Cognitive dissonance

1424:, and compliance with anti-speeding campaigns. The theory can also be used to explain reasons for donating to charity. Cognitive dissonance can be applied in social areas such as racism and racial hatred. Acharya of Stanford, Blackwell and Sen of Harvard state cognitive dissonance increases when an individual commits an act of violence toward someone from a different ethnic or racial group and decreases when the individual does not commit any such act of violence. Research from Acharya, Blackwell and Sen shows that individuals committing violence against members of another group develop hostile attitudes towards their victims as a way of minimizing cognitive dissonance. Importantly, the hostile attitudes may persist even after the violence itself declines (Acharya, Blackwell, and Sen, 2015). The application provides a social psychological basis for the constructivist viewpoint that ethnic and racial divisions can be socially or individually constructed, possibly from acts of violence (Fearon and Laitin, 2000). Their framework speaks to this possibility by showing how violent actions by individuals can affect individual attitudes, either ethnic or racial animosity (Acharya, Blackwell, and Sen, 2015). 1445:

cognitive dissonance arose when people took polls on public behavior. Despite the general opinion that wearing a mask, social distancing, and receiving the vaccine are all things the public should be doing, only 50% of responders admitted to doing these things all or even most of the time. People believe that partaking in preventative measures is essential, but fail to follow through with actually doing them. To convince people to behave in line with their beliefs, it is essential to remind people of a fact that they believe is true, and then remind them of times in the past when they went against this. The hypocrisy paradigm is known for inconsistent cognition resolution through a change in behavior. Data were collected by participants that were asked to write statements supporting mask use and social distancing, which is something they agreed with. Then the participants were told to think about recent situations in which they failed to do this. The prediction was that the dissonance would be a motivating factor in getting people to be compliant with COVID-19 safety measures. After contacting participants one week later, they reported behaviors, including social distancing and mask-wearing.

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of the control group; the responses of the paid subjects were evidence of cognitive dissonance. The researchers, Festinger and Carlsmith, proposed that the subjects experienced dissonance between the conflicting cognitions. "I told someone that the task was interesting" and "I actually found it boring." The subjects paid one dollar were induced to comply, compelled to internalize the "interesting task" mental attitude because they had no other justification. The subjects paid twenty dollars were induced to comply by way of an obvious, external justification for internalizing the "interesting task" mental attitude and experienced a lower degree of cognitive dissonance than did those only paid one dollar. They did not receive sufficient compensation for the lie they were asked to tell. Because of this insufficiency, the participants convinced themselves to believe that what they were doing was exciting. This way, they felt better about telling the next group of participants that it was exciting because, technically, they weren't lying.

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the regret of not purchasing a different, potentially more useful or satisfactory good. Consequently, the buyer will "seek to reduce dissonance by increasing the perceived attractiveness of the chosen alternative and devaluing the non chosen item, seeking out information to confirm the decision, or changing attitudes to conform to the decision." In other words, the buyer justifies their purchase to themselves in whatever way they can, in an attempt to convince themselves that they made the right decision and to diminish regret. Usually these feelings of regret are more prevalent after online purchases as opposed to in-store purchases. This happens because an online consumer does not have the opportunity to experience the product in its entirety, and must rely on what information is available through photos and descriptions. On the other hand, in-store shopping can sometimes be even more of an issue for consumers in regard to

1274:(2016), researchers Michael R. Ent and Mary A. Gerend informed the study participants about a discomforting test for a specific (fictitious) virus called the "human respiratory virus-27". The study used a fake virus to prevent participants from having thoughts, opinions, and feeling about the virus that would interfere with the experiment. The study participants were in two groups; one group was told that they were actual candidates for the virus-27 test, and the second group were told they were not candidates for the test. The researchers reported, "We predicted that participants who thought that they were candidates for the unpleasant test would experience dissonance associated with knowing that the test was both unpleasant and in their best interest—this dissonance was predicted to result in unfavorable attitudes toward the test." 2133:

college students reported becoming increasingly concerned with their weight and body shape. Studies examining eating disorders (ED) symptoms in college students reported that only 20 percent of those with positive ED got help. Less than 10 percent were diagnosed with an ED. This Body Project (BP) is rooted in the theory of cognitive dissonance. Cognitive dissonance occurs when a discrepancy emerges between beliefs and actions. The idea is centered around the notion that if beliefs and actions are inconsistent, then the individual will create a change to align the beliefs and actions. The BP uses cognitive dissonance to target ED, for example, social pressure from peers or not being satisfied with your appearance, to bring awareness and for a healthy and positive change, thoughts toward body image.

901:. This theory has been discussed since the early days of Festinger's proposal of cognitive dissonance. He noticed that people would selectively expose themselves to some media over others; specifically, they would avoid dissonant messages and prefer consonant messages. Through selective exposure, people actively (and selectively) choose what to watch, view, or read that fit to their current state of mind, mood or beliefs. In other words, consumers select attitude-consistent information and avoid attitude-challenging information. This can be applied to media, news, music, and any other messaging channel. The idea is, choosing something that is in opposition to how you feel or believe in will increase cognitive dissonance. 1071:(2012), a variant of the forbidden-toy paradigm, indicated that listening to music reduces the development of cognitive dissonance. Without music in the background, the control group of four-year-old children were told to avoid playing with a forbidden toy. After playing alone, the control-group children later devalued the importance of the forbidden toy. In the variable group, classical music played in the background while the children played alone. In the second group, the children did not later devalue the forbidden toy. The researchers, Nobuo Masataka and Leonid Perlovsky, concluded that music might inhibit cognitions that induce cognitive dissonance. 1148:

that, at session's end, they would receive two of the paintings they had positively rated. The results indicated a great increase in the positive attitude of the participant towards the liked pair of things, whilst also increasing the negative attitude towards the disliked pair of things. The double-ratings of pairs of things, towards which the rating participant had a neutral attitude, showed no changes during the rating period. The existing attitudes of the participant were reinforced during the rating period and the participants experienced cognitive dissonance when confronted by a liked-name paired with a disliked-painting.

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elderly person." After watching the documentaries, the residents indicated they preferred the media featuring the unhappy, lonely person over the happy person. This can be attested to them feeling lonely, and experiencing cognitive dissonance watching somebody their age feeling happy and being successful. This study explains how people select media that aligns with their mood, as in selectively exposing themselves to people and experiences they are already experiencing. It is more comfortable to see a movie about a character that is similar to you than to watch one about someone who is your age who is more successful than you.

957:(1956) reported that faith deepened among the members of an apocalyptic religious cult, despite the failed prophecy of an alien spacecraft soon to land on Earth to rescue them from earthly corruption. At the determined place and time, the cult assembled; they believed that only they would survive planetary destruction; yet the spaceship did not arrive to Earth. The confounded prophecy caused them acute cognitive-dissonance: Had they been victims of a hoax? Had they vainly donated away their material possessions? To resolve the dissonance between apocalyptic, end-of-the-world religious beliefs and earthly, 1496:. Consumers employ the strategy of continual information by engaging in bias and searching for information that supports prior beliefs. Consumers might search for information about other retailers and substitute products consistent with their beliefs. Alternatively, consumers might change attitude, such as re-evaluating price in relation to external reference-prices or associating high prices and low prices with quality. Minimisation reduces the importance of the elements of the dissonance; consumers tend to minimise the importance of money, and thus of shopping around, saving, and finding a better deal. 1454:

working with a partner. They had the option to either choose a partner with negative traits, or they were assigned one. A portion of the participants was aware of the negative traits their partner possessed; however, the remaining participants were unaware. Cooper hypothesized that if the participants knew about their negative partner beforehand, they would have cognitive dissonance; however, he also believed that the participants would be inclined to attempt to like their partners in an attempt to reduce this dissonance. The study shows that personal choice has the power to predict attitude changes.

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encounter different situations that invoke conflicting thought sequences. This conflict results in a psychological discomfort. According to Festinger, people experiencing a thought conflict try to reduce the psychological discomfort by attempting to achieve an emotional equilibrium. This equilibrium is achieved in three main ways. First, the person may downplay the importance of the dissonant thought. Second, the person may attempt to outweigh the dissonant thought with consonant thoughts. Lastly, the person may incorporate the dissonant thought into their current belief system.

1187:. Hank Rothgerber posited that meat eaters may encounter a conflict between their eating behavior and their affections toward animals. This occurs when the dissonant state involves recognition of one's behavior as a meat eater and a belief, attitude, or value that this behavior contradicts. The person with this state may attempt to employ various methods, including avoidance, willful ignorance, dissociation, perceived behavioral change, and do-gooder derogation to prevent this form of dissonance from occurring. Once occurred, they may reduce it in the form of 933:: Belief Disconfirmation, Induced Compliance, Free Choice, and Effort Justification, which respectively explain what happens after a person acts inconsistently, relative to their intellectual perspectives; what happens after a person makes decisions and what are the effects upon a person who has expended much effort to achieve a goal. Common to each paradigm of cognitive-dissonance theory is the tenet: People invested in a given perspective shall—when confronted with contrary evidence—expend great effort to justify retaining the challenged perspective. 1834:(Chen, Risen, 2010) the researchers criticized the free-choice paradigm as invalid, because the rank-choice-rank method is inaccurate for the study of cognitive dissonance. That the designing of research-models relies upon the assumption that, if the experimental subject rates options differently in the second survey, then the attitudes of the subject towards the options have changed. That there are other reasons why an experimental subject might achieve different rankings in the second survey; perhaps the subjects were indifferent between choices. 1619:, 1959) inferred their mental attitudes from their own behaviour. When the subject-participants were asked: "Did you find the task interesting?", the participants decided that they must have found the task interesting, because that is what they told the questioner. Their replies suggested that the participants who were paid twenty dollars had an external incentive to adopt that positive attitude, and likely perceived the twenty dollars as the reason for saying the task was interesting, rather than saying the task actually was interesting. 1930:(fMRI); the neural scans of the participants replicated the basic findings of the induced-compliance paradigm. When in the fMRI scanner, some of the study participants argued that the uncomfortable, mechanical environment of the MRI machine nevertheless was a pleasant experience for them; some participants, from an experimental group, said they enjoyed the mechanical environment of the fMRI scanner more than did the control-group participants (paid actors) who argued about the uncomfortable experimental environment. 1262:. In this study, 500 questionnaires were distributed and 499 questionnaires were returned. The results of this study indicate that older tourists had better attitudes towards the environment and cared more. The tourists who were older and cared more for outdoor activities were less likely to litter. On the other hand, the younger tourists littered more and experienced more cognitive dissonance. This study showed that younger tourists littered more as a whole and regretted or thought about it after. 1007: 1583: 1286:, irrational rumors based upon fear quickly reached the adjoining communities unaffected by the disaster because those people, although not in physical danger, psychologically justified their anxieties about the earthquake. The same pattern can be observed when one's convictions are met with a contradictory order. In a study conducted among 6th grade students, after being induced to cheat in an academic examination, students judged cheating less harshly. Nonetheless, the 1858:. Among techniques for coping, the person may choose to exercise a behavior that is inconsistent with their current attitude (a belief, an ideal, a value system), but later try to alter that belief to make it consistent with a current behavior; the cognitive dissonance occurs when the person's cognition does not match the action taken. If the person changes the current attitude, after the dissonance occurs, they are then obligated to commit to that course of behavior. 961:, most of the cult restored their psychological consonance by choosing to believe a less mentally-stressful idea to explain the missed landing: that the aliens had given planet Earth a second chance at existence, which, in turn, empowered them to re-direct their religious cult to environmentalism and social advocacy to end human damage to planet Earth. On overcoming the confounded belief by changing to global environmentalism, the cult increased in numbers by 1104:(2013) indicated that with internal deliberation, the structuring of decisions among people can influence how a person acts. The study suggested that social preferences and social norms can explain peer effects in decision making. The study observed that choices made by the second participant would influence the first participant's effort to make choices and that inequity aversion, the preference for fairness, is the paramount concern of the participants. 1035:

participants that the task was fun and exciting. Once the subjects had done the tasks, the experimenters asked one group of subjects to speak with another subject (an actor) and persuade that impostor-subject that the tedious tasks were interesting and engaging. Subjects of one group were paid twenty dollars ($ 20); those in a second group were paid one dollar ($ 1) and those in the control group were not asked to speak with the imposter-subject.

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had a favorable attitude toward both candidates, making the choice more difficult, had the opinion differential of the candidates change more dramatically than those who only had a favorable opinion of one candidate. What wasn't studied were the cognitive dissonance effects in cases where the person had unfavorable attitudes toward both candidates. The 2016 U.S. election held historically high unfavorable ratings for both candidates.

1485:, and cognitive dissonance can influence that loyalty. The more positive experiences and emotions that a customer associates with a specific brand, the more likely they are to buy from that brand in the future, recommend it to friends, etc. The opposite is also true, meaning any feelings of discomfort, dissatisfaction, and regret will weaken the consumer's perception of the brand and make them less likely to return as a customer. 7511: 1157: 1195:

who value having a masculine identity are less likely to experience cognitive dissonance because they are less likely to believe eating meat is morally wrong. Others cope with this cognitive dissonance often through ignorance (ignoring the known realities of their food source) or explanations loosely tied to taste. The psychological phenomenon intensifies if mind or human-like qualities of animals are explicitly mentioned.

2027:(2003) indicated that the relationship between cognitive dissonance and anger is supported by neural activity in the left frontal cortex that occurs when a person takes control of the social situation causing the cognitive dissonance. Conversely, if the person cannot control or cannot change the psychologically stressful stimulation, they are without a motivation to change the circumstance, then there arise other, 1433:

COVID patients were reduced by 2%, averting nearly 200,000 cases by the end of the following month. Despite this fact having been proven and encouraged by major health organizations, there was still a resistance to wearing the mask and keeping a safe distance away from others. When the COVID-19 vaccine was eventually released to the public, this only made the resistance stronger.

2177: 580: 1144:(2011) indicated that participants rated 80 names and 80 paintings based on how much they liked the names and paintings. To give meaning to the decisions, the participants were asked to select names that they might give to their children. For rating the paintings, the participants were asked to base their ratings on whether or not they would display such art at home. 1901:. The predictive dissonance account proposes that the motivation for cognitive dissonance reduction is related to an organism's active drive for reducing prediction error. Moreover, it proposes that human (and perhaps other animal) brains have evolved to selectively ignore contradictory information (as proposed by dissonance theory) to prevent the 1822:

found that people experience dissonance even when they believe they have not done anything wrong. For example, Harmon-Jones and colleagues showed that people experience dissonance even when the consequences of their statements are beneficial—as when they convince sexually active students to use condoms, when they, themselves are not using condoms.

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cognitive processing is caused by the activation of inconsistent cognitions and functions to increase perceived consistency"; that is, all behaviour functions to reduce cognitive inconsistency at some level of information processing. Indeed, the involvement of cognitive inconsistency has long been suggested for behaviors related to for instance

1641:: That mental stress arises when the conflicts among cognitions threatens the person's positive self-image. This reinterpretation of the original Festinger and Carlsmith study, using the induced-compliance paradigm, proposed that the dissonance was between the cognitions "I am an honest person." and "I lied about finding the task interesting." 1775:(spending money) of an economic decision, and is the basis for determining if the benefit outweighs the cost, and to what extent. Moreover, although the method of cost-benefit analysis functions in economic circumstances, men and women remain psychologically inefficient at comparing the costs against the benefits of their economic decision. 1090:(1956) 225 female students rated domestic appliances and then were asked to choose one of two appliances as a gift. The results of the second round of ratings indicated that the women students increased their ratings of the domestic appliance they had selected as a gift and decreased their ratings of the appliances they rejected. 1126:(1956), to qualify for admission to a discussion group, two groups of people underwent an embarrassing initiation of varied psychological severity. The first group of subjects were to read aloud twelve sexual words considered obscene; the second group of subjects were to read aloud twelve sexual words not considered obscene. 1979:(Jarcho, Berkman, Lieberman, 2010) applied the free-choice paradigm to fMRI examination of the brain's decision-making process whilst the study participant actively tried to reduce cognitive dissonance. The results indicated that the active reduction of psychological dissonance increased neural activity in the right- 1946: 1612:

especially true when internal cues either are ambiguous or weak. Therefore, the person is in the same position as an observer who must rely upon external cues to infer their inner state of mind. Self-perception theory proposes that people adopt attitudes without access to their states of mood and cognition.

