Coco Chanel - Knowledge

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Dincklage was also a collaborator for the German SD; his superiors being Walter Schellenberg and Alexander Waag in Berlin. Chanel and Dincklage were to report to Schellenberg at the RSHA, with a plan that Chanel had proposed to Dincklage: she, Coco Chanel, was to meet Churchill and persuade him to negotiate with the Germans. In late 1943 or early 1944, Chanel and her SS superior, Schellenberg, who had a weakness for unconventional schemes, devised a plan to get Britain to consider a separate peace to be negotiated by the SS. When interrogated by British intelligence at the war's end, Schellenberg maintained that Chanel was "a person who knew Churchill sufficiently to undertake political negotiations with him". For this mission, code-named

1185: 1485:, wearing three outfits: a red dress with a V-neck paired with ropes of pearls; a tiered seersucker evening gown; and a navy jersey mid-calf suit. Arnaud wore this outfit, "with its slightly padded, square shouldered cardigan jacket, two patch pockets and sleeves that unbuttoned back to reveal crisp white cuffs", above "a white muslin blouse with a perky collar and bow stayed perfectly in place with small tabs that buttoned onto the waistline of an easy A-line skirt." Ballard had bought the suit herself, which gave "an overwhelming impression of insouciant, youthful elegance", and orders for the clothing that Arnaud had modelled soon poured in from the US. 1619:

disliked by designers because the knit structure made it difficult to handle compared to woven fabrics. According to the Metropolitan Museum of Art, "With her financial situation precarious in the early years of her design career, Chanel purchased jersey primarily for its low cost. The qualities of the fabric, however, ensured that the designer would continue to use it long after her business became profitable." Chanel's early wool jersey travelling suit consisted of a cardigan jacket and pleated skirt, paired with a low-belted pullover top. This ensemble, worn with low-heeled shoes, became the casual look in expensive women's wear.

518:, but despite Chanel's hopes that they would settle together, Capel was never faithful to her. Their affair lasted nine years. Even after Capel married an English aristocrat, Lady Diana Wyndham in 1918, he did not completely break off with Chanel. He died in a car accident on 22 December 1919. A roadside memorial at the site of Capel's accident is said to have been commissioned by Chanel. Twenty-five years after the event, Chanel, then residing in Switzerland, confided to her friend, Paul Morand, "His death was a terrible blow to me. In losing Capel, I lost everything. What followed was not a life of happiness, I have to say." 40: 1726: 240: 1576: 1611: 759: 1671: 373:, which ran an orphanage. Its religious order, the Congregation of the Sacred Heart of Mary, was "founded to care for the poor and rejected, including running homes for abandoned and orphaned girls". It was a stark, frugal life, demanding strict discipline. Placement in the orphanage may have contributed to Chanel's future career, as it was where she learned to sew. At age eighteen, Chanel, too old to remain at Aubazine, went to live in a boarding house for Catholic girls in the town of 327: 1083: 468: 594: 4944: 494:, an area known for its wooded equestrian paths and the hunting life. It was a lifestyle of self-indulgence. Balsan's wealth allowed the cultivation of a social set that revelled in partying and the gratification of human appetites, with all the implied accompanying decadence. Balsan showered Chanel with the baubles of "the rich life"—diamonds, dresses, and pearls. Biographer Justine Picardie, in her 2010 study 1795: 713:. It is said that theirs was an immediate bond of kindred souls, and Misia was attracted to Chanel by "her genius, lethal wit, sarcasm and maniacal destructiveness, which intrigued and appalled everyone". Both women were convent-schooled, and maintained a friendship of shared interests and confidences. They also shared drug use. By 1935, Chanel had become a habitual drug user, injecting herself with 1689:

as if climbing stairs of an imaginary bus, and bend as if getting into a low-slung sports car. Chanel wanted to make sure women could do all of these things while wearing her suit, without accidentally exposing parts of their body they wanted covered. Each client would have repeated adjustments until their suit was comfortable enough for them to perform daily activities with comfort and ease.

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allowed for free and easy movement. This was greatly appreciated at the time because women were working for the war effort as nurses, civil servants, and in factories. Their jobs involved physical activity and they had to ride trains, buses, and bicycles to get to work. For such circumstances, they desired outfits that did not give way easily and could be put on without the help of servants.

424:, a performer who entertained the crowd between star turns. The money earned was what they managed to accumulate when the plate was passed. It was at this time that Gabrielle acquired the name "Coco" when she spent her nights singing in the cabaret, often the song, "Who Has Seen Coco?" She often liked to say the nickname was given to her by her father. Others believe "Coco" came from 351:, Maine-et-Loire. She was Jeanne's second child with Albert Chanel; the first, Julia, had been born less than a year earlier. Albert Chanel was an itinerant street vendor who peddled work clothes and undergarments, living a nomadic life, travelling to and from market towns. The family resided in run-down lodgings. In 1884, he married Jeanne Devolle, persuaded to 1268:" with German officers, Chanel faced no such action. At the time of the French liberation in 1944, Chanel left a note in her store window explaining Chanel No. 5 to be free to all GIs. During this time, she fled to Switzerland to avoid criminal charges for her collaborations as a Nazi spy. After the liberation, she was known to have been interviewed in Paris by 1264:, working in the German embassy close to the Gestapo. When the Nazi occupation of France began, Chanel decided to close her store, claiming a patriotic motivation behind such decision. However, when she moved into the same Hotel Ritz that was housing the German military, her motivations became clear to many. While many women in France were punished for " 1759:. The spare look generated widespread criticism from male journalists, who complained: "no more bosom, no more stomach, no more rump ... Feminine fashion of this moment in the 20th century will be baptized lop off everything." The popularity of the little black dress can be attributed in part to the timing of its introduction. The 1930s was the 505:. In later years, Chanel reminisced of this time in her life: "two gentlemen were outbidding for my hot little body." Capel, a wealthy member of the English upper class, installed Chanel in an apartment in Paris, and financed her first shops. It is said that Capel's sartorial style influenced the conception of the Chanel look. The bottle design for 1293:, about a possible German surrender once the war was leaning towards an Allied victory. One of the most prominent missions she was involved in was Operation Modellhut ("Operation Model Hat"). Her duty was to act as a messenger from Hitler's Foreign Intelligence to Churchill, to prove that some of the Third Reich attempted peace with the Allies. 565:, the sailor blouse. Chanel had the dedicated support of two family members, her sister Antoinette, and her paternal aunt Adrienne, who was of a similar age. Adrienne and Antoinette were recruited to model Chanel's designs; on a daily basis the two women paraded through the town and on its boardwalks, advertising the Chanel creations. 641:('The Rite of Spring') against financial loss with an anonymous gift to Diaghilev, said to be 300,000 francs. In addition to turning out her couture collections, Chanel threw herself into designing dance costumes for the Ballets Russes. In the years 1923–1937, she collaborated on productions choreographed by Diaghilev and dancer 1378:(FFC). Historian Guillaume Pollack disputes the evidence saying the membership card, issued in 1957, has clearly been whited out before "Eric" was written in with no supporting evidence from witnesses on file that she was ever in the resistance and that "Eric" primarily operated in the Balkans, not where Chanel lived. 1905:, co-produced by Atlanta Ballet, Hong Kong Ballet and Queensland Ballet, premiered in Hong Kong in March 2023 and makes its North American premiere at the Atlanta Ballet February 9–17, 2024. The work is acclaimed Belgian-Colombian choreographer Annabelle Lopez Ochoa's tenth original full-length narrative ballet. 447:. Vichy boasted a profusion of concert halls, theatres, and cafés where she hoped to achieve success as a performer. Chanel's youth and physical charms impressed those for whom she auditioned, but her singing voice was marginal and she failed to find stage work. Obliged to find employment, she took work at the 884:. Goldwyn offered Chanel a tantalising proposition. For the sum of a million dollars (approximately US$ 75 million today), he would bring her to Hollywood twice a year to design costumes for his stars. Chanel accepted the offer. Accompanying her on her first trip to Hollywood was her friend, Misia Sert. 1253:, and sentenced to six years' imprisonment for war crimes. He was released in 1951 owing to incurable liver disease and took refuge in Italy. Chanel paid for Schellenberg's medical care and living expenses, financially supported his wife and family and paid for Schellenberg's funeral upon his death in 1952. 1318:, acted as bagman, "told to deliver a large sum of money to Chanel in Madrid". Ultimately, the mission was a failure for the Germans: British intelligence files reveal that the plan collapsed after Lombardi, on arrival in Madrid, proceeded to denounce Chanel and others to the British Embassy as Nazi spies. 1471:

comeback collection in 1954, the French press were cautious due to her collaboration during the war and the controversy of the collection. However, the American and British press saw it as a "breakthrough", bringing together fashion and youth in a new way. Bettina Ballard, the influential editor of the US

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I was looking for something else and I come across this document saying 'Chanel is a Nazi agent' ... Then I really started hunting through all of the archives, in the United States, in London, in Berlin, and in Rome and I came across not one, but 20, 30, 40 absolutely solid archival materials on

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If one took seriously the few disclosures that Mademoiselle Chanel allowed herself to make about those black years of the occupation, one's teeth would be set on edge. But the truth was that the war simply did not interest her. Her overpowering egocentricity protected her better than the Maginot Line

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In an outdoor environment of turf and sea, Chanel took in the sun, making suntans not only acceptable, but a symbol denoting a life of privilege and leisure. Historically, identifiable exposure to the sun had been the mark of labourers doomed to a life of unremitting, unsheltered toil. "A milky skin

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when the clasp and lock were redesigned to incorporate the Chanel logo and leather was interlaced through the shoulder chain, the bag has retained its original basic form. In 2005, the Chanel firm released an exact replica of the original 1955 bag to commemorate the 50th anniversary of its creation.

