564:, having different crystalline forms with different melting points. Conventionally the assignment of cocoa butter crystalline forms uses the nomenclature of Wille and Lutton with forms I, II, III, IV, V, and VI having melting points 17.3, 23.3, 25.5, 27.5, 33.8, and 36.3 °C (63.1, 73.9, 77.9, 81.5, 92.8, and 97.3 °F), respectively. The production of chocolate aims to crystallise the chocolate so that the cocoa butter is predominantly in form V, which is the most stable form that can be obtained from melted cocoa butter. (Form VI either develops in solid cocoa butter after long storage or is obtained by crystallisation from solvents). A uniform form V crystal structure will result in smooth texture, sheen, and snap. This structure is obtained by
43:
2487:
541:
2501:
283:
1218:
568:. Melting the cocoa butter in chocolate and then allowing it to solidify without tempering leads to the formation of unstable polymorphic forms of cocoa butter. This can easily happen when chocolate bars are allowed to melt in a hot room and leads to the formation of white patches on the surface of the chocolate called fat bloom or
441:
Owing to the high cost of cocoa butter, substitutes have been designed to use as alternatives. In the United States, 100% cocoa butter must be used for the product to be called chocolate. The EU requires that alternative fats not exceed 5% of the total fat content.
317:
Cocoa butter contains a high proportion of saturated fats also with the monounsaturated oleic acid in each triglyceride. The predominant triglycerides are POS, SOS, and POP, where P = palmitic, O = oleic, and S = stearic acid residues. Cocoa butter, unlike non-fat
429:
Some food manufacturers substitute less expensive materials in place of cocoa butter. Several analytical methods exist for testing for diluted cocoa butter. Adulterated cocoa butter is indicated by its lighter color and its diminished
314:, also known as cocoa liquor or chocolate liquor. Chocolate liquor is pressed to separate the cocoa butter from the non-fat cocoa solids. Cocoa butter is sometimes deodorized to remove strong or undesirable tastes.
583:
504:
Pharmaceutical companies use cocoa butter extensively. As a nontoxic solid at room temperature that melts at body temperature, it is considered an ideal base for medicinal suppositories.
310:
and then dried. The beans are then roasted and separated from their hulls to produce cocoa nibs. About 54–58% of the cocoa nibs is cocoa butter. The cocoa nibs are ground to form
584:"Cocoa butter fats and possibilities of substitution in food products concerning cocoa varieties, alternative sources, extraction methods, composition, and characteristics"
266:. Its melting point is slightly below human body temperature. It is an essential ingredient of chocolate and related confectionary products. Cocoa butter does not contain
1039:
Van Pee, Walter M.; Boni, Luc E.; Foma, Mazibo N.; Hendrikx, Achiel (1981). "Fatty acid composition and characteristics of the kernel fat of different mango (
1009:
544:
Untempered chocolate mass that has been left to cool at room temperature after conching, showing large cocoa butter crystals and a crumbly consistency.
2374:
2305:
582:
Jahurul, M. H. A.; Zaidul, I. S. M.; Norulaini, N. A. N.; Sahena, F.; Jinap, S.; Azmir, J.; Sharif, K. M.; Omar, A. K. Mohd (1 August 2013).
814:
Liendo, Rigel; Padilla, Fanny C.; Quintana, Agricia (November 1997). "Characterization of cocoa butter extracted from
Criollo cultivars of
2342:
2317:
983:
1250:
2322:
2347:
2337:
967:
896:
853:
El-Saied, Hani M.; Morsi, M. K.; Amer, M. M. A. (June 1981). "Composition of cocoa shell fat as related to cocoa butter".
1856:
721:
2469:
2530:
2464:
2332:
2283:
932:
561:
2364:
2201:
792:
438:
illumination. Unlike cocoa butter, adulterated fat tends to smear and have a higher non-saponifiable content.
1017:
744:
2545:
2094:
478:
2456:
2369:
1243:
512:
For a fat melting around body temperature, cocoa has good stability. This quality, coupled with natural
2311:
1208:
631:
2436:
2352:
2327:
2196:
680:
307:
27:
2535:
1849:
1120:
2379:
1568:
1236:
524:
properties of cocoa butter have made it a popular ingredient in products for the skin, such as
2116:
1471:
711:
Industrial
Chocolate Manufacture and Use, 4th Edition, ed S.T. Beckett, Chapter 12, G. Talbot
653:
520:– giving it a storage life of two to five years. The velvety texture, pleasant fragrance and
2505:
2451:
2441:
2176:
2048:
2038:
212:
140:
1072:"Blending of mango kernel fat and palm oil mid-fraction to obtain cocoa butter equivalent"
765:
Lonchampt, P.; Hartel
Richard, W. (2004). "Fat bloom in chocolate and compound coatings".