1137:(2006), the results indicated that a person washing their hands is an action that helps resolve post-decisional cognitive dissonance because the mental stress usually was caused by the person's ethical–moral self-disgust, which is an emotion related to the physical disgust caused by a dirty environment. 2072:

when offered a choice between two like options, decals and candies. The groups then were offered a new choice, between the choice-object not chosen and a novel choice-object that was as attractive as the first object. The resulting choices of the human and simian subjects concorded with the theory of

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The results indicated that when the decision is meaningful to the person deciding value, the likely rating is based on their attitudes (positive, neutral or negative) towards the name and towards the painting in question. The participants also were asked to rate some of the objects twice and believed

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Later, when the children were told that they could freely play with any toy they wanted, the children in the mild-punishment group were less likely to play with the steam shovel (the forbidden toy), despite the removal of the threat of mild punishment. The children threatened with mild punishment had

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in children. Children were left in a room with toys, including a greatly desirable steam shovel, the forbidden toy. Upon leaving the room, the experimenter told one-half of the group of children that there would be severe punishment if they played with the steam-shovel toy and told the second half of

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asked students to spend an hour doing tedious tasks; e.g. turning pegs a quarter-turn, at fixed intervals. This procedure included seventy-one male students attending Stanford University. Students were asked to complete a series of repetitive, mundane tasks, then asked to convince a separate group of

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The contradiction of a belief, ideal, or system of values causes cognitive dissonance that can be resolved by changing the challenged belief, yet, instead of effecting change, the resultant mental stress restores psychological consonance to the person by misperception, rejection, or refutation of the

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In fact, recent research has suggested that while a discrepancy between cognitions drives individuals to crave for attitude-consistent information, the experience of negative emotions drives individuals to avoid counter attitudinal information. In other words, it is the psychological discomfort which

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Festinger's original theory did not seek to explain how dissonance works. Why is inconsistency so aversive? The action–motivation model seeks to answer this question. It proposes that inconsistencies in a person's cognition cause mental stress because psychological inconsistency interferes with the

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paradigm increased student enthusiasm for education with the offer of an external reward for studying; students in pre-school who completed puzzles based upon an adult promise of reward were later less interested in the puzzles than were students who completed the puzzle-tasks without the promise of

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Coping with the nuances of contradictory ideas or experiences is mentally stressful, as it requires energy and effort to sit with those seemingly opposite things that all seem true. Festinger argued that some people would inevitably resolve the dissonance by blindly believing whatever they wanted to

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as a form of higher-level thinking. A study was done to test the prediction that the left frontal cortex would have increased activity. University students had to write a paper depending on if they were assigned to a high-choice or low-choice condition. The low-choice condition required students to

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A study conducted by Cooper and Worchel (1970) examined personal responsibility regarding cognitive dissonance. The goal was to investigate responsibility concerning foreseen consequences and how this might cause dissonance; 124 female participants were asked to complete problem-solving tasks while

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The extent of cognitive dissonance with regard to meat eating can vary depending on the attitudes and values of the individual involved because these can affect whether or not they see any moral conflict with their values and what they eat. For example, individuals who are more dominance minded and

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At the conclusion of the study, when asked to rate the tedious tasks, the subjects of the second group (paid $ 1) rated the tasks more positively than did the subjects in the first group (paid $ 20), and the first group (paid $ 20) rated the tasks just slightly more positively than did the subjects

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Another example to note is how people mostly consume media that aligns with their political views. In a study done in 2015, participants were shown "attitudinally consistent, challenging, or politically balanced online news." Results showed that the participants trusted attitude-consistent news the

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when engaged in contradictory behaviors. A participant read aloud the printed name of a color. To test for the occurrence of cognitive dissonance, the name of the color was printed in a color different from the word read aloud by the participant. As a result, the participants experienced increased

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to analyze students before they wrote the essay, as dissonance is at its highest during this time (Beauvois and Joule, 1996). High-choice condition participants showed a higher level of the left frontal cortex than the low-choice participants. Results show that the initial experience of dissonance

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In the 1980s, Cooper and Fazio argued that dissonance was caused by aversive consequences, rather than inconsistency. According to this interpretation, the belief that lying is wrong and hurtful, not the inconsistency between cognitions, is what makes people feel bad. Subsequent research, however,

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This effect was studied over the 6 presidential elections of the United States between 1972 and 1996, and it was found that the opinion differential between the candidates changed more before and after the election than the opinion differential of non-voters. In addition, elections where the voter

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a specific item, they often fear that another choice may have brought them more pleasure. Post-purchase dissonance occurs when a purchase is final, voluntary, and significant to the person. This dissonance is a mental discomfort arising from the possibility of dissatisfaction with the purchase, or

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and attempted to persuade people to become vaccinated eventually. After taking polls on public opinion about safety measures to prevent the spreading of the virus, it showed that between 80% and 90% of adults in the United States agree with these safety procedures and vaccines being necessary. The

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There is always some degree of dissonance within a person as they go about making decisions, due to the changing quantity and quality of knowledge and wisdom that they gain. The magnitude itself is a subjective measurement since the reports are self relayed, and there is no objective way as yet to

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Ratio of cognitions: the proportion of dissonant-to-consonant elements. There is a level of discomfort within each person that is acceptable for living. When a person is within that comfort level, the dissonant factors do not interfere with functioning. However, when dissonant factors are abundant

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Both groups were given headphones to unknowingly listen to a recorded discussion about animal sexual behaviour, which the researchers designed to be dull and banal. As the subjects of the experiment, the groups of people were told that the animal-sexuality discussion actually was occurring in the

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The importance of cognitions: the greater the personal value of the elements, the greater the magnitude of the dissonance in the relation. When the value of the importance of the two dissonant items is high, it is difficult to determine which action or thought is correct. Both have had a place of

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whereby people do not think much about their attitudes, even when engaged in a conflict with another person. The Theory of Self-perception proposes that people develop attitudes by observing their own behaviour, and concludes that their attitudes caused the behaviour observed by self-perception;

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Dissonance plays an important role in persuasion. To persuade people, you must cause them to experience dissonance, and then offer your proposal as a way to resolve the discomfort. Although there is no guarantee your audience will change their minds, the theory maintains that without dissonance,

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The COVID-19 pandemic, an extreme public health crisis, cases rose to the hundred million and deaths at nearly four million worldwide. Reputable health organizations such as Lyu and Wehby studied the effects of wearing a face mask on the spread of COVID-19. They found evidence that suggests that

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identifies how people readily read information that confirms their established opinions and readily avoid reading information that contradicts their opinions. The confirmation bias is apparent when a person confronts deeply held political beliefs, i.e. when a person is greatly committed to their

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The term "magnitude of dissonance" refers to the level of discomfort caused to the person. This can be caused by the relationship between two different internal beliefs, or an action that is incompatible with the beliefs of the person. Two factors determine the degree of psychological dissonance

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is described as the mental disturbance people feel when they realize their cognitions and actions are inconsistent or contradictory. This may ultimately result in some change in their cognitions or actions to cause greater alignment between them so as to reduce this dissonance. Relevant items of

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Cognitive dissonance theory might suggest that since votes are an expression of preference or beliefs, even the act of voting might cause someone to defend the actions of the candidate for whom they voted, and if the decision was close then the effects of cognitive dissonance should be greater.

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For example, a study was done in an elderly home in 1992 on the loneliest residents—those that did not have family or frequent visitors. The residents were shown a series of documentaries: three that featured a "very happy, successful elderly person", and three that featured an "unhappy, lonely

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models of cognition provide methods for integrating the results of empirical research about cognitive dissonance and attitudes into a single model that explains the formation of psychological attitudes and the mechanisms to change such attitudes. Among the artificial neural-network models that

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Some school programs discuss body image and eating disorders of children and adolescents. Disordered eating behaviors include binge eating episodes, excessive fasting, vomiting, and diet pills. National data from 2017 and 2018 highlights that since starting college, approximately 50 percent of

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reported that behaviors and cognitions can be understood from an economic perspective, wherein people engage in the systematic process of comparing the costs and benefits of a decision. The psychological process of cost-benefit comparisons helps the person to assess and justify the feasibility

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Based on a brief overview of models and theories related to cognitive consistency from many different scientific fields, such as social psychology, perception, neurocognition, learning, motor control, system control, ethology, and stress, it has even been proposed that "all behaviour involving

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when persons participate in an action that goes against one or more of those things. According to this theory, when an action or idea is psychologically inconsistent with the other, people do all in their power to change either so that they become consistent. The discomfort is triggered by the

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The creation and establishment of psychological consistency allows the person affected with cognitive dissonance to lessen mental stress by actions that reduce the magnitude of the dissonance, realized either by changing with or by justifying against or by being indifferent to the existential

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Cognitive dissonance theory of communication was initially advanced by American psychologist Leon Festinger in the 1960s. Festinger theorized that cognitive dissonance usually arises when a person holds two or more incompatible beliefs simultaneously. This is a normal occurrence since people

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This type of cognitive dissonance occurs in a person who is faced with a difficult decision and when the rejected choice may still have desirable characteristics to the chooser. The action of deciding provokes the psychological dissonance consequent to choosing X instead of Y, despite little

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Throughout this research, Festinger noticed that people often like to stick to consistent habits and routines to maintain order within their lives. These habits may include everyday activities like preferring a specific seat during their daily commute or eating meals at consistent times. Any

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in 1957, Festinger’s findings have helped to understand peoples’ personal biases, how people reframe situations in their heads to maintain a positive self-image, and why one may pursue certain behaviors that misalign with their judgments as they seek out or reject certain information.

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The results of the neural scan experiment support the original theory of Cognitive Dissonance proposed by Festinger in 1957; and also support the psychological conflict theory, whereby the anterior cingulate functions, in counter-attitudinal response, to activate the dorsal

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to justify, to themselves, why they did not play with the forbidden toy. The degree of punishment was insufficiently strong to resolve their cognitive dissonance; the children had to convince themselves that playing with the forbidden toy was not worth the effort.

1478:. While the ease of online shopping proves hard to resist for impulse buyers, in-store shoppers may be influenced by who they are with. Shopping with friends increases the risk of impulse buying, especially compared to shopping with people such as one's parents. 760:

disturbance to this order can lead to mental unease, which may manifest in altered thought processes or beliefs. Festinger concluded that the sole means of alleviating this discomfort is by adjusting either their actions or beliefs to restore consistency.

2080:(Harmon-Jones, Levy, 2015) proposed that psychological dissonance occurs consequent to the stimulation of thoughts that interfere with a goal-driven behavior. Researchers mapped the neural activity of the participant when performing tasks that provoked 1298:

refers to that statesman's observation that the act of performing a favor for a rival leads to increased positive feelings toward that individual. It is also possible that one's emotions be altered to minimize the regret of irrevocable choices. At a

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of their predictive cognitive models to local and thus non-generalizing conditions. The predictive dissonance account is highly compatible with the action-motivation model since, in practice, prediction error can arise from unsuccessful behavior.

2100:(the feeling of displeasure at the good fortune of another person) was found to draw neural activity from the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex. That such increased activity in the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex occurred either when a person's 814:

and not enough in line with each other, one goes through a process to regulate and bring the ratio back to an acceptable level. Once a subject chooses to keep one of the dissonant factors, they quickly forget the other to restore peace of mind.

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may be able to assist in the long-term aim of developing 'creative autonomy' on the part of agents, including in multi-agent systems (such as games), and ultimately to the development of 'strong' forms of artificial intelligence, including

1492:(2003), indicated that when consumers experience an unexpected price encounter, they adopt three methods to reduce cognitive dissonance: (i) Employ a strategy of continual information; (ii) Employ a change in attitude; and (iii) Engage in 1130:

next room. The subjects whose strong initiation required reading aloud obscene words evaluated the people of their group as more-interesting persons than the people of the group who underwent the mild initiation to the discussion group.

1408:(1985) indicated that the patient felt better in justifying their efforts and therapeutic choices towards effectively losing weight. That the therapy of effort expenditure can predict long-term change in the patient's perceptions. 5918: 1257:

Between November 2015 and March 2016, a study by Xitou Nature Education Area in Taiwan examined littering of tourists. Researchers analyzed the relationships between tourists' environmental attitudes, cognitive dissonance, and

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of society, human beings continually adjust the correspondence of their mental attitudes and personal actions; such continual adjustments, between cognition and action, result in one of three relationships with reality:

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Haggbloom, Steven J.; Warnick, Renee; Warnick, Jason E.; Jones, Vinessa K.; Yarbrough, Gary L.; Russell, Tenea M.; Borecky, Chris M.; McGahhey, Reagan; Powell, John L.; Beavers, Jamie; Monte, Emmanuelle (June 2002).

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and the reality of contradictory facts and information, requires the students to defend their personal beliefs. Afterwards, the students are trained to objectively perceive new facts and information to resolve the

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According to balance theory, there are three interacting elements: (1) the self (P), (2) another person (O), and (3) an element (X). These are each positioned at one vertex of a triangle and share two relations:

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of the world. To function by that expectation of existential consistency, people continually reduce their cognitive dissonance in order to align their cognitions (perceptions of the world) with their actions.

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Three cognitive biases are components of dissonance theory: the bias where one feels they do not have any biases, the bias where one is "better, kinder, smarter, more moral and nicer than average", and the

10358: 694:). Festinger explains avoiding cognitive dissonance as, "Tell him you disagree and he turns away. Show him facts or figures and he questions your sources. Appeal to logic and he fails to see your point." 1673:

proposed a motivational theory of attitudinal change that derives from the idea that humans are driven to establish and maintain psychological balance. The driving force for this balance is known as the

1249:

Disposing of trash outside, even when knowing this is against the law, wrong, and is harmful for the environment, is a prominent example of cognitive dissonance, especially if the person feels bad after

1400:(fear of snakes) who invested much effort in activities of little therapeutic value for them (experimentally represented as legitimate and relevant) showed improved alleviation of the symptoms of their 1965:

changes to reflect the person's new evaluation of the choice-object; neural activity increased if the object was chosen, neural activity decreased if the object was rejected. Moreover, studies such as

4630:

Guzzetti BJ, Snyder TE, Glass GV, Gamas WS (1993). "Promoting Conceptual Change in Science: A Comparative Meta-analysis of Instructional Interventions from Reading Education and Science Education".

2073:

cognitive dissonance when the children and the monkeys each chose the novel choice-object instead of the choice-object not chosen in the first selection, despite every object having the same value.

1229:

Functional beliefs ("Smoking calms me down when I am stressed or upset."; "Smoking helps me concentrate better."; "Smoking is an important part of my life."; and "Smoking makes it easier for me to

10381: 5225:

Lazim NA, Sulaiman Z, Zakuan N, Mas'od A, Chin TA, Awang SR (2020). "Measuring Post-purchase Regret and Impulse Buying in Online Shopping Experience from Cognitive Dissonance Theory Perspective".

