and final environments, e.g.,
10956:
10951:
10761:
10034:
10029:
8088:"Danny Dyer: everything you need to know about the regal cockney"
7849:"Brian McFadden Gets Free KFC For A Year Thanks To Gemma Collins"
7386:"Joanna Przedlacka, 2002. Estuary English? Frankfurt: Peter Lang"
6894:
5223:
5205:
4598:
4500:
4473:
4438:
4425:
4291:
4273:
4130:
4082:
4020:
3980:
3944:
3892:
3732:
3678:
3558:
3531:
3499:
3402:
3147:
3122:
in October 1984. Rosewarne argued that it may eventually replace
3035:
2994:
948:
879:
805:
694:
678:
674:
621:
493:
422:
398:
245:
44:
9220:
He's liked by people mainly because of his unique Cockney accent
7189:
5953:
http://public.oed.com/aspects-of-english/english-in-use/cockney/
3342:, DIY expert, television presenter, and journalist, born in the
2403:-vocalisation (see next section) leads to further pairs such as
2177:, they "occur in sentence-final position", whereas according to
870:, and parts of East London within earshot of the bells, such as
10024:
10004:
6768:
6766:
6619:
5209:
4953:
4187:
4157:
4069:
4060:
3634:
3467:, comic actor, filmmaker, and composer, 16 April 1889, born in
2625:
The clearest and best-established neutralisations are those of
1104:
730:
710:
583:
that "Londoners, and all within the sound of Bow Bells, are in
525:
406:
74:
54:
9060:
Read An East End Life: My Story Online by Derek Martin | Books
7609:"Amy Winehouse and David Beckham have UK's most hated accents"
7332:"'Talkin' Jockney'? Variation and change in Glaswegian accent"
6060:
6058:
5353:
5029:. Ragamuffin, portrayed by Jason Michas, has a Cockney accent.
4911:. The DVD of this film has an extra feature that explains the
2517:
become homophones (although the contemporary pronunciation of
467:
The earliest recorded use of the term is 1362 in passus VI of
8220:"Contents; Cover story: Perry Fenwick. - Free Online Library"
7069:
7067:
5816:
5213:
5201:
4545:
3281:
3151:
722:
62:
7289:
Is TV a contributory factor in accent change in adolescents?
6763:
6678:
6676:
6539:
6322:
6300:
6298:
2821:
becoming homophonous as or . Wells' impression is that the
1734:ɪj æj ɑj oj ʉw əw ɔw (ɒw)
1525:
is to some extent a stylistic marker of emphasis in Cockney.
1421:
results in Cockney being often mentioned in textbooks about
508:
from 1305) appeared under a variety of spellings, including
9579:
8630:"Exclusive: Behind-the-scenes of Roy Hodgson's mascot rage"
6843:
6841:
6055:
5376:"Cockney | Accent, Rhyming Slang, & Facts | Britannica"
2715:
neutralisation which all investigators agree on is that of
2377:
becomes something around or even in broad Cockney before
1210:
has an alternative pronunciation , shown on the chart. The
607:: Refers to the archetype of a cheerful, talkative Cockney.
70:
9205:"Fan Willing to Get Knocked the 'Spark Out' by Tyson Fury"
8999:"Frank Maloney, a personal take on his story and new life"
7329:
7064:
6814:
6578:
6551:
6527:
831:
The church of St Mary-le-Bow was destroyed in 1666 by the
451:—a new form of speech with significant Cockney influence.
248:
characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see
7305:"Cockney creep puts paid to the patter – "Evening Times""
6802:
6736:
6673:
6636:
6634:
6471:
6295:
6225:
5851:
Academic paper on speech changes in the Cockney diaspora
5279:"Say what? Paris's cockney culture looks a bit different"
4116:, also known as Johnny Rotten, punk rock singer with the
3508:
3507:, credited with creating a sub-genre of punk rock called
3498:, television personality, presenter, and singer, born in
2979:
1356:, and occasionally for mid-word consonants. For example,
933:
634:
Initially, when London consisted of little more than the
8661:"'Who Framed Roger Rabbit' actor Bob Hoskins dies at 71"
7756:
7754:
7752:
7750:
7229:""Scots kids rabbitin' like Cockneys" - "Sunday Herald""
6906:
6882:
6853:
6838:
6712:
6700:
6688:
6661:
6568:
6566:
6517:
6515:
6483:
6358:
6334:
6310:
2684:
In some broader types of Cockney, the neutralisation of
843:, they had fallen silent on 13 June 1940 as part of the
8600:"Eddie Hearn tells North East boxers: Come and join me"
7802:
6778:
6724:
6651:
6649:
6502:
6500:
6498:
6285:
6283:
6281:
6279:
6277:
6275:
6273:
6271:
6269:
4858:(the title being a Cockney expression for "poor woman")
4597:, television presenter and former greengrocer, born in
3511:, which gained its name from the use of Cockney dialect
1304:, are merged. Thus, the last syllable of words such as
1250:
As with many accents of the United Kingdom, Cockney is
6826:
6631:
2258:
has a fully back variant, qualitatively equivalent to
2051:, but more commonly, it is completely unrounded, i.e.
1142:
A more distant example where the accent stands out is
7747:
7576:"BFI Screenonline: Bass, Alfie (1920-1987) Biography"
6968:
6956:
6944:
6872:
6870:
6868:
6753:
6751:
6597:
6595:
6593:
6563:
6512:
6370:
6190:
6178:
4703:, television personality, model, and singer, born in
4317:, comedian, actor, and television presenter, born in
3548:, comedian, television presenter, and actor, born in
3302:, actor, comedian, and television presenter, born in
2860:
Cockney has been occasionally described as replacing
839:. Although the bells were destroyed again in 1941 in
9699:, RACO (Revistes Catalanes amb Accés Obert): 69–94,
8937:"Ken vs. Boris in race to be London's Olympic mayor"
7699:"Eric Bristow: The Crafty Cockney - a darts pioneer"
7307:. Pqasb.pqarchiver.com. 4 March 2004. Archived from
6790:
6646:
6607:
6495:
6420:
6382:
6346:
6266:
6160:"Cockney to disappear from London 'within 30 years'"
5977:
5525:
A Dictionary of Modern Slang, Cant, and Vulgar Words
5116:
4539:, business magnate and television personality, from
4437:, author, businessman, and former criminal, born in
3360:, furniture restorer and television presenter, from
1198:
Long monophthongs of Cockney on a vowel chart, from
947:
and related eastern dialects, while borrowings from
903:. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see
8027:"The Cockney geezer who rode the punk wave to fame"
5815: — from either "cock" and "neigh" or from the
3812:, ballroom dancer and television personality, from
3001:was considered the coolest, with 20% of the votes.
1824:is often missing from Cockney, being replaced with
9649:
8188:Metro, Larushka Ivan-Zadeh for (2 December 2020).
7546:"Grease performers are Barrymore's kind of people"
7252:
7250:
7161:
7159:
6900:
6865:
6748:
6590:
5026:My Little Pony: Equestria Girls – Spring Breakdown
3161:A costume associated with Cockneys is that of the
2901:, when it is still a distinct phoneme in Cockney.
2494:
2435:, while associated vowel neutralisations may make
2081:may all feature centering glides . Alternatively,
2075:, which is used in non-prominent variants. "coat"
845:British anti-invasion preparations of World War II
7639:"Rob Beckett profile | Taskmaster | Dave Channel"
6242:
6240:
4712:, television personality and footballer, born in
3803:, darts player and television presenter, born in
3414:, footballer and television personality, born in
3130:collected media references to Estuary English on
2524:would prevent this from happening), and likewise
2363:. has a somewhat tenser onset than the cardinal
409:and its environs, particularly by Londoners with
11039:
8055:
7167:"Soaps may be washing out accent - BBC Scotland"
4980:, who plays Jack, stating "If they didn't like
4186:, bare-knuckle/unlicensed boxer, actor, born in
2661:the neutralisations do not usually apply, thus
917:IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters
9689:"Traditional Cockney and popular London speech"
7731:. No. 29 October 2007. CNN. 25 June 2015.
7421:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 395.
7247:
7156:
6034:
6007:
4472:, businessman and television personality, from
4059:, former nightclub owner and gangster, born in
3530:, media personality and businesswoman, born in
477:, where it is used to mean "a small, misshapen
9640:
9394:"Ray Winstone: Me cockney accent won the role"
8706:"Actor Bob Hoskins dies of pneumonia, aged 71"
8694:. Manchester, UK: Manchester University Press.
8543:
6772:
6625:
6328:
6237:
5931:By 24 Acoustics for the Times Atlas of London
5691:The Letting of Humours Blood in the Head-Vaine
4989:Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street
4968:'s infamous approximation of a Cockney accent)
4552:known for singing in his Cockney accent, from
4308:, actor and former stand-up comedian, born in
4081:, football manager and former player, born in
3979:, football manager and former player, born in
3397:, actor and comedian known for playing Jay in
2997:accent in Britain with 7% of the votes, while
2098:are the most common. Thus, word pairs such as
1879:The diphthong offsets are only fully close in
439:is an intermediate accent between Cockney and
16:Accent and dialect of English spoken in London
9913:
9713:British Accents: Cockney, RP, Estuary English
7276:British Accents: Cockney, RP, Estuary English
7267:
6154:
6152:
6150:
6131:(Bachelor). University of Leeds. p. 16.
6010:"Survey of English Dialects, Hackney, London"
5783:"A classical dictionary of the vulgar tongue"
5612:Cumberledge, Geoffrey. F. N. Robinson (ed.).
4490:, singer and television personality, born in
4290:, television personality and singer, born in
3068:. However, such claims have been criticized.
3021:Studies have indicated that the heavy use of
2465:. In other cases, it is near-close near-back
1226:Diphthongs of Cockney on a vowel chart, from
983:, from the Romani "wanga" meaning coal), and
10271:
8877:"Why Steve Jones Was The Coolest Sex Pistol"
7879:"Roisin Conaty: Destiny's Dickhead - Review"
5552:
2181:, these are "most common in final position".
1372:can be homophones. "Clapham" can be said as
520:, and became humorously associated with the
429:, or, traditionally, born within earshot of
8742:. London, UK. 30 April 2014. Archived from
8689:
6980:
6037:"British Library Archival Sound Recordings"
5835:A Classical Dictionary of the Vulgar Tongue
5605:
3686:, actress and television personality, from
2945:book you got 'ere" . It also uses the term
2916:. In broad Cockney, this can be lowered to
756:
10947:Comparison of American and British English
9920:
9906:
9710:
9622:
9575:"IMDB - Bronco Bullfrog (1970) - Taglines"
9087:"East End send-off for a 'diamond geezer'"
7944:East London and West Essex Guardian Series
7805:Fight Back: Punk, Politics, and Resistance
7425:
7273:
6808:
6147:
5824: — were both erroneous. The humorous
5677:.". Oxford University Press (Oxford), 1891
4424:, television and radio presenter, born in
4411:, television and radio presenter, born in
4393:, actor and television presenter, born in
4339:, businessman and philanthropist, born in
3615:, comedian and television presenter, from
3458:, music hall singer and comedian, born in
3054:are reduced. Research suggests the use of
2982:(except in entertainment programs such as
1852:correspond to relatively less diphthongal
1741:
1028:
863:based on a territory rather than dialect.
567:" which both have the sense of "to make a
9816:
9732:
9364:"A grand unified theory of Gregg Wallace"
8310:"East End Boys: Cockney Gangster Legends"
7803:The Subcultures Network (10 March 2017).
6888:
6784:
6364:
6340:
6316:
4984:'s accent, they'll be furious with mine")
4935:, a musical based on Bernard Shaw's play.
4814:Learn how and when to remove this message
4719:
4375:, former footballer and manager, born in
4348:, former footballer and manager, born in
3268:Learn how and when to remove this message
3046:-fronting is commonly found, and typical
955:(originally Hebrew, via Yiddish, meaning
749:as these formed part of London's growing
10640:
9849:Whoohoo Cockney Rhyming Slang translator
9677:
9641:Hughes, Arthur; Trudgill, Peter (1979).
9634:English dialects: Their Sounds and Homes
8736:"Bob Hoskins - from big top to big time"
6832:
6640:
6438:
6432:
5478:
5476:
5455:
5348:
5318:
5316:
4326:, musician, member of the "Rockney" duo
3966:, musician, member of the "Rockney" duo
3156:
2485:. The actual realization of a vocalized
1770:can be considered to be an allophone of
1221:
1193:
1153:
993:
967:originally German, via Yiddish, meaning
760:
9202:
8844:
8796:Desert Island Discs, 18th November 1988
8658:
8574:
7819:"The rise and fall of the cockney Pele"
7729:"Screening Room Special: Michael Caine"
6926:"Phonological change in spoken English"
6128:The Dialect of Leytonstone, East London
5706:. London.lovesguide.com. Archived from
5611:
5513:
5511:
4561:, actor and television presenter, from
3922:, also known as the Wealdstone Raider,
3891:, musician and original lead singer of
3489:, Victorian music hall singer, born in
2955:, for example, "I didn't see nuffink".
2610:With the remaining vowels, a vocalized
1874:
1816:correspond to the centering diphthongs
1758:are most commonly written with ⟨
459:
242:question marks, boxes, or other symbols
11040:
9783:
9608:
9185:from the original on 20 September 2021
8996:
8907:"Steve Jones Was a Teenage Sex Pistol"
8597:
8420:
7968:
7907:
7807:. Oxford University Press. p. 39.
7760:
7603:
7601:
7526:from the original on 18 September 2021
7398:from the original on 20 September 2012
7131:
6974:
6962:
6950:
6820:
6730:
6584:
6572:
6557:
6545:
6533:
6521:
6489:
6477:
6376:
6304:
6231:
6196:
6184:
5983:
5793:from the original on 26 September 2008
5762:from the original on 27 September 2007
5614:The Poetical Works of Geoffrey Chaucer
5517:
5296:
4579:, former footballer and manager, from
3624:, former snooker world champion, from
3579:, author and former gangster, born in
3566:, footballer and commentator, born in
2575:is also fully absorbed into vocalised
2298:or a quality like that of cardinal 4,
1985:Diphthong alterations in Cockney are:
1456:in any environment. "thin", "maths".
1425:while explaining how to pronounce the
1227:
1199:
1159:
850:
653:The traditional core districts of the
9901:
9741:
9631:
9555:from the original on 10 February 2022
9452:
9127:from the original on 7 September 2022
8917:from the original on 16 December 2021
8887:from the original on 16 December 2021
8857:from the original on 12 December 2021
8826:from the original on 7 September 2022
8813:
8716:from the original on 25 November 2020
8671:from the original on 29 November 2020
8610:from the original on 7 September 2022
8187:
7466:from the original on 4 September 2015
7457:
7416:
7052:from the original on 21 November 2021
6912:
6859:
6847:
6796:
6742:
6718:
6706:
6694:
6682:
6667:
6655:
6613:
6506:
6465:
6426:
6388:
6352:
6289:
6135:from the original on 28 February 2018
6124:
6064:
5774:
5630:
5473:
5430:
5386:from the original on 12 November 2020
5313:
5297:Oakley, Malcolm (30 September 2013).
4521:, 1950s pop and film artist, born in
3432:, journalist and rock musician, from
3013:, though this was only so in London.
2174:
1340:, with use of the glottal stop as an
11017:Non-native pronunciations of English
9792:
9686:
9404:from the original on 28 January 2018
9261:
8058:"Cockney Rocker Ian Dury Dead At 57"
7735:from the original on 29 October 2019
7586:from the original on 25 October 2021
7113:from the original on 17 January 2011
7032:
6932:from the original on 28 October 2010
6876:
6757:
6601:
5508:
5330:from the original on 16 January 2013
5324:"Born within the sound of Bow Bells"
5299:"History of The East London Cockney"
5196:, similar working class dialects of
4752:adding citations to reliable sources
4723:
4138:, rock and punk rock musician, from
4019:, actor and former footballer, from
3913:, sporting events promoter, born in
3904:, sporting events promoter, born in
3794:, former football hooligan, born in
3206:adding citations to reliable sources
3177:
2645:fall together in Cockney as ; while
2505:is entirely absorbed by a preceding
2178:
1750:correspond to the RP sounds (though
1082:Economic and Social Research Council
907:. For the distinction between ,
648:
454:
9872:Lock, Stock and Two Smoking Barrels
9660:The Sounds of the World's Languages
9645:. Baltimore: University Park Press.
9587:from the original on 18 August 2021
9374:from the original on 18 August 2021
9067:from the original on 17 August 2021
8967:"The last and only time the Sex..."
8814:Kelly, Fergus (13 September 2012).
8598:Rayner, Stuart (15 November 2014).
8492:
8402:from the original on 24 August 2021
8376:from the original on 24 August 2021
8370:"Darts players target world record"
8290:from the original on 16 August 2021
7598:
7202:. Timesonline.co.uk. Archived from
6080:. Allwords.com. 14 September 2007.
6043:from the original on 12 August 2011
6016:from the original on 15 August 2011
5532:from the original on 14 August 2021
5460:(2nd ed.), Wiley, p. 80,
5309:from the original on 29 April 2023.