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was Chanel's personal favourite; it has become an icon of the Verdura–Chanel collaboration. The fashionable and wealthy loved the creations and made the line wildly successful. Chanel said, "It's disgusting to walk around with millions around the neck because one happens to be rich. I only like fake

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Chanel's introduction of jersey to high-fashion worked well for two reasons: First, the war had caused a shortage of more traditional couture materials, and second, women began desiring simpler and more practical clothes. Her fluid jersey suits and dresses were created with these notions in mind and

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Chanel's initial triumph was her innovative use of jersey, a machine knit material manufactured for her by the firm Rodier. Traditionally relegated to the manufacture of undergarments and sportswear (tennis, golf, and beach attire), jersey was considered too "ordinary" to be used in couture, and was

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As 1971 began, Chanel was 87 years old, tired, and ailing. She carried out her usual routine of preparing the spring catalogue. She had gone for a long drive on the afternoon of Saturday, 9 January. Soon after, feeling ill, she went to bed early. She said her final words to her maid which were: "You

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Unaware of the machinations of Schellenberg and Chanel, Lombardi was led to believe that the forthcoming journey to Spain would be a business trip exploring the potential for establishing Chanel couture in Madrid. Lombardi acted as an intermediary, delivering a letter written by Chanel to Churchill,

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of 1936. In closing her couture house, Chanel made a definitive statement of her political views. Her dislike of Jews, reportedly sharpened by her association with society elites, had solidified her beliefs. She shared with many of her circle a conviction that Jews were a threat to Europe because of

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She went to her grave as Gabrielle Chasnel because to correct, legally, the misspelled name on her birth certificate would reveal that she was born in a poor house hospice. The couple had six children—Julia, Gabrielle, Alphonse (the first boy, born 1885), Antoinette (born 1887), Lucien, and Augustin

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Chanel introduced a line of jewellery that was a conceptual innovation, as her designs and materials incorporated both costume jewellery and fine gem stones. This was revolutionary in an era when jewellery was strictly categorised into either fine or costume jewellery. Her inspirations were global,

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is often cited as a Chanel contribution to the fashion lexicon, a style still worn to this day. In 1912–1913, the actress Suzanne Orlandi was one of the first women to wear a Chanel little black dress, in velvet with a white collar. In 1920, Chanel herself vowed that, while observing an audience at

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stay around the waist, instead of a belt. More importantly, meticulous attention was placed on detail during fittings. Measurements were taken of a customer in a standing position with arms folded at shoulder height. Chanel conducted tests with models, having them walk around, step up to a platform

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million in 2022 valuation. Her future share would be two per cent of all Chanel No. 5 sales worldwide (projected to gross her $ 34 million a year as of 2022), making her one of the richest women in the world at the time the contract was renegotiated. In addition, Pierre Wertheimer agreed to an

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The horse culture and penchant for hunting so passionately pursued by the elites, especially the British, fired Chanel's imagination. Her own enthusiastic indulgence in the sporting life led to clothing designs informed by those activities. From her excursions on water with the yachting world, she

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At more than 70 years old, after having her couture house closed for 15 years, she felt the time was right for her to re-enter the fashion world. The revival of her couture house in 1954 was fully financed by Chanel's opponent in the perfume battle, Pierre Wertheimer. When Chanel came out with her

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declassified and released documents confirming Coco Chanel's role with Germany in World War II. Working as a spy, Chanel was directly involved in a plan for the Third Reich to take control of Madrid. Such documents identify Chanel as an agent in the German military intelligence, the Abwehr. Chanel

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Her experience with American film making left Chanel with a dislike for Hollywood's film business and a distaste for the film world's culture, which she called "infantile". Chanel's verdict was that "Hollywood is the capital of bad taste ... and it is vulgar." Ultimately, her design aesthetic

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in 1915. Biarritz, on the Côte Basque, close to wealthy Spanish clients, was a playground for the moneyed set and those exiled from their native countries by the war. The Biarritz shop was installed not as a store-front, but in a villa opposite the casino. After one year of operation, the business

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Later in life, Chanel would retell the story of her childhood somewhat differently; she would often include more glamorous accounts, which were generally untrue. She said that when her mother died, her father sailed for America to seek his fortune, and she was sent to live with two aunts. She also

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collaborated with Chanel in the creation of extravagant jewellery pieces commissioned by the International Guild of Diamond Merchants. The collection, executed exclusively in diamonds and platinum, was exhibited for public viewing and drew a large audience; some 3,000 attendees were recorded in a

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was threatened. The boyish look and the short skirts of the 1920s flapper seemed to disappear overnight. Chanel's designs for film stars in Hollywood were not successful and had not enhanced her reputation as expected. More significantly, Chanel's star had been eclipsed by her premier rival, the

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raved over Chanel's designs: "The woman who hasn't at least one Chanel is hopelessly out of fashion ... This season the name Chanel is on the lips of every buyer." Chanel's ascendancy was the official deathblow to the corseted female silhouette. The frills, fuss, and constraints endured by

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Churchill and Chanel's friendship marks its origin in the 1920s, with the eruption of Chanel's scandalous beginning when falling in love with the Duke of Westminster. Churchill's intervention at the end of the war prevented Chanel's punishment for spy collaborations, and ultimately salvaged her

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In 1943, Chanel travelled to the RSHA in Berlin—the "lion's den"—with her liaison and "old friend", the German Embassy in Paris press attaché Baron Hans Günther von Dincklage, a former Prussian Army officer and attorney general, who was also known as "Sparrow" among his friends and colleagues.

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First introduced in 1923, the Chanel tweed suit was designed for comfort and practicality. It consisted of a jacket and skirt in supple and light wool or mohair tweed, and a blouse and jacket lining in jersey or silk. Chanel did not stiffen the material or use shoulder pads, as was common in

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Although Chanel was viewed as a prominent figure of luxury fashion during her life, Chanel's influence has been examined further after her death in 1971. When Chanel died, the first lady of France, Mme Pompidou, organised a hero's tribute. Soon, French intelligence agencies released damaging

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The extent of Churchill's intervention for Chanel after the war became a subject of gossip and speculation. Some historians claimed that people worried that, if Chanel were forced to testify about her own activities at trial, she would expose the pro-Nazi sympathies and activities of certain

1027:, a Ballets Russes de Monte Carlo production. The designs were made by Salvador Dalí. However, due to Britain's declaration of war on 3 September 1939, the ballet was forced to leave London. They left the costumes in Europe and were re-made, according to Dali's initial designs, by Karinska. 1301:, they also recruited Vera Bate Lombardi. Count Joseph von Ledebur-Wicheln, a Nazi agent who defected to the British Secret Service in 1944, recalled a meeting he had with Dincklage in early 1943, in which the baron had suggested including Lombardi as a courier. Dincklage purportedly said, 513:

toiletry bottles he carried in his leather travelling case or she adapted the design of the whisky decanter Capel used. She so much admired it that she wished to reproduce it in "exquisite, expensive, delicate glass". The couple spent time together at fashionable resorts such as

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In 1939, at the beginning of World War II, Chanel closed her shops, maintaining her apartment situated above the couture house at 31 Rue de Cambon. She said that it was not a time for fashion; as a result of her action, 4,000 female employees lost their jobs. Her biographer

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I have an indisputable right of priority ... the profits that I have received from my creations since the foundation of this business ... are disproportionate ... you can help to repair in part the prejudices I have suffered in the course of these seventeen

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contemporary fashion. She cut the jackets on the straight grain, without adding bust darts. This allowed for quick and easy movement. She designed the neckline to leave the neck comfortably free and added functional pockets. For a higher level of comfort, the skirt had a

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A lot of people in this world don't want the iconic figure of Gabrielle Coco Chanel, one of France's great cultural idols, destroyed. This is definitely something that a lot of people would have preferred to put aside, to forget, to just go on selling Chanel scarves and

1168:'s son-in-law, as her lawyer to sue Wertheimer. Ultimately, the Wertheimers and Chanel came to a mutual accommodation, renegotiating the original 1924 contract. On 17 May 1947, Chanel received wartime profits from the sale of Chanel No. 5, an amount equivalent to some 966:. After her romance with Reverdy ended in 1926, they maintained a friendship that lasted some forty years. It is postulated that the legendary maxims attributed to Chanel and published in periodicals were crafted under the mentorship of Reverdy—a collaborative effort. 931:

speculated that Chanel left Hollywood because "they told her her dresses weren't sensational enough. She made a lady look like a lady. Hollywood wants a lady to look like two ladies." Chanel went on to design the costumes for several French films, including

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worn by the caretakers of the orphanage where Chanel grew up, while the burgundy lining referenced the convent uniforms. The quilted outside was influenced by the jackets worn by jockeys, while at the same time enhancing the bag's shape and volume.

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What is certain is that she had a relationship with a German aristocrat during the War. Clearly it wasn't the best period to have a love story with a German, even if Baron von Dincklage was English by his mother and she (Chanel) knew him before the

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during the second week of September and remained until May 1921. She developed a romantic relationship with Igor Stravinsky during this time, but the affair was brief. Chanel also guaranteed the new (1920) Ballets Russes production of Stravinsky's

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Homosexuals? ... I have seen young women ruined by these awful queers: drugs, divorce, scandal. They will use any means to destroy a competitor and to wreak vengeance on a woman. The queers want to be women—but they are lousy women. They are

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Coinciding with her introduction to the duke was her introduction, again through Lombardi, to Lombardi's cousin, the Prince of Wales, Edward VIII. The prince allegedly was smitten with Chanel and pursued her in spite of her involvement with the

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A review of her correspondence reveals a complete contradiction between the clumsiness of Chanel the letter writer and the talent of Chanel as a composer of maxims ... After correcting the handful of aphorisms that Chanel wrote about her

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During Chanel's affair with the Duke of Westminster in the 1930s, her style began to reflect her personal emotions. Her inability to reinvent the little black dress was a sign of such reality. She began to design a "less is more" aesthetic.