9405: 2096:(Jankowski, Takahashi, 2014) identified neural correlations to specific social emotions (e.g. envy and embarrassment) as a measure of cognitive dissonance. The neural activity for the emotion of 1622:

The theory of self-perception (Bem) and the theory of cognitive dissonance (Festinger) make identical predictions, but only the theory of cognitive dissonance predicts the presence of unpleasant

988:. When he died of a stroke in 1994, instead of accepting that their Rebbe was not the Messiah, some of the congregation proved indifferent to that contradictory fact, and continued claiming that 10371: 1678:, which is an urge to maintain one's values and beliefs consistent over time. Heider's conception of psychological balance has been used in theoretical models measuring cognitive dissonance. 6418:

Harmon-Jones E (2000a). "Cognitive Dissonance and Experienced Negative Affect: Evidence that Dissonance Increases Experienced Negative Affect even in the Absence of Aversive Consequences".

7499: 5915: 9761: 3856:

Egan LC, Bloom P, Santos LR (January 2010). "Choice-induced preferences in the absence of choice: Evidence from a blind two choice paradigm with young children and capuchin monkeys".

11750: 11670: 7093:

Read SJ, Vanman EJ, Miller LC (1997). "Connectionism, parallel constraint satisfaction processes, and gestalt principles: (re) introducing cognitive dynamics to social psychology".

1525: 9956: 8516: 6746:

Harmon-Jones E (October 2004). "Contributions from research on anger and cognitive dissonance to understanding the motivational functions of asymmetrical frontal brain activity".

674:. A person who experiences internal inconsistency tends to become psychologically uncomfortable and is motivated to reduce the cognitive dissonance. They tend to make changes to 8582: 2043:

write about supporting a 10% increase in tuition at their university. The point of this condition was to see how significant the counter-choice may affect a person's ability to

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use. Other studies indicate that cognitive dissonance can be used to encourage people to act pro-socially, such as campaigns against public littering, campaigns against racial

1240:

that smoking is harmful is exaggerated."; "One has to die of something, so why not enjoy yourself and smoke?"; and "Smoking is no more risky than many other things people do.")

6498:

Newby-Clark IR, McGregor I, Zanna MP (February 2002). "Thinking and caring about cognitive inconsistency: when and for whom does attitudinal ambivalence feel uncomfortable?".

1656:(2010) contradict such an explanation, by showing the occurrence of revaluation of material items, after the person chose and decided, even after having forgotten the choice. 1389:(1983), wherein the children's belief that they freely chose the type of therapy received, resulted in each overweight child losing a greater amount of excessive body weight. 1699:

Under balance theory, human beings seek a balanced state of relations among the three positions. This can take the form of three positives or two negatives and one positive:

1553:

there can be no persuasion. Without a feeling of discomfort, people are not motivated to change. Similarly, it is the feeling of discomfort which motivates people to perform

1018:

salesman might find a psychological self-justification (great profit) for promoting medical falsehoods, but, otherwise, might need to change his beliefs about the falsehoods.

2982:

Boring EG (August 1964). "Cognitive Dissonance: Its Use in Science: A scientist, like any other human being, frequently holds views that are inconsistent with one another".

909:

most out of all the others, regardless of the source. It is evident that the participants actively selected media that aligns with their beliefs rather than opposing media.

885:, while it has also been suggested that the inability to satisfactorily reduce cognitive inconsistency may – dependent on the type and size of the inconsistency – result in 1897:

sensory inputs. Therefore, the brain is an inference machine that attempts to actively predict and explain its sensations. Crucial to this inference is the minimization of

810:

truth, at least subjectively, in the mind of the person. Therefore, when the ideals or actions now clash, it is difficult for the individual to decide which takes priority.

10329: 9001: 7500: 5430: 3305:

Metzger MJ, Hartsell EH, Flanagin AJ (2015). "Cognitive Dissonance or Credibility? A Comparison of Two Theoretical Explanations for Selective Exposure to Partisan News".

1181:

Meat-eating can involve discrepancies between the behavior of eating meat and various ideals that the person holds. Some researchers call this form of moral conflict the

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the group that there would be a mild punishment for playing with the forbidden toy. All of the children refrained from playing with the forbidden toy (the steam shovel).

1078:(2010), the researchers indicated that the actions of hand-washing might inhibit the cognitions that induce cognitive dissonance. That study later failed to replicate. 8996: 6465:

McGregor I, Newby-Clark IR, Zanna MP (1999). "'Remembering' dissonance: Simultaneous accessibility of inconsistent cognitive elements moderates epistemic discomfort".

1648:(Tedeschi, Schlenker, etc. 1971) reported that maintaining cognitive consistency, rather than protecting a private self-concept, is how a person protects their public 8344: 5453: 4110:

Rothgerber H (March 2020). "Meat-related cognitive dissonance: A conceptual framework for understanding how meat eaters reduce negative arousal from eating animals".

11775: 10318: 5813:

Coppin G, Delplanque S, Cayeux I, Porcherot C, Sander D (April 2010). "I'm no longer torn after choice: how explicit choices implicitly shape preferences of odors".

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can be apparent in the anterior cingulate cortex, then the left frontal cortex is activated, which also activates the approach motivational system to reduce anger.

11611: 11606: 11601: 8879: 8813: 8498: 6281:

Risen JL, Chen MK (December 2010). "How to Study Choice-Induced Attitude Change: Strategies for Fixing the Free-Choice Paradigm: Fixing the Free-Choice Paradigm".

5858:

The Marketing of Global Warming: A Repeated Measures Examination of the Effects of Cognitive Dissonance, Endorsement, and Information on Beliefs in a Social Cause

789:

Consonant relationship: A cognition or action consistent with the other, e.g., not wanting to become drunk when out for dinner and ordering water rather than wine

11294: 9390: 1590:(1969), the lawyer might experience cognitive dissonance if his false statement about his guilty client contradicts his identity as a lawyer and an honest man. 11067: 8768: 3265: 921:

There are four theoretic paradigms of cognitive dissonance, the mental stress people experienced when exposed to information that is inconsistent with their

653:

person's belief clashing with new information perceived, wherein the individual tries to find a way to resolve the contradiction to reduce their discomfort.

8718: 1586:

Dissonant self-perception: A lawyer can experience cognitive dissonance if he must defend as innocent a client he thinks is guilty. From the perspective of

1282:

Cognitive dissonance may also occur when people seek to explain or justify their beliefs, often without questioning the validity of their claims. After the

11936: 4278:"Patterns of cognitive dissonance-reducing beliefs among smokers: a longitudinal analysis from the International Tobacco Control (ITC) Four Country Survey" 736:. Studying under Kurt Lewin for most of his academic career, Festinger returned to collaborate with Lewin at the Research Center for Group Dynamics at the 1995:

occur in seconds, without conscious deliberation on the part of the person; and that the brain engages in emotional responses whilst effecting decisions.

846:

Justify the behavior or the cognition by adding new behaviors or cognitions ("I'll spend thirty extra minutes at the gymnasium to work off the doughnut.")

8751: 8504: 6382:

Harmon-Jones E (1999). "Toward an understanding of the motivation underlying dissonance effects: Is the production of aversive consequences necessary?".

1205:

Patterns of Cognitive Dissonance-reducing Beliefs Among Smokers: A Longitudinal Analysis from the International Tobacco Control (ITC) Four Country Survey

948:

contradiction, seeking moral support from people who share the contradicted beliefs or acting to persuade other people that the contradiction is unreal.

8546: 7216:

Monroe BM, Read SJ (July 2008). "A general connectionist model of attitude structure and change: the ACS (Attitudes as Constraint Satisfaction) model".

795:

Dissonant relationship: A cognition or action inconsistent with the other, e.g. not wanting to become drunk when out, but then drinking more wine anyway

11618: 10203: 9008: 8600: 6819:

Amodio DM, Harmon-Jones E, Devine PG, Curtin JJ, Hartley SL, Covert AE (February 2004). "Neural signals for the detection of unintentional race bias".

1385:

and in exerting the required, therapeutic effort to overcome cognitive dissonance. That effective phenomenon was indicated in the results of the study

6348:

Beckmann J, Kuhl J (June 1984). "Altering information to gain action control: Functional aspects of human information processing in decision making".

4923:

Kataria M, Regner T (2015). "Honestly, why are you donating money to charity? An experimental study about self-awareness in status-seeking behavior".

2047:. The high-choice condition asked students to write in favor of tuition increase as if it were their completely voluntary choice. The researchers use 11591: 11143: 8857: 8474: 8450: 7136:

Petty RE, Briñol P, DeMarree KG (2007). "The Meta-Cognitive Model (MCM) of attitudes: Implications for attitude measurement, change, and strength".

11486: 10229: 8966: 8939: 1881:(or predictive processing) model of cognition. A predictive processing account of the mind proposes that perception actively involves the use of a 10027: 3060: 740:. In a 2002 American Psychological Association article, Festinger is cited as the fifth most eminent psychologist of the 20th century, just after 9567: 8576: 3342:

Mares ML, Cantor J (1992). "Elderly Viewers' Responses to Televised Portrayals of Old Age Empathy and Mood Management Versus Social Comparison".

5061:"Incidental happy and sad moods and cognitive dissonance reduction: Attitude change depends on the perceived informativeness of the mood source" 3792: 2005:

Contributions from Research on Anger and Cognitive Dissonance to Understanding the Motivational Functions of Asymmetrical Frontal Brain Activity

10376: 8636: 8552: 8438: 4969: 3260: 1094:

difference between X and Y; the decision "I chose X" is dissonant with the cognition that "There are some aspects of Y that I like". The study

4592:

Lepper MR, Greene D (1975). "Turning play into work: Effects of adult surveillance and extrinsic rewards on children's intrinsic motivation".

1164:, on failing to reach the desired bunch of grapes, the fox then decides he does not truly want the fruit because it is sour. The fox's act of 11799: 11755: 11561: 11236: 10244: 10177: 9268: 8954: 7921: 6700:

Qin J, Kimel S, Kitayama S, Wang X, Yang X, Han S (March 2011). "How choice modifies preference: neural correlates of choice justification".

1845:(2010) have not found the Choice-Rank-Choice method to be invalid, and indicate that making a choice can change the preferences of a person. 11782: 10188: 9618: 9287: 610: 9415: 8462: 1942:; the degree of activation of said regions of the brain is predicted by the degree of change in the psychological attitude of the person. 1294:

If a contradiction occurs between how a person feels and how a person acts, one's perceptions and emotions align to alleviate stress. The

1118:

Cognitive dissonance occurs in a person who voluntarily engages in (physically or ethically) unpleasant activities to achieve a goal. The

756:, respectively. Festinger’s cognitive dissonance theory is still one of the most influential social theories in modern social psychology. 11824: 11765: 10224: 8818: 8808: 6967:"Cognitive neuroscience of social emotions and implications for psychopathology: examining embarrassment, guilt, envy, and schadenfreude" 6017: 989: 8945: 8606: 6642: 4791:

Stone J, Aronson E, Crain AL, Winslow MP, Fried CB (1994). "Inducing hypocrisy as a means for encouraging young adults to use condoms".

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was threatened or when the person experienced embarrassment (social pain) caused by salient, upward social-comparison, by social-class

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Cognitive Neuroscience of Social Emotions and Implications for Psychopathology: Examining Embarrassment, Guilt, Envy, and Schadenfreude

1437: 1353:

that applies the derived principles facilitates the students' ability to successfully handle the questions posed in a complex subject.

1096:

Choice-induced Preferences in the Absence of Choice: Evidence from a Blind Two-choice Paradigm with Young Children and Capuchin Monkeys

836:

contradiction that is inducing the mental stress. In practice, people reduce the magnitude of their cognitive dissonance in four ways:

827:

Cognitive dissonance theory proposes that people seek psychological consistency between their expectations of life and the existential

8432: 4678: 11111: 10193: 9948: 8984: 8874: 8612: 8320: 5163:

Keng CJ, Liao TH (1 November 2009). "Consequences of Postpurchase Dissonance: The Mediating Role of an External Information Search".

2386: 5677:

Zanna MP, Cooper J (May 1974). "Dissonance and the pill: an attribution approach to studying the arousal properties of dissonance".

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Justify the behavior or the cognition, by changing the conflicting cognition ("I'm allowed to cheat my diet every once in a while.")

792:

Irrelevant relationship: A cognition or action unrelated to the other, e.g. not wanting to become drunk when out and wearing a shirt

10692: 8426: 8230: 3202:

Ursin H (1988). "Expectancy and activation: An attempt to systematize stress theory". In Hellhammer DH, Florin I, Weiner H (eds.).

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van Veen V, Krug MK, Schooler JW, Carter CS (November 2009). "Neural activity predicts attitude change in cognitive dissonance".

1537: 9026: 12026: 11541: 11194: 9645: 9101: 8682: 8492: 5422: 1809:

When these self-guides are contradictory psychological distress (cognitive dissonance) results. People are motivated to reduce

547: 8642: 5190:

Yap SF, Gaur SS (April 2014). "Consumer Dissonance in the Context of Online Consumer Behavior: A Review and Research Agenda".

4764:

Axsom D, Cooper J (1985). "Cognitive Dissonance and Psychotherapy: The Role of Effort Justification in Inducing Weight Loss".

2618: 1949:

The biomechanics of cognitive dissonance: MRI evidence indicates that the greater the psychological conflict signalled by the

11475: 10441: 10313: 10305: 9931: 9352: 9319: 9014: 8978: 8712: 8332: 7379: 7303: 6000: 5888: 5242: 3460: 2855: 2791: 2761: 2640: 2598: 2556: 2529: 2486: 1927: 737: 8915: 4251: 1381:

proposed that the mental health of the patient is positively influenced by his and her action in freely choosing a specific

690:), or by avoiding circumstances and contradictory information likely to increase the magnitude of the cognitive dissonance ( 12061: 10249: 10234: 10009: 9447: 8972: 8528: 7843: 8444: 4194: 11745: 11148: 10955: 10214: 9589: 9556: 9226: 8540: 6881:

Egan LC, Santos LR, Bloom P (November 2007). "The origins of cognitive dissonance: evidence from children and monkeys".

1436:

The Ad Council launched an extensive campaign advertising for people to follow the health guidelines established by the

11651: 11216: 10506: 10324: 10239: 9380: 9324: 8739: 8480: 7369: 1357:

of studies indicates that psychological interventions that provoke cognitive dissonance in order to achieve a directed

9096: 8933: 6067:

Chen MK, Risen JL (October 2010). "How choice affects and reflects preferences: revisiting the free-choice paradigm".

2019:; moreover, functionally, anger motivates neural activity in the left frontal cortex. Applying a directional model of 11433: 11046: 10334: 9838: 9279: 9142: 8594: 8468: 7914: 6482: 6399: 5767: 4576: 2246: 3204:

Neuronal Control of Bodily Function: Basic and Clinical Aspects, Vol. 2: Neurobiological Approaches to Human Disease

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When Prophecy Fails: A Social and Psychological Study of a Modern Group That Predicted the Destruction of the World

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Collin, Catherine; Benson, Nigel C.; Ginsburg, Joannah; Grand, Voula; Lazyan, Merrin; Weeks, Marcus, eds. (2012).

865:(2006), wherein people facilitate their functioning in the real world by employing human categories (i.e. sex and 11804: 11133: 11101: 10542: 10463: 10165: 9803: 9550: 9522: 9147: 9125: 9032: 8338: 5786:

Tedeschi JT, Schlenker BR, Bonoma TB (1971). "Cognitive Dissonance: Private Ratiocination or Public Spectacle?".

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To reduce cognitive dissonance, the participant smokers adjusted their beliefs to correspond with their actions:

9883: 3980:

Zhong CB, Liljenquist K (September 2006). "Washing away your sins: threatened morality and physical cleansing".