5204:respectively used in the cities of
5019:The Lord of the Rings (film series)
4010:, singer, actor and radio DJ, from
3173:
3137:
3126:in the south-east. The phonetician
2778:is in danger of being mistaken for
1955:, which is a kind of a centralized
1174:, which do not occur word-finally.
1149:
1072:, professor of sociolinguistics at
1068:An influential July 2010 report by
13:
8776:from the original on 30 April 2014
8575:Gibsone, Harriet (30 April 2022).
8505:from the original on 5 August 2021
7784:from the original on 16 April 2021
7373:A Handbook of Varieties of English
7231:. Findarticles.com. Archived from
7177:from the original on 1 August 2017
7020:from the original on 18 April 2021
6254:from the original on 16 March 2013
6166:from the original on 19 March 2021
6084:from the original on 16 March 2013
5633:Some thoughts concerning education
5185:List of British regional nicknames
3997:, journalist and broadcaster from
3869:, DJ and record producer, born in
3704:, television personality, born in
2751:as . The typical pronunciation of
2657:. Before clear (i.e., prevocalic)
2232:may be somewhat less open than RP
2154:contrast mainly by length, though
820:heard the bells 4.5 miles away at
328:
260:
14:
11089:
9834:
9682:. Detroit: Gale Research Company.
9625:Gimson's Pronunciation of English
9545:"Stephen Lewis, actor - obituary"
9519:Who Do You Think You Are Magazine
9495:from the original on 10 July 2022
9465:from the original on 10 July 2022
9344:from the original on 24 June 2021
9304:from the original on 24 June 2021
9262:Gall, Charlie (1 December 2008).
9203:Radhyan, Chirag (21 March 2023).
8978:from the original on 8 April 2022
8845:Gensler, Andy (2 February 2016).
8544:O'Sullivan, Kevin (2 June 2007).
8116:
7969:Reines, Jeff (14 November 2018).
7920:from the original on 19 June 2022
7679:from the original on 18 June 2021
7439:from the original on 7 March 2005
7200:"We fink, so we are from Glasgow"
7144:from the original on 17 June 2009
6994:from the original on 7 March 2005
6447:from the original on 14 June 2010
6035:British Library (10 March 2009).
6008:British Library (10 March 2009).
5780:
5756:"Cockney (Grose 1811 Dictionary)"
5021:The orcs speak in cockney accents
4952:, the fictional language used of
3856:, musician, frontman of the band
3050:features such as the postvocalic
2809:. It leads to the possibility of
1719:
1704:
1682:
1675:
1660:
1652:
1645:
1638:
1631:
1624:
1609:
1601:
1590:
1583:
1206:can feature a centering glide: .
1065:terms are still in common usage.
587:called Cockneys." The same year,
575:area. In 1617, the travel writer
11073:Working-class culture in England
9793:Cole, Amanda (4 November 2022).
9567:
9537:
9525:from the original on 4 June 2021
9507:
9477:
9446:
9434:from the original on 4 June 2021
9416:
9386:
9356:
9316:
9286:
9274:from the original on 4 June 2021
9255:
9243:from the original on 4 June 2021
9225:
9196:
9169:
9157:from the original on 4 June 2021
9139:
9109:
9097:from the original on 4 June 2021
9079:
9051:
9039:from the original on 4 June 2021
9021:
9009:from the original on 4 June 2021
8990:
8959:
8947:from the original on 17 May 2021
8929:
8899:
8869:
8838:
8807:
8788:
8758:
8728:
8698:
8683:
8652:
8640:from the original on 4 June 2021
8622:
8591:
8568:
8556:from the original on 4 June 2021
8537:
8486:
8451:
8445:
8433:from the original on 4 June 2021
8414:
8388:
8362:
8350:from the original on 4 June 2021
8332:
8320:from the original on 4 June 2021
8302:
8272:
8242:
8230:from the original on 4 June 2021
8212:
8200:from the original on 4 June 2021
8181:
8169:from the original on 4 June 2021
8151:
8139:from the original on 4 June 2021
8110:
8098:from the original on 4 June 2021
8080:
8049:
8037:from the original on 4 June 2021
8019:
8007:from the original on 4 June 2021
7993:
7981:from the original on 4 June 2021
7962:
7950:from the original on 4 June 2021
7932:
7901:
7889:from the original on 4 June 2021
7871:
7859:from the original on 4 June 2021
7841:
7829:from the original on 4 June 2021
7811:
7796:
7766:
7721:
7709:from the original on 4 June 2021
7691:
7661:
7649:from the original on 4 June 2021
7631:
7619:from the original on 4 June 2021
7568:
7556:from the original on 4 June 2021
7538:
7508:
7496:from the original on 4 June 2021
7478:
7451:
7410:
7378:
7366:
7348:10.1111/j.1467-9841.2007.00319.x
7323:
7297:
7282:
7132:Irvine, Chris (September 2008).
7125:
7099:
6901:Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996)
6402:"Cockney accent - main features"
5894:from the original on 20 May 2015
5408:. Phon.ucl.ac.uk. Archived from
5277:Miller, Marjorie (8 July 2001).
5147:
5133:
5119:
4956:had some influence from Cockney.
4728:
4402:, actress and TV presenter from
4281:, club comedian and actor, from
3391:, nicknamed the "Crafty Cockney"
3182:
2931:Regarding grammar, Cockney uses
2495:Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996)
2196:Other vowel differences include
2043:, . The endpoint glides towards
2039:typically starts in the area of
385:Problems playing this file? See
346:
317:Problems playing this file? See
278:
9800:Dialectologia et Geolinguistica
9627:(6th ed.). London: Arnold.
9602:
8997:Dillon, John (11 August 2014).
8474:from the original on 2 May 2022
8260:from the original on 1 May 2011
8001:"Peter Dean | Aston Management"
7435:. Phon.ucl.ac.uk. 21 May 1999.
7006:
6990:. Phon.ucl.ac.uk. 21 May 1999.
6918:
6459:
6394:
6202:
6118:
6096:
6070:
6028:
6001:
5989:
5964:
5944:
5925:
5906:
5876:
5864:
5845:
5805:
5748:
5722:
5696:
5680:
5660:
5639:
5624:
5596:
5583:
5570:
5433:English Phonetics and Phonology
5406:"Estuary English Q and A - JCW"
5180:Languages of the United Kingdom
4739:needs additional citations for
4454:, footballer and manager, from
4156:, punk rock/Oi! musician, from
3695:, actor and TV presenter, from
3193:needs additional citations for
1786:(with both corresponding to RP
1774:(with both corresponding to RP
1478:-coalescence, in words such as
1242:too begins more open: , in the
899:International Phonetic Alphabet
796:in the east but only as far as
371:from the BBC Radio 4 programme
303:from the BBC Radio 4 programme
10967:English-based creole languages
8421:Bryant, Toby (17 March 2021).
7940:"It's because he's a Londoner"
7774:"Charlie Chaplin: A Look Back"
7134:"RP still most popular accent"
5449:
5424:
5398:
5368:
5342:
5290:
5271:
5245:
4940:Fings Ain't Wot They Used T'Be
4588:, punk rock musician, born in
4570:, actor and comedian, born in
4050:, musician and actor, born in
4041:, musician and actor, born in
3606:, political activist, born in
3076:Certain features of Cockney –
598:
1:
11007:List of English-based pidgins
9609:Beaken, Michael Alan (1971).
9453:Quinn, Angie (24 June 2021).
9400:. No. 13 November 2016.
8772:. London, UK. 30 April 2014.
8712:. London, UK. 30 April 2014.
8659:Lawless, Jill (22 May 2014).
7908:Simper, Paul (18 June 2021).
7458:Wells, John (17 April 2013).
7419:The Oxford History of English
5239:
5104:. Myrna Dalgleish (played by
4268:, former footballer, born in
4259:, former footballer, born in
4090:, former footballer, born in
3953:, former football player and
3539:, comedian and actress, from
3423:, actress and comedian, from
2965:
1107:, and expanded towns such as
549:
11002:Linguistic purism in English
9788:. London: B.T. Batsford Ltd.
9632:Ellis, Alexander J. (1890).
9151:www.performingartistes.co.uk
8692:Encyclopedia of British film
8495:"Sudo Null - Latest IT News"
8250:"Camden New Journal - BOOKS"
6773:Hughes & Trudgill (1979)
6626:Hughes & Trudgill (1979)
6443:. Departments.bucknell.edu.
6329:Hughes & Trudgill (1979)
5635:(Third ed.). p. 7.
5518:Hotten, John Camden (1859).
3119:Times Educational Supplement
2453:in some words (particularly
2165:Disyllabic realizations of
2158:may be slightly higher than
1086:English as a second language
1057:, double negatives, and the
1047:Multicultural London English
882:, in suburban East London..
496:'s egg"). Concurrently, the
449:Multicultural London English
7:
11048:English language in England
10103:London & Thames Estuary
9737:. Oslo: University of Oslo.
7336:Journal of Sociolinguistics
5112:
4384:, actor and comedian, from
4208:, actor, known for playing
4169:, actor, known for playing
4129:, boxing promoter, born in
3029:
1517:. Sivertsen considers that
1432:Cockney also demonstrates:
1033:A dialectological study of
1017:John Camden Hotten, in his
341:Example of a Cockney accent
273:Example of a Cockney accent
10:
11094:
11058:British regional nicknames
11053:English language in London
10962:English as a lingua franca
9711:Rogaliński, Paweł (2011).
9678:Matthews, William (1938).
9551:. London. 13 August 2015.
7274:Rogaliński, Paweł (2011).
5268:. Retrieved 10 April 2017.
4685:voiceover artist, born in
4229:, businessman, founder of
4195:, footballer, manager and
4006:, rock guitarist with the
3480:, actress and model, from
3387:, darts champion, born in
3097:, and the fronting of the
3071:
2890:Survey of English Dialects
2579:. The reflexes of earlier
2027:is realized as : "choice"
1919:and the wide allophone of
1486:(compare traditional RP ).
1316:as well in broad Cockney.
1059:vocalisation of the dark L
987:(Kushty) (from the Romani
930:Survey of English Dialects
885:
18:
10942:Broad and general accents
10924:
10877:
10852:regional and occupational
10832:
10819:
10812:
10724:
10685:
10633:
10611:
10551:
10483:
10348:
10337:
10282:
10264:
10237:
10209:
10172:
10149:
10088:
10050:
9973:
9964:
9953:
9944:
9818:10.1515/dialect-2022-0005
9786:Cockney Dialect and Slang
8546:"WHACKY GOINGS ON IN E17"
5667:Oxford English Dictionary
5578:Oxford English Dictionary
5560:Oxford English Dictionary
5485:Oxford English Dictionary
5265:Oxford English Dictionary
4879:, is notoriously Cockney.
4875:. The Hitcher, played by
3935:, film director, born in
3735:known as the Romford Bull
3016:
2774:rhyme, both ending , and
2700:becomes homophonous with
2595:. The difference between
1766:⟩, respectively).
1732:
1546:
1541:
1536:
1534:
1324:is used in words such as
629:
228:
214:
202:
197:
176:
148:
81:
50:
40:
35:
30:
9755:10.1017/CBO9780511611759
8801:7 September 2022 at the
8766:"Bob Hoskins - obituary"
7520:www.timedetectives.co.uk
6928:. Bl.uk. 12 March 2007.
6209:The Cockneys of Thetford
5787:Project Gutenberg e-text
5620:. p. 70 & 1063.
5456:Trudgill, Peter (1999),
5435:. Cambridge. p. 4.
5101:Downton Abbey: A New Era
2758:According to Siversten,
2653:are and may rhyme with
1998:is realized as : "bait"
1992:is realized as : "beet"
1895:typically glide towards
1001:Recording from 1899 of "
878:- as well as a scene in
778:Whitechapel Bell Foundry
757:Bow Bells' audible range
21:Cockney (disambiguation)
9856:Money slang expressions
9842:Grose's 1811 dictionary
9733:Sivertsen, Eva (1960).
9623:Cruttenden, A. (2001).
9618:(Doctoral thesis). UCL.
8665:Daily Hampshire Gazette
7669:"Billy Bragg Biography"
7580:www.screenonline.org.uk
5912:Prevailing wind al LHR
5618:Oxford University Press
5564:Oxford University Press
5490:Oxford University Press
5458:The Dialects of England
5361:Encyclopædia Britannica
5045:, has a Cockney accent.
3878:, musician, founder of
3293:, broadcaster, born in
3144:Pearly Kings and Queens
2856:become homophonous as .
2473:, as in traditional RP.
1748:/ɪ,ʊ,e,ə,əː,ɔː,æ,ɑː,əw/
1742:Phonemic correspondence
1384:intervocalically, e.g.
1360:spelled "Hyde Park" as
1029:Migration and evolution
895:phonetic transcriptions
816:. According to legend,
531:The current meaning of
301:recorded September 2010
10120:Received Pronunciation
9888:(film) – Cockney Scene
9886:Green Street Hooligans
9874:(film) – Cockney Scene
9784:Wright, Peter (1981).
8224:www.thefreelibrary.com
8056:Archive-Kara-Manning.
6548:, pp. 151–2, 190.
6078:"Definition of shtumm"
6067:, pp. 35, 57, 58.
5974:(Robson, 2004), p. 21.
5919:4 October 2020 at the
5492:. 1989. Archived from
4720:Use in films and media
4299:, snooker player from
4105:Greater London Council
4066:Ronnie and Reggie Kray
4028:, footballer, born in
3830:, footballer, born in
3517:, footballer, born in
3320:, footballer, born in
3170:
3124:Received Pronunciation
2688:before non-prevocalic
2479:vocalisation of dark L
2252:to be the norm: "cot"
1331:Received Pronunciation
1247:
1219:
1191:
1162::189, 193). The schwa
1025:of London's East End.
1014:
892:This article contains
769:
441:Received Pronunciation
425:for a person from the
333:
265:
230:This article contains
10314:Multicultural Toronto
9663:. Oxford: Blackwell.
8396:"Clash of the Titans"
8003:. 18 September 2014.
7855:. 14 September 2018.
7823:www.spiked-online.com
5888:www.stmarylebow.co.uk
5589:Whittington, Robert.
5431:Roach, Peter (2009).
5234:Cockney rhyming slang
5000:have Cockney accents.
4215:Till Death Us Do Part
3160:
2972:London County Council
2477:The dialect uses the
2399:. The development of
1978:⟩ and ⟨
1970:⟩ and ⟨
1762:⟩ and ⟨
1225:
1197:
1157:
1136:Corporation of London
1000:
824:Hill, in what is now
764:
725:such as Forest Gate,
332:
264:
10475:Western Pennsylvania
9687:Mott, Brian (2012),
9370:. 17 December 2020.
9368:www.newstatesman.com
9233:"981947007282663429"
8883:. 3 September 2020.
8667:. Northampton, USA.
8493:Company, Sudo Null.
7780:. 31 December 2003.
7492:. 20 November 2020.
6823:, pp. 189, 253.
6745:, pp. 306, 310.
6685:, pp. 308, 310.
6587:, pp. 197, 200.
6560:, pp. 152, 190.
6536:, pp. 151, 190.
6214:18 June 2020 at the
6162:. BBC. 1 July 2010.
6125:Werth, P.N. (1965).
5972:The London Companion
5938:21 July 2020 at the
5858:10 June 2020 at the
5758:. Fromoldbooks.org.
5631:Locke, John (1695).
4973:Mary Poppins Returns
4908:The Long Good Friday
4748:improve this article
4642:, musician, born in
4361:, the actor born in
3772:, gangster, born in
3770:"Mad" Frankie Fraser
3741:, comedian, born in
3673:, musician, born in
3599:Kingston upon Thames
3202:improve this article
3163:pearly King or Queen
2904:An unstressed final
2228:According to Wells,
2067:as in 'no, nah' and
1875:Phonetic realization
1336:The accent features
1121:Alexander John Ellis
1074:Lancaster University
1013:in Victorian London.
874:, Upper Clapton and
837:Sir Christopher Wren
833:Great Fire of London
546:The Canterbury Tales
166:Early Modern English
19:For other uses, see
11012:Mid-Atlantic accent
10603:Trinidad and Tobago
9549:The Daily Telegraph
9300:. 23 October 2011.
9093:. 22 October 2011.
8913:. 13 January 2017.
8770:The Daily Telegraph
8746:on 27 November 2020
8634:news.paddypower.com
8372:. 26 January 2002.
8314:zapbangmagazine.com
7615:. 20 October 2008.
7613:www.telegraph.co.uk
7550:Warrington Guardian
7375:, Volume 1, p. 185.
7261:30 May 2008 at the
7235:on 4 September 2015
7138:The Daily Telegraph
6915:, pp. 313–317.
6862:, pp. 312–313.
6850:, pp. 310–311.
6721:, pp. 305–306.
6709:, pp. 308–310.
6697:, pp. 306–307.
6670:, pp. 307–308.
6480:, pp. 189–190.
6307:, pp. 136–137.
6234:, pp. 133–135.
6106:. Businessballs.com
5958:6 July 2014 at the
5669:, 1st ed. "cocker,
5562:(Second ed.).
5488:(Second ed.).