3148: 1330:. The committee had no documented evidence of her collaborative activities and was obliged to release her. According to Chanel's grand-niece, Gabrielle Palasse Labrunie, when Chanel returned home she said, "Churchill had me freed". 1345:, a French traitor and highly placed German intelligence agent. Chanel denied all the accusations. She offered the presiding judge, Leclercq, a character reference: "I could arrange for a declaration to come from Mr. Duff Cooper." 1831:

In 1929, Chanel introduced a handbag inspired by soldiers' bags. Its thin shoulder strap allowed the user to keep her hands free. Following her comeback, Chanel updated the design in February 1955, creating what would become the

1594:, long hair, hobble skirts". Her design aesthetic redefined the fashionable woman in the post–World War I era. The Chanel trademark look was of youthful ease, liberated physicality, and unencumbered sportive confidence. 1467:. Chanel was convinced that women would ultimately rebel against the aesthetic favoured by the male couturiers, what she called "illogical" design: the "waist cinchers, padded bras, heavy skirts, and stiffened jackets". 1390:

issued a statement, portions of which were published by several media outlets. Chanel corporate "refuted the claim" (of espionage), while acknowledging that company officials had read only media excerpts of the book.

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had protected her country. No one could impinge upon what one might call her splendid isolation. She said: "There will always be wars because so many medicines are being invented that soon people won't die anymore."

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Her involvement with Iribe was a deep one until his sudden death in 1935. Iribe and Chanel shared the same reactionary politics, Chanel financing Iribe's monthly, ultra-nationalist and anti-republican newsletter,

848:, the orphanage where Chanel spent her youth. When asked why she did not marry the Duke of Westminster, she is supposed to have said: "There have been several Duchesses of Westminster. There is only one Chanel." 1717:, who would wear a camellia to advertise her availability. The camellia came to be identified with The House of Chanel; the designer first used it in 1933 as a decorative element on a white-trimmed black suit. 3684: 1023:. The costumes she designed were mocked and critically lambasted: "Wrapped in bandages the actors looked like ambulant mummies or victims of some terrible accident." She was also involved in the costuming of 1205:

reveal that the French Préfecture de Police had a document on Chanel in which she was described as "Couturier and perfumer. Pseudonym: Westminster. Agent reference: F 7124. Signalled as suspect in the file"

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If every human face bears a resemblance to some animal, then Mademoiselle Chanel is a small black bull. That tuft of curly black hair, the attribute of bull-calves, falls over her brow all the way to the

5371: 1151:. Interested parties in the proceedings were cognizant that Chanel's Nazi affiliations during wartime, if made public knowledge, would seriously threaten the reputation and status of the Chanel brand. 1386:

When Vaughan's book was published in August 2011, his disclosure of the contents of recently declassified military intelligence documents generated considerable controversy about Chanel's activities.

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seemed a sure sign of aristocracy." By the mid-1920s, women could be seen lounging on the beach without a hat to shield them from the sun's rays. The Chanel influence made sun bathing fashionable.

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magazine in 1932. She said that she had agreed to go to Hollywood to "see what the pictures have to offer me and what I have to offer the pictures". Chanel designed the clothing worn on screen by

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she was one whose job was to dispense glasses of the purportedly curative mineral water for which Vichy was renowned. When the Vichy season ended, Chanel returned to Moulins, and her former haunt

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On 5 May 1941, she wrote to the government administrator charged with ruling on the disposition of Jewish financial assets. Her grounds for proprietary ownership were based on the claim that

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When Gabrielle was 11, Jeanne died at the age of 32. The children did not attend school. Her father sent his two sons to work as farm labourers and sent his three daughters to the convent of

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era, when women needed affordable fashion. Chanel boasted that she had enabled the non-wealthy to "walk around like millionaires". Chanel started making little black dresses in wool or

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often inspired by design traditions of the Orient and Egypt. Wealthy clients who did not wish to display their costly jewellery in public could wear Chanel creations to impress others.

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World War II, specifically the Nazi seizure of all Jewish-owned property and business enterprises, provided Chanel with the opportunity to gain the full monetary fortune generated by

605:, featuring clothing, hats, and accessories, later expanded to offer jewellery and fragrances. By 1927, Chanel owned five properties on the rue Cambon, buildings numbered 23 to 31. 529:. As this location already housed an established clothing business, Chanel sold only her millinery creations at this address. Chanel's millinery career bloomed once theatre actress 1755:

predicted that such a simple yet chic design would become a virtual uniform for women of taste, famously comparing its basic lines to the ubiquitous and no less widely accessible

620:. During the summer, Chanel discovered that the Stravinsky family sought a place to live, having left the Russian Soviet Republic after the war. She invited them to her new home, 561:, at the time primarily used for men's underwear. The location was a prime one, in the center of town on a fashionable street. Here Chanel sold hats, jackets, sweaters, and the 1040:

suggests that Chanel used the outbreak of war as an opportunity to retaliate against those workers who had gone on strike for higher wages and shorter work hours in the French

3800: 1532:; her fashion models occupied the first seats during the ceremony and her coffin was covered with white flowers—camellias, gardenias, orchids, azaleas and a few red roses. 823:. Gossip had it that he visited Chanel in her apartment and requested that she call him "David", a privilege reserved only for his closest friends and family. Years later, 498:, suggests that the fashion designer's nephew, André Palasse, supposedly the only child of her sister Julia-Berthe who had committed suicide, was Chanel's child by Balsan. 1216:

Ce n'est pas parce que Coco Chanel avait un numéro d'espion qu'elle était nécessairement impliquée personnellement. Certains indicateurs avaient des numéros sans le savoir

2529: 1651:. Kitmir's fusion of oriental stitching with stylised folk motifs was highlighted in Chanel's early collections. One 1922 evening dress came with a matching embroidered ' 682:

in his department store. In 1924, Chanel made an agreement with the Wertheimer brothers, Pierre and Paul, directors since 1917 of the eminent perfume and cosmetics house

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At birth, Chanel's name was entered into the official registry as "Chasnel". Jeanne was too unwell to attend the registration, and Albert was registered as "traveling".

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During the period directly following the end of World War II, the business world watched with interest and some apprehension the ongoing legal wrestle for control of

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Requested to appear in Paris before investigators in 1949, Chanel left her retreat in Switzerland to confront testimony given against her at the war crime trial of

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Suspicions of Coco Chanel's involvement first began when German tanks entered Paris and began the Nazi occupation. Chanel immediately sought refuge in the deluxe

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magazine summarised the dilemma faced by the Wertheimers: how "a legal fight might illuminate Chanel's wartime activities and wreck her image—and his business."

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In 1918, Chanel purchased the building at 31 rue Cambon, in one of the most fashionable districts of Paris. In 1921, she opened an early incarnation of a fashion

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unusual stipulation proposed by Chanel herself: Wertheimer agreed to pay all of Chanel's living expenses—from the trivial to the large—for the rest of her life.

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written by Hal Vaughan further solidifies the consistencies of the French intelligence documents describing Chanel as a "vicious antisemite" who praised Hitler.

2922: 1888:, opened 18 December 1969 and closed 3 October 1970. It is set in 1953–1954 at the time that Chanel was reestablishing her couture house. Chanel was played by 1644: 1214:

declared, "Just because Chanel had a spy number doesn't necessarily mean she was personally involved. Some informers had numbers without being aware of it." ("

1041: 831:, would insist that "the passionate, focused and fiercely-independent Chanel, a virtual tour de force", and the Prince "had a great romantic moment together". 4413: 1901: 4604: 2445: 975:, Reverdy added to this collection of "Chanelisms" a series of thoughts of a more general nature, some touching on life and taste, others on allure and love. 694:

and withdrew from involvement in business operations. Later, unhappy with the arrangement, Chanel worked for more than twenty years to gain full control of

4245: 3341: 3887: 3622: 778:, offered Chanel entry into the highest levels of British aristocracy. It was an elite group of associations revolving around such figures as politician 3901: 1015:, were garnering critical acclaim and generating enthusiasm in the fashion world. Feeling she was losing her avant-garde edge, Chanel collaborated with 5380: 4088: 3960: 3743: 990: 269: 4582: 4293: 3029: 573:

proved to be so lucrative that in 1916 Chanel was able to reimburse Capel's original investment. In Biarritz Chanel met an expatriate aristocrat, the

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Chanel had begun designing hats while living with Balsan, initially as a diversion that evolved into a commercial enterprise. She became a licensed

1056:. It was noteworthy as the preferred place of residence for upper-echelon German military staff. During this time, she had a romantic liaison with 4301: 6205: 1002:

The Chanel couture was a lucrative business enterprise, employing 4,000 people by 1935. As the 1930s progressed, Chanel's place on the throne of

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ceased publication, Chanel veered to the opposite end of the ideological continuum by financing Pierre Lestringuez's radical left-wing magazine

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Chanel was the mistress of some of the most influential men of her time, but she never married. She had significant relationships with the poet

509:

had two probable origins, both attributable to her association with Capel. It is believed Chanel adapted the rectangular, bevelled lines of the

5081: 2369: 775: 3831: 844:('restful pause'), hiring the architect Robert Streitz. Streitz's concept for the staircase and patio contained design elements inspired by 3587: 1655:' headscarf. In addition to the headscarf, Chanel clothing from this period featured square-neck, long belted blouses alluding to Russian 1272:, who at the time was an officer in British military intelligence, about her relationship with the Nazis during the occupation of France. 6180: 5233: 2872: 2765: 2702: 1334:

top-level British officials, members of the society elite and the royal family. Vaughan writes that some claim that Churchill instructed

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En route to California from New York, travelling in a white train carriage luxuriously outfitted for her use, Chanel was interviewed by

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The Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin, New Series, Vol. 63, No. 2 (Fall, 2005) p.39. (for a PDF file showing relevant page, see here

1132:

Chanel was not aware that the Wertheimers, anticipating the forthcoming Nazi mandates against Jews, had legally turned over control of

736:, who moved in the same social circles as Chanel, provided a whimsical description of Chanel at work in her atelier, which appeared in 729:

related an apocryphal story in circulation that Chanel was "called Coco because she threw the most fabulous cocaine parties in Paris".