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Successful quitters (Quit during the study and did not use tobacco from the time of the previous round of study)

12066: 11814: 11787: 11724: 11243: 10432: 10160: 9347: 9243: 8282: 8005: 7578: 7257: 6927:

Harmon-Jones E, Harmon-Jones C, Levy N (June 2015). "An Action-Based Model of Cognitive-Dissonance Processes".

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Ent MR, Gerend MA (September 2016). "Cognitive dissonance and attitudes toward unpleasant medical screenings".

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Brehm, Jack W. (November 2007). "A Brief History of Dissonance Theory: A Brief History of Dissonance Theory".

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Turning Play into Work: Effects of Adult Surveillance and Extrinsic Rewards on Children's Intrinsic Motivation

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That consistent psychology is required for functioning in the real world also was indicated in the results of

12046: 12016: 11921: 11665: 11546: 11352: 10346: 10259: 10120: 10110: 10019: 8081: 7516: 4861:

Hing LS, Li W, Zanna MP (2002). "Inducing Hypocrisy to Reduce Prejudicial Responses Among Aversive Racists".

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activity increases when errors occur and are being monitored as well as having behavioral conflicts with the

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People also avoid unbalanced states of relations, such as three negatives or two positives and one negative:

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Harmon-Jones E, Harmon-Jones C (January 2007). "Cognitive Dissonance Theory After 50 Years of Development".

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Mullikin LJ (2003). "Beyond Reference Pricing: Understanding Consumers' Encounters with Unexpected Prices".

3682:"The efficacy of musical emotions provoked by Mozart's music for the reconciliation of cognitive dissonance" 1191:, such as denigrating animals, offering pro-meat justifications, or denying responsibility for eating meat. 11819: 11574: 11481: 10853: 10685: 10486: 10446: 10254: 9721: 9688: 9683: 9562: 9440: 9130: 8706: 8456: 8035: 7907: 4700:

Cooper, J., & Axsom, D. (1982). Integration of Clinical and Social Psychology. Oxford University Press.

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Ignore or deny information that conflicts with existing beliefs ("This doughnut is not a high-sugar food.")

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The incorporation of cognitive dissonance into models of basic learning-processes to foster the students'

1069:

The Efficacy of Musical Emotions Provoked by Mozart's Music for the Reconciliation of Cognitive Dissonance

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the stressful behavior, either by adding new parts to the cognition causing the psychological dissonance (

11931: 11926: 11376: 11163: 11158: 10863: 10768: 10650: 10623: 10284: 10279: 10207: 10044: 9633: 9594: 9395: 9248: 8673: 8630: 8243: 8239: 8202: 7939: 7680: 1098:(2010) reports similar results in the occurrence of cognitive dissonance in human beings and in animals. 596: 10140: 8745: 4195:"Resolving the Meat-Paradox: A Motivational Account of Morally Troublesome Behavior and Its Maintenance" 2876:

Festinger, Leon; Gerard, Harold B.; Hymovitch, Bernard; Kelley, Harold H.; Raven, Bert (November 1952).

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Technological advances are allowing psychologists to study the biomechanics of cognitive dissonance.

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proposed that human beings strive for internal psychological consistency to function mentally in the

517: 508: 430: 250: 131: 6833: 6322: 6121: 5952: 4896:

Fointiat V (2004). "I Know What I have to Do, but. . ." When Hypocrisy Leads to Behavioral Change".

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caused by the dissonance can be reduced by the person exaggerating the desirability of the goal. In

12021: 11946: 11760: 11628: 10757: 10436: 10032: 9716: 9610: 9515: 9452: 9263: 9152: 9120: 8990: 8774: 8558: 8350: 8133: 8116: 7747: 7608: 7371:

Mistakes were made (but not by me): Why we justify foolish beliefs, bad decisions, and hurtful acts

7185: 6081: 5619: 4002: 3654: 2426: 2206: 1877:

The predictive dissonance model proposes that cognitive dissonance is fundamentally related to the

1533: 1532:. This continued after such claims were dismissed as false by numerous judges, election officials, 1207:(2012) indicated that smokers use justification beliefs to reduce their cognitive dissonance about 1001: 721: 710: 141: 109: 4737:

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Mendonca PJ, Brehm SS (1983). "Effects of Choice on Behavioral Treatment of Overweight Children".

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Oshikawa S (January 1972). "The Measurement of Cognitive Dissonance: Some Experimental Findings".

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agencies. This was described as an example of Trump supporters experiencing cognitive dissonance.

11872: 11829: 11711: 11701: 11189: 11053: 10992: 10794: 10678: 10580: 10574: 10274: 10150: 9751: 9746: 9726: 9640: 9309: 9253: 9219: 9108: 8688: 8564: 8212: 8065: 7990: 7868: 4691:

Cooper, J. (2007). Cognitive Dissonance: 50 Years of a Classic Theory. London: Sage Publications.

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Cognitive dissonance is used to promote social behaviours considered positive, such as increased

942: 542: 440: 211: 176: 161: 156: 146: 95: 55: 8618: 8522: 5139:"An Investigation of Post-Purchase Cognitive Dissonance and Its Determinants in Online Shopping" 1406:

Cognitive Dissonance and Psychotherapy: The Role of Effort Justification in Inducing Weight Loss

714: 11569: 11531: 11496: 11221: 10962: 10878: 10618: 10481: 9341: 9231: 9214: 8570: 8486: 8420: 8326: 8261: 8091: 7838: 7640: 7180: 6828: 6317: 6076: 5947: 5614: 3997: 3952: 3649: 3544: 3344: 3307: 2446: 2411: 2221: 2124:(social responsibility) and an increased propensity towards antisocial behavior (delinquency). 1980: 1793:– representation of the attributes the person believes themself to possess (basic self-concept) 1608: 1470: 557: 490: 380: 290: 245: 221: 196: 126: 114: 80: 9668: 7171:

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hierarchy of acquired prior knowledge, which primarily serves the role of predicting incoming

1799:– ideal attributes the person would like to possess (hopes, aspiration, motivations to change) 11914: 11719: 11508: 11304: 11226: 11211: 11106: 11038: 11030: 10967: 10923: 10893: 10858: 10784: 10090: 9936: 9599: 9304: 9299: 9238: 9204: 9020: 8862: 8724: 8694: 8534: 8314: 8308: 7888: 7853: 7633: 7618: 6871:

Beauvois, J. L., Joule, R. V., 1996. A radical dissonance theory. London: Taylor and Francis.

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Music is a stimulus that can diminish post-decisional dissonance; in an earlier experiment,

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behind the reduction of cognitive dissonance in the actions of pre-school-age children and

2028: 1654:

I'm No Longer Torn After Choice: How Explicit Choices Implicitly Shape Preferences of Odors

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The Neural Basis of Rationalization: Cognitive Dissonance Reduction During Decision-making

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Aronson E, Mills J (1959). "The effect of severity of initiation on liking for a group".

2376: 2251: 2211: 2145:

predict how cognitive dissonance might influence a person's attitudes and behavior, are:

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Failed quitters (Quit during the study, but relapsed to smoking at the time of the study)