5303:East London History
5258:6 July 2014 at the
5013:Cockneys vs Zombies
5005:Passport to Pimlico
4925:George Bernard Shaw
4892:Sparrows Can't Sing
4633:, actress, born in
4624:, actress, born in
4622:Danniella Westbrook
4606:, actress, born in
4510:Elephant and Castle
4508:, actress, born in
4463:, actress, born in
4367:Mid-Atlantic accent
4239:Elephant and Castle
3988:, actor, raised in
3778:Elephant and Castle
3451:Elephant and Castle
2999:The Queen's English
2727:can be merged as ,
1820:in traditional RP.
1531:
851:Blurred definitions
405:, mainly spoken in
374:Desert Island Discs
10535:Pennsylvania Dutch
9747:Accents of English
8636:. 25 August 2018.
8529:has generic name (
8398:. 9 January 2002.
8165:. 6 October 2011.
8033:. 16 August 2013.
7885:. 23 August 2011.
7293:ESRC Society Today
7087:on 6 February 2011
7016:. Phon.ucl.ac.uk.
6492:, pp. 189–90.
6250:. Ic.arizona.edu.
6222:, 21 December 2019
5412:on 11 January 2010
5380:www.britannica.com
5326:. Phrases.org.uk.
5064:Green Street Elite
4994:Mrs. Nellie Lovett
4978:Lin-Manuel Miranda
4949:A Clockwork Orange
4154:Hoxton Tom McCourt
4103:and leader of the
3939:and raised there,
3642:, rapper, born in
3171:
3060:South East England
3023:South East England
2908:may be pronounced
2888:. Peter Wright, a
2622:are kept distinct.
2184:When diphthongal,
1860:in traditional RP.
1838:corresponds to RP
1806:corresponds to RP
1796:corresponds to RP
1530:Vowels of Cockney
1529:
1326:bath, path, demand
1308:can be pronounced
1248:
1220:
1192:
1088:", Kerswill said.
1015:
770:
421:is also used as a
415:lower middle-class
369:recorded July 2007
334:
266:
11068:Culture in London
11035:
11034:
10920:
10919:
10720:
10719:
10629:
10628:
10547:
10546:
10543:
10542:
10468:Pacific Northwest
10329:Standard Canadian
10260:
10259:
10205:
10204:
10145:
10144:
9809:De Gruyter Mouton
9735:Cockney Phonology
9722:978-83-272-3282-3
9209:EssentiallySports
9117:"An Evening With"
8974:. 24 March 1996.
7673:musicianguide.com
7354:on 5 January 2013
7206:on 14 August 2011
6809:Cruttenden (2001)
6733:, pp. 194–5.
6628:, pp. 39–41.
6248:"Cockney English"
5789:. gutenberg.org.
5736:on 16 August 2007
5442:978-0-521-71740-3
5093:Blood & Truth
4824:
4823:
4816:
4798:
4664:, actor, born in
4548:, lead singer of
4530:, actor, born in
4499:, actor, born in
4481:, comedian, from
4297:Ronnie O'Sullivan
4246:, actor, born in
4147:, actor, born in
3957:manager, born in
3843:, lead singer of
3821:, actor, born in
3785:, actor, born in
3763:, actor, born in
3754:, actor, born in
3713:, actor, born in
3633:, actor, born in
3557:, boxer, born in
3441:, actor, born in
3378:, musician, from
3369:, actor, born in
3333:, comedian, from
3300:Michael Barrymore
3284:, musician, from
3278:
3277:
3270:
3252:
3165:, worn by London
3154:in south London.
3104:
3100:
2692:may also involve
2215:: "back", "bad"
1739:
1738:
1423:Semitic languages
1303:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1280:
1178:can overlap with
998:
649:London's East End
593:Ductor in Linguas
455:Words and phrases
363:, who grew up in
353:
295:, who grew up in
285:
256:
255:
238:rendering support
234:phonetic symbols.
11085:
11063:City colloquials
10932:English language
10817:
10816:
10638:
10637:
10621:Falkland Islands
10520:General American
10493:African-American
10346:
10345:
10280:
10279:
10269:
10268:
9971:
9970:
9962:
9961:
9951:
9950:
9922:
9915:
9908:
9899:
9898:
9889:
9875:
9865:
9863:Sounds Familiar?
9858:
9851:
9844:
9830:
9820:
9789:
9780:
9778:
9777:
9769:
9768:
9738:
9729:
9707:
9683:
9674:
9651:Ladefoged, Peter
9646:
9637:
9628:
9619:
9617:
9597:
9596:
9594:
9592:
9571:
9565:
9564:
9562:
9560:
9541:
9535:
9534:
9532:
9530:
9511:
9505:
9504:
9502:
9500:
9481:
9475:
9474:
9472:
9470:
9450:
9444:
9443:
9441:
9439:
9420:
9414:
9413:
9411:
9409:
9390:
9384:
9383:
9381:
9379:
9360:
9354:
9353:
9351:
9349:
9320:
9314:
9313:
9311:
9309:
9290:
9284:
9283:
9281:
9279:
9259:
9253:
9252:
9250:
9248:
9229:
9223:
9222:
9217:
9215:
9200:
9194:
9193:
9192:
9190:
9173:
9167:
9166:
9164:
9162:
9143:
9137:
9136:
9134:
9132:
9113:
9107:
9106:
9104:
9102:
9083:
9077:
9076:
9074:
9072:
9055:
9049:
9048:
9046:
9044:
9025:
9019:
9018:
9016:
9014:
8994:
8988:
8987:
8985:
8983:
8963:
8957:
8956:
8954:
8952:
8933:
8927:
8926:
8924:
8922:
8903:
8897:
8896:
8894:
8892:
8873:
8867:
8866:
8864:
8862:
8842:
8836:
8835:
8833:
8831:
8811:
8805:
8792:
8786:
8785:
8783:
8781:
8762:
8756:
8755:
8753:
8751:
8732:
8726:
8725:
8723:
8721:
8702:
8696:
8695:
8687:
8681:
8680:
8678:
8676:
8656:
8650:
8649:
8647:
8645:
8626:
8620:
8619:
8617:
8615:
8595:
8589:
8588:
8586:
8584:
8572:
8566:
8565:
8563:
8561:
8541:
8535:
8534:
8528:
8524:
8522:
8514:
8512:
8510:
8490:
8484:
8483:
8481:
8479:
8449:
8443:
8442:
8440:
8438:
8418:
8412:
8411:
8409:
8407:
8392:
8386:
8385:
8383:
8381:
8366:
8360:
8359:
8357:
8355:
8336:
8330:
8329:
8327:
8325:
8306:
8300:
8299:
8297:
8295:
8276:
8270:
8269:
8267:
8265:
8246:
8240:
8239:
8237:
8235:
8216:
8210:
8209:
8207:
8205:
8185:
8179:
8178:
8176:
8174:
8155:
8149:
8148:
8146:
8144:
8117:Odell, Michael.
8114:
8108:
8107:
8105:
8103:
8084:
8078:
8077:
8075:
8073:
8064:. Archived from
8053:
8047:
8046:
8044:
8042:
8023:
8017:
8016:
8014:
8012:
7997:
7991:
7990:
7988:
7986:
7966:
7960:
7959:
7957:
7955:
7946:. 4 March 2010.
7936:
7930:
7929:
7927:
7925:
7905:
7899:
7898:
7896:
7894:
7875:
7869:
7868:
7866:
7864:
7845:
7839:
7838:
7836:
7834:
7815:
7809:
7808:
7800:
7794:
7793:
7791:
7789:
7770:
7764:
7758:
7745:
7744:
7742:
7740:
7725:
7719:
7718:
7716:
7714:
7705:. 6 April 2018.
7695:
7689:
7688:
7686:
7684:
7665:
7659:
7658:
7656:
7654:
7635:
7629:
7628:
7626:
7624:
7605:
7596:
7595:
7593:
7591:
7572:
7566:
7565:
7563:
7561:
7542:
7536:
7535:
7533:
7531:
7512:
7506:
7505:
7503:
7501:
7482:
7476:
7475:
7473:
7471:
7455:
7449:
7448:
7446:
7444:
7429:
7423:
7422:
7414:
7408:
7407:
7405:
7403:
7397:
7390:
7382:
7376:
7370:
7364:
7363:
7361:
7359:
7350:. Archived from
7327:
7321:
7320:
7318:
7316:
7311:on 16 March 2013
7301:
7295:
7286:
7280:
7279:
7271:
7265:
7254:
7245:
7244:
7242:
7240:
7225:
7216:
7215:
7213:
7211:
7196:
7187:
7186:
7184:
7182:
7173:. 4 March 2004.
7163:
7154:
7153:
7151:
7149:
7129:
7123:
7122:
7120:
7118:
7103:
7097:
7096:
7094:
7092:
7086:
7080:. Archived from
7079:
7071:
7062:
7061:
7059:
7057:
7051:
7044:
7036:
7030:
7029:
7027:
7025:
7010:
7004:
7003:
7001:
6999:
6984:
6978:
6972:
6966:
6960:
6954:
6948:
6942:
6941:
6939:
6937:
6922:
6916:
6910:
6904:
6898:
6892:
6889:Sivertsen (1960)
6886:
6880:
6874:
6863:
6857:
6851:
6845:
6836:
6830:
6824:
6818:
6812:
6806:
6800:
6794:
6788:
6785:Sivertsen (1960)
6782:
6776:
6770:
6761:
6755:
6746:
6740:
6734:
6728:
6722:
6716:
6710:
6704:
6698:
6692:
6686:
6680:
6671:
6665:
6659:
6653:
6644:
6638:
6629:
6623:
6617:
6611:
6605:
6599:
6588:
6582:
6576:
6570:
6561:
6555:
6549:
6543:
6537:
6531:
6525:
6519:
6510:
6504:
6493:
6487:
6481:
6475:
6469:
6463:
6457:
6456:
6454:
6452:
6436:
6430:
6424:
6418:
6417:
6415:
6413:
6398:
6392:
6386:
6380:
6374:
6368:
6365:Sivertsen (1960)
6362:
6356:
6350:
6344:
6341:Sivertsen (1960)
6338:
6332:
6326:
6320:
6317:Sivertsen (1960)
6314:
6308:
6302:
6293:
6287:
6264:
6263:
6261:
6259:
6244:
6235:
6229:
6223:
6206:
6200:
6194:
6188:
6182:
6176:
6175:
6173:
6171:
6156:
6145:
6144:
6142:
6140:
6122:
6116:
6115:
6113:
6111:
6100:
6094:
6093:
6091:
6089:
6074:
6068:
6062:
6053:
6052:
6050:
6048:
6039:. Sounds.bl.uk.
6032:
6026:
6025:
6023:
6021:
6012:. Sounds.bl.uk.
6005:
5999:
5993:
5987:
5981:
5975:
5968:
5962:
5948:
5942:
5929:
5923:
5910:
5904:
5903:
5901:
5899:
5884:"St Mary-le-Bow"
5880:
5874:
5868:
5862:
5849:
5843:
5809:
5803:
5802:
5800:
5798:
5781:Grose, Francis.
5778:
5772:
5771:
5769:
5767:
5752:
5746:
5745:
5743:
5741:
5732:. Archived from
5726:
5720:
5719:
5717:
5715:
5700:
5694:
5687:Rowlands, Samuel
5684:
5678:
5673:." & "cock,
5664:
5658:
5643:
5637:
5636:
5628:
5622:
5621:
5609:
5603:
5600:
5594:
5587:
5581:
5574:
5568:
5567:
5556:
5550:
5541:
5539:
5537:
5515:
5506:
5505:
5503:
5501:
5480:
5471:
5470:
5453:
5447:
5446:
5428:
5422:
5421:
5419:
5417:
5402:
5396:
5395:
5393:
5391:
5372:
5366:
5365:
5357:
5346:
5340:
5339:
5337:
5335:
5320:
5311:
5310:
5294:
5288:
5275:
5269:
5251:Green, Jonathon
5249:
5157:
5152:
5151:
5143:
5138:
5137:
5129:
5124:
5123:
5057:Football Factory
4872:The Mighty Boosh
4819:
4812:
4808:
4805:
4799:
4797:
4756:
4732:
4724:
4655:, actress, from
4506:Nicola Stapleton
4452:Teddy Sheringham
4231:Pimlico Plumbers
4088:Frank Lampard Sr
3933:Alfred Hitchcock
3664:, musician from
3655:, musician from
3597:, comedian from
3487:Albert Chevalier
3399:The Inbetweeners
3273:
3266:
3262:
3259:
3253:
3251:
3210:
3186:
3178:
3174:Notable Cockneys
3138:Pearly tradition
3102:
3098:
3053:
2953:double negatives
2923:
2915:
2900:
2867:
2863:
2847:
2843:
2839:
2808:
2765:
2761:
2718:
2714:
2695:
2691:
2687:
2660:
2632:
2628:
2621:
2617:
2613:
2594:
2586:
2582:
2578:
2574:
2523:
2508:
2504:
2488:
2472:
2464:
2452:
2398:
2391:
2376:
2370:
2362:
2355:
2348:
2341:
2333:
2325:
2319:
2311:
2305:
2297:
2289:
2283:
2275:
2267:
2257:
2251:
2243:
2235:
2231:
2224:
2220:
2214:
2210:
2202:
2191:
2187:
2172:
2168:
2161:
2157:
2153:
2146:
2139:
2132:
2125:
2118:
2111:
2104:
2097:
2093:
2089:
2084:
2080:
2079:/ɪː,ʊː,eː,ɔː,æː/
2074:
2066:
2058:
2050:
2042:
2038:
2032:
2026:
2003:
1997:
1991:
1981:
1977:
1973:
1969:
1962:
1954:
1950:
1946:
1938:
1934:
1930:
1922:
1918:
1914:
1906:
1902:
1894:
1890:
1886:
1882:
1869:
1865:
1859:
1855:
1851:
1847:
1841:
1837:
1831:
1828:or a disyllabic
1827:
1823:
1819:
1815:
1809:
1805:
1799:
1795:
1789:
1785:
1781:
1777:
1773:
1769:
1765:
1761:
1757:
1753:
1749:
1735:
1723:
1708:
1686:
1679:
1664:
1656:
1649:
1642:
1635:
1628:
1613:
1605:
1594:
1587:
1532:
1528:
1524:
1499:
1495:
1469:
1461:
1455:
1447:
1391:
1379:
1358:Richard Whiteing
1355:
1351:
1347:
1338:T-glottalisation
1322:
1315:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1282:
1275:
1273:
1265:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1189:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1150:Typical features
1019:Slang Dictionary
1007:Albert Chevalier
999:
966:
914:
910:
818:Dick Whittington
611:Cockney diaspora
554:
551:
541:Geoffrey Chaucer
537:The Reeve's Tale
469:William Langland
417:roots. The term
403:English language
355:
354:
331:
287:
286:
263:
207:
191:English alphabet
182:
87:
28:
27:
11093:
11092:
11088:
11087:
11086:
11084:
11083:
11082:
11038:
11037:
11036:
11031:
10916:
10873:
10828:
10808:
10716:
10712:Solomon Islands
10681:
10625:
10607:
10539:
10530:New York Latino
10505:American Indian
10485:
10479:
10340:
10333:
10274:
10256:
10242:Channel Islands
10233:
10201:
10168:
10141:
10084:
10046:
9956:
9940:
9926:
9884:
9870:
9861:
9854:
9847:
9840:
9837:
9775:
9766:
9723:
9671:
9615:
9605:
9600:
9590:
9588:
9573:
9572:
9568:
9558:
9556:
9543:
9542:
9538:
9528:
9526:
9513:
9512:
9508:
9498:
9496:
9483:
9482:
9478:
9468:
9466:
9451:
9447:
9437:
9435:
9422:
9421:
9417:
9407:
9405:
9392:
9391:
9387:
9377:
9375:
9362:
9361:
9357:
9347:
9345:
9322:
9321:
9317:
9307:
9305:
9298:The Independent
9292:
9291:
9287:
9277:
9275:
9260:
9256:
9246:
9244:
9231:
9230:
9226:
9213:
9211:
9201:
9197:
9188:
9186:
9175:
9174:
9170:
9160:
9158:
9145:
9144:
9140:
9130:
9128:
9121:Only Authentics
9115:
9114:
9110:
9100:
9098:
9091:The Independent
9085:
9084:
9080:
9070:
9068:
9057:
9056:
9052:
9042:
9040:
9035:. 29 May 2015.