8:
2540:
2421:
2242:
2141:
1973:
1813:
1789:
565:
128:
109:
2491:
2431:
2257:
2131:
2033:
2018:
1842:
1193:
1096:
1071:
878:
1143:
831:
2395:
2357:
2273:
2227:
2171:
2156:
2146:
2106:
2101:
1376:
1185:
1101:
963:
870:
835:
606:
1197:
882:
2400:
2278:
2161:
2028:
1895:
1764:
1749:
1366:
1177:
1091:
1083:
1052:
955:
862:
827:
774:
688:
602:
598:
553:
474:
393:
311:
182:
120:
1443:
2446:
2426:
2405:
2166:
2136:
2068:
1911:
1684:
1552:
1496:
1318:
904:
569:
517:
490:
255:
94:
2206:
2151:
2126:
2121:
2111:
2063:
2053:
2043:
1958:
1709:
1699:
1689:
498:
494:
462:
349:
82:
20:
2084:
1087:
729:
2524:
2290:
2232:
2191:
2089:
2058:
1963:
1823:
1774:
1759:
1744:
1661:
1636:
1562:
1537:
1422:
1352:
959:
610:
549:
382:
360:
291:
231:
164:
135:
78:
74:
58:
1056:
501:). This application continues to dominate the consumption of cocoa butter.
2295:
2211:
2008:
1983:
1905:
1890:
1784:
1754:
1656:
1417:
1381:
1105:
839:
778:
745:"The World's Best White Chocolate Page 3: Percent Cacao & Cocoa Butter"
513:
489:
Cocoa butter is a major ingredient in practically all types of chocolates (
431:
404:
319:
299:
287:
192:
70:
1189:
874:
2300:
2252:
1978:
1948:
1818:
1779:
1734:
1724:
1719:
1587:
1578:
1547:
1501:
1476:
1412:
1391:
1292:
1222:
470:
454:
446:
435:
327:
153:
86:
42:
1993:
1988:
1968:
1943:
1938:
1928:
1885:
1875:
1769:
1729:
1694:
1666:
1641:
1626:
1607:
1506:
1228:
1181:
866:
540:
371:
339:
295:
251:
235:
202:
116:
1865:
1739:
1651:
1621:
1592:
1542:
1491:
1486:
1453:
521:
259:
243:
1616:
1168:
Wille, R. L.; Lutton, E. S. (1966). "Polymorphism of cocoa butter".
2237:
2003:
1998:
1953:
1933:
1714:
1704:
1676:
1646:
1631:
1597:
1529:
1427:
1342:
1327:
552:
of around 34–38 °C (93–100 °F), so chocolate is solid at
458:
450:
323:
271:
247:
1010:"Cocoa Price: The full story behind the cocoa bean price increase"
282:
2247:
2186:
1403:
1282:
1274:
169:
34.1 °C (93.4 °F), 35–36.5 °C (95.0–97.7 °F)
1448:
1361:
1337:
1304:
1070:
Sonwai, Sopark; Kaphueakngam, Phimnipha; Flood, Adrian (2012).
764:
529:
466:
267:
2181:
1287:
557:
263:
1834:
1217:
581:
306:
For use in chocolate manufacture, the cocoa beans are first
1386:
1371:
1332:
1314:
1299:
525:
1520:
1265:
1069:
1038:
19:"Coco butter" redirects here. Not to be confused with
1206:
813:
16:
Pale-yellow, edible fat extracted from the cocoa bean
477:
and a mixture of mango kernel fat and palm oil, and
852:
2522:
767:European Journal of Lipid Science and Technology
1045:Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture
952:Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry
950:Thomas, Alfred (2002). "Fats and Fatty Oils".
424:
1850:
1244:
1170:Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society
277:
286:The main constituent of cocoa butter is the
1167:
795:. Hershey Center for Health & Nutrition
1857:
1843:
1251:
1237:
41:
1141:
1095:
1258:
1121:"What Are The Benefits of Cocoa Butter?"
984:"Cocoa butter prices, bean futures soar"
933:"Cocoa Butter Alternatives in Chocolate"
926:
924:
922:
846:
539:
281:
943:
681:"Is Cocoa Butter Vegan and Dairy-Free?"