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Once a consumer has 1173: 1019: 937:Belief disconfirmation 491:Psychology of religion 431:Behavioral engineering 115:Cognitive neuroscience 81:Affective neuroscience 12067:Motivational theories 11915:Fact-checking website 11720:Operation Mass Appeal 11702:Clockwork Orange plot 11212:Mental illness denial 11107:Climate change denial 10924:Psychological warfare 10894:Internet manipulation 10859:Firehose of falsehood 10785:Disinformation attack 10347:Stab-in-the-back myth 10151:Clockwork Orange plot 9669:Bihar human sacrifice 9600:Stab-in-the-back myth 9423:German POWs post-WWII 9305:Germ theory denialism 9300:Electronic harassment 9021:Smolensk air disaster 8985:Oklahoma City bombing 8863:Climate change denial 8659:Accidents / disasters 8595:Nepalese royal family 8082:Attitude polarization 7854:Ironic process theory 7619:Cognitive flexibility 7504: 6883:Psychological Science 6821:Psychological Science 6748:Biological Psychology 6238:Psychological Science 5815:Psychological Science 5788:American Psychologist 3219:Psychological Reports 3101:Behavioural Processes 2362:Metanoia (psychology) 2322:Illusory truth effect 2292:Dunning–Kruger effect 2192:Affective forecasting 1948: 1910:Neuroscience findings 1762:Cost–benefit analysis 1724:"I love this picture" 1585: 1578:Alternative paradigms 1159: 1112:Further information: 1009: 585:Psychology portal 12047:Communication theory 12017:Cognitive dissonance 11054:Who's Who in the CIA 10418:Dead Internet theory 9909:Daktari Ranch affair 9694:Trojan Horse scandal 9072:anti-gender movement 9052:Gender and sexuality 9009:Madrid train bombing 8955:Lufthansa Flight 615 8643:Sushant Singh Rajput 8183:Apollo Moon landings 8087:Cognitive dissonance 7536:More spoken articles 7450:Journal of Marketing 7218:Psychological Review 6542:Kaaronen RO (2018). 6469:. pp. 325–353. 5940:Psychological Review 5914:Dupuit, J. 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Elsevier: 104511. 3019:Journal of Marketing 2327:Information overload 2297:Effort justification 2282:Double consciousness 2247:Compartmentalization 2242:Cognitive polyphasia 2232:Cognitive distortion 2156:meta-cognitive model 2082:psychological stress 1534:U.S. state governors 1396:(1980), people with 1351:educational software 1347:psychological stress 1326:effort justification 1189:motivated cognitions 1114:Effort justification 1108:Effort justification 688:selective perception 650:psychological stress 644:, and things in the 629:cognitive dissonance 11756:Conspiracy theories 11697:Double-Cross System 11666:Conspiracy theories 11527:Operation INFEKTION 11315:Internet Water Army 11169:Strategy of tension 11034:by Ion Mihai Pacepa 10919:Post-truth politics 10492:Redemption movement 10260:Georgia Guidestones 9533:Cultural Bolshevism 9172:Soy and masculinity 8842:Energy, environment 8746:EgyptAir Flight 990 8487:Lal Bahadur Shastri 8457:Subhas Chandra Bose 7931:Conspiracy theories 7884:Thought suppression 7423:10.1093/scan/nsq054 7037:1962SciAm.207d..93F 7025:Scientific American 6600:Nature Neuroscience 6191:2010PNAS..10722014I 6185:(51): 22014–22019. 5927:Readings in Welfare 5512:Infante DA (2017). 5488:Universiteit Twente 4925:Theory and Decision 4070:10.1093/scan/nsq054 3994:2006Sci...313.1451Z 3988:(5792): 1451–1452. 3754:2010Sci...328..709L 3698:2012NatSR...2E.694M 3507:When Prophecy Fails 3142:Berlyne DE (1960). 2945:1962SciAm.207d..93F 2933:Scientific American 2848:10.1037/0000135-002 2754:10.1037/0000135-001 2591:The psychology book 2377:Motivated reasoning 2252:Cultural dissonance 2212:Belief perseverance 2021:Approach motivation 2009:left frontal cortex 1749:"I don't like John" 1693:Sentiment relations 1516:, which was won by 1296:Ben Franklin effect 954:When Prophecy Fails 780:To function in the 707:social psychologist 436:Behavioral genetics 351:Occupational health 91:Behavioral genetics 22:Part of a series on 11652:HIV/AIDS denialism 11629:Trolls from Olgino 11403:Paid news in India 11393:Fake news in India 11207:HIV/AIDS denialism 11061:Merchants of Doubt 10934:Military deception 10909:Media manipulation 10748:Circular reporting 10587:Conspiracy fiction 10497:Sovereign citizens 10250:FBI secret society 10235:Clinton body count 10045:Gezi Park protests 10010:Ukraine bioweapons 9809:Greater Bangladesh 9551:Judeo-Masonic plot 9348:Water fluoridation 9315:HIV/AIDS denialism 9062:Alpha / beta males 8961:Widerøe Flight 933 8439:Władysław Sikorski 8178:Ancient astronauts 7506: 6386:. pp. 71–99. 5921:2019-10-17 at the 5856:Wagner DA (2014). 5575:Minds and Machines 4563:Aronson E (1995). 3901:10.1111/jeea.12015 3686:Scientific Reports 3066:Skeptical Inquirer 2813:Queen's University 2417:Stockholm syndrome 2382:Mythopoeic thought 2302:Emotional conflict 2158:(MCM) of attitudes 2076:The hypothesis of 2066:evolutionary force 1955: 1676:consistency motive 1592: 1555:selective exposure 1538:federal government 1471:chosen to purchase 1270:In a study titled 1174: 1057:self-justification 1020: 996:Induced compliance 899:selective exposure 893:Selective exposure 734:Gestalt psychology 726:University of Iowa 684:just-world fallacy 553:Schools of thought 391:Sport and exercise 237:Applied psychology 12042:Cognitive inertia 12004: 12003: 12000: 11999: 11890: 11889: 11886: 11885: 11840:Operation Shocker 11642: 11641: 11522:K-1000 battleship 11353:Operation Neptune 11256: 11255: 11252: 11251: 11077: 11076: 11011: 11010: 11003:Yellow journalism 10951:counterpropaganda 10832:List of fallacies 10765:Conspiracy theory 10733:Alternative facts 10668: 10667: 10664: 10663: 10555: 10554: 10551: 10550: 10533:Birds Aren't Real 10398: 10397: 10394: 10393: 10390: 10389: 10220:Black helicopters 10131:Mano Negra affair 10101:Itavia Flight 870 10028:2016 coup attempt 9932:In the Arab world 9864: 9774: 9773: 9770: 9769: 9762:Serbs during WWII 9679:Great Replacement 9537:Jewish Bolshevism 9453:War against Islam 9432:Product labeling 9401:French Revolution 9361: 9360: 9200:5G misinformation 9180: 9179: 9042: 9041: 8997:advance knowledge 8979:Pan Am Flight 103 8893: 8892: 8831: 8830: 8827: 8826: 8775:Yemenite children 8505:Robert F. Kennedy 8481:Lee Harvey Oswald 8463:Johnny Stompanato 8380: 8379: 8376: 8375: 8372: 8371: 8333:Aztec, New Mexico 8236:Cryptoterrestrial 8146: 8145: 8142: 8141: 8097:Confirmation bias 7897: 7896: 7656:Critical thinking 7624:Cognitive liberty 7502: 7381:978-0-15-101098-1 7305:978-1-4129-2972-1 7292:Cooper J (2007). 6984:10.1111/pcn.12182 6656:(12): 3760–3765. 6606:(11): 1469–1474. 6475:10.1037/10318-013 6426:(12): 1490–1501. 6392:10.1037/10318-004 6289:(12): 1151–1164. 6120:Holden S (2013). 6002:978-0-12-015217-9 5890:978-0-8032-0601-4 5244:978-1-7281-5770-2 5229:. pp. 7–13. 5171:(10): 1327–1339. 5065:PsycEXTRA Dataset 4567:The Social Animal 3706:10.1038/srep00694 3462:978-1-4522-6159-1 2990:(3633): 680–685. 2857:978-1-4338-3010-5 2793:978-1-61069-592-3 2763:978-1-4338-3010-5 2642:978-0-19-982834-0 2600:978-0-7566-8970-4 2558:978-1-58811-596-6 2531:978-0-7619-4044-9 2522:Social psychology 2488:978-1-4338-3077-8 2442:Traumatic bonding 2402:Semmelweis reflex 2357:Memory conformity 2237:Cognitive inertia 2183:Psychology portal 2029:negative emotions 1938:and the anterior 1879:predictive coding 1718:"I love my child" 1458:Consumer behavior 1379:social psychology 1359:conceptual change 1288:confirmation bias 1278:Related phenomena 1032:Merrill Carlsmith 856:confirmation bias 692:confirmation bias 621: 620: 518:Counseling topics 461:Consumer behavior 202:Psycholinguistics 86:Affective science 12074: 11896: 11895: 11715:MMR autism fraud 11598:On US elections 11532:Operation Toucan 11505: 11504: 11273: 11272: 11262: 11261: 11227:anti-vaccination 11175: 11174: 11122:Holocaust denial 11097:Bermuda Triangle 11083: 11082: 11017: 11016: 10946:black propaganda 10914:Potemkin village 10839:False accusation 10815:list of websites 10714: 10713: 10695: 10688: 10681: 10672: 10671: 10602:pseudoskepticism 10561: 10560: 10470: 10469: 10404: 10403: 10355: 10354: 10240:Cultural Marxism 10081:Global War Party 9862: 9791: 9790: 9780: 9779: 9580:Killing of Jesus 9528:Committee of 300 9511:Holocaust denial 9464: 9463: 9448:Tartarian Empire 9418: 9409: 9386:CERN ritual hoax 9381:Bhagwa Love Trap 9367: 9366: 9320:origins theories 9205:Anti-vaccination 9186: 9185: 9136:Transvestigation 9048: 9047: 8899: 8898: 8837: 8836: 8797:Body double hoax 8631:Alejandro Castro 8529:Pope John Paul I 8511:Salvador Allende 8445:Benito Mussolini 8397: 8396: 8386: 8385: 8339:Southern England 8297: 8296: 8240:Extraterrestrial 8209: 8208: 8171:Nibiru cataclysm 8152: 8151: 8107:Locus of control 8061:Secret societies 7959: 7958: 7948: 7947: 7924: 7917: 7910: 7901: 7900: 7594:Mental processes 7588: 7581: 7574: 7565: 7564: 7556:Leon Festinger, 7526: 7524: 7513: 7512: 7503: 7493: 7491: 7486: 7473: 7444: 7434: 7401: 7399: 7397: 7385: 7364: 7355: 7346: 7309: 7288: 7262: 7242: 7241: 7213: 7207: 7206: 7188: 7168: 7162: 7161: 7138:Social Cognition 7133: 7127: 7126: 7090: 7081: 7080: 7016: 7005: 7004: 6986: 6962: 6953: 6952: 6924: 6915: 6914: 6878: 6872: 6869: 6863: 6862: 6836: 6816: 6807: 6806: 6786: 6780: 6779: 6743: 6734: 6733: 6697: 6691: 6690: 6688: 6682:. 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Kennedy 8421:Louis Le Prince 8404: 8391: 8368: 8295: 8221:Alien abduction 8207: 8166:2012 phenomenon 8157: 8138: 8070: 7953: 7942: 7933: 7928: 7898: 7893: 7822: 7789: 7697: 7676:Problem solving 7661:Decision-making 7595: 7592: 7540: 7539: 7528: 7522: 7520: 7517:This audio file 7514: 7507: 7498: 7495: 7489: 7488: 7484: 7481: 7476: 7462:10.2307/1250871 7395: 7393: 7382: 7306: 7260: 7251: 7249:Further reading 7246: 7245: 7214: 7210: 7169: 7165: 7134: 7130: 7091: 7084: 7017: 7008: 6963: 6956: 6925: 6918: 6889:(11): 978–983. 6879: 6875: 6870: 6866: 6834:10.1.1.475.7527 6817: 6810: 6797:(5): 995–1005. 6787: 6783: 6744: 6737: 6698: 6694: 6686: 6645: 6639: 6635: 6612:10.1038/nn.2413 6596: 6587: 6540: 6536: 6531: 6527: 6496: 6492: 6485: 6463: 6456: 6451: 6447: 6416: 6409: 6402: 6380: 6369: 6346: 6339: 6323:10.1.1.569.8667 6306: 6302: 6279: 6275: 6230: 6226: 6171: 6164: 6124: 6118: 6114: 6065: 6058: 6049: 6047: 6043: 6020: 6014: 6010: 6003: 5981: 5977: 5953:10.1.1.586.1458 5936: 5932: 5923:Wayback Machine 5913: 5906: 5891: 5877: 5873: 5854: 5850: 5811: 5807: 5784: 5777: 5770: 5748: 5741: 5710: 5706: 5675: 5671: 5648: 5644: 5603: 5596: 5567: 5563: 5531: 5525: 5521: 5510: 5506: 5497: 5495: 5482: 5481: 5477: 5467: 5465: 5450: 5446: 5436: 5434: 5419: 5415: 5406: 5404: 5394: 5390: 5361: 5357: 5342: 5338: 5315: 5311: 5302: 5300: 5292: 5291: 5284: 5275: 5273: 5265: 5264: 5260: 5245: 5223: 5219: 5188: 5184: 5161: 5154: 5135: 5128: 5093: 5086: 5077: 5075: 5057: 5050: 5007: 4996: 4972: 4966: 4962: 4921: 4917: 4894: 4890: 4859: 4855: 4824: 4820: 4789: 4785: 4762: 4758: 4735: 4731: 4708: 4704: 4699: 4695: 4690: 4686: 4663: 4659: 4628: 4621: 4590: 4586: 4579: 4561: 4557: 4526: 4522: 4477: 4470: 4447: 4443: 4420: 4416: 4377: 4373: 4330: 4319: 4282:Tobacco Control 4274: 4270: 4261: 4259: 4256:www.libcblog.nl 4250: 4249: 4245: 4197: 4191: 4187: 4156: 4147: 4108: 4095: 4050: 4035: 3978: 3974: 3958:10.1.1.368.1481 3941: 3934: 3881: 3877: 3854: 3847: 3808: 3804: 3789: 3785: 3738: 3731: 3678: 3671: 3638: 3629: 3586: 3582: 3550:10.1.1.497.2779 3533: 3526: 3517: 3513: 3504: 3500: 3494:Wehrhahn Verlag 3474: 3470: 3463: 3445: 3438: 3415: 3411: 3380: 3373: 3340: 3336: 3303: 3294: 3258: 3254: 3215: 3211: 3200: 3196: 3185: 3181: 3170: 3166: 3155: 3151: 3140: 3136: 3097: 3090: 3080: 3078: 3050: 3046: 3015: 3011: 2980: 2976: 2929: 2925: 2916: 2909: 2882:Human Relations 2874: 2870: 2862: 2860: 2858: 2832: 2828: 2805: 2801: 2794: 2780: 2776: 2768: 2766: 2764: 2738: 2734: 2698: 2694: 2667:Human Relations 2659: 2655: 2647: 2645: 2643: 2615: 2608: 2601: 2587: 2574: 2559: 2543: 2539: 2532: 2518: 2514: 2503: 2496: 2489: 2475: 2466: 2461: 2456: 2342:Limit situation 2217:Buyer's remorse 2181: 2176: 2174: 2171: 2139: 2130: 2118:striate nucleus 2058: 2001: 1993:rationalization 1989:anterior insula 1920: 1912: 1875: 1863:negative affect 1851: 1828: 1819: 1784:E. Tory Higgins 1781: 1764: 1668: 1662: 1597: 1580: 1563: 1546: 1502: 1460: 1451: 1430: 