9027:
9026:
9022:
9012:
9010:
8995:
8991:
8981:
8979:
8971:Chicago Tribune
8965:
8964:
8960:
8950:
8948:
8935:
8934:
8930:
8920:
8918:
8905:
8904:
8900:
8890:
8888:
8875:
8874:
8870:
8860:
8858:
8843:
8839:
8829:
8827:
8812:
8808:
8803:Wayback Machine
8793:
8789:
8779:
8777:
8764:
8763:
8759:
8749:
8747:
8734:
8733:
8729:
8719:
8717:
8704:
8703:
8699:
8688:
8684:
8674:
8672:
8657:
8653:
8643:
8641:
8628:
8627:
8623:
8613:
8611:
8596:
8592:
8582:
8580:
8573:
8569:
8559:
8557:
8542:
8538:
8526:
8525:
8516:
8515:
8508:
8506:
8491:
8487:
8477:
8475:
8450:
8446:
8436:
8434:
8419:
8415:
8405:
8403:
8394:
8393:
8389:
8379:
8377:
8368:
8367:
8363:
8353:
8351:
8338:
8337:
8333:
8323:
8321:
8308:
8307:
8303:
8293:
8291:
8278:
8277:
8273:
8263:
8261:
8248:
8247:
8243:
8233:
8231:
8218:
8217:
8213:
8203:
8201:
8186:
8182:
8172:
8170:
8157:
8156:
8152:
8142:
8140:
8115:
8111:
8101:
8099:
8086:
8085:
8081:
8071:
8069:
8054:
8050:
8040:
8038:
8031:The Independent
8025:
8024:
8020:
8010:
8008:
7999:
7998:
7994:
7984:
7982:
7967:
7963:
7953:
7951:
7938:
7937:
7933:
7923:
7921:
7906:
7902:
7892:
7890:
7877:
7876:
7872:
7862:
7860:
7847:
7846:
7842:
7832:
7830:
7817:
7816:
7812:
7801:
7797:
7787:
7785:
7778:www.cbsnews.com
7772:
7771:
7767:
7759:
7748:
7738:
7736:
7727:
7726:
7722:
7712:
7710:
7697:
7696:
7692:
7682:
7680:
7667:
7666:
7662:
7652:
7650:
7643:dave.uktv.co.uk
7637:
7636:
7632:
7622:
7620:
7607:
7606:
7599:
7589:
7587:
7574:
7573:
7569:
7559:
7557:
7544:
7543:
7539:
7529:
7527:
7514:
7513:
7509:
7499:
7497:
7484:
7483:
7479:
7469:
7467:
7456:
7452:
7442:
7440:
7431:
7430:
7426:
7415:
7411:
7401:
7399:
7395:
7388:
7384:
7383:
7379:
7371:
7367:
7357:
7355:
7328:
7324:
7314:
7312:
7303:
7302:
7298:
7287:
7283:
7272:
7268:
7263:Wayback Machine
7255:
7248:
7238:
7236:
7227:
7226:
7219:
7209:
7207:
7198:
7197:
7190:
7180:
7178:
7165:
7164:
7157:
7147:
7145:
7130:
7126:
7116:
7114:
7109:. BBC English.
7105:
7104:
7100:
7090:
7088:
7084:
7077:
7073:
7072:
7065:
7055:
7053:
7049:
7042:
7038:
7037:
7033:
7023:
7021:
7012:
7011:
7007:
6997:
6995:
6986:
6985:
6981:
6973:
6969:
6961:
6957:
6949:
6945:
6935:
6933:
6924:
6923:
6919:
6911:
6907:
6899:
6895:
6887:
6883:
6875:
6866:
6858:
6854:
6846:
6839:
6833:Matthews (1938)
6831:
6827:
6819:
6815:
6807:
6803:
6795:
6791:
6783:
6779:
6771:
6764:
6756:
6749:
6741:
6737:
6729:
6725:
6717:
6713:
6705:
6701:
6693:
6689:
6681:
6674:
6666:
6662:
6654:
6647:
6641:Matthews (1938)
6639:
6632:
6624:
6620:
6612:
6608:
6600:
6591:
6583:
6579:
6571:
6564:
6556:
6552:
6544:
6540:
6532:
6528:
6520:
6513:
6505:
6496:
6488:
6484:
6476:
6472:
6464:
6460:
6450:
6448:
6437:
6433:
6425:
6421:
6411:
6409:
6408:on 9 March 2012
6400:
6399:
6395:
6387:
6383:
6375:
6371:
6363:
6359:
6351:
6347:
6339:
6335:
6327:
6323:
6315:
6311:
6303:
6296:
6288:
6267:
6257:
6255:
6246:
6245:
6238:
6230:
6226:
6216:Wayback Machine
6207:
6203:
6195:
6191:
6183:
6179:
6169:
6167:
6158:
6157:
6148:
6138:
6136:
6123:
6119:
6109:
6107:
6102:
6101:
6097:
6087:
6085:
6076:
6075:
6071:
6063:
6056:
6046:
6044:
6033:
6029:
6019:
6017:
6006:
6002:
5994:
5990:
5982:
5978:
5970:J. Swinnerton,
5969:
5965:
5960:Wayback Machine
5949:
5945:
5940:Wayback Machine
5930:
5926:
5921:Wayback Machine
5911:
5907:
5897:
5895:
5882:
5881:
5877:
5869:
5865:
5860:Wayback Machine
5850:
5846:
5810:
5806:
5796:
5794:
5779:
5775:
5765:
5763:
5754:
5753:
5749:
5739:
5737:
5728:
5727:
5723:
5713:
5711:
5710:on 12 July 2014
5702:
5701:
5697:
5685:
5681:
5665:
5661:
5644:
5640:
5629:
5625:
5610:
5606:
5601:
5597:
5588:
5584:
5575:
5571:
5558:
5557:
5553:
5535:
5533:
5516:
5509:
5499:
5497:
5496:on 22 June 2011
5482:
5481:
5474:
5468:
5454:
5450:
5443:
5429:
5425:
5415:
5413:
5404:
5403:
5399:
5389:
5387:
5374:
5373:
5369:
5355:"Cockney"
5347:
5343:
5333:
5331:
5322:
5321:
5314:
5295:
5291:
5284:Chicago Tribune
5276:
5272:
5260:Wayback Machine
5250:
5246:
5242:
5175:Estuary English
5153:
5146:
5139:
5132:
5127:Language portal
5125:
5118:
5115:
4964:(and featuring
4900:Bronco Bullfrog
4848:Cathy Come Home
4841:Up the Junction
4835:3 Clear Sundays
4820:
4809:
4803:
4800:
4757:
4755:
4745:
4733:
4722:
4631:Barbara Windsor
4328:Chas & Dave
4227:Charlie Mullins
4220:Stoke Newington
4206:Warren Mitchell
4101:Mayor of London
4097:Ken Livingstone
4012:Shepherd's Bush
3968:Chas & Dave
3819:Leslie Grantham
3711:Craig Fairbrass
3505:Cockney Rejects
3465:Charlie Chaplin
3367:Jamie Borthwick
3274:
3263:
3257:
3254:
3211:
3209:
3199:
3187:
3176:
3140:
3114:Estuary English
3095:-glottalisation
3074:
3042:. For example,
3032:
3019:
2968:
2960:Estuary English
2868:. For example,
2439:a homophone of
2326:is realized as
2312:is realized as
2290:is realized as
1877:
1744:
1243:
1211:
1152:
1097:Hemel Hempstead
1031:
994:
922:
921:
920:
888:
857:West Ham United
853:
835:and rebuilt by
759:
651:
632:
605:Cockney sparrow
601:
552:
465:
457:
437:Estuary English
392:
391:
383:
381:
380:
379:
378:
377:
356:
347:
344:
342:
335:
329:
324:
323:
315:
313:
312:
311:
310:
309:
288:
279:
276:
274:
267:
261:
236:Without proper
203:
183:
178:
172:
151:
144:
123:British English
88:
85:Language family
83:
36:Cockney dialect
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
11091:
11081:
11080:
11075:
11070:
11065:
11060:
11055:
11050:
11033:
11032:
11030:
11029:
11024:
11019:
11014:
11009:
11004:
10999:
10994:
10989:
10988:
10987:
10982:
10974:
10972:Englishisation
10969:
10964:
10959:
10954:
10949:
10944:
10939:
10934:
10928:
10926:
10922:
10921:
10918:
10917:
10915:
10914:
10909:
10904:
10899:
10894:
10889:
10883:
10881:
10879:Southeast Asia
10875:
10874:
10872:
10871:
10866:
10861:
10856:
10855:
10854:
10844:
10838:
10836:
10830:
10829:
10827:
10826:
10820:
10814:
10810:
10809:
10807:
10806:
10801:
10796:
10794:South Atlantic
10791:
10790:
10789:
10784:
10774:
10769:
10764:
10759:
10754:
10749:
10744:
10739:
10734:
10728:
10726:
10722:
10721:
10718:
10717:
10715:
10714:
10709:
10704:
10703:
10702:
10692:
10686:
10683:
10682:
10680:
10679:
10674:
10669:
10664:
10659:
10658:
10657:
10646:
10644:
10635:
10631:
10630:
10627:
10626:
10624:
10623:
10618:
10612:
10609:
10608:
10606:
10605:
10600:
10595:
10590:
10585:
10584:
10583:
10576:Cayman Islands
10573:
10568:
10563:
10557:
10555:
10549:
10548:
10545:
10544:
10541:
10540:
10538:
10537:
10532:
10527:
10522:
10517:
10512:
10507:
10502:
10501:
10500:
10489:
10487:
10486:ethno-cultural
10481:
10480:
10478:
10477:
10472:
10471:
10470:
10465:
10455:
10454:
10453:
10448:
10443:
10438:
10433:
10423:
10422:
10421:
10411:
10410:
10409:
10404:
10394:
10393:
10392:
10382:
10381:
10380:
10375:
10370:
10365:
10355:
10349:
10343:
10335:
10334:
10332:
10331:
10326:
10321:
10316:
10311:
10310:
10309:
10304:
10294:
10288:
10286:
10277:
10266:
10262:
10261:
10258:
10257:
10255:
10254:
10249:
10244:
10238:
10235:
10234:
10232:
10231:
10226:
10221:
10215:
10213:
10207:
10206:
10203:
10202:
10200:
10199:
10194:
10189:
10184:
10178:
10176:
10170:
10169:
10167:
10166:
10161:
10155:
10153:
10147:
10146:
10143:
10142:
10140:
10139:
10138:
10137:
10132:
10122:
10117:
10116:
10115:
10110:
10100:
10094:
10092:
10086:
10085:
10083:
10082:
10081:
10080:
10078:Stoke-on-Trent
10075:
10070:
10060:
10054:
10052:
10048:
10047:
10045:
10044:
10039:
10038:
10037:
10032:
10027:
10022:
10012:
10007:
10002:
9997:
9996:
9995:
9985:
9979:
9977:
9968:
9959:
9948:
9942:
9941:
9937:Modern English
9925:
9924:
9917:
9910:
9902:
9896:
9895:
9881:
9867:
9859:
9852:
9845:
9836:
9835:External links
9833:
9832:
9831:
9790:
9781:
9743:Wells, John C.
9739:
9730:
9721:
9708:
9684:
9675:
9669:
9655:Maddieson, Ian
9647:
9638:
9629:
9620:
9604:
9601:
9599:
9598:
9566:
9536:
9506:
9476:
9445:
9415:
9385:
9355:
9315:
9285:
9254:
9224:
9195:
9168:
9138:
9108:
9078:
9050:
9020:
8989:
8958:
8928:
8898:
8868:
8837:
8806:
8787:
8757:
8727:
8697:
8682:
8651:
8621:
8590:
8579:. The Guardian
8567:
8536:
8485:
8444:
8413:
8387:
8361:
8331:
8301:
8271:
8254:www.thecnj.com
8241:
8211:
8180:
8150:
8109:
8079:
8068:on 4 June 2021
8048:
8018:
7992:
7961:
7931:
7900:
7870:
7840:
7810:
7795:
7765:
7746:
7720:
7690:
7660:
7630:
7597:
7567:
7552:. 5 May 2000.
7537:
7507:
7477:
7460:"estuariality"
7450:
7424:
7409:
7377:
7365:
7342:(2): 221–260.
7322:
7296:
7281:
7266:
7246:
7217:
7188:
7155:
7124:
7098:
7063:
7031:
7005:
6979:
6977:, p. 122.
6967:
6965:, p. 134.
6955:
6953:, p. 135.
6943:
6917:
6905:
6903:, p. 193.
6893:
6891:, p. 132.
6881:
6864:
6852:
6837:
6825:
6813:
6811:, p. 110.
6801:
6799:, p. 129.
6789:
6777:
6762:
6747:
6735:
6723:
6711:
6699:
6687:
6672:
6660:
6658:, p. 306.
6645:
6630:
6618:
6616:, p. 308.
6606:
6589:
6577:
6575:, p. 190.
6562:
6550:
6538:
6526:
6524:, p. 189.
6511:
6509:, p. 304.
6494:
6482:
6470:
6458:
6439:Robert Beard.
6431:
6429:, p. 327.
6419:
6393:
6391:, p. 329.
6381:
6379:, p. 137.
6369:
6367:, p. 124.
6357:
6355:, p. 323.
6345:
6343:, p. 109.
6333:
6331:, pp. 34.
6321:
6319:, p. 111.
6309:
6294:
6292:, p. 305.
6265:
6236:
6224:
6201:
6199:, p. 147.
6189:
6187:, p. 146.
6177:
6146:
6117:
6095:
6069:
6054:
6027:
6000:
5988:
5976:
5963:
5943:
5924:
5905:
5875:
5863:
5844:
5826:folk etymology
5804:
5773:
5747:
5721:
5695:
5679:
5659:
5638:
5623:
5604:
5595:
5582:
5569:
5551:
5528:. p. 22.
5507:
5472:
5466:
5448:
5441:
5423:
5397:
5367:
5352:, ed. (1911).
5350:Chisholm, Hugh
5341:
5312:
5289:
5270:
5243:
5241:
5238:
5237:
5236:
5231:
5226:
5221:
5216:
5194:Bambaiya Hindi
5187:
5182:
5177:
5172:
5165:
5163:Cockney Wanker
5159:
5158:
5155:Society portal
5144:
5130:
5114:
5111:
5110:
5109:
5097:
5083:
5079:Peaky Blinders
5075:
5067:
5060:
5053:
5046:
5043:Charles Judels
5030:
5022:
5016:
5009:
5001:
4985:
4969:
4957:
4944:
4936:
4928:
4916:
4904:
4896:
4888:
4880:
4868:
4861:
4860:
4859:
4851:
4844:
4837:
4822:
4821:
4736:
4734:
4727:
4721:
4718:
4717:
4716:
4714:Buckhurst Hill
4707:
4698:
4689:
4676:
4659:
4650:
4637:
4628:
4619:
4610:
4604:Jessie Wallace
4601:
4592:
4583:
4577:Terry Venables
4574:
4565:
4556:
4543:
4534:
4525:
4516:
4503:
4494:
4488:Stacey Solomon
4485:
4476:
4470:Thomas Skinner
4467:
4458:
4449:
4432:
4419:
4406:
4397:
4388:
4379:
4373:Harry Redknapp
4370:
4356:
4343:
4334:
4321:
4312:
4303:
4294:
4285:
4276:
4263:
4254:
4241:
4224:
4203:
4190:
4181:
4167:Steve McFadden
4164:
4151:
4142:
4133:
4127:Kellie Maloney
4124:
4111:
4094:
4085:
4076:
4063:
4054:
4045:
4036:
4023:
4014:
4001:
3992:
3983:
3974:
3961:
3948:
3930:
3917:
3908:
3899:
3886:
3873:
3864:
3851:
3845:Spandau Ballet
3838:
3825:
3816:
3807:
3798:
3789:
3780:
3776:and raised in
3767:
3758:
3749:
3739:Micky Flanagan
3736:
3726:
3722:, actor, from
3717:
3708:
3699:
3690:
3681:
3668:
3659:
3650:
3637:
3628:
3619:
3610:
3601:
3592:
3583:
3574:
3561:
3552:
3543:
3534:
3525:
3512:
3502:
3493:
3491:Royal Crescent
3484:
3478:Lorraine Chase
3475:
3462:
3456:Harry Champion
3453:
3436:
3427:
3418:
3409:
3392:
3382:
3373:
3364:
3355:
3346:
3344:City of London
3337:
3328:
3315:
3311:, actor, from
3306:
3297:
3288:
3276:
3275:
3190:
3188:
3181:
3175:
3172:
3139:
3136:
3073:
3070:
3040:Glasgow patter
3031:
3028:
3018:
3015:
3007:Ealing Studios
2985:The Sooty Show
2967:
2964:
2858:
2857:
2834:
2803:
2756:
2711:The other pre-
2709:
2682:
2623:
2608:
2569:
2475:
2474:
2448:
2372:
2349:contrast with
2321:
2307:
2306:: "jumped up"
2285:
2263:
2253:
2226:
2216:
2194:
2193:
2182:
2163:
2076:
2034:
2028:
2022:
1999:
1993:
1876:
1873:
1872:
1871:
1866:correspond to
1861:
1843:
1833:
1811:
1801:
1791:
1790:) - see below.