4269: 790:, known to his intimates as "Bendor". The duke lavished Chanel with extravagant jewels, costly art and a home in London's prestigious 280:, has become an iconic product, and Chanel herself designed her famed interlocked-CC monogram, which has been in use since the 1920s. 6200: 1598:

appropriated the clothing associated with nautical pursuits: the horizontal striped shirt, bell-bottom pants, crewneck sweaters, and

1430:

In 1945, Chanel moved to Switzerland, where she lived for several years, part of the time with Dincklage. In 1953 she sold her villa

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officer and attorney general who had been an operative in military intelligence since 1920, who eased her arrangements at the Ritz.

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The bag's design was informed by Chanel's convent days and her love of the sporting world. The chain used for the strap echoed the

1563:

Most of her estate was inherited by her nephew André Palasse, who lived in Switzerland, and his two daughters, who lived in Paris.

305:

peace overture to Churchill to end the war. Chanel began a liaison with a German diplomat/spy she had known before the war, Baron (

577:. They had a romantic interlude, and maintained a close association for many years afterward. By 1919, Chanel was registered as a 6235: 3808: 1510: 1281: 787: 4189: 3441: 1210:). For Vaughan, this was a piece of revelatory information linking Chanel to German intelligence operations. Anti-Nazi activist 6220: 3717: 2521: 5647: 4775: 4754: 4714: 4666: 4647: 4550: 4157: 3920: 3776: 3407: 3142: 3082: 2741: 2622: 2597: 1648: 1286: 1260:, which was also used as the headquarters of the German military. It was at the Hotel Ritz where she fell in love with Baron 877: 574: 3653: 2415: 3063:, 24 December 1919, p. 10: "Captain Arthur Capel, who was killed in an automobile crash on Monday, is being buried today". 1639:-inspired designs in the early 1920s. The beading and embroidery on her garments at this time was exclusively executed by 262:

era with popularising a sporty, casual chic as the feminine standard of style. She is the only fashion designer listed on

1836:" (named for the date of its creation). While details of the classic bag have been reworked, such as the 1980s update by 2116: 2047: 315:. After the end of the war, Chanel was interrogated about her relationship with Dincklage, but she was not charged as a 4801: 4733: 4481: 4454: 3999: 3380: 3253: 3013: 2959: 2916: 2852: 2804: 2495: 2409: 2335: 2224: 2187: 6215: 3495: 3307: 3280: 2652: 1497:, Chanel had become tyrannical and extremely lonely late in life. In her last years she was sometimes accompanied by 221: 4405: 4035: 3523: 3075:

The Complete Peerage of England, Scotland, Ireland, Great Britain and the United Kingdom, Extant, Extinct or Dormant

2906: 5140: 4895: 1965: 381:

claimed to have been born a decade later than 1883 and that her mother had died when she was much younger than 11.

4612: 2437: 5226: 2214: 1553: 323:. When the war ended, Chanel moved to Switzerland before returning to Paris in 1954 to revive her fashion house. 5756: 4237: 3331: 1782:

Chanel proclaimed "I imposed black; it's still going strong today, for black wipes out everything else around."

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introduced ethnic references into haute couture in the 1900s and early 1910s. Chanel continued this trend with

909: 5211: 3613: 1221:

Vaughan establishes that Chanel committed herself to the German cause as early as 1941 and worked for General

1184: 1549: 558: 440:. As an entertainer, Chanel radiated a juvenile allure that tantalised the military habitués of the cabaret. 295:. Declassified documents revealed that she had collaborated directly with the Nazi intelligence service, the 3950: 3739: 1309:

had first to bring to France a young Italian woman Coco Chanel was attached to because of her lesbian vices

1261: 1060: 312: 4574: 4373: 899: 20: 5349: 4327: 4291: 1713:). Its heroine and her story had resonated for Chanel since her youth. The flower was associated with the 6225: 6185: 4126: 3336: 2059: 2038: 2019: 1482: 1250: 487: 172: 6245: 5219: 4862: 4851: 4784: 4765: 4241: 1632: 1238: 1525:

She died on Sunday, 10 January 1971, at the Hotel Ritz, where she had resided for more than 30 years.

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Churchill on the Riviera: Winston Churchill, Wendy Reves, and the Villa La Pausa Built by Coco Chanel

1996: 1710: 1348:

Chanel's friend and biographer Marcel Haedrich said of her wartime interaction with the Nazi regime:

1314:

to be forwarded to him via the British Embassy in Madrid. Schellenberg's SS liaison officer, Captain

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L'adaptation d'un flacon d'eau de toilette pour hommes datant de l'avant-guerre du chemisier Charvet

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Coco Chanel at the pinacle of her career, during WW2 and in the early post-war era, is portrayed by

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documents that outlined Chanel's wartime involvements, quickly ending her monumental funeral plans.

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Chanel, determined to re-create the success she enjoyed in Deauville, opened an establishment in

490:

as his new favourite. For the next three years, she lived with him in his château Royallieu near

3579: 1556:

attended her funeral in the Church of the Madeleine. Her grave is in the Bois-de-Vaux Cemetery,

1541: 1456: 786:. In Monte Carlo in 1923, at age forty, Chanel was introduced by Lombardi to the vastly wealthy 6195: 5454: 4542: 4536: 4446: 4440: 3297: 3270: 2951: 2945: 647: 339:

Gabrielle Bonheur Chanel was born in 1883 to Eugénie Jeanne Devolle Chanel, known as Jeanne, a

3397: 2876: 2757: 2710: 1995:, which concerns a purported affair between Chanel and Stravinsky. It was chosen to close the 5496: 4471: 4436: 3272:

Stravinsky and the Russian Traditions: A Biography of the Works Through Mavra, Two-volume Set

2023: 1702: 938: 881: 835: 637: 95: 39: 1725: 6170: 6165: 5833: 5183: 4888: 4744: 4266: 3372: 3365: 3030:"British Diplomat Killed; Arthur Capel, Friend of Lloyd George, Victim of a Motor Accident" 1494: 1452: 1441: 1416:

Vaughan also addressed the discomfort many felt with the revelations provided in his book:

1170: 984:, which encouraged a fear of foreigners and preached antisemitism. In 1936, one year after 663: 4923: 4300:). An image of dress with headscarf in situ may be seen on the Metropolitan database here 1954: 8: 5981: 5928: 5700: 5320: 2138: 1926: 1529: 1444:, to house the Reves' art collection as well as pieces of furniture belonging to Chanel. 1222: 1191: 820: 5325: 3713: 2947:

Esprit d'époque: essai sur l'âme contemporaine et le conformisme naturel de nos sociétés

1818:

to launch a House of Chanel jewellery line. A white enamelled cuff featuring a jewelled

1370:

belonging to Chanel was discovered in the French national archives by Chanel biographer

1257: 1161: 1053: 537:

in 1912. Subsequently, Dorziat modelled Chanel's hats again in photographs published in

6101: 5784: 5503: 5302: 5292: 5262: 5133: 5126: 5076: 4928: 4693: 4659:

Chanel's Riviera: Life, Love and the Struggle for Survival on the Côte d'Azur 1930–1944

3766: 2484: 2010: 1941: 1846: 1734: 1585: 1269: 801:, intensified Chanel's inherent antipathy toward Jews. He shared with her an expressed 771: 671: 363: 141: 4473:

A Cultural History of Fashion in the 20th and 21st Centuries: From Catwalk to Sidewalk

1772: 1502: 1208:

Pseudonyme: Westminster. Indicatif d'agent: F 7124. Signalée comme suspecte au fichier

667: 352: 6250: 6080: 5907: 5893: 5517: 5489: 5447: 5440: 5419: 5405: 5050: 4933: 4826: 4797: 4771: 4750: 4729: 4710: 4697: 4662: 4643: 4546: 4514: 4477: 4450: 4354: 4219: 4181: 4163: 4153: 3995: 3849: 3841: 3772: 3560: 3491: 3445: 3403: 3376: 3303: 3276: 3249: 3182: 3138: 3078: 3009: 2955: 2912: 2848: 2800: 2737: 2648: 2618: 2593: 2491: 2405: 2331: 2220: 2183: 1958: 1949:) (2009) was a French-language biographical film directed by Anne Fontaine, starring 1893: 1889: 1575: 1367: 1315: 1290: 1227: 1008: 779: 763: 675: 530: 320: 297: 5307: 3708: 1747:

published an image of a Chanel little black dress with long sleeves, dubbing it the

1412:

Chanel and her lover, Hans Günther von Dincklage, who was a professional Abwehr spy.