1414: 1412:Social behavior 1367: 1314: 1309: 1280: 1268: 1247: 1209:smoking tobacco 1201: 1179: 1154: 1116: 1110: 1084: 1045: 1004: 998: 945: 939: 919: 895: 825: 802: 778: 700: 680:rationalization 617: 579: 577: 570: 569: 568: 567: 543:Psychotherapies 511: 501: 500: 421: 413: 412: 411: 410: 239: 229: 228: 227: 226: 187:Neuropsychology 69: 17: 12: 11: 5: 12080: 12070: 12069: 12064: 12059: 12054: 12049: 12044: 12039: 12034: 12029: 12024: 12019: 12002: 12001: 11998: 11997: 11995: 11994: 11989: 11984: 11979: 11974: 11969: 11964: 11959: 11954: 11949: 11944: 11939: 11934: 11929: 11924: 11919: 11918: 11917: 11906: 11903: 11902: 11892: 11891: 11888: 11887: 11884: 11883: 11881: 11880: 11875: 11869: 11867: 11863: 11862: 11857: 11855: 11851: 11850: 11848: 11847: 11842: 11837: 11832: 11827: 11822: 11817: 11812: 11810:Habbush letter 11807: 11802: 11797: 11796: 11795: 11785: 11780: 11779: 11778: 11773: 11768: 11763: 11753: 11748: 11742: 11740: 11736: 11735: 11733: 11732: 11727: 11722: 11717: 11709: 11704: 11699: 11694: 11692:Bell Pottinger 11688: 11686: 11685:United Kingdom 11682: 11681: 11679: 11678: 11673: 11668: 11662: 11660: 11656: 11655: 11650: 11648: 11644: 11643: 11640: 11639: 11637: 11636: 11631: 11626: 11621: 11616: 11615: 11614: 11609: 11604: 11596: 11595: 11594: 11584: 11583: 11582: 11577: 11566: 11564: 11558: 11557: 11555: 11554: 11549: 11544: 11539: 11534: 11529: 11524: 11519: 11513: 11511: 11502: 11493: 11492: 11490: 11489: 11484: 11479: 11468: 11466: 11462: 11461: 11456: 11454: 11450: 11449: 11444: 11442: 11438: 11437: 11432: 11430: 11426: 11425: 11420: 11418: 11414: 11413: 11411: 11410: 11405: 11400: 11395: 11389: 11387: 11383: 11382: 11380: 11379: 11374: 11369: 11363: 11361: 11357: 11356: 11351: 11349: 11348:Czechoslovakia 11345: 11344: 11342: 11341: 11334: 11329: 11328: 11327: 11322: 11320:PLA Unit 61398 11317: 11312: 11307: 11302: 11291: 11289: 11285: 11284: 11279: 11277: 11269: 11268: 11258: 11257: 11254: 11253: 11250: 11249: 11247: 11246: 11241: 11240: 11239: 11234: 11229: 11219: 11214: 11209: 11204: 11199: 11198: 11197: 11195:by governments 11187: 11181: 11179: 11172: 11171: 11166: 11161: 11156: 11151: 11146: 11141: 11136: 11131: 11126: 11125: 11124: 11114: 11109: 11104: 11099: 11093: 11090: 11089: 11079: 11078: 11075: 11074: 11072: 11071: 11064: 11057: 11050: 11043: 11036: 11032:Disinformation 11027: 11024: 11023: 11013: 11012: 11009: 11008: 11006: 11005: 11000: 10995: 10990: 10985: 10980: 10975: 10970: 10965: 10960: 10959: 10958: 10953: 10948: 10938: 10937: 10936: 10931: 10921: 10916: 10911: 10906: 10901: 10896: 10891: 10886: 10881: 10876: 10871: 10866: 10861: 10856: 10851: 10846: 10841: 10836: 10835: 10834: 10824: 10823: 10822: 10817: 10812: 10802: 10797: 10792: 10787: 10782: 10777: 10772: 10762: 10761: 10760: 10753:Cognitive bias 10750: 10745: 10743:Cherry picking 10740: 10735: 10730: 10724: 10721: 10720: 10710: 10709: 10706:misinformation 10702:Disinformation 10698: 10697: 10690: 10683: 10675: 10666: 10665: 10662: 10661: 10659: 10658: 10653: 10648: 10646:Radicalization 10643: 10642: 10641: 10631: 10626: 10621: 10616: 10614:Fringe science 10611: 10609:Falsifiability 10606: 10605: 10604: 10594: 10589: 10584: 10577: 10571: 10568: 10567: 10557: 10556: 10553: 10552: 10549: 10548: 10546: 10545: 10540: 10535: 10530: 10525: 10519: 10517: 10513: 10512: 10510: 10509: 10507:Tax protesters 10504: 10499: 10494: 10489: 10484: 10478: 10476: 10467: 10466: 10461: 10460: 10459: 10454: 10449: 10439: 10437:New chronology 10430: 10425: 10420: 10414: 10411: 10410: 10400: 10399: 10396: 10395: 10392: 10391: 10388: 10387: 10385: 10384: 10382:Stop the Steal 10379: 10374: 10369: 10363: 10361: 10352: 10351: 10350: 10349: 10337: 10332: 10327: 10322: 10316: 10311: 10310: 10309: 10302: 10292: 10287: 10282: 10277: 10272: 10267: 10262: 10257: 10252: 10247: 10242: 10237: 10232: 10227: 10222: 10217: 10212: 10211: 10210: 10201: 10196: 10191: 10182: 10180: 10174: 10173: 10171: 10170: 10169: 10168: 10163: 10158: 10153: 10145: 10144: 10143: 10135: 10134: 10133: 10125: 10124: 10123: 10115: 10114: 10113: 10105: 10104: 10103: 10095: 10094: 10093: 10085: 10084: 10083: 10075: 10069: 10067: 10066:Other European 10063: 10062: 10060: 10059: 10052: 10047: 10042: 10041: 10040: 10035: 10024: 10022: 10016: 10015: 10013: 10012: 10007: 10002: 9997: 9995:Golden billion 9992: 9987: 9985:Alaska payment 9981: 9979: 9975: 9974: 9972: 9971: 9970: 9969: 9961: 9960: 9959: 9951: 9946: 9945: 9944: 9939: 9928: 9926: 9922: 9921: 9919: 9918: 9917: 9916: 9911: 9903: 9902: 9901: 9893: 9892: 9891: 9886: 9878: 9877: 9876: 9867: 9865: 9857: 9856: 9854: 9853: 9852: 9851: 9843: 9842: 9841: 9833: 9832: 9831: 9823: 9822: 9821: 9813: 9812: 9811: 9806: 9797: 9795: 9787: 9786: 9776: 9775: 9772: 9771: 9768: 9767: 9765: 9764: 9759: 9754: 9749: 9744: 9739: 9734: 9729: 9724: 9719: 9713: 9711: 9700: 9699: 9697: 9696: 9691: 9686: 9681: 9676: 9671: 9666: 9660: 9658: 9652: 9651: 9649: 9648: 9643: 9638: 9637: 9636: 9631: 9626: 9615: 9613: 9611:Anti-Christian 9606: 9605: 9603: 9602: 9597: 9592: 9587: 9582: 9577: 9572: 9571: 9570: 9565: 9560: 9553: 9548: 9547: 9546: 9530: 9520: 9519: 9518: 9516:Trivialization 9508: 9503: 9498: 9493: 9488: 9483: 9478: 9472: 9470: 9461: 9460: 9458:White genocide 9455: 9450: 9445: 9444: 9443: 9438: 9430: 9428:Priory of Sion 9425: 9420: 9412: 9411: 9410: 9393: 9388: 9383: 9377: 9374: 9373: 9363: 9362: 9359: 9358: 9356: 9355: 9350: 9345: 9339: 9334: 9329: 9328: 9327: 9322: 9312: 9307: 9302: 9297: 9292: 9291: 9290: 9276: 9271: 9266: 9261: 9251: 9246: 9241: 9236: 9235: 9234: 9232:misinformation 9229: 9224: 9223: 9222: 9217: 9202: 9196: 9193: 9192: 9182: 9181: 9178: 9177: 9175: 9174: 9169: 9164: 9155: 9150: 9145: 9140: 9139: 9138: 9133: 9128: 9123: 9118: 9117: 9116: 9114:Lavender scare 9106: 9105: 9104: 9094: 9092:gay Nazis myth 9089: 9084: 9079: 9074: 9064: 9058: 9055: 9054: 9044: 9043: 9040: 9039: 9037: 9036: 9030: 9024: 9018: 9012: 9006: 9005: 9004: 8999: 8988: 8982: 8976: 8970: 8967:KAL Flight 007 8964: 8958: 8952: 8943: 8937: 8934:Reichstag fire 8931: 8922: 8912: 8909: 8908: 8895: 8894: 8891: 8890: 8888: 8887: 8882: 8877: 8872: 8871: 8870: 8868:false theories 8860: 8855: 8849: 8846: 8845: 8841: 8833: 8832: 8829: 8828: 8825: 8824: 8822: 8821: 8816: 8814:Vladimir Putin 8811: 8806: 8804:Paul McCartney 8800: 8798: 8794: 8793: 8791: 8790: 8784: 8778: 8772: 8765: 8763: 8759: 8758: 8756: 8755: 8749: 8743: 8740:TWA Flight 800 8737: 8728: 8722: 8716: 8710: 8707:JAT Flight 367 8704: 8698: 8692: 8689:Lynmouth Flood 8686: 8680: 8671: 8662: 8660: 8656: 8655: 8653: 8652: 8646: 8640: 8634: 8628: 8622: 8616: 8610: 8607:Benazir Bhutto 8604: 8598: 8592: 8586: 8580: 8574: 8568: 8562: 8556: 8550: 8544: 8538: 8532: 8526: 8523:Renny Ottolina 8520: 8514: 8508: 8502: 8496: 8490: 8484: 8478: 8472: 8469:Marilyn Monroe 8466: 8460: 8454: 8448: 8442: 8436: 8430: 8427:Lord Kitchener 8424: 8418: 8415:Zachary Taylor 8411: 8409: 8393: 8392: 8382: 8381: 8378: 8377: 8374: 8373: 8370: 8369: 8367: 8366: 8360: 8354: 8348: 8342: 8336: 8330: 8324: 8318: 8312: 8305: 8303: 8294: 8293: 8288: 8287: 8286: 8274: 8269: 8264: 8259: 8251: 8246: 8233: 8228: 8223: 8217: 8215: 8206: 8205: 8200: 8195: 8190: 8185: 8180: 8175: 8174: 8173: 8162: 8159: 8158: 8148: 8147: 8144: 8143: 8140: 8139: 8137: 8136: 8131: 8126: 8125: 8124: 8114: 8109: 8104: 8099: 8094: 8089: 8084: 8078: 8076: 8072: 8071: 8069: 8068: 8063: 8058: 8053: 8048: 8043: 8041:Hidden message 8038: 8033: 8028: 8023: 8018: 8013: 8008: 7995: 7994: 7993: 7988: 7985:éminence grise 7981: 7971: 7965: 7963: 7955: 7954: 7944: 7943: 7938: 7935: 7934: 7927: 7926: 7919: 7912: 7904: 7895: 7894: 7892: 7891: 7886: 7881: 7876: 7871: 7866: 7864:Mental fatigue 7861: 7856: 7851: 7846: 7841: 7836: 7830: 7828: 7824: 7823: 7821: 7820: 7815: 7810: 7805: 7799: 7797: 7791: 7790: 7788: 7787: 7782: 7781: 7780: 7775: 7770: 7760: 7755: 7750: 7745: 7735: 7730: 7725: 7724: 7723: 7713: 7707: 7705: 7699: 7698: 7696: 7695: 7690: 7689: 7688: 7683: 7673: 7668: 7663: 7658: 7653: 7648: 7643: 7638: 7637: 7636: 7626: 7621: 7616: 7611: 7605: 7603: 7597: 7596: 7591: 7590: 7583: 7576: 7568: 7562: 7561: 7554: 7549: 7529: 7515: 7508: 7496: 7483: 7482: 7480: 7479:External links 7477: 7475: 7474: 7445: 7417:(4): 460–467. 7402: 7386: 7380: 7365: 7356: 7347: 7310: 7304: 7289: 7277:10.1086/694541 7271:(2): 400–411. 7252: 7250: 7247: 7244: 7243: 7224:(3): 733–759. 7208: 7186:10.1.1.15.2085 7179:(3): 204–231. 7163: 7144:(5): 657–686. 7128: 7082: 7006: 6977:(5): 319–336. 6954: 6935:(3): 184–189. 6916: 6873: 6864: 6808: 6781: 6754:(1–2): 51–76. 6735: 6708:(1): 240–246. 6692: 6689:on 2011-06-17. 6633: 6585: 6534: 6525: 6506:(2): 157–166. 6490: 6483: 6454: 6445: 6407: 6400: 6367: 6356:(2): 224–237. 6337: 6300: 6273: 6224: 6162: 6112: 6082:10.1.1.519.808 6075:(4): 573–594. 6056: 6008: 6001: 5975: 5946:(3): 319–340. 5930: 5904: 5889: 5871: 5848: 5821:(4): 489–493. 5805: 5794:(8): 685–695. 5775: 5768: 5739: 5704: 5685:(5): 703–709. 5669: 5658:(3): 199–218. 5642: 5620:10.1.1.323.833 5613:(3): 183–200. 5594: 5581:(4): 489–501. 5561: 5542:(4): 364–395. 5519: 5504: 5475: 5444: 5413: 5388: 5375:(3): 521–540. 5355: 5336: 5325:(3): 140–153. 5309: 5282: 5258: 5243: 5217: 5198:(2): 116–137. 5182: 5152: 5126: 5107:(3): 354–363. 5084: 5048: 5021:(5): 267–282. 4994: 4983:(3): 263–274. 4960: 4931:(3): 493–515. 4915: 4904:(8): 741–746. 4888: 4853: 4834:(9): 925–933. 4818: 4799:(1): 116–128. 4783: 4772:(2): 149–160. 4756: 4745:(3): 452–460. 4729: 4718:(4): 343–358. 4702: 4693: 4684: 4673:(7): S17–S32. 4657: 4644:10.2307/747886 4638:(2): 116–159. 4619: 4600:(3): 479–486. 4584: 4577: 4555: 4536:(4): 319–323. 4520: 4491:(4): 555–588. 4468: 4457:(4): 517–531. 4441: 4414: 4371: 4317: 4268: 4258:. 16 June 2015 4243: 4185: 4145: 4093: 4064:(4): 460–467. 4033: 4003:10.1.1.181.571 3972: 3951:(2): 177–181. 3932: 3895:(3): 548–573. 3875: 3864:(1): 204–207. 3845: 3818:(3): 384–389. 3802: 3783: 3729: 3669: 3655:10.1.1.378.884 3648:(6): 584–588. 3627: 3600:(2): 203–210. 3580: 3543:(2): 203–210. 3524: 3511: 3498: 3468: 3461: 3436: 3425:(1): 381–391. 3409: 3390:(3): 394–417. 3371: 3352:(1): 469–478. 3334: 3292: 3273:(1): 103–123. 3252: 3225:(2): 527–532. 3209: 3194: 3179: 3164: 3149: 3134: 3088: 3044: 3009: 2974: 2923: 2907: 2888:(4): 327–346. 2868: 2856: 2826: 2799: 2792: 2774: 2762: 2732: 2713:(2): 139–152. 2692: 2673:(2): 117–140. 2653: 2641: 2606: 2599: 2572: 2557: 2537: 2530: 2512: 2494: 2487: 2463: 2462: 2460: 2457: 2455: 2454: 2449: 2444: 2439: 2434: 2429: 2424: 2419: 2414: 2409: 2404: 2399: 2394: 2389: 2384: 2379: 2374: 2369: 2364: 2359: 2354: 2349: 2344: 2339: 2334: 2329: 2324: 2319: 2314: 2309: 2304: 2299: 2294: 2289: 2284: 2279: 2274: 2269: 2264: 2259: 2254: 2249: 2244: 2239: 2234: 2229: 2227:Cognitive bias 2224: 2219: 2214: 2209: 2204: 2199: 2194: 2188: 2187: 2186: 2170: 2167: 2166: 2165: 2162: 2159: 2152: 2138: 2135: 2129: 2126: 2057: 2054: 2000: 1997: 1940:insular cortex 1919: 1916: 1911: 1908: 1887:proprioceptive 1874: 1871: 1869:of the brain. 