1743:
1740:
1737:
1736:
1731:
1725:
1724:
1717:
1715:
1713:
1711:
1709:
1702:
1696:
1695:
1693:
1691:
1689:
1687:
1680:
1673:
1667:
1666:
1657:
1650:
1643:
1636:
1629:
1622:
1616:
1615:
1606:
1599:
1597:
1595:
1588:
1581:
1575:
1574:
1571:
1568:
1565:
1562:
1557:
1551:
1550:
1545:
1540:
1535:
1527:
1526:
1509:
1491:alveolar stops
1487:
1473:
1472:
1471:
1457:
1258:is pronounced
1151:
1148:
1051:multiethnolect
1030:
1027:
975:, for example
971:), as well as
915:⟩, see
891:
890:
889:
887:
884:
868:St Mary-le-Bow
852:
849:
774:St Mary-le-Bow
772:The church of
767:St Mary-le-Bow
765:The church of
758:
755:
650:
647:
631:
628:
627:
626:
618:
608:
600:
597:
579:stated in his
483:Middle English
464:
458:
456:
453:
382:
358:
357:
345:
340:
338:
337:
336:
327:
326:
325:
314:
290:
289:
277:
272:
270:
269:
268:
259:
258:
257:
254:
253:
240:, you may see
226:
225:
220:
212:
211:
208:
200:
199:
198:Language codes
195:
194:
184:
180:Writing system
177:
174:
173:
171:
170:
169:
168:
161:Middle English
154:
152:
149:
146:
145:
143:
142:
141:
140:
139:
138:
137:
136:
135:
134:
133:
132:
131:
130:
91:
89:
82:
79:
78:
52:
48:
47:
42:
41:Native to
38:
37:
33:
32:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
11090:
11079:
11078:English words
11076:
11074:
11071:
11069:
11066:
11064:
11061:
11059:
11056:
11054:
11051:
11049:
11046:
11045:
11043:
11028:
11025:
11023:
11020:
11018:
11015:
11013:
11010:
11008:
11005:
11003:
11000:
10998:
10995:
10993:
10992:International
10990:
10986:
10983:
10981:
10978:
10977:
10975:
10973:
10970:
10968:
10965:
10963:
10960:
10958:
10955:
10953:
10950:
10948:
10945:
10943:
10940:
10938:
10935:
10933:
10930:
10929:
10927:
10923:
10913:
10910:
10908:
10905:
10903:
10900:
10898:
10895:
10893:
10890:
10888:
10885:
10884:
10882:
10880:
10876:
10870:
10867:
10865:
10862:
10860:
10857:
10853:
10850:
10849:
10848:
10845:
10843:
10840:
10839:
10837:
10835:
10831:
10825:
10822:
10821:
10818:
10815:
10811:
10805:
10802:
10800:
10797:
10795:
10792:
10788:
10785:
10783:
10780:
10779:
10778:
10775:
10773:
10770:
10768:
10765:
10763:
10760:
10758:
10755:
10753:
10750:
10748:
10745:
10743:
10740:
10738:
10735:
10733:
10730:
10729:
10727:
10723:
10713:
10710:
10708:
10705:
10701:
10698:
10697:
10696:
10693:
10691:
10688:
10687:
10684:
10678:
10675:
10673:
10672:Torres Strait
10670:
10668:
10665:
10663:
10660:
10656:
10653:
10652:
10651:
10648:
10647:
10645:
10643:
10639:
10636:
10632:
10622:
10619:
10617:
10614:
10613:
10610:
10604:
10601:
10599:
10596:
10594:
10591:
10589:
10586:
10582:
10579:
10578:
10577:
10574:
10572:
10569:
10567:
10564:
10562:
10559:
10558:
10556:
10554:
10550:
10536:
10533:
10531:
10528:
10526:
10523:
10521:
10518:
10516:
10513:
10511:
10508:
10506:
10503:
10499:
10496:
10495:
10494:
10491:
10490:
10488:
10482:
10476:
10473:
10469:
10466:
10464:
10461:
10460:
10459:
10456:
10452:
10449:
10447:
10444:
10442:
10439:
10437:
10434:
10432:
10429:
10428:
10427:
10424:
10420:
10417:
10416:
10415:
10412:
10408:
10407:North-Central
10405:
10403:
10400:
10399:
10398:
10395:
10391:
10388:
10387:
10386:
10385:New York City
10383:
10379:
10376:
10374:
10371:
10369:
10366:
10364:
10361:
10360:
10359:
10356:
10354:
10351:
10350:
10347:
10344:
10342:
10336:
10330:
10327:
10325:
10322:
10320:
10319:Ottawa Valley
10317:
10315:
10312:
10308:
10305:
10303:
10300:
10299:
10298:
10295:
10293:
10290:
10289:
10287:
10285:
10281:
10278:
10276:
10270:
10267:
10263:
10253:
10250:
10248:
10245:
10243:
10240:
10239:
10236:
10230:
10227:
10225:
10222:
10220:
10217:
10216:
10214:
10212:
10208:
10198:
10195:
10193:
10190:
10188:
10185:
10183:
10180:
10179:
10177:
10175:
10171:
10165:
10162:
10160:
10157:
10156:
10154:
10152:
10148:
10136:
10133:
10131:
10128:
10127:
10126:
10123:
10121:
10118:
10114:
10113:Multicultural
10111:
10109:
10106:
10105:
10104:
10101:
10099:
10096:
10095:
10093:
10091:
10087:
10079:
10076:
10074:
10073:Black Country
10071:
10069:
10066:
10065:
10064:
10063:West Midlands
10061:
10059:
10058:East Midlands
10056:
10055:
10053:
10049:
10043:
10040:
10036:
10033:
10031:
10028:
10026:
10023:
10021:
10018:
10017:
10016:
10013:
10011:
10008:
10006:
10003:
10001:
9998:
9994:
9991:
9990:
9989:
9986:
9984:
9981:
9980:
9978:
9976:
9972:
9969:
9967:
9963:
9960:
9958:
9952:
9949:
9947:
9943:
9938:
9934:
9930:
9923:
9918:
9916:
9911:
9909:
9904:
9903:
9900:
9894:
9890:
9887:
9882:
9880:
9876:
9873:
9868:
9864:
9860:
9857:
9853:
9850:
9846:
9843:
9839:
9838:
9828:
9824:
9819:
9814:
9810:
9806:
9802:
9801:
9796:
9791:
9787:
9782:
9773:
9764:
9760:
9756:
9752:
9748:
9744:
9740:
9736:
9731:
9728:
9724:
9718:
9714:
9709:
9706:
9702:
9698:
9694:
9693:Dialectologia
9690:
9685:
9681:
9676:
9672:
9670:0-631-19815-6
9666:
9662:
9661:
9656:
9652:
9648:
9644:
9639:
9635:
9630:
9626:
9621:
9614:
9613:
9607:
9606:
9586:
9582:
9581:
9576:
9570:
9554:
9550:
9546:
9540:
9524:
9520:
9516:
9515:"Mark Wright"
9510:
9494:
9490:
9486:
9480:
9464:
9460:
9456:
9449:
9433:
9429:
9425:
9419:
9403:
9399:
9395:
9389:
9373:
9369:
9365:
9359:
9343:
9339:
9335:
9331:
9330:
9325:
9319:
9303:
9299:
9295:
9289:
9273:
9269:
9265:
9258:
9242:
9238:
9234:
9228:
9221:
9210:
9206:
9199:
9184:
9180:
9179:
9172:
9156:
9152:
9148:
9142:
9126:
9122:
9118:
9112:
9096:
9092:
9088:
9082:
9066:
9062:
9061:
9054:
9038:
9034:
9030:
9024:
9008:
9004:
9003:Express.co.uk
9000:
8993:
8977:
8973:
8972:
8968:
8962:
8946:
8942:
8938:
8932:
8916:
8912:
8908:
8902:
8886:
8882:
8878:
8872:
8856:
8852:
8848:
8841:
8825:
8821:
8820:Express.co.uk
8817:
8810:
8804:
8800:
8797:
8794:Confirmed on
8791:
8775:
8771:
8767:
8761:
8745:
8741:
8737:
8731:
8715:
8711:
8707:
8701:
8693:
8686:
8670:
8666:
8662:
8655:
8639:
8635:
8631:
8625:
8609:
8605:
8604:ChronicleLive
8601:
8594:
8578:
8571:
8555:
8551:
8547:
8540:
8532:
8520:
8504:
8500:
8496:
8489:
8473:
8469:
8465:
8461:
8460:
8455:
8452:Owen, Jonny.
8448:
8432:
8428:
8424:
8417:
8401:
8397:
8391:
8375:
8371:
8365:
8349:
8345:
8344:www.bbc.co.uk
8341:
8335:
8319:
8315:
8311:
8305:
8289:
8285:
8281:
8275:
8259:
8255:
8251:
8245:
8229:
8225:
8221:
8215:
8199:
8195:
8191:
8184:
8168:
8164:
8160:
8154:
8138:
8134:
8130:
8126:
8125:
8120:
8113:
8097:
8093:
8089:
8083:
8067:
8063:
8059:
8052:
8036:
8032:
8028:
8022:
8006:
8002:
7996:
7980:
7976:
7972:
7965:
7949:
7945:
7941:
7935:
7919:
7915:
7911:
7904:
7888:
7884:
7880:
7874:
7858:
7854:
7850:
7844:
7828:
7824:
7820:
7814:
7806:
7799:
7783:
7779:
7775:
7769:
7763:, p. 23.
7762:
7761:Wright (1981)
7757:
7755:
7753:
7751:
7734:
7730:
7724:
7708:
7704:
7700:
7694:
7678:
7674:
7670:
7664:
7648:
7644:
7640:
7634:
7618:
7614:
7610:
7604:
7602:
7585:
7581:
7577:
7571:
7555:
7551:
7547:
7541:
7525:
7521:
7517:
7516:"Danny Baker"
7511:
7495:
7491:
7487:
7481:
7465:
7461:
7454:
7438:
7434:
7428:
7420:
7413:
7394:
7387:
7381:
7374:
7369:
7353:
7349:
7345:
7341:
7337:
7333:
7326:
7310:
7306:
7300:
7294:
7290:
7285:
7278:. p. 15.
7277:
7270:
7264:
7260:
7257:
7253:
7251:
7234:
7230:
7224:
7222:
7205:
7201:
7195:
7193:
7176:
7172:
7168:
7162:
7160:
7143:
7139:
7135:
7128:
7112:
7108:
7107:"BBC English"
7102:
7083:
7076:
7070:
7068:
7048:
7041:
7035:
7019:
7015:
7009:
6993:
6989:
6983:
6976:
6975:Wright (1981)
6971:
6964:
6963:Wright (1981)
6959:
6952:
6951:Wright (1981)
6947:
6931:
6927:
6921:
6914:
6909:
6902:
6897:
6890:
6885:
6879:, p. 75.
6878:
6873:
6871:
6869:
6861:
6856:
6849:
6844:
6842:
6835:, p. 35.
6834:
6829:
6822:
6821:Beaken (1971)
6817:
6810:
6805:
6798:
6793:
6787:, p. 54.
6786:
6781:
6775:, p. 35.
6774:
6769:
6767:
6760:, p. 78.
6759:
6754:
6752:
6744:
6739:
6732:
6731:Beaken (1971)
6727:
6720:
6715:
6708:
6703:
6696:
6691:
6684:
6679:
6677:
6669:
6664:
6657:
6652:
6650:
6643:, p. 78.
6642:
6637:
6635:
6627:
6622:
6615:
6610:
6604:, p. 77.
6603:
6598:
6596:
6594:
6586:
6585:Beaken (1971)
6581:
6574:
6573:Beaken (1971)
6569:
6567:
6559:
6558:Beaken (1971)
6554:
6547:
6546:Beaken (1971)
6542:
6535:
6534:Beaken (1971)
6530:
6523:
6522:Beaken (1971)
6518:
6516:
6508:
6503:
6501:
6499:
6491:
6490:Beaken (1971)
6486:
6479:
6478:Beaken (1971)
6474:
6467:
6462:
6446:
6442:
6435:
6428:
6423:
6407:
6403:
6397:
6390:
6385:
6378:
6377:Wright (1981)
6373:
6366:
6361:
6354:
6349:
6342:
6337:
6330:
6325:
6318:
6313:
6306:
6305:Wright (1981)
6301:
6299:
6291:
6286:
6284:
6282:
6280:
6278:
6276:
6274:
6272:
6270:
6253:
6249:
6243:
6241:
6233:
6232:Wright (1981)
6228:
6221:
6220:The Economist
6217:
6213:
6210:
6205:
6198:
6197:Wright (1981)
6193:
6186:
6185:Wright (1981)
6181:
6165:
6161:
6155:
6153:
6151:
6134:
6130:
6129:
6121:
6105:
6099:
6083:
6079:
6073:
6066:
6061:
6059:
6042:
6038:
6031:
6015:
6011:
6004:
5998:
5992:
5986:, p. 11.
5985:
5984:Wright (1981)
5980:
5973:
5967:
5961:
5957:
5954:
5947:
5941:
5937:
5934:
5928:
5922:
5918:
5915:
5909:
5893:
5889:
5885:
5879:
5873:
5867:
5861:
5857:
5854:
5848:
5841:
5837:
5836:
5831:
5830:Francis Grose
5827:
5823:
5822:
5818:
5814:
5808:
5792:
5788:
5784:
5777:
5761:
5757:
5751:
5735:
5731:
5725:
5709:
5705:
5699:
5692:
5688:
5683:
5676:
5672:
5668:
5663:
5656:
5652:
5648:
5642:
5634:
5627:
5619:
5615:
5608:
5599:
5592:
5586:
5579:
5573:
5565:
5561:
5555:
5548:
5544:
5531:
5527:
5526:
5521:
5514:
5512:
5495:
5491:
5487:
5486:
5479:
5477:
5469:
5467:0-631-21815-7
5463:
5459:
5452:
5444:
5438:
5434:
5427:
5411:
5407:
5401:
5385:
5381:
5377:
5371:
5363:
5362:
5356:
5351:
5345:
5329:
5325:
5319:
5317:
5308:
5304:
5300:
5293:
5286:
5285:
5280:
5274:
5267:
5266:
5261:
5257:
5254:
5248:
5244:
5235:
5232:
5230:
5229:Possessive me
5227:
5225:
5222:
5220:
5217:
5215:
5211:
5207:
5203:
5199:
5195:
5191:
5190:Madras Bashai
5188:
5186:
5183:
5181:
5178:
5176:
5173:
5171:
5170:
5166:
5164:
5161:
5160:
5156:
5150:
5145:
5142:
5141:London portal
5136:
5131:
5128:
5122:
5117:
5107:
5106:Laura Haddock
5103:
5102:
5098:
5095:
5094:
5089:
5088:
5084:
5081:
5080:
5076:
5073:
5072:
5068:
5066:
5065:
5061:
5059:
5058:
5054:
5052:
5051:
5050:The Gentlemen
5047:
5044:
5040:
5036:
5035:
5031:
5028:
5027:
5023:
5020:
5017:
5015:
5014:
5010:
5007:
5006:
5002:
4999:
4995:
4991:
4990:
4986:
4983:
4979:
4975:
4974:
4970:
4967:
4966:Dick Van Dyke
4963:
4962:
4958:
4955:
4951:
4950:
4945:
4942:
4941:
4937:
4934:
4933:
4929:
4926:
4922:
4921:
4917:
4914:
4913:rhyming slang
4910:
4909:
4905:
4902:
4901:
4897:
4894:
4893:
4889:
4886:
4885:
4881:
4878:
4877:Noel Fielding
4874:
4873:
4869:
4867:
4866:
4862:
4857:
4856:
4852:
4850:
4849:
4845:
4843:
4842:
4838:
4836:
4833:
4832:
4830:
4826:
4825:
4818:
4815:
4807:
4804:December 2018
4796:
4793:
4789:
4786:
4782:
4779:
4775:
4772:
4768:
4765: –
4764:
4760:
4759:Find sources:
4753:
4749:
4743:
4742:
4737:This section
4735:
4731:
4726:
4725:
4715:
4711:
4708:
4706:
4705:Tower Hamlets
4702:
4699:
4697:
4694:, actor from
4693:
4692:Adam Woodyatt
4690:
4688:
4684:
4680:
4677:
4675:
4671:
4667:
4663:
4660:
4658:
4654:
4651:
4649:
4645:
4641:
4640:Amy Winehouse
4638:
4636:
4632:
4629:
4627:
4623:
4620:
4618:
4614:
4611:
4609:
4605:
4602:
4600:
4596:
4595:Gregg Wallace
4593:
4591:
4587:
4584:
4582:
4578:
4575:
4573:
4569:
4566:
4564:
4560:
4557:
4555:
4551:
4547:
4544:
4542:
4538:
4535:
4533:
4529:
4526:
4524:
4520:
4517:
4515:
4511:
4507:
4504:
4502:
4498:
4497:Terence Stamp
4495:
4493:
4489:
4486:
4484:
4480:
4477:
4475:
4471:
4468:
4466:
4462:
4461:Marina Sirtis
4459:
4457:
4453:
4450:
4448:
4447:Waltham Abbey
4444:
4443:Bethnal Green
4440:
4436:
4433:
4431:
4427:
4423:
4420:
4418:
4414:
4410:
4409:Jonathan Ross
4407:
4405:
4401:
4398:
4396:
4392:
4389:
4387:
4383:
4380:
4378:
4374:
4371:
4368:
4364:
4360:
4357:
4355:
4351:
4347:
4346:Martin Peters
4344:
4342:
4338:
4335:
4333:
4329:
4325:
4322:
4320:
4316:
4313:
4311:
4307:
4304:
4302:
4298:
4295:
4293:
4289:
4286:
4284:
4280:
4277:
4275:
4271:
4267:
4264:
4262:
4258:
4255:
4253:
4249:
4245:
4242:
4240:
4236:
4232:
4228:
4225:
4223:
4221:
4217:
4216:
4211:
4207:
4204:
4202:
4199:pundit, from
4198:
4194:
4191:
4189:
4185:
4182:
4180:
4176:
4172:
4171:Phil Mitchell
4168:
4165:
4163:
4159:
4155:
4152:
4150:
4146:
4143:
4141:
4137:
4134:
4132:
4128:
4125:
4123:
4119:
4115:
4112:
4110:
4106:
4102:
4098:
4095:
4093:
4089:
4086:
4084:
4080:
4079:Frank Lampard
4077:
4075:
4074:Bethnal Green
4072:and lived in
4071:
4067:
4064:
4062:
4058:
4057:Ronnie Knight
4055:
4053:
4049:
4046:
4044:
4040:
4037:
4035:
4031:
4027:
4024:
4022:
4018:
4015:
4013:
4009:
4005:
4002:
4000:
3996:
3995:Derek Jameson
3993:
3991:
3990:Finsbury Park
3987:
3984:
3982:
3978:
3975:
3973:
3969:
3965:
3962:
3960:
3956:
3952:
3949:
3946:
3942:
3938:
3934:
3931:
3929:
3925:
3924:internet meme
3921:
3918:
3916:
3912:
3909:
3907:
3903:
3900:
3898:
3894:
3890:
3887:
3885:
3881:
3877:
3874:
3872:
3868:
3865:
3863:
3859:
3858:Cockney Rebel
3855:
3852:
3850:
3846:
3842:
3839:
3837:
3833:
3829:
3828:Jimmy Greaves