2523:
2323:European Cocoa and Chocolate Directive
1076:Journal of Food Science and Technology
949:
855:Zeitschrift für Ernährungswissenschaft
742:
535:
2338:International Cocoa Quarantine Centre
1838:
1232:
1142:Skrzypiec, Marcin (12 January 2016).
930:
919:
807:
678:
2306:Côte d'Ivoire–Ghana Cocoa Initiative
1118:
1112:
1007:
707:
705:
593:. SI: Extraction and Encapsulation.
2375:Production in São Tomé and Príncipe
334:Typical fatty acid composition (%)
174:Solidity at 20 °C (68 °F)
13:
575:
556:but readily melts once inside the
14:
2557:
702:
2499:
2486:
2485:
2333:International Cocoa Organization
2284:Child labour in cocoa production
1216:
1119:Chew, Norma (24 November 2011).
903:. 5 October 2016. Archived from
679:Adams, Ashley (12 August 2019).
634:. Convert-to.com. 15 August 2011
632:"Cocoa butter amounts converter"
507:
270:or other animal products; it is
159:3,699 kilojoules (884 kcal)
2500:
1161:
1135:
1063:
1032:
1001:
976:
931:Frank, Jill (24 October 2014).
889:
793:"Composition of the Cocoa Bean"
785:
758:
736:
714:
672:
646:
624:
603:10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2012.09.024
26:For the Alicia Keys song, see
1:
2348:Philippine chocolate industry
1864:
832:10.1016/S0963-9969(98)00025-8
726:The Grenada Chocolate Company
618:
548:Cocoa butter typically has a
156:per 100 g (3.5 oz)
7:
820:Food Research International
591:Journal of Food Engineering
425:Adulterants and substitutes
258:. Cocoa butter has a cocoa
230:, is a pale-yellow, edible
10:
2562:
2312:The Dark Side of Chocolate
1144:"Can Cocoa Powder Go Bad?"
322:, contains only traces of
278:Extraction and composition
25:
18:
2480:
2414:
2388:
2365:Production in Ivory Coast
2266:
2220:
2077:
2017:
1921:
1874:
1806:
1675:
1606:
1577:
1561:
1528:
1519:
1464:
1436:
1402:
1351:
1313:
1273:
1264:
1088:10.1007/s13197-012-0808-7
211:
201:
191:
181:
173:
163:
152:
147:
127:
108:
100:
93:
64:
57:
52:
40:
2343:Manufacturers (vertical)
988:www.foodbusinessnews.net
960:10.1002/14356007.a10_173
897:"USDA nutrient database"
560:. Cocoa butter displays
28:Here (Alicia Keys album)
2531:Components of chocolate
2202:Chocolate-covered foods
1057:10.1002/jsfa.2740320510
954:. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH.
722:"Cocoa butter pressing"
658:Encyclopædia Britannica
484:
2380:World Cocoa Foundation
1720:Linseed (flaxseed) oil
779:10.1002/ejlt.200400938
545:
303:
242:). It is used to make
217:191.214, 192.88–196.29
2370:Production in Nigeria
2328:Harkin–Engel Protocol
2117:Chocolate chip cookie
1755:Rapeseed (canola) oil
543:
445:Substitutes include:
285:
2318:Environmental impact
2177:Cioccolato di Modica
1507:Vegetable shortening
1259:Edible fats and oils
1014:www.mintecglobal.com
213:Saponification value
2546:Cosmetics chemicals
2461:Military chocolate
2422:Chocolate addiction
2353:Production in Ghana
2142:Chocolate ice cream
1974:Tetramethylpyrazine
1790:Watermelon seed oil
566:chocolate tempering
536:Physical properties
335:
290:(fat) derived from
234:extracted from the
197:32.11–35.12, 35.575
37:
2432:Chocolate fountain
2132:Chocolate crackles
1182:10.1007/BF02641273
1008:Moriarty, Andrew.
867:10.1007/BF02021260
732:on 6 October 2007.