1867:frontal cortex 1850: 1847: 1827: 1824: 1818: 1815: 1807: 1806: 1800: 1794: 1780: 1777: 1763: 1760: 1759: 1758: 1757: 1756: 1753: 1750: 1745:X = John's dog 1742: 1737: 1728: 1727: 1726: 1725: 1722: 1719: 1711: 1709:O = your child 1706: 1697: 1696: 1690: 1687:Unit relations 1666:Balance theory 1664:Main article: 1661: 1660:Balance theory 1658: 1635:Elliot Aronson 1596: 1593: 1579: 1576: 1562: 1559: 1545: 1542: 1501: 1498: 1476:impulse buying 1459: 1456: 1450: 1447: 1429: 1426: 1413: 1410: 1366: 1363: 1334:self-awareness 1313: 1310: 1308: 1305: 1279: 1276: 1267: 1264: 1246: 1243: 1242: 1241: 1234: 1223: 1222: 1219: 1216: 1200: 1197: 1178: 1175: 1153: 1150: 1109: 1106: 1083: 1080: 1053:Elliot Aronson 1044: 1041: 1028:Leon Festinger 997: 994: 941:Main article: 938: 935: 918: 915: 894: 891: 851: 850: 847: 844: 841: 824: 821: 816: 815: 811: 801: 798: 797: 796: 793: 790: 777: 774: 754:Albert Bandura 703:Leon Festinger 699: 696: 668:Leon Festinger 619: 618: 616: 615: 608: 601: 593: 590: 589: 588: 587: 572: 571: 566: 565: 560: 555: 550: 545: 540: 535: 530: 525: 520: 514: 513: 512: 507: 506: 503: 502: 499: 498: 493: 488: 483: 478: 473: 468: 463: 458: 453: 448: 443: 438: 433: 428: 422: 419: 418: 415: 414: 409: 408: 403: 398: 393: 388: 383: 378: 373: 368: 363: 358: 353: 348: 343: 338: 333: 328: 323: 318: 313: 308: 303: 298: 293: 288: 283: 278: 273: 268: 263: 258: 253: 248: 242: 241: 240: 235: 234: 231: 230: 225: 224: 219: 214: 209: 204: 199: 194: 189: 184: 179: 174: 169: 164: 159: 154: 149: 144: 139: 134: 132:Cross-cultural 129: 124: 123: 122: 112: 103: 98: 93: 88: 83: 78: 72: 71: 70: 65: 64: 61: 60: 59: 58: 53: 48: 40: 39: 31: 30: 24: 23: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 12079: 12068: 12065: 12063: 12060: 12058: 12055: 12053: 12050: 12048: 12045: 12043: 12040: 12038: 12035: 12033: 12030: 12028: 12025: 12023: 12020: 12018: 12015: 12014: 12012: 11993: 11990: 11988: 11985: 11983: 11980: 11978: 11975: 11973: 11970: 11968: 11965: 11963: 11960: 11958: 11955: 11953: 11952:FactCheck.org 11950: 11948: 11945: 11943: 11940: 11938: 11935: 11933: 11930: 11928: 11925: 11923: 11920: 11916: 11913: 11912: 11911: 11910:Fact-checking 11908: 11907: 11904: 11897: 11893: 11879: 11876: 11874: 11871: 11870: 11868: 11864: 11860: 11856: 11852: 11846: 11843: 11841: 11838: 11836: 11833: 11831: 11828: 11826: 11823: 11821: 11818: 11816: 11813: 11811: 11808: 11806: 11803: 11801: 11798: 11794: 11791: 11790: 11789: 11786: 11784: 11781: 11777: 11774: 11772: 11769: 11767: 11764: 11762: 11759: 11758: 11757: 11754: 11752: 11749: 11747: 11744: 11743: 11741: 11739:United States 11737: 11731: 11728: 11726: 11723: 11721: 11718: 11716: 11714: 11710: 11708: 11705: 11703: 11700: 11698: 11695: 11693: 11690: 11689: 11687: 11683: 11677: 11674: 11672: 11669: 11667: 11664: 11663: 11661: 11657: 11653: 11649: 11645: 11635: 11632: 11630: 11627: 11625: 11622: 11620: 11617: 11613: 11610: 11608: 11605: 11603: 11600: 11599: 11597: 11593: 11590: 11589: 11588: 11585: 11581: 11578: 11576: 11573: 11572: 11571: 11568: 11567: 11565: 11563: 11559: 11553: 11550: 11548: 11545: 11543: 11540: 11538: 11535: 11533: 11530: 11528: 11525: 11523: 11520: 11518: 11515: 11514: 11512: 11510: 11506: 11503: 11498: 11494: 11488: 11485: 11483: 11480: 11477: 11473: 11470: 11469: 11467: 11463: 11459: 11455: 11451: 11447: 11443: 11439: 11435: 11431: 11427: 11423: 11419: 11415: 11409: 11406: 11404: 11401: 11399: 11396: 11394: 11391: 11390: 11388: 11384: 11378: 11375: 11373: 11370: 11368: 11365: 11364: 11362: 11358: 11354: 11350: 11346: 11340: 11339: 11335: 11333: 11330: 11326: 11323: 11321: 11318: 11316: 11313: 11311: 11308: 11306: 11303: 11301: 11300:50 Cent Party 11298: 11297: 11296: 11293: 11292: 11290: 11286: 11282: 11278: 11274: 11270: 11263: 11259: 11245: 11242: 11238: 11235: 11233: 11230: 11228: 11225: 11224: 11223: 11220: 11218: 11215: 11213: 11210: 11208: 11205: 11203: 11200: 11196: 11193: 11192: 11191: 11188: 11186: 11183: 11182: 11180: 11176: 11170: 11167: 11165: 11162: 11160: 11157: 11155: 11152: 11150: 11147: 11145: 11142: 11140: 11137: 11135: 11132: 11130: 11127: 11123: 11120: 11119: 11118: 11115: 11113: 11110: 11108: 11105: 11103: 11100: 11098: 11095: 11094: 11091: 11084: 11080: 11070: 11069: 11065: 11063: 11062: 11058: 11056: 11055: 11051: 11049: 11048: 11044: 11042: 11041: 11037: 11035: 11033: 11029: 11028: 11025: 11018: 11014: 11004: 11001: 10999: 10996: 10994: 10991: 10989: 10986: 10984: 10981: 10979: 10976: 10974: 10971: 10969: 10966: 10964: 10961: 10957: 10954: 10952: 10949: 10947: 10944: 10943: 10942: 10939: 10935: 10932: 10930: 10927: 10926: 10925: 10922: 10920: 10917: 10915: 10912: 10910: 10907: 10905: 10904:Media culture 10902: 10900: 10897: 10895: 10892: 10890: 10887: 10885: 10882: 10880: 10877: 10875: 10872: 10870: 10867: 10865: 10862: 10860: 10857: 10855: 10852: 10850: 10847: 10845: 10844:False dilemma 10842: 10840: 10837: 10833: 10830: 10829: 10828: 10825: 10821: 10818: 10816: 10813: 10811: 10808: 10807: 10806: 10803: 10801: 10798: 10796: 10793: 10791: 10788: 10786: 10783: 10781: 10778: 10776: 10773: 10770: 10766: 10763: 10759: 10756: 10755: 10754: 10751: 10749: 10746: 10744: 10741: 10739: 10736: 10734: 10731: 10729: 10726: 10725: 10722: 10715: 10711: 10707: 10703: 10696: 10691: 10689: 10684: 10682: 10677: 10676: 10673: 10657: 10654: 10652: 10649: 10647: 10644: 10640: 10637: 10636: 10635: 10632: 10630: 10627: 10625: 10622: 10620: 10617: 10615: 10612: 10610: 10607: 10603: 10600: 10599: 10598: 10595: 10593: 10590: 10588: 10585: 10583: 10582: 10578: 10576: 10573: 10572: 10569: 10562: 10558: 10544: 10541: 10539: 10536: 10534: 10531: 10529: 10526: 10524: 10521: 10520: 10518: 10514: 10508: 10505: 10503: 10500: 10498: 10495: 10493: 10490: 10488: 10485: 10483: 10482:Admiralty law 10480: 10479: 10477: 10475: 10471: 10465: 10462: 10458: 10455: 10453: 10450: 10448: 10445: 10444: 10443: 10440: 10438: 10434: 10431: 10429: 10426: 10424: 10423:NESARA/GESARA 10421: 10419: 10416: 10415: 10412: 10405: 10401: 10383: 10380: 10378: 10375: 10373: 10370: 10368: 10365: 10364: 10362: 10360: 10359:2020 election 10356: 10348: 10344: 10343:POW/MIA issue 10341: 10340: 10338: 10336: 10333: 10331: 10330:Trump–Ukraine 10328: 10326: 10323: 10320: 10317: 10315: 10312: 10308: 10307: 10303: 10301: 10298: 10297: 10296: 10293: 10291: 10288: 10286: 10283: 10281: 10278: 10276: 10273: 10271: 10268: 10266: 10263: 10261: 10258: 10256: 10253: 10251: 10248: 10246: 10243: 10241: 10238: 10236: 10233: 10231: 10228: 10226: 10223: 10221: 10218: 10216: 10215:Biden–Ukraine 10213: 10209: 10205: 10202: 10200: 10197: 10195: 10192: 10190: 10187: 10186: 10185:Barack Obama 10184: 10183: 10181: 10179: 10178:United States 10175: 10167: 10166:Voting pencil 10164: 10162: 10161:Harold Wilson 10159: 10157: 10154: 10152: 10149: 10148: 10146: 10142: 10139: 10138: 10136: 10132: 10129: 10128: 10126: 10122: 10119: 10118: 10116: 10112: 10109: 10108: 10106: 10102: 10099: 10098: 10096: 10092: 10089: 10088: 10086: 10082: 10079: 10078: 10076: 10074: 10071: 10070: 10068: 10064: 10058: 10057: 10053: 10051: 10048: 10046: 10043: 10039: 10036: 10034: 10031: 10030: 10029: 10026: 10025: 10023: 10021: 10017: 10011: 10008: 10006: 10003: 10001: 9998: 9996: 9993: 9991: 9988: 9986: 9983: 9982: 9980: 9976: 9968: 9965: 9964: 9962: 9958: 9955: 9954: 9952: 9950: 9947: 9943: 9940: 9938: 9935: 9934: 9933: 9930: 9929: 9927: 9923: 9915: 9912: 9910: 9907: 9906: 9904: 9900: 9899:Casa Matusita 9897: 9896: 9894: 9890: 9887: 9885: 9882: 9881: 9879: 9875: 9872: 9871: 9869: 9868: 9866: 9858: 9850: 9847: 9846: 9844: 9840: 9837: 9836: 9834: 9830: 9827: 9826: 9824: 9820: 9817: 9816: 9814: 9810: 9807: 9805: 9802: 9801: 9799: 9798: 9796: 9792: 9788: 9781: 9777: 9763: 9760: 9758: 9755: 9753: 9750: 9748: 9745: 9743: 9740: 9738: 9737:The Holocaust 9735: 9733: 9730: 9728: 9725: 9723: 9720: 9718: 9715: 9714: 9712: 9710: 9705: 9701: 9695: 9692: 9690: 9687: 9685: 9682: 9680: 9677: 9675: 9672: 9670: 9667: 9665: 9664:Counter-jihad 9662: 9661: 9659: 9657: 9653: 9647: 9646:Giuseppe Siri 9644: 9642: 9639: 9635: 9632: 9630: 9627: 9625: 9622: 9621: 9620: 9619:Anti-Catholic 9617: 9616: 9614: 9612: 9607: 9601: 9598: 9596: 9593: 9591: 9588: 9586: 9583: 9581: 9578: 9576: 9573: 9569: 9566: 9564: 9561: 9559: 9558: 9554: 9552: 9549: 9545: 9544: 9540: 9539: 9538: 9534: 9531: 9529: 9526: 9525: 9524: 9521: 9517: 9514: 9513: 9512: 9509: 9507: 9504: 9502: 9499: 9497: 9494: 9492: 9491:Doctors' plot 9489: 9487: 9484: 9482: 9479: 9477: 9474: 9473: 9471: 9469: 9465: 9459: 9456: 9454: 9451: 9449: 9446: 9442: 9439: 9437: 9434: 9433: 9431: 9429: 9426: 9424: 9421: 9417: 9413: 9407: 9402: 9399: 9398: 9397: 9394: 9392: 9389: 9387: 9384: 9382: 9379: 9378: 9375: 9368: 9364: 9354: 9351: 9349: 9346: 9343: 9340: 9338: 9335: 9333: 9330: 9326: 9323: 9321: 9318: 9317: 9316: 9313: 9311: 9308: 9306: 9303: 9301: 9298: 9296: 9293: 9289: 9288:United States 9285: 9281: 9277: 9275: 9272: 9270: 9267: 9265: 9262: 9260: 9257: 9256: 9255: 9252: 9250: 9247: 9245: 9242: 9240: 9237: 9233: 9230: 9228: 9225: 9221: 9218: 9216: 9213: 9212: 9211: 9208: 9207: 9206: 9203: 9201: 9198: 9197: 9194: 9187: 9183: 9173: 9170: 9168: 9167:Satanic panic 9165: 9163: 9159: 9156: 9154: 9151: 9149: 9146: 9144: 9141: 9137: 9134: 9132: 9129: 9127: 9124: 9122: 9119: 9115: 9112: 9111: 9110: 9107: 9103: 9102:United States 9100: 9099: 9098: 9095: 9093: 9090: 9088: 9085: 9083: 9080: 9078: 9075: 9073: 9070: 9069: 9068: 9065: 9063: 9060: 9059: 9056: 9049: 9045: 9034: 9031: 9028: 9025: 9022: 9019: 9016: 9013: 9010: 9007: 9003: 9000: 8998: 8995: 8994: 8992: 8989: 8986: 8983: 8980: 8977: 8974: 8971: 8968: 8965: 8962: 8959: 8956: 8953: 8950: 8949: 8944: 8941: 8938: 8935: 8932: 8929: 8928: 8923: 8920: 8919: 8914: 8913: 8910: 8905: 8900: 8896: 8886: 8883: 8881: 8878: 8876: 8873: 8869: 8866: 8865: 8864: 8861: 8859: 8856: 8854: 8851: 8850: 8847: 8838: 8834: 8820: 8819:Melania Trump 8817: 8815: 8812: 8810: 8809:Avril Lavigne 8807: 8805: 8802: 8801: 8799: 8795: 8788: 8785: 8782: 8781:Elvis Presley 8779: 8776: 8773: 8770: 8767: 8766: 8764: 8760: 8753: 8750: 8747: 8744: 8741: 8738: 8735: 8734: 8729: 8726: 8723: 8720: 8717: 8714: 8711: 8708: 8705: 8702: 8699: 8696: 8693: 8690: 8687: 8684: 8681: 8678: 8677: 8672: 8669: 8668: 8664: 8663: 8661: 8657: 8650: 8647: 8644: 8641: 8638: 8635: 8632: 8629: 8626: 8623: 8620: 8617: 8614: 8611: 8608: 8605: 8602: 8601:Yasser Arafat 8599: 8596: 8593: 8590: 8587: 8584: 8581: 8578: 8577:Yitzhak Rabin 8575: 8572: 8569: 8566: 8563: 8560: 8557: 8554: 8551: 8548: 8545: 8542: 8539: 8536: 8533: 8530: 8527: 8524: 8521: 8518: 8515: 8512: 8509: 8506: 8503: 8500: 8497: 8494: 8491: 8488: 8485: 8482: 8479: 8476: 8473: 8470: 8467: 8464: 8461: 8458: 8455: 8452: 8449: 8446: 8443: 8440: 8437: 8434: 8431: 8428: 8425: 8422: 8419: 8416: 8413: 8412: 8410: 8407: 8402: 8401:Assassination 8398: 8394: 8387: 8383: 8364: 8361: 8358: 8357:Alien autopsy 8355: 8352: 8349: 8346: 8343: 8340: 8337: 8334: 8331: 8328: 8325: 8322: 8319: 8316: 8313: 8310: 8307: 8306: 8304: 8302: 8298: 8292: 8291:Project Serpo 8289: 8285: 8284: 8280: 8279: 8278: 8275: 8273: 8270: 8268: 8265: 8263: 8260: 8257: 8256: 8252: 8250: 8247: 8245: 8241: 8237: 8234: 8232: 8229: 8227: 8224: 8222: 8219: 8218: 8216: 8214: 8210: 8204: 8201: 8199: 8196: 8194: 8191: 8189: 8186: 8184: 8181: 8179: 8176: 8172: 8169: 8168: 8167: 8164: 8163: 8160: 8153: 8149: 8135: 8132: 8130: 8127: 8123: 8120: 8119: 8118: 8115: 8113: 8110: 8108: 8105: 8103: 8100: 8098: 8095: 8093: 8090: 8088: 8085: 8083: 8080: 8079: 8077: 8073: 8067: 8064: 8062: 8059: 8057: 8054: 8052: 8051:Pseudoscience 8049: 8047: 8046:Pseudohistory 8044: 8042: 8039: 8037: 8034: 8032: 8029: 8027: 8024: 8022: 8019: 8017: 8016:Crisis actors 8014: 8012: 8009: 8007: 8003: 7999: 7996: 7992: 7989: 7987: 7986: 7982: 7980: 7977: 7976: 7975: 7972: 7970: 7967: 7966: 7964: 7960: 7956: 7949: 7945: 7941: 7936: 7932: 7925: 7920: 7918: 7913: 7911: 7906: 7905: 7902: 7890: 7887: 7885: 7882: 7880: 7877: 7875: 7872: 7870: 7867: 7865: 7862: 7860: 7857: 7855: 7852: 7850: 7847: 7845: 7842: 7840: 7837: 7835: 7832: 7831: 7829: 7825: 7819: 7816: 7814: 7811: 7809: 7806: 7804: 7803:Consolidation 7801: 7800: 7798: 7796: 7792: 7786: 7783: 7779: 7776: 7774: 7771: 7769: 7766: 7765: 7764: 7761: 7759: 7756: 7754: 7751: 7749: 7746: 7743: 7739: 7736: 7734: 7731: 7729: 7726: 7722: 7719: 7718: 7717: 7714: 7712: 7709: 7708: 7706: 7704: 7700: 7694: 7691: 7687: 7684: 7682: 7679: 7678: 7677: 7674: 7672: 7669: 7667: 7664: 7662: 7659: 7657: 7654: 7652: 7651:Consciousness 7649: 7647: 7646:Comprehension 7644: 7642: 7639: 7635: 7632: 7631: 7630: 7627: 7625: 7622: 7620: 7617: 7615: 7612: 7610: 7607: 7606: 7604: 7602: 7598: 7589: 7584: 7582: 7577: 7575: 7570: 7569: 7566: 7559: 7555: 7553: 7550: 7548: 7547: 7542: 7541: 7537: 7533: 7518: 7471: 7467: 7463: 7459: 7455: 7451: 7446: 7442: 7438: 7433: 7428: 7424: 7420: 7416: 7412: 7408: 7403: 7392: 7387: 7383: 7377: 7373: 7372: 7366: 7362: 7357: 7353: 7348: 7344: 7340: 7336: 7332: 7328: 7324: 7320: 7316: 7311: 7307: 7301: 7297: 7296: 7290: 7286: 7282: 7278: 7274: 7270: 7266: 7259: 7254: 7253: 7239: 7235: 7231: 7227: 7223: 7219: 7212: 7204: 7200: 7196: 7192: 7187: 7182: 7178: 7174: 7167: 7159: 7155: 7151: 7147: 7143: 7139: 7132: 7124: 7120: 7116: 7112: 7108: 7104: 7100: 7096: 7089: 7087: 7078: 7074: 7070: 7066: 7062: 7058: 7054: 7050: 7046: 7042: 7038: 7034: 7031:(4): 93–106. 