3826:
3824:
3820:
3817:
3815:
3814:Bethnal Green
3811:
3808:
3806:
3802:
3799:
3797:
3793:
3790:
3788:
3784:
3781:
3779:
3775:
3771:
3768:
3766:
3762:
3761:Jamie Foreman
3759:
3757:
3753:
3750:
3748:
3747:Bethnal Green
3744:
3740:
3737:
3734:
3731:, boxer from
3730:
3729:Johnny Fisher
3727:
3725:
3721:
3720:Perry Fenwick
3718:
3716:
3712:
3709:
3707:
3703:
3700:
3698:
3694:
3691:
3689:
3685:
3682:
3680:
3676:
3672:
3669:
3667:
3663:
3662:Louis Dunford
3660:
3658:
3654:
3653:Chris Difford
3651:
3649:
3645:
3641:
3638:
3636:
3632:
3629:
3627:
3623:
3620:
3618:
3614:
3611:
3609:
3605:
3602:
3600:
3596:
3595:Dapper Laughs
3593:
3591:
3588:, actor from
3587:
3584:
3582:
3578:
3577:Dave Courtney
3575:
3573:
3569:
3565:
3562:
3560:
3556:
3553:
3551:
3547:
3544:
3542:
3538:
3537:Roisin Conaty
3535:
3533:
3529:
3528:Gemma Collins
3526:
3524:
3520:
3516:
3513:
3510:
3506:
3503:
3501:
3497:
3494:
3492:
3488:
3485:
3483:
3479:
3476:
3474:
3470:
3466:
3463:
3461:
3460:Bethnal Green
3457:
3454:
3452:
3448:
3444:
3440:
3439:Michael Caine
3437:
3435:
3431:
3430:Garry Bushell
3428:
3426:
3422:
3419:
3417:
3413:
3412:Jimmy Bullard
3410:
3408:
3404:
3400:
3396:
3395:James Buckley
3393:
3390:
3386:
3383:
3381:
3377:
3374:
3372:
3368:
3365:
3363:
3359:
3356:
3354:
3350:
3349:Russell Brand
3347:
3345:
3341:
3338:
3336:
3332:
3329:
3327:
3323:
3319:
3318:David Beckham
3316:
3314:
3313:Bethnal Green
3310:
3307:
3305:
3301:
3298:
3296:
3292:
3289:
3287:
3283:
3280:
3279:
3272:
3269:
3261:
3258:December 2018
3250:
3247:
3243:
3240:
3236:
3233:
3229:
3226:
3222:
3219: –
3218:
3214:
3213:Find sources:
3207:
3203:
3197:
3196:
3191:This section
3189:
3185:
3180:
3179:
3168:
3167:costermongers
3164:
3159:
3155:
3153:
3149:
3145:
3135:
3133:
3129:
3128:John C. Wells
3125:
3121:
3120:
3115:
3110:
3108:
3096:
3094:
3089:
3088:-vocalisation
3087:
3082:
3080:
3069:
3067:
3066:
3061:
3057:
3049:
3045:
3041:
3037:
3027:
3024:
3014:
3012:
3008:
3004:
3000:
2996:
2991:
2987:
2986:
2981:
2977:
2973:
2963:
2961:
2956:
2954:
2951:, as well as
2950:
2949:
2944:
2943:
2938:
2934:
2929:
2927:
2921:
2913:
2907:
2902:
2896:
2895:labiodental R
2891:
2887:
2883:
2879:
2876:) instead of
2875:
2871:
2855:
2851:
2835:
2832:
2828:
2824:
2820:
2816:
2812:
2804:
2801:
2797:
2793:
2789:
2785:
2781:
2777:
2773:
2769:
2757:
2754:
2750:
2746:
2742:
2738:
2734:
2730:
2726:
2722:
2710:
2707:
2703:
2699:
2683:
2680:
2676:
2672:
2668:
2664:
2656:
2652:
2648:
2644:
2640:
2636:
2624:
2609:
2606:
2602:
2598:
2590:
2570:
2567:
2563:
2559:
2555:
2551:
2547:
2543:
2539:
2535:
2531:
2527:
2520:
2516:
2512:
2500:
2499:
2498:
2496:
2492:
2484:
2481:, hence for
2480:
2470:
2462:
2457:) is central
2456:
2449:
2446:
2442:
2438:
2434:
2430:
2426:
2422:
2418:
2414:
2410:
2406:
2402:
2395:
2388:
2384:
2380:
2373:
2368:
2359:
2352:
2345:
2338:
2331:
2322:
2317:
2308:
2303:
2295:
2286:
2281:
2273:
2264:
2261:
2254:
2249:
2241:
2227:
2217:
2208:
2199:
2198:
2197:
2183:
2180:
2176:
2167:/ɪː,eː,ɔː,æː/
2164:
2150:
2143:
2136:
2129:
2122:
2115:
2108:
2101:
2096:/ɪː,eː,ɔː,æː/
2088:/ɪː,eː,ɔː,æː/
2077:
2072:
2064:
2056:
2048:
2035:
2029:
2023:
2020:
2016:
2012:
2008:
2000:
1994:
1988:
1987:
1986:
1983:
1964:
1960:
1944:
1939:both towards
1928:
1912:
1900:
1862:
1844:
1834:
1812:
1802:
1792:
1746:
1745:
1730:
1727:
1726:
1722:
1718:
1716:
1714:
1712:
1710:
1707:
1703:
1701:
1698:
1697:
1694:
1692:
1690:
1688:
1685:
1681:
1678:
1674:
1672:
1669:
1668:
1663:
1658:
1655:
1651:
1648:
1644:
1641:
1637:
1634:
1630:
1627:
1623:
1621:
1618:
1617:
1612:
1607:
1604:
1600:
1598:
1596:
1593:
1589:
1586:
1582:
1580:
1577:
1576:
1572:
1569:
1566:
1563:
1561:
1558:
1556:
1553:
1552:
1549:
1544:
1539:
1533:
1522:
1516:
1514:
1510:
1507:
1503:
1492:
1488:
1485:
1481:
1477:
1474:
1467:
1458:
1453:
1444:
1443:
1441:
1439:
1435:
1434:
1433:
1430:
1428:
1424:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1395:
1387:
1383:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1343:
1339:
1334:
1332:
1328:
1327:
1317:
1313:
1307:
1286:
1279:
1271:
1263:
1257:
1253:
1229:
1224:
1218:is not shown.
1204:/ɪː,eː,ɔː,æː/
1201:
1196:
1187:
1161:
1156:
1147:
1145:
1140:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1124:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1089:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1070:Paul Kerswill
1066:
1064:
1063:rhyming slang
1060:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1042:
1040:
1039:Eva Sivertsen
1036:
1026:
1024:
1023:costermongers
1020:
1012:
1008:
1004:
992:
990:
986:
982:
978:
974:
970:
962:
958:
954:
950:
946:
941:
939:
935:
931:
927:
926:rhyming slang
918:
906:
902:
900:
896:
883:
881:
877:
873:
869:
864:
862:
858:
848:
846:
842:
838:
834:
829:
827:
823:
819:
815:
811:
807:
803:
799:
795:
791:
787:
781:
779:
775:
768:
763:
754:
752:
748:
744:
740:
736:
732:
728:
724:
720:
716:
712:
708:
704:
700:
696:
692:
688:
684:
680:
676:
672:
668:
664:
663:Bethnal Green
660:
656:
646:
642:
640:
637:
624:
623:
619:
616:
612:
609:
606:
603:
602:
596:
594:
590:
586:
582:
578:
577:Fynes Moryson
574:
570:
566:
562:
558:
548:
547:
542:
538:
534:
529:
527:
523:
519:
515:
511:
507:
503:
499:
498:mythical land
495:
491:
487:
484:
480:
476:
475:
474:Piers Plowman
470:
463:
460:Etymology of
452:
450:
446:
445:multicultural
442:
438:
434:
432:
428:
424:
420:
416:
412:
411:working-class
408:
404:
400:
396:
390:
388:
376:
375:
370:
366:
362:
343:
322:
320:
308:
307:
302:
298:
294:
293:Michael Caine
275:
251:
247:
243:
239:
235:
233:
227:
224:
221:
219:
218:
213:
209:
206:
201:
196:
192:
188:
185:
181:
175:
167:
164:
163:
162:
159:
158:
157:
153:
147:
129:
126:
125:
124:
121:
120:
119:
116:
115:
114:
111:
110:
109:
106:
105:
104:
103:West Germanic
101:
100:
99:
96:
95:
94:
93:Indo-European
90:
86:
80:
76:
72:
68:
67:Hertfordshire
64:
60:
56:
53:
49:
46:
43:
39:
34:
29:
26:
22:
10777:South Africa
10772:Sierra Leone
10525:Miami Latino
10414:Philadelphia
10402:Inland North
10307:Newfoundland
10125:West Country
10107:
9939:by continent
9885:
9871:
9804:
9798:
9785:
9772:0-52128540-2
9763:0-52129719-2
9746:
9734:
9727:Łódź, Poland
9726:
9712:
9696:
9692:
9679:
9659:
9642:
9633:
9624:
9611:
9603:Bibliography
9589:. Retrieved
9578:
9569:
9557:. Retrieved
9548:
9539:
9527:. Retrieved
9518:
9509:
9497:. Retrieved
9488:
9479:
9467:. Retrieved
9458:
9448:
9436:. Retrieved
9427:
9418:
9406:. Retrieved
9397:
9388:
9376:. Retrieved
9367:
9358:
9346:. Retrieved
9327:
9318:
9306:. Retrieved
9297:
9288:
9276:. Retrieved
9268:Daily Record
9267:
9257:
9245:. Retrieved
9236:
9227:
9219:
9214:17 September
9212:. Retrieved
9208:
9198:
9187:, retrieved
9177:
9171:
9159:. Retrieved
9150:
9141:
9129:. Retrieved
9120:
9111:
9099:. Retrieved
9090:
9081:
9069:. Retrieved
9059:
9053:
9041:. Retrieved
9033:News Shopper
9032:
9023:
9011:. Retrieved
9002:
8992:
8980:. Retrieved
8969:
8961:
8949:. Retrieved
8940:
8931:
8919:. Retrieved
8911:www.vice.com
8910:
8901:
8889:. Retrieved
8880:
8871:
8859:. Retrieved
8850:
8840:
8828:. Retrieved
8819:
8809:
8790:
8778:. Retrieved
8769:
8760:
8748:. Retrieved
8744:the original
8739:
8730:
8718:. Retrieved
8709:
8700:
8691:
8685:
8673:. Retrieved
8664:
8654:
8642:. Retrieved
8633:
8624:
8612:. Retrieved
8603:
8593:
8581:. Retrieved
8570:
8558:. Retrieved
8549:
8539:
8507:. Retrieved
8498:
8488:
8476:. Retrieved
8457:
8447:
8435:. Retrieved
8426:
8416:
8404:. Retrieved
8390:
8378:. Retrieved
8364:
8352:. Retrieved
8343:
8334:
8322:. Retrieved
8313:
8304:
8292:. Retrieved
8283:
8274:
8262:. Retrieved
8253:
8244:
8232:. Retrieved
8223:
8214:
8202:. Retrieved
8193:
8183:
8171:. Retrieved
8162:
8153:
8141:. Retrieved
8122:
8112:
8100:. Retrieved
8091:
8082:
8070:. Retrieved
8066:the original
8061:
8051:
8039:. Retrieved
8030:
8021:
8009:. Retrieved
7995:
7983:. Retrieved
7975:CornwallLive
7974:
7964:
7952:. Retrieved
7943:
7934:
7922:. Retrieved
7913:
7903:
7891:. Retrieved
7882:
7873:
7861:. Retrieved
7852:
7843:
7831:. Retrieved
7822:
7813:
7804:
7798:
7786:. Retrieved
7777:
7768:
7737:. Retrieved
7723:
7711:. Retrieved
7702:
7693:
7681:. Retrieved
7672:
7663:
7651:. Retrieved
7642:
7633:
7621:. Retrieved
7612:
7588:. Retrieved
7579:
7570:
7558:. Retrieved
7549:
7540:
7528:. Retrieved
7519:
7510:
7498:. Retrieved
7490:The Guardian
7489:
7480:
7468:. Retrieved
7453:
7441:. Retrieved
7427:
7418:
7412:
7402:21 September
7400:. Retrieved
7380:
7372:
7368:
7356:. Retrieved
7352:the original
7339:
7335:
7325:
7313:. Retrieved
7309:the original
7299:
7292:
7284:
7275:
7269:
7237:. Retrieved
7233:the original
7208:. Retrieved
7204:the original
7179:. Retrieved
7170:
7146:. Retrieved
7137:
7127:
7115:. Retrieved
7101:
7089:. Retrieved
7082:the original
7054:. Retrieved
7034:
7022:. Retrieved
7008:
6996:. Retrieved
6982:
6970:
6958:
6946:
6934:. Retrieved
6920:
6913:Wells (1982)
6908:
6896:
6884:
6860:Wells (1982)
6855:
6848:Wells (1982)
6828:
6816:
6804:
6797:Wells (1982)
6792:
6780:
6743:Wells (1982)
6738:
6726:
6719:Wells (1982)
6714:
6707:Wells (1982)
6702:
6695:Wells (1982)
6690:
6683:Wells (1982)
6668:Wells (1982)
6663:
6656:Wells (1982)
6621:
6614:Wells (1982)
6609:
6580:
6553:
6541:
6529:
6507:Wells (1982)
6485:
6473:
6461:
6449:. Retrieved
6434:
6427:Wells (1982)
6422:
6412:21 September
6410:. Retrieved
6406:the original
6396:
6389:Wells (1982)
6384:
6372:
6360:
6353:Wells (1982)
6348:
6336:
6324:
6312:
6290:Wells (1982)
6256:. Retrieved
6227:
6219:
6204:
6192:
6180:
6168:. Retrieved
6137:. Retrieved
6127:
6120:
6108:. Retrieved
6098:
6086:. Retrieved
6072:
6065:Ellis (1890)
6045:. Retrieved
6030:
6018:. Retrieved
6003:
5991:
5979:
5971:
5966:
5946:
5927:
5908:
5896:. Retrieved
5887:
5878:
5866:
5847:
5833:
5819:
5807:
5795:. Retrieved
5786:
5776:
5764:. Retrieved
5750:
5738:. Retrieved
5734:the original
5724:
5712:. Retrieved
5708:the original
5698:
5690:
5682:
5674:
5670:
5666:
5662:
5654:
5650:
5646:
5641:
5632:
5626:
5613:
5607:
5598:
5590:
5585:
5577:
5572:
5559:
5554:
5546:
5542:
5534:. Retrieved
5524:
5498:. Retrieved
5494:the original
5484:
5457:
5451:
5432:
5426:
5414:. Retrieved
5410:the original
5400:
5388:. Retrieved
5379:
5370:
5359:
5344:
5332:. Retrieved
5302:
5292:
5282:
5273:
5263:
5247:
5219:London slang
5167:
5099:
5091:
5085:
5077:
5069:
5062:
5055:
5048:
5041:, voiced by
5039:The Coachman
5033:
5024:
5011:
5003:
4988:
4971:
4961:Mary Poppins
4959:
4947:
4938:
4932:My Fair Lady
4930:
4923:, a play by
4918:
4906:
4898:
4890:
4882:
4870:
4863:
4853:
4846:
4839:
4834:
4810:
4801:
4791:
4784:
4777:
4770:
4758:
4746:Please help
4741:verification
4738:
4681:, actor and
4668:, raised in
4662:Ray Winstone
4646:, raised in
4613:Shani Wallis
4572:Canning Town
4519:Tommy Steele
4512:, raised in
4479:Arthur Smith
4456:Highams Park
4428:, raised in
4415:, raised in
4400:Linda Robson
4391:Shane Richie
4359:Claude Rains
4352:, raised in
4337:Jack Petchey
4324:Dave Peacock
4315:Joe Pasquale
4306:Cliff Parisi
4288:Des O'Connor
4279:Chubby Oates
4272:, raised in
4270:Canning Town
4257:Terry Naylor
4250:, raised in
4244:Billy Murray
4237:, raised in
4222:
4213:
4184:Lenny McLean
4145:Derek Martin
4136:Glen Matlock
4032:, raised in
4017:Vinnie Jones
3951:Glenn Hoddle
3889:Brian Harvey
3876:Steve Harris
3867:Simon Harris
3854:Steve Harley
3834:, raised in
3801:Bobby George
3792:Bill Gardner
3783:Dean Gaffney
3745:, raised in
3724:Canning Town
3697:Custom House
3677:, raised in
3646:, raised in
3613:Jim Davidson
3586:Phil Daniels
3570:, raised in
3555:Henry Cooper
3546:Brian Conley
3521:, raised in
3471:, raised in
3445:, raised in
3405:, raised in
3385:Eric Bristow
3324:, raised in
3264:
3255:
3245:
3238:
3231:
3224:
3212:
3200:Please help
3195:verification
3192:
3141:
3117:
3111:
3092:
3085:
3078:
3075:
3063:
3043:
3033:
3020:
2983:
2969:
2957:
2946:
2941:
2940:
2936:
2932:
2930:
2926:West Country
2905:
2903:
2885:
2881:
2877:
2873:
2869:
2859:
2853:
2849:
2830:
2826:
2822:
2818:
2814:
2810:
2799:
2795:
2791:
2787:
2783:
2780:Charles Hill
2779:
2776:Child's Hill
2775:
2771:
2767:
2752:
2748:
2744:
2740:
2736:
2732:
2728:
2724:
2720:
2705:
2701:
2697:
2678:
2674:
2670:
2666:
2662:
2654:
2650:
2646:
2642:
2638:
2634:
2604:
2600:
2596:
2588:
2583:and earlier
2571:A preceding
2565:
2561:
2557:
2553:
2549:
2545:
2541:
2537:
2533:
2529:
2525:
2518:
2514:
2510:
2476:
2454:
2444:
2440:
2436:
2432:
2428:
2424:
2420:
2416:
2412:
2408:
2404:
2400:
2393:
2386:
2357:
2350:
2343:
2336:
2195:
2175:Wells (1982)
2148:
2141:
2134:
2127:
2120:
2113:
2106:
2099:
2018:
2014:
2010:
2006:
1984:
1965:
1931:: , whereas
1878:
1512:
1505:
1501:
1483:
1479:
1475:
1437:
1431:
1427:glottal stop
1413:
1409:
1405:
1401:
1397:
1393:
1385:
1380:may also be
1373:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1335:
1325:
1318:
1305:
1284:
1277:
1255:
1249:
1230::197, 200).