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In September 1944, Chanel was interrogated by the Free French Purge Committee, the

947: 918: 710: 613: 195: 5257: 5020: 1610: 1533: 1506: 834:

In 1927, the Duke of Westminster gave Chanel a parcel of land he had purchased in

362:(who died at six months)—and lived crowded into a one-room lodging in the town of 6129: 6122: 5988: 5872: 5858: 5742: 5675: 5612: 5584: 5549: 5510: 5312: 5200: 4881: 4307: 4297: 4273: 3218: 3001: 2796: 2399: 2148: 2111: 2073: 1982: 1885: 1764: 1211: 1140:, a Christian French businessman and industrialist. At war's end, Amiot returned 642: 609: 554: 413: 374: 264: 234: 1881: 1590:

earlier generations of women were now passé; under her influence—gone were the "

6094: 6066: 6052: 6048: 5798: 5777: 5763: 5714: 5468: 5461: 5412: 5272: 5267: 5241: 5165: 5147: 5055: 5045: 5015: 4968: 4963: 4689: 3832:"Coco Chanel exhibition reveals fashion designer was part of French resistance" 2085: 2081: 2034: 2027: 1978: 1974: 1930: 1876: 1837: 1545: 1498: 1448: 1119:"is still the property of Jews" and had been legally "abandoned" by the owners. 959: 927: 894: 873: 824: 702: 617: 483:. At the age of twenty-three, Chanel became Balsan's mistress, supplanting the 251: 247: 4856: 4845: 4358: 3099:"Puget-sur-Argens Coco Chanel: le drame de sa vie au bord d'une route varoise" 1338:, British ambassador to the French provisional government, to protect Chanel. 1137: 774:, (born Sarah Gertrude Arkwright), reputedly the illegitimate daughter of the 717:

on a daily basis: a habit she maintained to the end of her life. According to

6159: 6136: 5970: 5935: 5900: 5865: 5851: 5812: 5770: 5682: 5661: 5640: 5619: 5570: 5482: 5287: 5040: 5035: 5030: 4994: 4989: 4518: 4223: 4167: 3845: 3646:"Chanel and the Nazis: what Coco Avant Chanel and other films don't tell you" 3564: 3186: 2106: 1987: 1950: 1819: 1664: 1460: 1068: 1003: 718: 302: 273: 5914: 3853: 1501:

and her confidante Lilou Marquand. A faithful friend was also the Brazilian

1481:—the "face of Chanel" in the 1950s—in the March 1954 issue, photographed by 6059: 6034: 6006: 5974: 5921: 5886: 5805: 5654: 5591: 5556: 5426: 5379: 5060: 5025: 4999: 4984: 3902:"Historian debunks claims that Coco Chanel served in the French Resistance" 3836: 1934: 1756: 1464: 1165: 1087: 1016: 889: 798: 679: 506: 479:

At Moulins, Chanel met a young French ex-cavalry officer and textile heir,

472: 408: 340: 292: 288: 284: 277: 149: 4840: 3982:

McLoughlin, Marie (2016). "Chanel, Gabrielle Bonheur (Coco) (1883–1971)".

3801:"Gabrielle Chanel: Everything you never knew about the legendary designer" 491: 6087: 6041: 5963: 5942: 5819: 5791: 5721: 5707: 5633: 5605: 5563: 5433: 5097: 4027: 3533: 2787:

Bartlett, Djurdja (2013), "Coco Chanel and Socialist Fashion Magazines",

1833: 1537: 1437: 1335: 1202: 1037: 933: 914: 869: 860: 806: 783: 706: 406:

frequented by cavalry officers. Chanel made her stage debut singing at a

259: 1111:" to petition German officials to legalise her claim to sole ownership. 1011:. Schiaparelli's innovative designs, replete with playful references to 6108: 6027: 5949: 5826: 5735: 5728: 5626: 5475: 5102: 4822: 2077: 2063: 1970: 1803: 1108: 1012: 963: 904: 802: 726: 459:. She realised then that a serious stage career was not in her future. 433: 399: 326: 1447:

Unlike the pre-war era, when women reigned as the premier couturiers,

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Davis, Mary (December 2006). "Chanel, Stravinsky, and Musical Chic".

3059: 1714: 1685: 1652: 1064: 1046: 608:

In the spring of 1920, Chanel was introduced to the Russian composer

550: 522: 515: 502: 484: 344: 113: 1663:. Evening designs were often embroidered with sparkling crystal and 1285:

visited Madrid in 1943 to convince the British ambassador to Spain,

1082: 5749: 5524: 5297: 4150:

Resting Places: The Burial Sites of More Than 14,000 Famous Persons

3174: 2042: 1698: 1643:, an embroidery house founded by an exiled Russian aristocrat, the 1557: 1432: 1057: 845: 840: 838:

on the French Riviera. Chanel built a villa here, which she called

714: 698:. She said that Pierre Wertheimer was "the bandit who screwed me". 683: 602: 569: 467: 395: 370: 307: 272:. A prolific fashion creator, Chanel extended her influence beyond 99: 2671:"Coco Chanel: The Legend and the Life by Justine Picardie: review" 593: 6143: 3955: 2758:"'A Girl Should Be Two Things: Classy And Fabulous': Coco Chanel" 1231:(Security Service; SD) and the military intelligence spy network 791: 782:, aristocrats such as the Duke of Westminster and royals such as 733: 626: 403: 6115: 4868:

Interactive timeline of couture houses and couturier biographies

4406:"Fashion design for Suzanne Orlandi, Été 1901, by Jeanne Paquin" 2364:[Fashion legend Chanel: How Coco almost ended the war]. 1407:, author Vaughan discussed the unexpected turn of his research, 1107:, the Wertheimers, were Jewish. Chanel used her position as an " 1103:

and its most profitable product, Chanel No. 5. The directors of

5277: 4904: 2080:

portrays her Nazi lover "Spatz" i.e. Hans Von Dincklage, while

1776: 1640: 1387: 1246: 1233: 1153: 746: 348: 255: 162: 67: 4943: 4095:. Vol. 120, no. 41260. 11 January 1971. p. A1. 1794: 1361: 630:, until they could find a suitable residence. They arrived at 501:

In 1908, Chanel began an affair with one of Balsan's friends,

343:, in the charity hospital run by the Sisters of Providence (a 276:

into jewellery, handbags, and fragrance. Her signature scent,

4182:"Gabrielle "Coco" Chanel (1883–1971) and the House of Chanel" 3275:. Vol. 1. University of California Press. p. 1516. 1768: 1455:", and a cadre of male designers achieved recognition: Dior, 525:

in 1910 and opened a boutique at 21 rue Cambon, Paris, named

444: 3077:. Vol. X. Gloucester: A. Sutton. p. 773 note (c). 1509:. The former rivals shared happy memories of times with the 355:

by her family who had "united, effectively, to pay Albert".

6013: 5282: 3367:

The Emperor of Scent: A true story of perfume and obsession

2362:"Modelegende Chanel: Wie Coco fast den Krieg beendet hätte" 1636: 1513:. They frequently strolled together through central Paris. 270:

list of the 100 most influential people of the 20th century

210: 201: 953: 805:. In 1946, Chanel was quoted by her friend and confidant, 198: 4873: 3211: 864:

Grand Duke Dmitri Pavlovich Romanov in exile in the 1920s

319:

due to intervention by her friend—British prime minister

4817: 4059:"Top 10 amazing facts you didn't know about Coco Chanel" 1201:

Declassified archival documents unearthed by journalist

753: 597:

Chanel (right) in her hat shop, 1919. Caricature by Sem.

4605:"Festival de Cannes: Coco Chanel & Igor Stravinsky" 2438:"Strong whiff of wartime scandal clings to Coco Chanel" 1602:

shoes—all traditionally worn by sailors and fishermen.

1440:. Five rooms from La Pausa have been replicated at the 1249:. At the end of the war, Schellenberg was tried by the 1094:

Sleeping with the Enemy, Coco Chanel and the Secret War

1074: 701:

One of Chanel's longest enduring associations was with

291:

occupation and collaborated with the occupiers and the

283:

Her couture house closed in 1939, with the outbreak of

3101:(in French). varmatin.com. 3 June 2009. Archived from 2647:. New York: Random House Publishing Group. p. 1. 1505:, who lived in Paris four months a year at the nearby 1436:

on the French Riviera to the publisher and translator

3212:"Chanel 31 rue Cambon. The History Behind The Facade" 2360:

Kloth, Hans Michael; Kolbe, Corina (26 August 2008).

1674:

Chanel suit and silk blouse with two-tone pumps, 1965

222: 207: 3740:"The 1944 Chanel-Muggeridge Interview, Chanel's War" 3607: 3605: 3325: 3323: 3321: 3319: 2515: 2513: 2511: 2509: 2507: 1052:

During the German occupation, Chanel resided at the

213: 4597: 4534: 4513:. Farmington Hills, MI: Thomson Gale. p. 792. 4439:. In Naremore, James; Brantlinger, Patrick (eds.). 3621:. Lincoln, Nebraska. 28 February 1971. p. 72. 1729:

Chanel's timeless little black dress modelled, 2011

1579:

Chanel wearing a sailor's jersey and trousers, 1928

1477:, remained loyal to Chanel, and featured the model 1374:. The card was for the ERIC network, an arm of the 794:district. His affair with Chanel lasted ten years. 204: 5384:100: The Most Important People of the 20th Century 3707: 3612: 3364: 3036:. Vol. 69, no. 22615. 25 December 1919. 2734:Mademoiselle: Coco Chanel and the Pulse of History 2669: 2483: 1647:, who was the sister of Chanel's erstwhile lover, 1067:. He served as diplomat in Paris and was a former 876:. She was introduced through a mutual friend, the 788:Duke of Westminster, Hugh Richard Arthur Grosvenor 4353:. New Haven: Yale University Press. p. 244. 3602: 3316: 2504: 2328:Sleeping with the Enemy: Coco Chanel's Secret War 443:In 1906, Chanel worked in the spa resort town of 389: 384: 246:; 19 August 1883 – 10 January 1971) was a French 6157: 4640:The World of Coco Chanel: Friends, Fashion, Fame 4218:. New York: Rizzoli International Publications. 3709:"Chanel antisémite, tabou médiatique en France?" 3168: 3166: 2838: 2836: 2834: 2832: 2830: 2477: 2475: 2473: 2471: 2469: 2467: 2465: 2463: 2401:Hitler's Intelligence Chief: Walter Schellenberg 1863: 412:(a popular entertainment venue of the era) in a 301:. One plan in late 1943 was for her to carry an 4276:in the Victoria & Albert Museum collections 4238:"Introduction to 20th Century Fashion, V&A" 3915: 3913: 3911: 3421: 3419: 2996: 2994: 2900: 2898: 2896: 2894: 2725: 2393: 2391: 2389: 2387: 2321: 2319: 2317: 2315: 2313: 2311: 2309: 2307: 2305: 2303: 2301: 2299: 2297: 2295: 2293: 2291: 2289: 2287: 2285: 2283: 2281: 2279: 2277: 2275: 2273: 2271: 2269: 2267: 2265: 2263: 2208: 2206: 1738:the opera, she would dress all women in black. 471:Caricature of Chanel and Arthur "Boy" Capel by 432:, or it was an allusion to the French word for 4056: 3829: 2992: 2990: 2988: 2986: 2984: 2982: 2980: 2978: 2976: 2974: 2638: 2636: 2634: 2261: 2259: 2257: 2255: 2253: 2251: 2249: 2247: 2245: 2243: 1969:(2009) was a French-language film directed by 1823:jewellery ... because it's provocative." 1321: 394:Having learned to sew during her six years at 5365: 5227: 4889: 4575:"Short History of The Famous Chanel 2.55 Bag" 3951:"Biography claims Coco Chanel was a Nazi spy" 3705: 3478:Font, Lourdes (2 July 2009), "Chanel, Coco", 3340:. Vol. 151, no. 52039. p. 62. 3239: 3237: 3235: 3233: 3231: 3163: 2827: 2583: 2581: 2579: 2577: 2575: 2573: 2571: 2569: 2567: 2460: 2175: 1366:In 2023, a purported membership card for the 5244:Fédération de la Haute Couture et de la Mode 4637: 3908: 3416: 2891: 2818: 2587: 2565: 2563: 2561: 2559: 2557: 2555: 2553: 2551: 2549: 2547: 2384: 2355: 2353: 2351: 2349: 2347: 2203: 2131: 997: 946:. Chanel introduced the left-wing Renoir to 4541:. Cincinnati: David & Charles. p. 4286: 4284: 4282: 4209: 4207: 4057:Sánchez Vegara, Isabel (24 February 2016). 3473: 3471: 3469: 3467: 3465: 3463: 3395: 2971: 2631: 2430: 2404:. New York: Enigma Books. pp. 165–66. 2240: 1425: 1362:Alleged membership in the French Resistance 749:and dances with every maneuver of her head. 709:elite in Paris and wife of Spanish painter 5372: 5358: 5234: 5220: 4942: 4896: 4882: 4530: 4528: 4508: 4147: 3981: 3823: 3771:. Little, Brown and Company. p. 144. 3488:10.1093/gao/9781884446054.article.t2081197 3389: 3228: 2359: 2169: 1733:After the jersey suit, the concept of the 1614:Three jersey outfits by Chanel, March 1917 1225:, chief of the German intelligence agency 38: 4656: 4568: 4566: 4564: 4562: 3884:Ministère des armées – Mémoire des Hommes 3830:Cartner-Morley, Jess (9 September 2023). 3518: 3516: 3514: 3512: 3510: 3508: 3506: 2544: 2344: 1915:The first film produced about Chanel was 1179: 588: 544: 4704: 4279: 4267:1922 evening dress embroidered by Kitmir 4213: 4204: 3798: 3764: 3577: 3460: 3402:. Penguin Books Limited. pp. 345–. 3268: 3172: 3130: 3126: 3124: 3122: 3120: 2866: 2864: 2842: 2791:, Bloomsbury Education, pp. 46–57, 2786: 2731: 2694: 2519: 2444:. Agence France-Presse. 7 January 2021. 2397: 1793: 1724: 1669: 1609: 1574: 1183: 1086:Signature scent of the House of Chanel, 1081: 859: 757: 592: 533:wore her hats in Fernand Nozière's play 466: 325: 4525: 4469: 4348: 4148:Wilson, Scott; Mank, Gregory W (2016). 3425: 3072: 2904: 2325: 2018:as the 70-year-old Chanel. Directed by 2014:(2008) was a television movie starring 1985:. The film was based on the 2002 novel 1902:Coco Chanel: The Life of a Fashion Icon 1701:had an established association used in 954:Significant liaisons: Reverdy and Iribe 6206:French collaborators with Nazi Germany 6158: 4742: 4723: 4559: 4538:Handbags: What Every Woman Should Know 4434: 4371: 4089:"Chanel, the Couturier, Dead in Paris" 4013: 4011: 3799:Picardie, Justine (9 September 2023). 3687:from the original on 22 September 2017 3674: 3554: 3503: 3329: 3000: 2943: 2871:Hirst, Gwendoline (22 February 2001). 2736:. New York: Random House. p. 11. 2667: 2642: 2612: 2520:Picardie, Justine (5 September 2010). 2481: 2212: 1275: 5648:Richard Rodgers and Oscar Hammerstein 5353: 5215: 5082:Jacqueline Kennedy's pink Chanel suit 4877: 4791: 4763: 4675: 4386:from the original on 19 November 2015 3984:The Bloomsbury Encyclopedia of Design 3963:from the original on 24 December 2019 3860:from the original on 9 September 2023 3625:from the original on 17 February 2017 3344:from the original on 10 November 2021 3295: 3243: 3117: 3052: 2870: 2861: 2448:from the original on 10 November 2021 1720: 1570: 880:, cousin to the last tsar of Russia, 855: 754:Associations with British aristocrats 575:Grand Duke Dmitri Pavlovich of Russia 549:In 1913, Chanel opened a boutique in 287:. Chanel stayed in France during the 233: 4490:from the original on 10 October 2023 4445:. Indiana University Press. p. 4099:from the original on 11 October 2021 4069:from the original on 7 February 2019 4038:from the original on 11 October 2018 3880:"Gabrielle CHANEL alias Coco Chanel" 3746:from the original on 6 December 2019 3720:from the original on 14 January 2012 3643: 3477: 3428:The Wendy and Emery Reves Collection 3362: 3151:from the original on 10 October 2023 3137:. Sterling Publishing. p. 133. 2925:from the original on 10 October 2023 2845:Coco Chanel: The Legend and the Life 2682:from the original on 11 January 2022 2645:Coco Chanel and the Pulse of History 2418:from the original on 10 October 2023 2330:. New York: Knopf. pp. 160–64. 2176:Horton, Ros; Simmons, Sally (2007). 2119:from the original on 8 November 2020 1063:, a German aristocrat and member of 496:Coco Chanel: The Legend and the Life 258:brand, she was credited in the post- 4008: 3675:Warner, Judith (2 September 2011). 2823:. Hachette-Vendome. pp. 37–38. 2592:. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. 1892:for the first eight months, and by 1626: 1451:achieved success in 1947 with his " 686:. They created a corporate entity, 674:, introduced Chanel to businessman 462: 16:French fashion designer (1883–1971) 13: 6181:20th-century French businesspeople 5335:Invited, foreign and guest members 4631: 4572: 4509:Pendergast, Tom and Sarah (2004). 4416:from the original on 18 April 2016 4372:Jacobs, Laura (19 November 2011). 4192:from the original on 8 August 2021 3931:from the original on 23 April 2013 3768:Coco Chanel: Her Life, Her Secrets 3590:from the original on 27 March 2019 3040:from the original on 12 April 2022 2768:from the original on 7 August 2020 2668:Wilson, Frances (1 October 2010). 2372:from the original on 27 March 2019 2157:from the original on 22 April 2019 1631:Designers such as Paul Poiret and 678:. Bader was interested in selling 254:. The founder and namesake of the 14: 6262: 6211:French expatriates in Switzerland 6176:20th-century French businesswomen 5141:Coco Chanel & Igor Stravinsky 4811: 4585:from the original on 3 April 2016 4320:"Introduction of the Chanel suit" 4248:from the original on 11 July 2012 4186:Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History 3578:Anderson, Margot (14 July 2009). 3330:Thomas, Dana (24 February 2002). 2617:. London: Bloomsbury. p. 3. 1966:Coco Chanel & Igor Stravinsky 1826: 1741:In 1926, the American edition of 1144:to the hands of the Wertheimers. 