546:
333:
304:
246:, as well as some
35:
2518:
2517:
2457:In savory cooking
2437:Chocolate museums
2358:Ghana Cocoa Board
2274:Organic chocolate
2228:Aerated chocolate
2172:Chocolate truffle
2157:Chocolate pudding
2147:Chocolate liqueur
2107:Chocolate brownie
2102:Chocolate biscuit
1832:
1831:
1802:
1801:
1798:
1797:
1515:
1514:
1437:Other animal fats
1377:Manteiga-da-terra
969:978-3-527-30673-2
422:
421:
415:Other Fatty Acids
221:
220:
101:Total unsaturated
2553:
2508:
2503:
2502:
2494:
2489:
2488:
2279:Fair trade cocoa
2162:Chocolate spread
2021:
1896:Chocolate liquor
1878:
1868:
1859:
1852:
1845:
1836:
1835:
1750:Pumpkin seed oil
1647:Mongongo nut oil
1575:
1574:
1526:
1525:
1367:Clarified butter
1271:
1270:
1253:
1246:
1239:
1230:
1229:
1221:
1220:
1212:
1202:
1201:
1165:
1159:
1158:
1156:
1154:
1139:
1133:
1132:
1130:
1128:
1116:
1110:
1109:
1099:
1067:
1061:
1060:
1041:Mangifera indica
1036:
1030:
1029:
1027:
1025:
1016:. Archived from
1005:
999:
998:
996:
994:
980:
974:
973:
947:
941:
940:
928:
917:
916:
914:
912:
893:
887:
886:
850:
844:
843:
811:
805:
804:
802:
800:
789:
783:
782:
762:
756:
755:
753:
751:
740:
734:
733:
728:. Archived from
718:
712:
709:
700:
699:
697:
695:
689:Dotdash Meredith
676:
670:
669:
667:
665:
650:
644:
643:
641:
639:
628:
614:
588:
554:room temperature
475:mango kernel fat
394:Palmitoleic acid
336:
332:
240:Theobroma cacao
183:Refractive index
141:α-Linolenic acid
121:palmitoleic acid
95:Unsaturated fats
47:Raw cocoa butter
45:
38:
34:
2561:
2560:
2556:
2555:
2554:
2552:
2551:
2550:
2521:
2520:
2519:
2514:
2513:
2506:
2492:
2476:
2447:Cocoa smuggling
2427:Chocolate bloom
2410:
2384:
2262:
2216:
2167:Chocolate syrup
2137:Chocolate gravy
2127:Chocolate coins
2073:
2019:
2013:
1917:
1912:Theobroma cacao
1876:
1870:
1866:
1863:
1833:
1828:
1794:
1685:Ambadi seed oil
1671:
1602:
1564:
1557:
1553:Shark liver oil
1511:
1497:Palm kernel oil
1460:
1432:
1398:
1347:
1309:
1260:
1257:
1227:
1215:
1207:
1205:
1166:
1162:
1152:
1150:
1140:
1136:
1126:
1124:
1117:
1113:
1082:(10): 2357–69.
1068:
1064:
1037:
1033:
1023:
1021:
1020:on 3 March 2021
1006:
1002:
992:
990:
982:
981:
977:
970:
948:
944:
929:
920:
910:
908:
907:on 3 March 2015
895:
894:
890:
851:
847:
816:Theobroma cacao
812:
808:
798:
796:
791:
790:
786:
763:
759:
749:
747:
741:
737:
720:
719:
715:
710:
703:
693:
691:
685:The Spruce Eats
677:
673:
663:
661:
652:
651:
647:
637:
635:
630:
629:
625:
621:
586:
578:
576:Further reading
570:chocolate bloom
538:
510:
491:white chocolate
487:
427:
280:
256:pharmaceuticals
187:1.44556–1.44573
139:
134:
129:Polyunsaturated
115:
110:Monounsaturated
69:
65:Total saturated
53:Fat composition
48:
31:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2559:
2549:
2548:
2543:
2538:
2536:Vegetable oils
2533:
2516:
2515:
2512:
2511:
2497:
2482:
2481:
2478:
2477:
2475:
2474:
2473:
2472:
2467:
2459:
2454:
2449:
2444:
2439:
2434:
2429:
2424:
2418:
2416:
2412:
2411:
2409:
2408:
2403:
2398:
2392:
2390:
2386:
2385:
2383:
2382:
2377:
2372:
2367:
2362:
2361:
2360:
2350:
2345:
2340:
2335:
2330:
2325:
2320:
2315:
2308:
2303:
2298:
2293:
2288:
2287:
2286:
2276:
2270:
2268:
2264:
2263:
2261:
2260:
2255:
2250:
2245:
2240:
2235:
2230:
2224:
2222:
2218:
2217:
2215:
2214:
2209:
2207:Mint chocolate
2204:
2199:
2194:
2189:
2184:
2179:
2174:
2169:
2164:
2159:
2154:
2152:Chocolate milk
2149:
2144:
2139:
2134:
2129:
2124:
2122:Chocolate chip
2119:
2114:
2112:Chocolate cake
2109:
2104:
2099:
2098:
2097:
2087:
2081:
2079:
2075:
2074:
2072:
2071:
2066:
2061:
2056:
2051:
2046:
2041:
2036:
2031:
2025:
2023:
2015:
2014:
2012:
2011:
2006:
2001:
1996:
1991:
1986:
1981:
1976:
1971:
1966:
1961:
1959:Phenethylamine
1956:
1951:
1946:
1941:
1936:
1931:
1925:
1923:
1919:
1918:
1916:
1915:
1908:
1903:
1898:
1893:
1888:
1882:
1880:
1872:
1871:
1862:
1861:
1854:
1847:
1839:
1830:
1829:
1827:
1826:
1821:
1816:
1811:
1807:
1804:
1803:
1800:
1799:
1796:
1795:
1793:
1792:
1787:
1782:
1777:
1772:
1767:
1762:
1757:
1752:
1747:
1742:
1737:
1732:
1727:
1722:
1717:
1712:
1710:Grape seed oil
1707:
1702:
1700:Cottonseed oil
1697:
1692:
1690:Apple seed oil
1687:
1681:
1679:
1673:
1672:
1670:
1669:
1664:
1659:
1654:
1649:
1644:
1639:
1634:
1629:
1624:
1619:
1613:
1611:
1604:
1603:
1601:
1600:
1595:
1590:
1584:
1582:
1572:
1559:
1558:
1556:
1555:
1550:
1545:
1540:
1534:
1532:
1523:
1517:
1516:
1513:
1512:
1510:
1509:
1504:
1499:
1494:
1489:
1484:
1479:
1474:
1468:
1466:
1465:Vegetable fats
1462:
1461:
1459:
1458:
1457:
1456:
1451:
1440:
1438:
1434:
1433:
1431:
1430:
1425:
1420:
1415:
1409:
1407:
1400:
1399:
1397:
1396:
1395:
1394:
1389:
1384:
1379:
1374:
1364:
1358:
1356:
1349:
1348:
1346:
1345:
1340:
1335:
1330:
1324:
1322:
1311:
1310:
1308:
1307:
1302:
1297:
1296:
1295:
1290:
1279:
1277:
1268:
1262:
1261:
1256:
1255:
1248:
1241:
1233:
1226:
1225:
1204:
1203:
1160:
1148:Can It Go Bad?
1134:
1111:
1062:
1051:(5): 485–488.
1043:) varieties".
1031:
1000:
975:
968:
942:
918:
888:
861:(2): 145–151.
845:
826:(9): 727–731.
806:
784:
773:(4): 241–274.
757:
735:
713:
701:
671:
654:"Cocoa butter"
645:
622:
620:
617:
616:
615:
597:(4): 467–476.
577:
574:
537:
534:
509:
506:
499:dark chocolate
495:milk chocolate
486:
483:
426:
423:
420:
419:
416:
412:
411:
408:
401:
400:
397:
390:
389:
386:
379:
378:
375:
368:
367:
364:
357:
356:
353:
350:Arachidic acid
346:
345:
342:
279:
276:
226:, also called
219:
218:
215:
209:
208:
205:
199:
198:
195:
189:
188:
185:
179:
178:
175:
171:
170:
167:
161:
160:
157:
150:
149:
145:
144:
131:
125:
124:
112:
106:
105:
102:
98:
97:
91:
90:
83:arachidic acid
66:
62:
61:
59:Saturated fats
55:
54:
50:
49:
46:
21:coconut butter
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2558:
2547:
2544:
2542:
2539:
2537:
2534:
2532:
2529:
2528:
2526:
2510:
2509:
2498:
2496:
2495:
2484:
2483:
2479:
2471:
2470:United States
2468:
2466:
2463:
2462:
2460:
2458:
2455:
2453:
2450:
2448:
2445:
2443:
2440:
2438:
2435:
2433:
2430:
2428:
2425:
2423:
2420:
2419:
2417:
2413:
2407:
2404:
2402:
2399:
2397:
2394:
2393:
2391:
2387:
2381:
2378:
2376:
2373:
2371:
2368:
2366:
2363:
2359:
2356:
2355:
2354:
2351:
2349:
2346:
2344:
2341:
2339:
2336:
2334:
2331:
2329:
2326:
2324:
2321:
2319:
2316:
2314:
2313:
2309:
2307:
2304:
2302:
2299:
2297:
2294:
2292:
2291:Big Chocolate
2289:
2285:
2282:
2281:
2280:
2277:
2275:
2272:
2271:
2269:
2265:
2259:
2256:
2254:
2251:
2249:
2246:
2244:
2243:Dutch process
2241:
2239:
2236:
2234:
2233:Broma process
2231:
2229:
2226:
2225:
2223:
2219:
2213:
2210:
2208:
2205:
2203:
2200:
2198:
2195:
2193:
2192:Hot chocolate
2190:
2188:
2185:
2183:
2180:
2178:
2175:
2173:
2170:
2168:
2165:
2163:
2160:
2158:
2155:
2153:
2150:
2148:
2145:
2143:
2140:
2138:
2135:
2133:
2130:
2128:
2125:
2123:
2120:
2118:
2115:
2113:
2110:
2108:
2105:
2103:
2100:
2096:
2093:
2092:
2091:
2090:Chocolate bar
2088:
2086:
2083:
2082:
2080:
2076:
2070:
2067:
2065:
2062:
2060:
2059:Raw chocolate
2057:
2055:
2052:
2050:
2047:
2045:
2042:
2040:
2037:
2035:
2032:
2030:
2027:
2026:
2024:
2022:
2016:
2010:
2007:
2005:
2002:
2000:
1997:
1995:
1992:
1990:
1987:
1985:
1982:
1980:
1977:
1975:
1972:
1970:
1967:
1965:
1964:Phenylalanine
1962:
1960:
1957:
1955:
1952:
1950:
1947:
1945:
1942:
1940:
1937:
1935:
1932:
1930:
1927:
1926:
1924:
1920:
1914:
1913:
1909:
1907:
1904:
1902:
1899:
1897:
1894:
1892:
1889:
1887:
1884:
1883:
1881:
1879:
1873:
1869:
1860:
1855:
1853:
1848:
1846:
1841:
1840:
1837:
1825:
1824:Essential oil
1822:
1820:
1817:
1815:
1812:
1809:
1808:
1805:
1791:
1788:
1786:
1783:
1781:
1778:
1776:
1775:Sunflower oil
1773:
1771:
1768:
1766:
1765:Safflower oil
1763:
1761:
1760:Rice bran oil
1758:
1756:
1753:
1751:
1748:
1746:
1745:Poppyseed oil
1743:
1741:
1738:
1736:
1733:
1731:
1728:
1726:
1723:
1721:
1718:
1716:
1713:
1711:
1708:
1706:
1703:
1701:
1698:
1696:
1693:
1691:
1688:
1686:
1683:
1682:
1680:
1678:
1674:
1668:
1665:
1663:
1662:Pistachio oil
1660:
1658:
1655:
1653:
1650:
1648:
1645:
1643:
1640:
1638:
1637:Macadamia oil
1635:
1633:
1630:
1628:
1625:
1623:
1620:
1618:
1615:
1614:
1612:
1609:
1605:
1599:
1596:
1594:
1591:
1589:
1586:
1585:
1583:
1580:
1576:
1573:
1570:
1566:
1560:
1554:
1551:
1549:
1546:
1544:
1541:
1539:
1538:Cod liver oil
1536:
1535:
1533:
1531:
1527:
1524:
1522:
1518:
1508:
1505:
1503:
1500:
1498:
1495:
1493:
1490:
1488:
1485:
1483:
1480:
1478:
1475:
1473:
1472:Borneo tallow
1470:
1469:
1467:
1463:
1455:
1452:
1450:
1447:
1446:
1445:
1442:
1441:
1439:
1435:
1429:
1426:
1424:
1421:
1419:
1416:
1414:
1411:
1410:
1408:
1405:
1401:
1393:
1390:
1388:
1385:
1383:
1380:
1378:
1375:
1373:
1370:
1369:
1368:
1365:
1363:
1360:
1359:
1357:
1354:
1350:
1344:
1341:
1339:
1336:
1334:
1331:
1329:
1326:
1325:
1323:
1320:
1316:
1312:
1306:
1303:
1301:
1298:
1294:
1291:
1289:
1286:
1285:
1284:
1281:
1280:
1278:
1276:
1272:
1269:
1267:
1263:
1254:
1249:
1247:
1242:
1240:
1235:
1234:
1231:
1224:
1219:
1214:
1213:
1210:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1164:
1149:
1145:
1138:
1122:
1115:
1107:
1103:
1098:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1066:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1035:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1004:
989:
985:
979:
971:
965:
961:
957:
953:
946:
938:
934:
927:
925:
923:
906:
902:
898:
892:
884:
880:
876:
872:
868:
864:
860:
856:
849:
841:
837:
833:
829:
825:
821:
817:
810:
794:
788:
780:
776:
772:
768:
761:
746:
739:
731:
727:
723:
717:
708:
706:
690:
686:
682:
675:
659:
655:
649:
633:
627:
623:
612:
608:
604:
600:
596:
592:
585:
580:
579:
573:
571:
567:
563:
559:
555:
551:
550:melting point
542:
533:
531:
527:
523:
519:
515:
508:Personal care
505:
502:
500:
496:
492:
482:
480:
476:
472:
468:
464:
460:
456:
452:
448:
443:
439:
437:
433:
417:
414:
413:
409:
406:
403:
402:
398:
395:
392:
391:
387:
384:
383:Palmitic acid
381:
380:
376:
373:
370:
369:
365:
362:
361:Linoleic acid
359:
358:
354:
351:
348:
347:
343:
341:
338:
337:
331:
329:
325:
321:
315:
313:
309:
301:
297:
293:
292:palmitic acid
289:
284:
275:
273:
269:
265:
261:
257:
253:
249:
245:
241:
237:
233:
229:
228:theobroma oil
225:
216:
214:
210:
206:
204:
200:
196:
194:
190:
186:
184:
180:
176:
172:
168:
166:
165:Melting point
162:
158:
155:
151:
146:
142:
137:
136:linoleic acid
132:
130:
126:
122:
118:
113:
111:
107:
103:
99:
96:
92:
88:
84:
80:
79:myristic acid
76:
75:palmitic acid
72:
67:
63:
60:
56:
51:
44:
39:
33:
29:
22:
2504:
2490:
2442:Chocolatiers
2415:Other topics
2310:
2296:Chocolaterie
2009:Valeric acid
1984:Theophylline
1910:
1906:Cocoa solids
1901:Cocoa butter
1900:
1891:Flavor cocoa
1785:Tea seed oil
1657:Pine nut oil
1632:Hazelnut oil
1487:Mango butter
1482:Cocoa butter
1481:
1382:Niter kibbeh
1176:(8): 491–6.
1173:
1169:
1163:
1151:. Retrieved
1147:
1137:
1125:. Retrieved
1123:. LiveStrong
1114:
1079:
1075:
1065:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1034:
1022:. Retrieved
1018:the original
1013:
1003:
991:. Retrieved
987:
978:
951:
945:
936:
909:. Retrieved
905:the original
901:Nal.usda.gov
900:
891:
858:
854:
848:
823:
819:
815:
809:
797:. Retrieved
787:
770:
766:
760:
748:. Retrieved
743:The Nibble.
738:
730:the original
725:
716:
692:. Retrieved
684:
674:
664:10 September
662:. Retrieved
657:
648:
636:. Retrieved
626:
594:
590:
562:polymorphism
547:
514:antioxidants
511:
503:
488:
444:
440:
432:fluorescence
428:
405:Stearic acid
320:cocoa solids
316:
305:
300:stearic acid
288:triglyceride
239:
227:
224:Cocoa butter
223:
222:
193:Iodine value
71:stearic acid
36:Cocoa butter
32:
2465:Switzerland
2406:Switzerland
2301:Chocolatier
2253:Sugar crust
2085:Caffè mocha
1979:Theobromine
1949:Flavan-3-ol
1819:Cooking oil
1780:Soybean oil
1735:Perilla oil
1725:Mustard oil
1588:Avocado oil
1548:Seaweed oil
1530:Marine oils
1502:Shea butter
1477:Coconut oil
1413:Chicken fat
1392:Urfa butter
1127:20 November
993:27 February
799:20 November
660:. July 1998
516:, prevents
471:shea butter
436:ultraviolet
344:Percentage
328:theobromine
154:Food energy
87:lauric acid
2541:Excipients
2525:Categories
2389:By country
2039:Couverture
1994:Tryptophan
1989:Tryptamine
1969:Salsolinol
1944:Enkephalin
1939:Endorphins
1929:Anandamide
1922:Components
1886:Bulk cocoa
1877:Cocoa bean