1228:Beaken (1971
1200:Beaken (1971
1160:Beaken (1971
1141:
1125:
1091:A series of
1090:
1077:
1067:
1055:glottal stop
1043:
1032:
1018:
1016:
1011:costermonger
1003:My Old Dutch
988:
984:
980:
976:
968:
960:
956:
952:
951:, including
942:
923:
911:and ⟨
893:
865:
854:
830:
826:north London
782:
771:
703:Isle of Dogs
671:Spitalfields
652:
643:
633:
620:
610:
604:
592:
589:John Minsheu
580:
544:
532:
530:
517:
513:
509:
489:
485:
472:
466:
461:
435:
418:
394:
393:
384:
372:
316:
304:
229:
222:
215:
127:
25:
10902:Philippines
10695:New Zealand
10581:Bay Islands
10561:The Bahamas
10484:Social and
10441:New Orleans
10358:New England
10252:Isle of Man
10197:Port Talbot
10098:East Anglia
10015:Northumbria
9428:www.msn.com
8921:16 December
8891:16 December
8861:16 December
8780:5 September
8750:5 September
8720:5 September
8675:5 September
8527:|last=
8280:"Alan Ford"
7883:Funny Women
6877:Mott (2012)
6758:Mott (2012)
6602:Mott (2012)
6466:Wells (1982
6139:27 February
5704:"Bow Bells"
5087:The Getaway
4998:Tobias Ragg
4710:Mark Wright
4701:Jess Wright
4696:Walthamstow
4687:Westminster
4683:GEICO gecko
4626:Walthamstow
4586:Sid Vicious
4532:Clerkenwell
4528:Mark Strong
4441:, lived in
4430:Leytonstone
4417:Leytonstone
4248:Forest Gate
4210:Alf Garnett
4193:Paul Merson
4118:Sex Pistols
4048:Martin Kemp
4030:Walthamstow
4008:Sex Pistols
4004:Steve Jones
3986:Bob Hoskins
3977:Roy Hodgson
3964:Chas Hodges
3937:Leytonstone
3920:Gordon Hill
3911:Eddie Hearn
3902:Barry Hearn
3897:Walthamstow
3884:Leytonstone
3880:Iron Maiden
3871:Westminster
3841:Tony Hadley
3810:Len Goodman
3787:Hammersmith
3743:Whitechapel
3622:Steve Davis
3568:Forest Gate
3564:Tony Cottee
3523:Somers Town
3496:Rylan Clark
3443:Rotherhithe
3421:Kathy Burke
3376:Billy Bragg
3340:Roger Bisby
3331:Rob Beckett
3322:Leytonstone
3291:Danny Baker
3107:Clive Upton
3011:Walt Disney
2935:instead of
2884:instead of
2840:is that of
2371:, that is .
2179:Mott (2012)
1502:Dad's gonna
1462:can become
1448:can become
1302:NORTH/FORCE
1266:or lowered
1035:Leytonstone
938:th-fronting
861:East London
751:conurbation
743:Walthamstow
667:Whitechapel
599:Other terms
569:nestle-cock
553: 1386
361:Danny Baker
244:instead of
156:Old English
150:Early forms
11042:Categories
10842:Bangladesh
10834:South Asia
10787:Cape Flats
10737:The Gambia
10662:Aboriginal
10498:vernacular
10463:California
10436:High Tider
10431:Appalachia
10292:Aboriginal
10224:South-West
10068:Birmingham
10025:Sunderland
10010:Manchester
10000:Lancashire
9811:: 91–114.
9408:17 January
8941:FOX Sports
7739:5 November
7315:21 January
7239:21 January
7210:21 January
7140:. London.
6110:18 January
6088:18 January
5766:18 January
5655:tenderness
5536:25 October
5390:31 January
5334:18 January
5240:References
5169:EastEnders
4774:newspapers
4635:Shoreditch
4568:Reg Varney
4537:Alan Sugar
4523:Bermondsey
4483:Bermondsey
4413:St Pancras
4395:Kensington
4363:Camberwell
4283:Bermondsey
4266:Mark Noble
4252:Upton Park
4235:St Pancras
4233:, born in
4197:Sky Sports
4179:Maida Vale
4175:Eastenders
4162:Shoreditch
4140:Paddington
4120:, born in
4114:John Lydon
4107:, born in
4043:Smithfield
4026:Harry Kane
3928:Wealdstone
3860:, born in
3832:Manor Park
3823:Camberwell
3805:Manor Park
3796:Hornchurch
3765:Bermondsey
3702:Joey Essex
3693:Danny Dyer
3644:Bermondsey
3631:Peter Dean
3581:Bermondsey
3550:Paddington
3519:Paddington
3473:Kennington
3401:, born in
3358:Jay Blades
3309:Alfie Bass
3304:Bermondsey
3228:newspapers
3065:EastEnders
2988:) was the
2966:Perception
2848:, so that
2696:, so that
2601:music-hall
2443:, compare
2260:cardinal 5
2236:, that is
1949:/ɪj,ʉw,ɔw/
1868:/eɪ,aɪ,ɔɪ/
1864:/æj,ɑj,oj/
1818:/ɪə,ʊə,eə/
1814:/ɪː,ʊː,eː/
1729:Diphthongs
1376:(i.e., ).
1254:. A final
1252:non-rhotic
1130:estate in
1113:Chelmsford
957:legitimate
872:Brick Lane
814:Shoreditch
699:Shoreditch
691:Haggerston
500:of luxury
387:media help
367:, London,
365:Bermondsey
319:media help
299:, London,
108:Ingvaeonic
10907:Singapore
10869:Sri Lanka
10824:Hong Kong
10650:variation
10642:Australia
10553:Caribbean
10419:Baltimore
10302:Lunenburg
10247:Gibraltar
10164:Highlands
10042:Yorkshire
10005:Liverpool
9827:253258669
9705:2013-2247
9559:13 August
9398:WhatsonTV
9338:0140-0460
9329:The Times
8851:Billboard
8468:0140-0460
8459:The Times
8406:24 August
8380:24 August
8133:0140-0460
8124:The Times
7703:BBC Sport
7443:16 August
7358:1 October
7181:1 October
7117:1 October
7091:1 October
7056:1 October
7024:1 October
6998:1 October
6936:1 October
6451:1 October
6258:1 October
6170:1 October
6047:1 October
6020:1 October
5898:5 January
5813:etymology
5714:1 October
5651:cockering
5547:Cockaygne
5520:"Cockney"
5416:16 August
5253:"Cockney"
5034:Pinocchio
4920:Pygmalion
4829:Ken Loach
4763:"Cockney"
4679:Jake Wood
4653:Anna Wing
4648:Southgate
4617:Tottenham
4563:Islington
4559:Joe Swash
4422:Paul Ross
4404:Islington
4382:Mike Reid
4261:Islington
4201:Harlesden
4109:Streatham
4099:, former
4052:Islington
4039:Gary Kemp
4034:Chingford
3941:Limehouse
3849:Islington
3752:Alan Ford
3706:Southwark
3684:Dani Dyer
3666:Islington
3657:Greenwich
3626:Plumstead
3617:Kidbrooke
3608:Southwark
3604:Jack Dash
3590:Islington
3447:Southwark
3425:Islington
3326:Chingford
3286:Tottenham
3217:"Cockney"
3132:a website
3112:The term
3081:-fronting
2735:as , and
2717:/æ~æj~æː/
2627:/ɪ~ɪj~ɪː/
2491:semivowel
2152:/ˈpɔːlɪj/
2124:/ˈmeːrɪj/
2092:/ɪ,e,ɔ,æ/
1671:Near-open
1515:-dropping
1506:turn left
1440:-fronting
1388:. London
1342:allophone
1290:PALM/BATH
1128:Becontree
989:kushtipen
979:(meaning
876:Stratford
841:the Blitz
798:Southwark
794:Stratford
739:Stratford
683:Limehouse
661:towns of
659:Middlesex
615:new towns
581:Itinerary
573:Bow Bells
502:Cockaigne
431:Bow Bells
359:Voice of
306:Front Row
297:Southwark
291:Voice of
217:Glottolog
205:ISO 639-3
59:Middlesex
11027:Standard
10997:Learning
10985:Nerrière
10976:Globish
10892:Malaysia
10864:Pakistan
10804:Zimbabwe
10732:Cameroon
10566:Barbados
10297:Atlantic
10265:Americas
10182:Abercraf
10151:Scotland
10130:Cornwall
10051:Midlands
10035:Teesside
10030:Tyneside
10020:Pitmatic
9983:Cheshire
9929:Dialects
9745:(1982).
9657:(1996).
9585:Archived
9553:Archived
9523:Archived
9493:Archived
9463:Archived
9459:MyLondon
9432:Archived
9402:Archived
9372:Archived
9342:Archived
9302:Archived
9272:Archived
9241:Archived
9183:archived
9155:Archived
9125:Archived
9095:Archived
9065:Archived
9037:Archived
9007:Archived
8976:Archived
8945:Archived
8915:Archived
8885:Archived
8881:Kerrang!
8855:Archived
8824:Archived
8799:Archived
8774:Archived
8714:Archived
8669:Archived
8638:Archived
8608:Archived
8554:Archived
8519:cite web
8509:5 August
8503:Archived
8499:SudoNull
8472:Archived
8431:Archived
8427:KentLive
8400:Archived
8374:Archived
8348:Archived
8318:Archived
8288:Archived
8258:Archived
8228:Archived
8198:Archived
8167:Archived
8137:Archived
8096:Archived
8062:MTV News
8035:Archived
8005:Archived
7979:Archived
7948:Archived
7918:Archived
7887:Archived
7857:Archived
7853:Extra.ie
7827:Archived
7782:Archived
7733:Archived
7707:Archived
7677:Archived
7647:Archived
7617:Archived
7584:Archived
7554:Archived
7524:Archived
7494:Archived
7464:Archived
7437:Archived
7393:Archived
7259:Archived
7175:Archived
7171:BBC News
7148:18 March
7142:Archived
7111:Archived
7047:Archived
7018:Archived
6992:Archived
6930:Archived
6445:Archived
6252:Archived
6212:Archived
6164:Archived
6133:Archived
6082:Archived
6041:Archived
6014:Archived
5956:Archived
5936:Archived
5917:Archived
5892:Archived
5856:Archived
5832:'s 1785
5821:incoctus
5797:24 March
5791:Archived
5760:Archived
5740:5 August
5591:Vulgaria
5530:Archived
5500:24 March
5384:Archived
5328:Archived
5307:Archived
5256:Archived
5113:See also
4992: —
4855:Poor Cow
4827:Many of
4670:Plaistow
4666:Homerton
4590:Lewisham
4581:Dagenham
4514:Walworth
4492:Dagenham
4435:Roy Shaw
4354:Dagenham
4350:Plaistow
4341:Plaistow
4301:Chigwell
4122:Holloway
4092:East Ham
3972:Edmonton
3915:Dagenham
3906:Dagenham
3862:Deptford
3836:Hainault
3774:Waterloo
3756:Walworth
3715:Mile End
3671:Ian Dury
3648:Dagenham
3572:East Ham
3515:Joe Cole
3482:Deptford
3469:Walworth
3434:Woolwich
3416:East Ham
3407:Dagenham
3335:Lewisham
3295:Deptford
3048:Scottish
3030:Scotland
2833:less so.
2807:/ɔ~ɔw~a/
2719:. Thus,
2603:, in an
2593:/ˈɔwfɔw/
2509:: e.g.,
2483:Millwall
2429:shoulder
2397:/ˈəwlɪj/
2390:/ˈɒwlɪj/
2225:: "bed"
2145:/ˈpɔlɪj/
2117:/ˈmerɪj/
1923:towards
1907:towards
1416:, where
1362:Hy' Par'
1319:A broad
1170:or even
1144:Thetford
1132:Dagenham
1117:Southend
1101:Basildon
909:/ /
905:Help:IPA
886:Dialect
822:Highgate
747:West Ham
735:Plaistow
727:East Ham
719:Mile End
657:include
655:East End
585:reproach
524:capital
510:Cockayne
506:attested
481:", from
427:East End
250:Help:IPA
98:Germanic
10957:Engrish
10952:E-Prime
10925:Related
10912:Vietnam
10897:Myanmar
10767:Nigeria
10762:Namibia
10752:Liberia
10634:Oceania
10616:Bermuda
10588:Jamaica
10515:Chicano
10353:Midland
10339:United
10275:America
10211:Ireland
10187:Cardiff
10159:Glasgow
10108:Cockney
9988:Cumbria
9966:England
9957:Britain
9933:accents
9893:YouTube
9879:YouTube
9591:20 July
9499:10 July
9469:10 July
9378:19 June
9348:19 June
9308:19 June
9237:Twitter
9189:19 June
9131:10 July
8740:BT News
8583:5 March
8478:19 June
7924:19 June
5693:. 1600.
5593:. 1520.
5566:. 2009.
5543:Cockney
5224:Mockney
5206:Chennai
4884:Oliver!
4788:scholar
4674:Enfield
4657:Hackney
4644:Enfield
4608:Enfield
4599:Peckham
4550:Madness
4541:Hackney
4501:Stepney
4474:Romford
4465:Hackney
4439:Stepney
4426:Romford
4386:Hackney
4332:Enfield
4330:, from
4292:Stepney
4274:Beckton
4218:, from
4177:, from
4131:Peckham
4083:Romford
4021:Watford
3999:Hackney
3981:Croydon
3970:, from
3955:England
3945:Stepney
3926:, from
3895:, from
3893:East 17
3882:, from
3847:, from
3733:Romford
3679:Cranham
3559:Lambeth
3532:Romford
3500:Stepney
3403:Croydon
3389:Hackney
3380:Barking
3371:Barking
3362:Hackney
3242:scholar
3148:Peckham
3072:England
3056:English
3036:Glasgow
3003:Brummie
2995:coolest
2753:railway
2679:fooling
2671:sealing
2667:ceiling
2633:. Thus
2597:musical
2585:/ɔw(l)/
2203:may be
1826:/ɔː~ɔw/
1543:Central
1390:/p,t,k/
1382:flapped
1306:cheetah
1298:THOUGHT
1202::197).
1190:region.