962:and the illustrator and designer 503:Captain Arthur Edward 'Boy' Capel 402:. When not sewing, she sang in a 6201:French businesspeople in fashion 3706:Daussy, Laure (18 August 2011). 3193:from the original on 2 July 2023 2700: 2532:from the original on 15 May 2021 2522:"The Secret Life of Coco Chanel" 2107:"How Poverty Shaped Coco Chanel" 1605: 1194:, Chief of SS intelligence, the 1049:government in the Soviet Union. 925:did not translate well to film. 235:[ɡabʁijɛlbɔnœʁkɔkoʃanɛl] 194: 4841:Coco Chanel in the Art Deco Era 4502: 4463: 4428: 4398: 4365: 4351:Chanel: The Vocabulary of Style 4342: 4312: 4260: 4230: 4174: 4141: 4111: 4081: 4050: 4020: 3975: 3943: 3894: 3872: 3792: 3758: 3732: 3699: 3677:"Was Coco Chanel a Nazi Agent?" 3668: 3637: 3571: 3548: 3444:. Inoutstar.com. Archived from 3434: 3430:. Dallas: Dallas Museum of Art. 3356: 3289: 3262: 3205: 3091: 3073:Cokayne, George Edward (1982). 3066: 3022: 2950:(in French). Le Seuil. p. 2937: 2812: 2780: 2750: 2661: 2606: 2213:Chaney, Lisa (6 October 2011). 1030: 942:, in which she was credited as 398:, Chanel found employment as a 6236:French women fashion designers 5525:Unknown Tiananmen Square rebel 4638:Charles-Roux, Edmonde (2005). 4437:"Cinema/Americanism/the Robot" 4410:V&A Search the Collections 3992:10.5040/9781472596178-bed-c036 3396:Lisa Chaney (6 October 2011). 3332:"The Power Behind The Cologne" 3302:. Reaktion Books. p. 38. 2908:Chanel: Her Style and Her Life 2875:. BA Education. Archived from 2819:Charles-Roux, Edmonde (1981). 2588:Charles-Roux, Edmonde (1981). 2099: 1678: 1659:(peasant) attire known as the 1381: 1376:Forces Françaises Combattantes 1164:, Vichy France prime minister 910:The Greeks Had a Word for Them 872:Chanel became acquainted with 390:Aspirations for a stage career 385:Personal life and early career 1: 6221:French women company founders 5391:Leaders & revolutionaries 4728:. Bloomsbury Publishing PLC. 4661:. Weidenfeld & Nicolson. 4476:. A&C Black. p. 36. 3921:"Was Coco Chanel a Nazi spy?" 3248:. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. 3246:Stravinsky: A Creative Spring 3175:"The House that Dreams Built" 2709:. Lifetime TV. Archived from 2092: 2003: 1864:Depictions in popular culture 1488: 1403:In an interview given to the 1237:(Counterintelligence) at the 334: 4535:Pedersen, Stephanie (2006). 4511:Fashion, Costume and Culture 3426:Bretell, Richard R. (1995). 2797:10.5040/9781350051201.ch-004 2732:Garelick, Rhonda K. (2014). 1997:Cannes Film Festival of 2009 1785: 1645:Grand Duchess Maria Pavlovna 1528:Her funeral was held at the 1282:French intelligence agencies 330:Chanel "interlocking C" logo 21:Coco Chanel (disambiguation) 7: 4705:Fiemeyer, Isabelle (2011). 4123:Fodor's Travel Intelligence 4119:"Cimetière du Bois-de-Vaux" 3644:Muir, Kate (4 April 2009). 3633:– via Newspapers.com. 3482:, Oxford University Press, 3337:The New York Times Magazine 3225:, retrieved 10 October 2012 2398:Doerries, Reinhard (2009). 2179:Women Who Changed the World 1692: 1649:Grand Duke Dmitri Pavlovich 1522:see, this is how you die." 1322:Protection from prosecution 1251:Nuremberg Military Tribunal 878:Grand Duke Dmitri Pavlovich 173:Neiman Marcus Fashion Award 10: 6267: 5542:Artists & entertainers 4940: 4903: 4870:Victoria and Albert Museum 4858:Coco Chanel 1969 interview 4847:Lisa Chaney on Coco Chanel 4690:10.2752/136270406778664986 4442:Modernity and Mass Culture 4374:"The Enduring Coco Chanel" 4242:Victoria and Albert Museum 3557:Chanel: A Woman of Her Own 3524:"retrieved August 3, 2012" 3269:Taruskin, Richard (1996). 3006:The Secret of Chanel No. 5 2843:Picardie, Justine (2010). 1953:as the young Chanel, with 1868: 1854: 1554:Marie-Hélène de Rothschild 1262:Hans Günther von Dincklage 1239:Reich Security Main Office 1061:Hans Günther von Dincklage 313:Hans Günther von Dincklage 18: 5998: 5844:Scientists & thinkers 5843: 5692: 5541: 5390: 5341:List of grands couturiers 5334: 5250: 5193: 5175: 5157: 5111: 5090: 5069: 5008: 4977: 4951: 4911: 4028:"Coco Chanel (1883–1971)" 3765:Haedrich, Marcel (1972). 3173:Sabatini, Adelia (2010). 2643:Rhonda, Garelick (2014). 1711:The Lady of the Camellias 1394:The Chanel Group stated, 1343:Baron Louis de Vaufreland 1243:Reichssicherheitshauptamt 998:Rivalry with Schiaparelli 624:, in the Paris suburb of 585:at 31 rue Cambon, Paris. 168: 158: 128: 106: 91: 75: 49: 37: 30: 6216:French fashion designers 4726:Coco Chanel: A Biography 4657:de Courcy, Anne (2020). 4470:English, Bonnie (2013). 4349:Gautier, Jerome (2011). 3652:. London. Archived from 3614:"Sweet Smell of Perfume" 3399:Chanel: An Intimate Life 3371:. Random House. p. 3217:18 February 2018 at the 3131:Mackrell, Alice (2005). 2944:Bollon, Patrice (2002). 2615:Coco Chanel: A Biography 2486:Chanel: An Intimate Life 2216:Chanel: An Intimate Life 2182:. Quercus. p. 103. 2026:as the young Chanel and 2022:, the film also starred 1896:for the rest of its run. 1874:The Broadway production 1516: 1426:Post-war life and career 1266:horizontal collaboration 921:became private clients. 54:Gabrielle Bonheur Chanel 4818:Official Site of Chanel 4642:. Thames & Hudson. 4379:The Wall Street Journal 4214:Leymarie, Jean (1987). 3442:"Coco Chanel Biography" 3363:Burr, Chandler (2002). 3244:Walsh, Stephen (1999). 2905:Wallach, Janet (1998). 2139:"Coco Chanel Biography" 1909: 797:The duke, an outspoken 784:Edward, Prince of Wales 670:, founder of the Paris 353:legitimate his children 5455:Martin Luther King Jr. 4435:Wollen, Peter (1991). 4306:12 August 2020 at the 3927:. AP. 17 August 2011. 2368:(in German). Hamburg. 1957:as Étienne Balsan and 1799: 1730: 1675: 1615: 1580: 1530:Église de la Madeleine 1423: 1414: 1401: 1355: 1311: 1198: 1180:Activity as Nazi agent 1130: 1121: 1090: 1075:Battle for control of 1065:Dincklage noble family 977: 865: 816: 767: 751: 598: 589:Established couturière 545:Deauville and Biarritz 476: 331: 6241:Women in World War II 5693:Builders & titans 5497:Franklin D. Roosevelt 4796:. Biblio Publishing. 4792:Smith, Nancy (2017). 4764:Simon, Linda (2011). 4743:Morand, Paul (2009). 4724:Madsen, Axel (2009). 4017:Chaney, 2012, p. 406. 3890:on 11 September 2023. 3584:The Australian Ballet 3555:Madsen, Axel (1991). 3296:Simon, Linda (2011). 2613:Madsen, Axel (2009). 2482:Chaney, Lisa (2011). 2326:Vaughan, Hal (2011). 1884:, book and lyrics by 1816:Duke Fulco di Verdura 1798:Chanel 2.55 bag, 2009 1797: 1751:('little boy' look). 1728: 1673: 1613: 1578: 1418: 1409: 1396: 1350: 1303: 1187: 1125: 1113: 1085: 1042:general labour strike 1019:on his theatre piece 968: 863: 836:Roquebrune-Cap-Martin 811: 776:Marquess of Cambridge 761: 742: 638:Le Sacre du Printemps 596: 470: 329: 96:Bois-de-Vaux Cemetery 5834:Thomas J. Watson Jr. 5184:The Allure of Chanel 4746:The Allure of Chanel 4296:5 April 2012 at the 4272:8 March 2021 at the 4129:on 28 September 2013 3986:. pp. 228–229. 3811:on 11 September 2023 2821:Chanel and Her World 2590:Chanel and Her World 2490:. London: Fig Tree. 2048:Cristóbal Balenciaga 2033:She is portrayed by 1921:(1981), directed by 1707:La Dame aux Camélias 1542:Cristóbal Balenciaga 1495:Edmonde Charles-Roux 1457:Cristóbal Balenciaga 1442:Dallas Museum of Art 723:The Emperor of Scent 616:, impresario of the 581:and established her 19:For other uses, see 5982:Ludwig Wittgenstein 5929:John Maynard Keynes 5701:Stephen Bechtel Sr. 5098:Chanel 2.55 handbag 4785:The Montreal Review 4609:festival-cannes.com 4330:on 15 November 2018 3904:. 27 November 2023. 2713:on 28 December 2016 2219:. London: Penguin. 1977:played Chanel, and 1927:Marie-France Pisier 1812:vrais bijoux en toc 1810:As an antidote for 1767:for the day and in 1511:Duke of Westminster 1479:Marie-Hélène Arnaud 1299:Operation Modellhut 1276:Operation Modellhut 1223:Walter Schellenberg 1192:Walter Schellenberg 821:Duke of Westminster 488:Émilienne d'Alençon 293:Vichy puppet regime 6226:People from Saumur 6186:Artists from Paris 6102:Emmeline Pankhurst 6021:Lady Diana Spencer 5999:Heroes & icons 5785:Charles E. Merrill 5504:Theodore Roosevelt 5303:Jean Paul Gaultier 5293:Giambattista Valli 5263:Alexandre Vauthier 5127:Coco Before Chanel 5077:Little black dress 4929:Jacques Wertheimer 4770:. Reaktion Books. 