1814:Plant oils
1770:Sesame oil
1730:Peanut oil
1695:Castor oil
1667:Walnut oil
1642:Marula oil
1627:Cashew oil
1617:Almond oil
1563:Vegetable
937:Prospector
911:3 November
694:30 January
638:3 November
619:References
469:oils; and
463:cottonseed
372:Oleic acid
340:Fatty acid
312:cocoa mass
296:oleic acid
252:toiletries
236:cocoa bean
203:Acid value
148:Properties
119:(29–38%),
117:oleic acid
81:, (0–4%),
77:(24–30%),
73:(24–37%),
2258:Tempering
2221:Processes
2197:beverages
1867:Chocolate
1740:Pequi oil
1677:Seed oils
1652:Pecan oil
1622:Argan oil
1593:Olive oil
1543:Krill oil
1492:Margarine
1454:Whale oil
1423:Goose fat
1275:Pork fats
611:0260-8774
522:emollient
518:rancidity
308:fermented
248:ointments
244:chocolate
2493:Category
2267:Industry
2238:Conching
2078:Products
2049:Gianduja
2034:Compound
2004:Tyrosine
1999:Tyramine
1954:Lecithin
1934:Caffeine
1810:See also
1715:Hemp oil
1705:Corn oil
1598:Palm oil
1428:Schmaltz
1418:Duck fat
1343:Tail fat
1328:Dripping
1198:45024885
1153:10 March
1106:25328175
1024:10 March
883:30329861
840:11048595
459:rapeseed
324:caffeine
2507:Outline
2452:History
2396:Belgium
2248:Enrober
2187:Ganache
1444:Blubber
1404:Poultry
1283:Fatback
1190:5945032
1097:4190219
875:7269661
750:3 March
530:lotions
455:soybean
447:coconut
407:(C18:0)
396:(C16:1)
385:(C16:0)
374:(C18:1)
363:(C18:2)
352:(C20:0)
298:, and
138:(0–4%),
114:29–43%:
68:57–64%:
2401:France
2095:brands
2029:Baking
1449:Muktuk
1362:Butter
1338:Tallow
1319:mutton
1305:Lardon
1209:Portal
1196:
1188:
1104:
1094:
966:
881:
873:
838:
609:
497:, and
467:illipe
410:34.5%
388:26.0%
377:34.5%
268:butter
260:flavor
254:, and
143:(0–1%)
123:(0–2%)
104:36–43%
89:(0–1%)
85:(1%),
2182:Fudge
2069:White
2020:Types
1579:Fruit
1353:Dairy
1288:Lardo
1194:S2CID
879:S2CID
818:L.".
587:(PDF)
558:mouth
526:soaps
434:upon
418:0.5%
399:0.3%
366:3.2%
355:1.0%
272:vegan
264:aroma
177:solid
133:0–5%:
2212:Mole
2064:Ruby
2054:Milk
2044:Dark
1610:oils
1581:oils
1569:List
1565:oils
1521:Oils
1406:fats
1387:Smen
1372:Ghee
1355:fats
1333:Suet
1321:fats
1315:Beef
1300:Lard
1293:Salo
1266:Fats
1223:Food
1186:PMID
1155:2022
1129:2012
1102:PMID
1026:2022
995:2019
964:ISBN
913:2016
871:PMID
836:PMID
801:2012
752:2009
696:2024
666:2007
640:2016
607:ISSN
528:and
485:Uses
479:PGPR
465:and
451:palm
326:and
262:and
207:1.68
1608:Nut
1178:doi
1092:PMC
1084:doi
1053:doi
956:doi
863:doi
828:doi
775:doi
771:106
599:doi
595:117
232:fat
2527::
1192:.
1184:.
1174:43
1172:.
1146:.
1100:.
1090:.
1080:51
1078:.
1074:.
1049:32
1047:.
1012:.
986:.
962:.
935:.
921:^
899:.
877:.
869:.
859:20
857:.
834:.
824:30
822:.
769:.
724:.
704:^
687:.
683:.
656:.
605:.
589:.
572:.
532:.
493:,
481:.
473:,
461:,
457:,
453:,
449:,
330:.
294:,
274:.
250:,
1858:e
1851:t
1844:v
1571:)
1567:(
1317:/
1252:e
1245:t
1238:v
1211::
1200:.
1180::
1157:.
1131:.
1108:.
1086::
1059:.
1055::
1028:.
997:.
972:.
958::
939:.
915:.
885:.
865::
842:.
830::
803:.
781:.
777::
754:.
698:.
668:.
642:.
613:.
601::
302:.
238:(
30:.
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