1182:in the
949:Yiddish
897:in the
880:Romford
808:in the
806:Holborn
800:to the
786:Clapton
707:Hackney
695:Aldgate
679:Wapping
675:Stepney
622:Mockney
563:" and "
557:milksop
533:Cockney
522:English
518:Cockney
514:Cocknay
462:Cockney
423:demonym
419:Cockney
401:of the
399:dialect
395:Cockney
246:Unicode
128:Cockney
118:English
45:England
31:Cockney
10980:Gogate
10887:Brunei
10799:Uganda
10782:accent
10757:Malawi
10725:Africa
10700:accent
10655:accent
10598:Samaná
10571:Bequia
10390:accent
10363:Boston
10341:States
10324:Quebec
10284:Canada
10273:North
10229:Ulster
10219:Dublin
10135:Dorset
9993:Barrow
9955:Great
9946:Europe
9825:
9776:
9770:,
9767:
9761:
9719:
9703:
9667:
9529:4 June
9438:4 June
9336:
9278:4 June
9247:4 June
9161:4 June
9101:4 June
9071:4 June
9043:4 June
9013:4 June
8982:4 June
8951:16 May
8830:4 June
8644:4 June
8614:4 June
8560:4 June
8550:mirror
8466:
8437:4 June
8354:4 June
8324:4 June
8294:4 June
8264:4 June
8234:4 June
8204:4 June
8173:4 June
8163:JOE.ie
8143:4 June
8131:
8102:4 June
8092:Closer
8072:4 June
8041:4 June
8011:4 June
7985:4 June
7954:4 June
7893:4 June
7863:4 June
7833:4 June
7788:4 June
7713:4 June
7683:4 June
7653:4 June
7623:4 June
7590:4 June
7560:4 June
7530:4 June
7500:4 June
7470:1 June
5464:
5439:
5210:Mumbai
5071:Legend
4976:(with
4954:Nadsat
4790:
4783:
4776:
4769:
4761:
4554:Camden
4377:Poplar
4310:Poplar
4188:Hoxton
4158:Hoxton
4070:Hoxton
4061:Hoxton
3688:Newham
3675:Harrow
3640:Devlin
3635:Hoxton
3541:Camden
3244:
3237:
3230:
3223:
3215:
3017:Spread
2976:Empire
2886:frosty
2882:fwasty
2686:/ʊ~ʉw/
2631:/ʊ~ʉw/
2566:Malden
2562:Morden
2558:Walter
2550:Malden
2546:Morden
2542:Paul's
2530:fought
2522:/sɔlt/
2387:wholly
2379:dark l
2361:/pɔːz/
2354:/bɔːd/
2347:/pɔwz/
2340:/bɔwd/
2149:poorly
2107:here's
2019:biting
2015:Barton
1870:in RP.
1570:Short
1564:Short
1484:reduce
1402:rocker
1374:Cla'am
1333:(RP).
1214:vowel
1105:Harlow
1103:, and
985:cushty
973:Romani
965:/ʃtʊm/
959:) and
953:kosher
928:. The
913:
731:Leyton
711:Hoxton
701:, the
687:Poplar
636:walled
630:Region
565:cocker
526:London
516:, and
407:London
113:Anglic
75:Surrey
55:London
51:Region
11022:Plain
10937:Basic
10859:Nepal
10847:India
10747:Kenya
10742:Ghana
10707:Palau
10667:South
10510:Cajun
10451:Texas
10446:Older
10426:South
10397:North
10373:Maine
10192:Gower
10174:Wales
10090:South
9975:North
9823:S2CID
9616:(PDF)
8194:Metro
7914:Metro
7396:(PDF)
7389:(PDF)
7085:(PDF)
7078:(PDF)
7050:(PDF)
7043:(PDF)
6468::322)
5817:Latin
5214:India
5202:Hindi
5198:Tamil
4915:used.
4865:Alfie
4795:JSTOR
4781:books
4546:Suggs
4319:Grays
3959:Hayes
3353:Grays
3282:Adele
3249:JSTOR
3235:books
3152:Penge
3103:GOOSE
2948:ain't
2922:]
2918:[
2914:]
2910:[
2878:three
2870:thwee
2864:with
2854:whirl
2796:snarl
2772:smile
2768:snarl
2749:vowel
2677:but
2675:fully
2665:but
2663:silly
2655:cruel
2589:awful
2564:vs.
2554:water
2538:pause
2526:fault
2471:]
2467:[
2463:]
2459:[
2445:dough
2433:odour
2383:clear
2369:]
2365:[
2351:bored
2344:pause
2337:board
2332:]
2328:[
2318:]
2314:[
2304:]
2300:[
2296:]
2292:[
2282:]
2278:[
2274:]
2270:[
2250:]
2246:[
2242:]
2238:[
2209:]
2205:[
2142:Polly
2138:/æːt/
2114:merry
2110:/ɪːz/
2073:]
2069:[
2065:]
2061:[
2057:]
2053:[
2049:]
2045:[
2007:laugh
1961:]
1957:[
1945:]
1941:[
1929:]
1925:[
1913:]
1909:[
1901:]
1897:[
1830:/ʉwə/
1579:Close
1573:Long
1567:Long
1555:Short
1538:Front
1523:]
1519:[
1504:and
1468:]
1464:[
1454:]
1450:[
1398:utter
1394:upper
1386:utter
1370:light
1314:]
1310:[
1294:START
1272:]
1268:[
1264:]
1260:[
1246:area.
1244:STRUT
1188:]
1184:[
1109:Grays
1005:" by
981:money
977:wonga
961:shtum
945:Essex
901:(IPA)
802:south
723:Essex
539:" of
486:coken
397:is a
187:Latin
63:Essex
10813:Asia
10690:Fiji
10677:West
10593:Saba
10458:West
10378:West
10368:East
9931:and
9759:ISBN
9717:ISBN
9701:ISSN
9665:ISBN
9593:2019
9580:IMDb
9561:2015
9531:2021
9501:2022
9471:2022
9440:2021
9410:2017
9380:2021
9350:2021
9334:ISSN
9310:2021
9280:2021
9249:2021
9216:2023
9191:2022
9163:2021
9133:2022
9103:2021
9073:2021
9045:2021
9015:2021
8984:2021
8953:2021
8923:2021
8893:2021
8863:2021
8832:2021
8782:2020
8752:2020
8722:2020
8677:2020
8646:2021
8616:2021
8585:2024
8562:2021
8531:help
8511:2021
8480:2022
8464:ISSN
8439:2021
8408:2021
8382:2021
8356:2021
8326:2021
8296:2021
8284:IMDb
8266:2021
8236:2021
8206:2021
8175:2021
8145:2021
8129:ISSN
8104:2021
8074:2021
8043:2021
8013:2021
7987:2021
7956:2021
7926:2022
7895:2021
7865:2021
7835:2021
7790:2021
7741:2015
7715:2021
7685:2021
7655:2021
7625:2021
7592:2021
7562:2021
7532:2021
7502:2021
7472:2014
7445:2010
7404:2013
7360:2010
7317:2013
7241:2013
7212:2013
7183:2010
7150:2009
7119:2010
7093:2010
7058:2010
7026:2010
7000:2010
6938:2010
6453:2010
6414:2011
6260:2010
6172:2010
6141:2018
6112:2013
6090:2013
6049:2010
6022:2010
5900:2012
5840:shew
5799:2009
5768:2013
5742:2007
5716:2010
5653:and
5538:2020
5502:2009
5462:ISBN
5437:ISBN
5418:2010
5392:2022
5336:2013
5208:and
5200:and
5192:and
5090:and
4996:and
4982:Dick
4767:news
4672:and
4445:and
3943:and
3449:and
3221:news
3150:and
3142:The
3101:and
3099:GOAT
2874:fwee
2872:(or
2852:and
2850:well
2846:/əː/
2844:and
2831:dull
2827:dole
2823:doll
2819:dull
2817:and
2815:dole
2811:doll
2800:pile
2798:and
2792:foul
2788:pale
2770:and
2764:/ɑj/
2762:and
2760:/ɑː/
2755:is .
2747:and
2745:veil
2741:vale
2733:fowl
2731:and
2729:fail
2725:sale
2723:and
2706:fool
2704:and
2702:full
2698:fall
2694:/ɔw/
2651:fool
2649:and
2647:full
2643:real
2641:and
2639:reel
2635:rill
2629:and
2618:and
2616:/Vl/
2599:and
2581:/əl/
2534:fort
2519:salt
2515:sort
2513:and
2511:salt
2507:/ɔw/
2455:good
2441:dole
2437:doll
2431:vs.
2423:vs.
2421:bowl
2411:vs.
2409:soul
2405:sole
2394:holy
2392:vs.
2375:/əw/
2358:paws
2356:and
2342:and
2324:/ɔː/
2310:/ɔw/
2280:œ̝̈ː
2266:/əː/
2256:/ɑː/
2190:/eː/
2188:and
2186:/ɪː/
2171:/ɔː/
2156:/ɔː/
2140:and
2131:/æt/
2121:Mary
2103:/ɪz/
2090:and
2083:/æː/
2037:/əw/
2031:/ʉw/
2025:/oj/
2011:life
2002:/ɑj/
1996:/æj/
1990:/ɪj/
1963:: .
1953:/əw/
1937:/ɒw/
1935:and
1933:/ɔw/
1921:/æː/
1917:/əw/
1915:: ,
1905:/oj/
1903:: ,
1893:/ɑj/
1891:and
1889:/æj/
1885:/ʉw/
1883:and
1881:/ɪj/
1858:/uː/
1856:and
1854:/iː/
1850:/ʉw/
1848:and
1846:/ɪj/
1840:/aʊ/
1836:/æː/
1822:/ʊː/
1788:/əʊ/
1784:/əw/
1780:/ɒw/
1776:/ɔː/
1772:/ɔw/
1768:/ɔː/
1756:/əw/
1754:and
1752:/əː/
1700:Open
1560:Long
1548:Back
1489:The
1480:tune
1414:rock
1368:and
1366:Like
1352:and
1321:/ɑː/
1300:and
1292:and
1283:LETT
1281:and
1276:COMM
1240:/əw/
1236:/ʉw/
1234:and
1232:/ɪj/
1216:/ʊː/
1212:CURE
1208:/æː/
1115:and
1049:, a
969:mute
810:west
804:and
792:and
745:and
717:and
639:City
561:cock
494:cock
492:("a
413:and
223:None
71:Kent
9935:of
9891:on
9877:on
9813:doi
9751:doi
9489:MSN
8710:ITV
7344:doi
7075:"5"
5647:viz
4946:In
4750:by
4212:in
4173:on
4149:Bow
3509:Oi!
3204:by
3052:/r/
2980:BBC
2906:-ow
2899:/w/
2897:as
2866:/w/
2862:/ɹ/
2842:/e/
2838:/l/
2784:pal
2737:Val
2721:Sal
2713:/l/
2690:/l/
2673:,
2659:/l/
2620:/V/
2612:/l/
2577:/l/
2573:/ə/
2503:/l/
2487:/l/
2451:/ʊ/
2425:Bow
2417:sew
2288:/a/
2272:ə̟ː
2234:/ɒ/
2230:/ɔ/
2223:/d/
2219:/e/
2213:/d/
2201:/æ/
2160:/ɔ/
2135:out
2100:his
2063:ʌ̈ː
2041:/a/
1808:/ʌ/
1804:/a/
1798:/ɒ/
1794:/ɔ/
1778:).
1620:Mid
1498:/d/
1494:/t/
1482:or
1476:Yod
1460:/ð/
1446:/θ/
1410:out
1378:/t/
1354:/p/
1350:/k/
1346:/t/
1344:of
1256:-er
1180:/æ/
1176:/e/
1172:/æ/
1168:/a/
1164:/ə/
1093:new
934:BBC
790:Bow
715:Bow
543:'s
479:egg
471:'s
232:IPA
11044::
9821:.
9807:.
9805:30
9803:.
9797:.
9757:.
9725:.
9715:.
9695:,
9691:,
9653:;
9583:.
9577:.
9547:.
9521:.
9517:.
9491:.
9487:.
9461:.
9457:.
9430:.
9426:.
9396:.
9366:.
9340:.
9332:.
9326:.
9296:.
9270:.
9266:.
9239:.
9235:.
9218:.
9207:.
9181:,
9153:.
9149:.
9123:.
9119:.
9089:.
9063:.
9031:.
9005:.
9001:.
8943:.
8939:.
8909:.
8879:.
8853:.
8849:.
8822:.
8818:.
8768:.
8738:.
8708:.
8663:.
8632:.
8606:.
8602:.
8552:.
8548:.
8523::
8521:}}
8517:{{
8501:.
8497:.
8470:.
8462:.
8456:.
8429:.
8425:.
8346:.
8342:.
8316:.
8312:.
8286:.
8282:.
8256:.
8252:.
8226:.
8222:.
8196:.
8192:.
8161:.
8135:.
8127:.
8121:.
8094:.
8090:.
8060:.
8029:.
7977:.
7973:.
7942:.
7916:.
7912:.
7881:.
7851:.
7825:.
7821:.
7776:.
7749:^
7701:.
7675:.
7671:.
7645:.
7641:.
7611:.
7600:^
7582:.
7578:.
7548:.
7522:.
7518:.
7488:.
7462:.
7391:.
7340:11
7338:.
7334:.
7291:–
7249:^
7220:^
7191:^
7169:.
7158:^
7136:.
7066:^
7045:.
6867:^
6840:^
6765:^
6750:^
6675:^
6648:^
6633:^
6592:^
6565:^
6514:^
6497:^
6297:^
6268:^
6239:^
6218:,
6149:^
6057:^
5890:.
5886:.
5785:.
5689:.
5657:."
5616:.
5522:.
5510:^
5475:^
5382:.
5378:.
5358:.
5315:^
5305:.
5301:.
5281:.
5262:.
5212:,
5037:,
3090:,
3083:,
3079:Th
3044:TH
2990:RP
2942:my
2937:my
2933:me
2928:.
2880:,
2813:,
2794:,
2790:,
2786:,
2739:,
2637:,
2552:,
2544:,
2536:,
2461:ʊ̈
2427:,
2419:,
2413:so
2330:ɔː
2316:oː
2294:ɐ̟
2276:,
2147:–
2133:–
2128:at
2126:,
2119:–
2112:,
2105:–
2071:œ̈
2013:,
1764:əʊ
1760:ɜː
1721:ɑː
1684:æː
1665:)
1662:ɔː
1647:əː
1633:eː
1614:)
1611:ʊː
1592:ɪː
1496:,
1442::
1438:Th
1429:.
1418:RP
1412:,
1408:,
1406:up
1404:,
1400:,
1396:,
1364:.
1296:,
1288:,
1285:ER
1111:,
1099:,
1076:,
940:.
788:,
753:.
741:,
737:,
733:,
729:,
713:,
709:,
705:,
697:,
693:,
689:,
685:,
681:,
677:,
673:,
669:,
665:,
595:.
550:c.
528:.
512:,
490:ey
488:+
433:.
73:,
69:,
65:,
61:,
9921:e
9914:t
9907:v
9829:.
9815::
9779:.
9753::
9697:9
9673:.
9636:.
9595:.
9563:.
9533:.
9503:.
9473:.
9442:.
9412:.
9382:.
9352:.
9312:.
9282:.
9251:.
9165:.
9135:.
9105:.
9075:.
9047:.
9017:.
8986:.
8955:.
8925:.
8895:.
8865:.
8834:.
8784:.
8754:.
8724:.
8679:.
8648:.
8618:.
8587:.
8564:.
8533:)
8513:.
8482:.
8441:.
8410:.
8384:.
8358:.
8328:.
8298:.
8268:.
8238:.
8208:.
8177:.
8147:.
8106:.
8076:.
8045:.
8015:.
7989:.
7958:.
7928:.
7897:.
7867:.
7837:.
7792:.
7743:.
7717:.
7687:.
7657:.
7627:.
7594:.
7564:.
7534:.
7504:.
7474:.
7447:.
7406:.
7362:.
7346::
7319:.
7243:.
7214:.
7185:.
7152:.
7121:.
7095:.
7060:.
7028:.
7002:.
6940:.
6455:.
6416:.
6262:.
6174:.
6143:.
6114:.
6092:.
6051:.
6024:.
5902:.
5801:.
5770:.
5744:.
5718:.
5675:v
5671:v
5549:.
5540:.
5504:.
5445:.
5420:.
5394:.
5338:.
5287:.
4927:.
4817:)
4811:(
4806:)
4802:(
4792:·
4785:·
4778:·
4771:·
4744:.
4160:/
3947:.
3271:)
3265:(
3260:)
3256:(
3246:·
3239:·
3232:·
3225:·
3198:.
3093:T
3086:L
2920:ɐ
2912:ə
2825:-
2743:-
2708:.
2681:.
2669:-
2605:H
2568:.
2556:-
2548:-
2540:-
2532:-
2528:-
2469:ʊ
2415:-
2407:-
2401:L
2367:ɔ
2302:a
2284:.
2248:ɔ
2240:ɔ
2207:ɛ
2162:.
2055:ɰ
2047:w
2017:-
2009:-
1980:ɰ
1976:ɥ
1972:w
1968:j
1959:ɤ
1943:o
1927:ʊ
1911:ɪ
1899:e
1842:.
1832:.
1810:.
1800:.
1706:a
1677:æ
1659:(
1654:ɔ
1640:ə
1626:e
1608:(
1603:ʊ
1585:ɪ
1521:h
1513:H
1508:.
1466:v
1452:f
1312:ɐ
1278:A
1270:ɐ
1262:ə
1186:ɛ
963:(
919:.
504:(
389:.
321:.
252:.
210:–
193:)
189:(
77:)
57:(
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.