4093:The New York Times 3959:. 17 August 2011. 3681:The New York Times 3536:on 30 October 2013 3179:The Glass Magazine 3034:The New York Times 2873:"Chanel 1883–1971" 2115:. 19 August 2015. 1947:Coco Before Chanel 1807:one-month period. 1802:In 1933, designer 1800: 1735:little black dress 1731: 1721:Little black dress 1676: 1616: 1583:As early as 1915, 1581: 1571:Legacy as designer 1550:Yves Saint Laurent 1270:Malcolm Muggeridge 1199: 1091: 868:In 1931, while in 866: 856:Designing for film 772:Vera Bate Lombardi 768: 738:Prisons et Paradis 705:, a member of the 672:Galeries Lafayette 599: 477: 364:Brive-la-Gaillarde 332: 142:Little black dress 6246:Age controversies 6153: 6152: 6081:Charles Lindbergh 6014:The American G.I. 5908:Robert H. Goddard 5894:Alexander Fleming 5518:Margaret Thatcher 5490:Eleanor Roosevelt 5448:Ruhollah Khomeini 5441:Pope John Paul II 5420:Mikhail Gorbachev 5406:Winston Churchill 5347: 5346: 5209: 5208: 5051:Coco Mademoiselle 4934:Pierre Wertheimer 4924:Gérard Wertheimer 4777:978-1-86189-859-3 4756:978-1-901285-98-7 4749:. Pushkin Press. 4716:978-2-080-30162-8 4668:978-1-4746-0821-3 4649:978-0-500-51216-6 4552:978-0-7153-2495-0 4159:978-0-7864-7992-4 4032:Cremerie de Paris 3778:978-0-7091-3477-0 3580:"Dali Does Dance" 3480:Oxford Art Online 3448:on 2 October 2008 3409:978-0-14-197299-2 3144:978-0-7134-8873-9 3105:on 16 August 2009 3084:978-0-904387-82-7 3008:. HarperCollins. 2847:. HarperCollins. 2743:978-0-8129-8185-8 2624:978-1-4088-0581-7 2599:978-0-297-78024-3 1959:Alessandro Nivola 1955:Benoît Poelvoorde 1942:Coco avant Chanel 1894:Danielle Darrieux 1890:Katharine Hepburn 1779:for the evening. 1705:' literary work, 1368:French Resistance 1316:Walter Kutschmann 1291:Winston Churchill 1228:Sicherheitsdienst 1196:Sicherheitsdienst 1009:Elsa Schiaparelli 780:Winston Churchill 764:Winston Churchill 676:Pierre Wertheimer 651:, a dance-opera; 583:maison de couture 531:Gabrielle Dorziat 321:Winston Churchill 298:Sicherheitsdienst 182:Gabrielle Bonheur 179: 178: 6258: 6191:Ballet designers 6146: 6139: 6132: 6125: 6118: 6111: 6104: 6097: 6090: 6083: 6076: 6069: 6062: 6055: 6044: 6037: 6030: 6023: 6016: 6009: 5991: 5984: 5977: 5966: 5959: 5957:William Shockley 5952: 5945: 5938: 5931: 5924: 5917: 5910: 5903: 5896: 5889: 5882: 5880:Philo Farnsworth 5875: 5868: 5861: 5854: 5836: 5829: 5822: 5815: 5808: 5801: 5794: 5787: 5780: 5773: 5766: 5759: 5752: 5745: 5738: 5731: 5724: 5717: 5710: 5703: 5685: 5678: 5671: 5669:Steven Spielberg 5664: 5657: 5650: 5643: 5636: 5629: 5622: 5615: 5608: 5601: 5594: 5587: 5580: 5573: 5566: 5559: 5552: 5534: 5527: 5520: 5513: 5506: 5499: 5492: 5485: 5478: 5471: 5464: 5457: 5450: 5443: 5436: 5429: 5422: 5415: 5408: 5401: 5399:David Ben-Gurion 5374: 5367: 5360: 5351: 5350: 5326:Stéphane Rolland 5317:Maurizio Galante 5236: 5229: 5222: 5213: 5212: 5120:Chanel Solitaire 5103:Chanel J12 watch 4946: 4919:Alain Wertheimer 4898: 4891: 4884: 4875: 4874: 4859: 4848: 4832:Gabrielle Chanel 4807: 4781: 4760: 4739: 4720: 4701: 4672: 4653: 4625: 4624: 4622: 4620: 4611:. 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Kessler 2006: 1983:Igor Stravinsky 1912: 1886:Alan Jay Lerner 1871: 1866: 1857: 1829: 1788: 1757:Ford automobile 1723: 1703:Alexandre Dumas 1695: 1681: 1629: 1608: 1586:Harper's Bazaar 1573: 1560:, Switzerland. 1519: 1503:Aimée de Heeren 1491: 1428: 1384: 1364: 1324: 1278: 1212:Serge Klarsfeld 1182: 1169: 1136:in May 1940 to 1080: 1033: 1000: 956: 939:La Règle du jeu 858: 756: 711:José-Maria Sert 668:Théophile Bader 643:Vaslav Nijinsky 610:Igor Stravinsky 591: 547: 465: 392: 387: 337: 239: 238: 230: 224: 197: 193: 154: 124: 87: 84: 80: 79:10 January 1971 71: 65: 59: 57: 56: 55: 45: 33: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 6264: 6254: 6253: 6248: 6243: 6238: 6233: 6231:Shoe designers 6228: 6223: 6218: 6213: 6208: 6203: 6198: 6193: 6188: 6183: 6178: 6173: 6168: 6151: 6150: 6148: 6147: 6140: 6133: 6126: 6119: 6112: 6105: 6098: 6095:Marilyn Monroe 6091: 6084: 6077: 6070: 6067:Kennedy family 6063: 6056: 6053:Tenzing Norgay 6049:Edmund Hillary 6045: 6038: 6031: 6024: 6017: 6010: 6002: 6000: 5996: 5995: 5993: 5992: 5985: 5978: 5967: 5960: 5953: 5946: 5939: 5932: 5925: 5918: 5911: 5904: 5897: 5890: 5883: 5876: 5869: 5862: 5855: 5847: 5845: 5841: 5840: 5838: 5837: 5830: 5823: 5816: 5809: 5802: 5799:Walter Reuther 5795: 5788: 5781: 5778:Louis B. Mayer 5774: 5767: 5764:William Levitt 5760: 5753: 5746: 5739: 5732: 5725: 5718: 5715:Willis Carrier 5711: 5704: 5696: 5694: 5690: 5689: 5687: 5686: 5679: 5672: 5665: 5658: 5651: 5644: 5637: 5630: 5623: 5616: 5609: 5602: 5595: 5588: 5581: 5574: 5567: 5560: 5553: 5545: 5543: 5539: 5538: 5536: 5535: 5528: 5521: 5514: 5507: 5500: 5493: 5486: 5479: 5472: 5469:Nelson Mandela 5465: 5462:Vladimir Lenin 5458: 5451: 5444: 5437: 5430: 5423: 5416: 5413:Mahatma Gandhi 5409: 5402: 5394: 5392: 5388: 5387: 5377: 5376: 5369: 5362: 5354: 5345: 5344: 5338: 5336: 5332: 5331: 5329: 5328: 5323: 5318: 5315: 5310: 5308:Julien Fournié 5305: 5300: 5295: 5290: 5285: 5280: 5275: 5273:Bouchra Jarrar 5270: 5268:Alexis Mabille 5265: 5260: 5254: 5252: 5248: 5247: 5239: 5238: 5231: 5224: 5216: 5207: 5206: 5204: 5203: 5197: 5195: 5191: 5190: 5188: 5187: 5179: 5177: 5173: 5172: 5170: 5169: 5161: 5159: 5155: 5154: 5152: 5151: 5148:No. 5 the Film 5144: 5137: 5130: 5123: 5115: 5113: 5109: 5108: 5106: 5105: 5100: 5094: 5092: 5091:Other products 5088: 5087: 5085: 5084: 5079: 5073: 5071: 5067: 5066: 5064: 5063: 5058: 5056:Cuir de Russie 5053: 5048: 5043: 5038: 5033: 5028: 5023: 5018: 5016:Bleu de Chanel 5012: 5010: 5006: 5005: 5003: 5002: 4997: 4992: 4987: 4981: 4979: 4975: 4974: 4972: 4971: 4969:Virginie Viard 4966: 4964:Karl Lagerfeld 4961: 4955: 4953: 4949: 4948: 4941: 4939: 4937: 4936: 4931: 4926: 4921: 4915: 4913: 4909: 4908: 4901: 4900: 4893: 4886: 4878: 4872: 4871: 4865: 4854: 4843: 4838: 4829: 4820: 4813: 4812:External links 4810: 4809: 4808: 4803:978-1622493661 4802: 4789: 4776: 4761: 4755: 4740: 4735:978-1408805817 4734: 4721: 4715: 4709:. Flammarion. 4702: 4678:Fashion Theory 4673: 4667: 4654: 4648: 4633: 4630: 4627: 4626: 4596: 4558: 4551: 4524: 4501: 4483:978-0857851369 4482: 4462: 4456:978-0253206275 4455: 4427: 4397: 4364: 4341: 4311: 4278: 4259: 4229: 4203: 4173: 4158: 4140: 4110: 4080: 4049: 4019: 4007: 4001:978-1472596178 4000: 3974: 3942: 3907: 3893: 3871: 3822: 3791: 3777: 3757: 3731: 3698: 3667: 3636: 3601: 3570: 3547: 3502: 3496: 3459: 3433: 3415: 3408: 3388: 3382:978-0375759819 3381: 3355: 3315: 3308: 3288: 3281: 3261: 3255:978-0679414841 3254: 3227: 3204: 3162: 3143: 3116: 3090: 3083: 3065: 3051: 3021: 3015:978-0061791017 3014: 2970: 2961:978-2020133678 2960: 2936: 2918:978-0385488723 2917: 2890: 2879:on 2 June 2008 2860: 2854:978-0061963858 2853: 2826: 2811: 2806:978-1350051201 2805: 2779: 2749: 2742: 2724: 2693: 2660: 2653: 2630: 2623: 2605: 2598: 2543: 2503: 2497:978-1905490363 2496: 2459: 2429: 2411:978-1936274130 2410: 2383: 2366:Spiegel Online 2343: 2337:978-0307592637 2336: 2239: 2226:978-0141972992 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Chanel 688:Parfums Chanel 618:Ballets Russes 590: 587: 546: 543: 481:Étienne Balsan 464: 461: 453:donneuse d'eau 391: 388: 386: 383: 336: 333: 177: 176: 170: 166: 165: 160: 156: 155: 153: 152: 147: 146:The Chanel bag 144: 139: 136: 132: 130: 129:Known for 126: 125: 123: 122: 119: 116: 110: 108: 104: 103: 93: 89: 88: 85: 83:(aged 87) 77: 73: 72: 66: 64:19 August 1883 53: 51: 47: 46: 44:Chanel in 1931 43: 35: 34: 31: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6263: 6252: 6249: 6247: 6244: 6242: 6239: 6237: 6234: 6232: 6229: 6227: 6224: 6222: 6219: 6217: 6214: 6212: 6209: 6207: 6204: 6202: 6199: 6197: 6196:Chanel people 6194: 6192: 6189: 6187: 6184: 6182: 6179: 6177: 6174: 6172: 6169: 6167: 6164: 6163: 6161: 6145: 6141: 6138: 6137:Mother Teresa 6134: 6131: 6127: 6124: 6120: 6117: 6113: 6110: 6106: 6103: 6099: 6096: 6092: 6089: 6085: 6082: 6078: 6075: 6071: 6068: 6064: 6061: 6057: 6054: 6050: 6046: 6043: 6039: 6036: 6032: 6029: 6025: 6022: 6018: 6015: 6011: 6008: 6004: 6003: 6001: 5997: 5990: 5986: 5983: 5979: 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