7030: 7026: 7022: 7015: 7013: 7011: 7002: 6998: 6994: 6990: 6985: 6980: 6976: 6972: 6968: 6961: 6959: 6950: 6946: 6942: 6938: 6934: 6930: 6923: 6921: 6912: 6908: 6904: 6900: 6896: 6892: 6888: 6884: 6877: 6868: 6860: 6856: 6852: 6848: 6844: 6840: 6835: 6830: 6826: 6822: 6815: 6813: 6804: 6800: 6796: 6792: 6785: 6777: 6773: 6769: 6765: 6761: 6757: 6753: 6749: 6742: 6740: 6731: 6727: 6723: 6719: 6715: 6711: 6707: 6703: 6696: 6685: 6681: 6677: 6672: 6667: 6663: 6659: 6655: 6651: 6644: 6637: 6629: 6625: 6621: 6617: 6613: 6609: 6605: 6601: 6594: 6592: 6590: 6581: 6577: 6572: 6567: 6562: 6557: 6553: 6549: 6545: 6538: 6529: 6521: 6517: 6513: 6509: 6505: 6501: 6494: 6486: 6484:1-55798-565-0 6480: 6476: 6472: 6468: 6461: 6459: 6449: 6441: 6437: 6433: 6429: 6425: 6421: 6414: 6412: 6403: 6401:1-55798-565-0 6397: 6393: 6389: 6385: 6378: 6376: 6374: 6372: 6363: 6359: 6355: 6351: 6344: 6342: 6333: 6329: 6324: 6319: 6315: 6311: 6304: 6296: 6292: 6288: 6284: 6277: 6269: 6265: 6260: 6255: 6251: 6247: 6243: 6239: 6235: 6228: 6220: 6216: 6211: 6206: 6201: 6196: 6192: 6188: 6184: 6180: 6176: 6169: 6167: 6158: 6154: 6150: 6146: 6142: 6138: 6134: 6130: 6123: 6116: 6108: 6104: 6100: 6096: 6092: 6088: 6083: 6078: 6074: 6070: 6063: 6061: 6046:on 2017-08-08 6042: 6038: 6034: 6030: 6026: 6019: 6012: 6004: 5998: 5994: 5990: 5986: 5979: 5971: 5967: 5963: 5959: 5954: 5949: 5945: 5941: 5934: 5928: 5924: 5920: 5917: 5911: 5909: 5900: 5896: 5892: 5886: 5882: 5875: 5867: 5863: 5859: 5852: 5844: 5840: 5836: 5832: 5828: 5824: 5820: 5816: 5809: 5801: 5797: 5793: 5789: 5782: 5780: 5771: 5769:9780120152049 5765: 5761: 5757: 5753: 5746: 5744: 5735: 5731: 5727: 5723: 5719: 5715: 5708: 5700: 5696: 5692: 5688: 5684: 5680: 5673: 5665: 5661: 5657: 5653: 5646: 5638: 5634: 5630: 5626: 5621: 5616: 5612: 5608: 5601: 5599: 5589: 5584: 5580: 5576: 5572: 5565: 5557: 5553: 5549: 5545: 5541: 5537: 5530: 5523: 5515: 5508: 5494:on 2019-03-31 5493: 5489: 5485: 5479: 5463: 5459: 5455: 5448: 5432: 5428: 5424: 5417: 5403: 5399: 5392: 5383: 5378: 5374: 5370: 5366: 5359: 5351: 5347: 5340: 5332: 5328: 5324: 5320: 5313: 5299: 5295: 5289: 5287: 5272: 5268: 5262: 5254: 5250: 5246: 5240: 5236: 5232: 5228: 5221: 5213: 5209: 5205: 5201: 5197: 5193: 5186: 5178: 5174: 5170: 5166: 5159: 5157: 5148: 5144: 5140: 5133: 5131: 5122: 5118: 5114: 5110: 5106: 5102: 5098: 5091: 5089: 5074: 5070: 5066: 5062: 5055: 5053: 5044: 5040: 5036: 5032: 5028: 5024: 5020: 5016: 5012: 5005: 5003: 5001: 4999: 4990: 4986: 4982: 4978: 4971: 4964: 4956: 4952: 4947: 4942: 4938: 4934: 4930: 4926: 4919: 4911: 4907: 4903: 4899: 4892: 4884: 4880: 4876: 4872: 4868: 4864: 4857: 4849: 4845: 4841: 4837: 4833: 4829: 4822: 4814: 4810: 4806: 4802: 4798: 4794: 4787: 4779: 4775: 4771: 4767: 4760: 4752: 4748: 4744: 4740: 4733: 4725: 4721: 4717: 4713: 4706: 4697: 4688: 4680: 4676: 4672: 4668: 4661: 4653: 4649: 4645: 4641: 4637: 4633: 4626: 4624: 4615: 4611: 4607: 4603: 4599: 4595: 4588: 4580: 4578:9780716726180 4574: 4569: 4568: 4559: 4551: 4547: 4543: 4539: 4535: 4531: 4524: 4516: 4512: 4507: 4502: 4498: 4494: 4490: 4486: 4482: 4475: 4473: 4464: 4460: 4456: 4452: 4445: 4437: 4433: 4429: 4425: 4418: 4410: 4406: 4402: 4398: 4394: 4390: 4386: 4382: 4375: 4367: 4363: 4359: 4355: 4351: 4347: 4343: 4339: 4335: 4328: 4326: 4324: 4322: 4313: 4309: 4304: 4299: 4295: 4291: 4287: 4283: 4279: 4272: 4257: 4253: 4247: 4239: 4235: 4231: 4227: 4223: 4219: 4215: 4211: 4207: 4203: 4196: 4189: 4181: 4177: 4173: 4169: 4165: 4161: 4154: 4152: 4150: 4141: 4137: 4133: 4129: 4125: 4121: 4117: 4113: 4106: 4104: 4102: 4100: 4098: 4089: 4085: 4080: 4075: 4071: 4067: 4063: 4059: 4055: 4048: 4046: 4044: 4042: 4040: 4038: 4029: 4025: 4021: 4017: 4013: 4009: 4004: 3999: 3995: 3991: 3987: 3983: 3976: 3968: 3964: 3959: 3954: 3950: 3946: 3939: 3937: 3928: 3924: 3920: 3916: 3911: 3906: 3902: 3898: 3894: 3890: 3886: 3879: 3871: 3867: 3863: 3859: 3852: 3850: 3841: 3837: 3833: 3829: 3825: 3821: 3817: 3813: 3806: 3798: 3794: 3787: 3779: 3775: 3771: 3767: 3763: 3759: 3755: 3751: 3748:(5979): 709. 3747: 3743: 3736: 3734: 3725: 3721: 3716: 3711: 3707: 3703: 3699: 3695: 3691: 3687: 3683: 3676: 3674: 3665: 3661: 3656: 3651: 3647: 3643: 3636: 3634: 3632: 3623: 3619: 3615: 3611: 3607: 3603: 3599: 3595: 3591: 3584: 3576: 3572: 3568: 3564: 3560: 3556: 3551: 3546: 3542: 3538: 3531: 3529: 3521: 3515: 3508: 3502: 3495: 3491: 3487: 3486: 3481: 3477: 3472: 3464: 3458: 3454: 3450: 3443: 3441: 3432: 3428: 3424: 3420: 3413: 3405: 3401: 3397: 3393: 3389: 3385: 3378: 3376: 3367: 3363: 3359: 3355: 3351: 3347: 3346: 3338: 3330: 3326: 3322: 3318: 3314: 3310: 3309: 3301: 3299: 3297: 3288: 3284: 3280: 3276: 3272: 3268: 3267: 3262: 3256: 3248: 3244: 3240: 3236: 3232: 3228: 3224: 3220: 3213: 3205: 3198: 3190: 3183: 3175: 3168: 3160: 3153: 3145: 3138: 3130: 3126: 3122: 3118: 3114: 3110: 3106: 3102: 3095: 3093: 3077:on 2018-11-05 3076: 3072: 3068: 3067: 3062: 3058: 3054: 3048: 3040: 3036: 3032: 3028: 3024: 3020: 3013: 3005: 3001: 2997: 2993: 2989: 2985: 2978: 2970: 2966: 2962: 2958: 2954: 2950: 2946: 2942: 2939:(4): 93–102. 2938: 2934: 2927: 2920: 2914: 2912: 2903: 2899: 2895: 2891: 2887: 2883: 2879: 2872: 2859: 2853: 2849: 2845: 2841: 2837: 2830: 2822: 2818: 2814: 2810: 2803: 2795: 2789: 2785: 2778: 2765: 2759: 2755: 2751: 2747: 2743: 2736: 2728: 2724: 2720: 2716: 2712: 2708: 2704: 2696: 2688: 2684: 2680: 2676: 2672: 2668: 2664: 2657: 2644: 2638: 2633: 2628: 2624: 2620: 2613: 2611: 2602: 2596: 2592: 2585: 2583: 2581: 2579: 2577: 2568: 2564: 2560: 2554: 2550: 2549: 2541: 2533: 2527: 2523: 2516: 2508: 2501: 2499: 2490: 2484: 2480: 2473: 2471: 2469: 2464: 2453: 2450: 2448: 2445: 2443: 2440: 2438: 2435: 2433: 2430: 2428: 2425: 2423: 2420: 2418: 2415: 2413: 2410: 2408: 2405: 2403: 2400: 2398: 2395: 2393: 2390: 2388: 2385: 2383: 2380: 2378: 2375: 2373: 2370: 2368: 2365: 2363: 2360: 2358: 2355: 2353: 2350: 2348: 2347:Love and hate 2345: 2343: 2340: 2338: 2335: 2333: 2330: 2328: 2325: 2323: 2320: 2318: 2315: 2313: 2310: 2308: 2305: 2303: 2300: 2298: 2295: 2293: 2290: 2288: 2285: 2283: 2280: 2278: 2275: 2273: 2270: 2268: 2265: 2263: 2260: 2258: 2255: 2253: 2250: 2248: 2245: 2243: 2240: 2238: 2235: 2233: 2230: 2228: 2225: 2223: 2220: 2218: 2215: 2213: 2210: 2208: 2205: 2203: 2200: 2198: 2195: 2193: 2190: 2189: 2184: 2173: 2163: 2160: 2157: 2153: 2151: 2148: 2147: 2146: 2143: 2134: 2125: 2123: 2119: 2115: 2111: 2110:Schadenfreude 2107: 2103: 2099: 2095: 2090: 2088: 2083: 2079: 2074: 2071: 2067: 2063: 2053: 2050: 2046: 2041: 2037: 2032: 2030: 2026: 2022: 2018: 2014: 2010: 2006: 1996: 1994: 1990: 1986: 1982: 1978: 1974: 1972: 1968: 1964: 1960: 1952: 1947: 1943: 1941: 1937: 1931: 1929: 1925: 1918:Visualization 1915: 1907: 1904: 1900: 1896: 1895:exteroceptive 1892: 1891:interoceptive 1888: 1884: 1880: 1870: 1868: 1864: 1859: 1857: 1846: 1844: 1840: 1835: 1833: 1830:In the study 1823: 1814: 1812: 1804: 1801: 1798: 1795: 1792: 1789: 1788: 1787: 1785: 1776: 1773: 1769: 1766:In the study 1754: 1751: 1748: 1747: 1746: 1743: 1741: 1738: 1736: 1733: 1732: 1731: 1723: 1720: 1717: 1716: 1715: 1712: 1710: 1707: 1705: 1702: 1701: 1700: 1694: 1691: 1688: 1685: 1684: 1683: 1679: 1677: 1672: 1667: 1657: 1655: 1651: 1647: 1642: 1640: 1636: 1632: 1627: 1625: 1620: 1618: 1613: 1610: 1607:proposed the 1606: 1602: 1589: 1584: 1575: 1573: 1568: 1558: 1556: 1550: 1544:Communication 1541: 1539: 1535: 1531: 1527: 1523: 1519: 1515: 1510: 1506: 1497: 1495: 1491: 1486: 1484: 1479: 1477: 1472: 1468: 1464: 1455: 1446: 1443: 1439: 1434: 1425: 1423: 1419: 1409: 1407: 1403: 1399: 1398:ophidiophobia 1395: 1392:In the study 1390: 1388: 1384: 1380: 1376: 1372: 1371:psychotherapy 1365:Psychotherapy 1362: 1360: 1356: 1355:Meta-analysis 1352: 1348: 1343: 1339: 1335: 1330: 1327: 1323: 1319: 1304: 1302: 1297: 1292: 1289: 1285: 1275: 1273: 1263: 1261: 1255: 1253: 1239: 1235: 1232: 1228: 1227: 1226: 1220: 1217: 1214: 1213: 1212: 1210: 1206: 1196: 1192: 1190: 1186: 1185: 1171: 1167: 1163: 1158: 1149: 1145: 1143: 1138: 1136: 1131: 1127: 1125: 1121: 1120:mental stress 1115: 1105: 1103: 1099: 1097: 1091: 1089: 1086:In the study 1079: 1077: 1072: 1070: 1065: 1061: 1058: 1054: 1050: 1040: 1036: 1033: 1029: 1025: 1017: 1013: 1008: 1003: 993: 991: 987: 983: 979: 975: 971: 968:The study of 966: 964: 960: 956: 955: 949: 944: 934: 932: 928: 924: 914: 910: 906: 902: 900: 890: 888: 884: 880: 876: 870: 868: 864: 859: 857: 848: 845: 842: 839: 838: 837: 833: 830: 820: 812: 808: 807: 806: 794: 791: 788: 787: 786: 783: 773: 769: 766: 761: 757: 755: 751: 750:Sigmund Freud 747: 743: 739: 735: 731: 727: 723: 718: 716: 712: 708: 704: 695: 693: 689: 685: 681: 677: 673: 669: 665: 661: 660: 654: 651: 647: 643: 639: 635: 630: 626: 614: 609: 607: 602: 600: 595: 594: 592: 591: 586: 576: 575: 574: 573: 564: 561: 559: 556: 554: 551: 549: 546: 544: 541: 539: 538:Psychologists 536: 534: 531: 529: 528:Organizations 526: 524: 521: 519: 516: 515: 510: 505: 504: 497: 496:Psychometrics 494: 492: 489: 487: 484: 482: 479: 477: 474: 472: 469: 467: 464: 462: 459: 457: 456:Consciousness 454: 452: 449: 447: 444: 442: 439: 437: 434: 432: 429: 427: 424: 423: 417: 416: 407: 404: 402: 399: 397: 394: 392: 389: 387: 384: 382: 379: 377: 376:Psychotherapy 374: 372: 371:Psychometrics 369: 367: 364: 362: 359: 357: 354: 352: 349: 347: 344: 342: 339: 337: 334: 332: 329: 327: 324: 322: 319: 317: 314: 312: 309: 307: 304: 302: 299: 297: 294: 292: 289: 287: 284: 282: 279: 277: 274: 272: 269: 267: 264: 262: 259: 257: 254: 252: 249: 247: 244: 243: 238: 233: 232: 223: 220: 218: 215: 213: 210: 208: 205: 203: 200: 198: 195: 193: 190: 188: 185: 183: 180: 178: 175: 173: 170: 168: 165: 163: 160: 158: 155: 153: 150: 148: 145: 143: 142:Developmental 140: 138: 135: 133: 130: 128: 125: 121: 118: 117: 116: 113: 111: 107: 104: 102: 99: 97: 94: 92: 89: 87: 84: 82: 79: 77: 74: 73: 68: 63: 62: 57: 54: 52: 49: 47: 44: 43: 42: 41: 37: 33: 32: 29: 26: 25: 21: 20: 11712: 11647:South Africa 11634:Web brigades 11570:Cyberwarfare 11552:Useful idiot 11501:Soviet Union 11446:Fintas Group 11338:Global Times 11336: 11305:cyberwarfare 11066: 11059: 11052: 11045: 11039: 11031: 10998:Whataboutism 10993:Urban legend 10963:Quote mining 10656:Superstition 10579: 10435: / 10433:Phantom time 10372:"Pence Card" 10345: / 10339:Vietnam War 10304: 10265:Jade Helm 15 10206: / 10054: 9990:Dulles' Plan 9874:Andinia Plan 9849:Finland Plot 9835:South Korea 9829:Tallano gold 9825:Philippines 9656:Islamophobic 9609:Christian / 9585:Kalergi Plan 9575:Judeopolonia 9563:World War II 9555: 9541: 9535: / 9506:George Soros 9501:Epsilon Team 9476:Andinia Plan 9332:Lepers' plot 9286: / 9282: / 9274:turbo cancer 9160: / 9002:WTC collapse 8991:9/11 attacks 8947: 8940:Pearl Harbor 8926: 8917: 8732: 8725:Khamar-Daban 8695:Dyatlov Pass 8675: 8667:Mary Celeste 8666: 8565:Vince Foster 8451:Adolf Hitler 8315:Maury Island 8309:Dundy County 8281: 8272:Men in black 8254: 8242: / 8238: / 8193:Hollow Earth 8122:moral panics 8112:Manipulation 8086: 8004: / 8000: / 7983: 7545: 7456:(1): 64–67. 7453: 7449: 7414: 7410: 7394:. 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Retrieved 3075:the original 3070: 3064: 3047: 3025:(1): 64–67. 3022: 3018: 3012: 2987: 2983: 2977: 2936: 2932: 2926: 2918: 2885: 2881: 2871: 2861:, retrieved 2839: 2829: 2812: 2802: 2783: 2777: 2767:, retrieved 2745: 2735: 2710: 2706: 2695: 2670: 2666: 2656: 2646:, retrieved 2622: 2590: 2547: 2540: 2521: 2515: 2506: 2478: 2367:Moral injury 2257:Dissociation 2140: 2131: 2114:insular lobe 2109: 2102:self-concept 2093: 2091: 2077: 2075: 2061: 2059: 2040:self-concept 2033: 2024: 2023:, the study 2004: 2002: 1976: 1975: 1970: 1966: 1958: 1956: 1932: 1923: 1921: 1913: 1876: 1860: 1852: 1842: 1838: 1836: 1831: 1829: 1820: 1808: 1802: 1796: 1790: 1782: 1772:Jules Dupuit 1767: 1765: 1744: 1739: 1734: 1729: 1713: 1708: 1703: 1698: 1692: 1686: 1680: 1675: 1671:Fritz Heider 1669: 1653: 1645: 1643: 1639:self-concept 1630: 1628: 1621: 1616: 1614: 1600: 1598: 1587: 1564: 1551: 1547: 1522:Donald Trump 1511: 1507: 1503: 1494:minimisation 1489: 1487: 1480: 1461: 1452: 1435: 1431: 1415: 1405: 1393: 1391: 1386: 1368: 1331: 1321: 1315: 1307:Applications 1293: 1281: 1271: 1269: 1256: 1248: 1224: 1204: 1202: 1193: 1184:meat paradox 1182: 1180: 1168:reduced his 1146: 1141: 1139: 1134: 1132: 1128: 1123: 1117: 1101: 1100: 1095: 1092: 1087: 1085: 1075: 1073: 1068: 1066: 1062: 1048: 1046: 1037: 1023: 1021: 969: 967: 952: 950: 946: 920: 911: 907: 903: 896: 871: 862: 860: 852: 834: 826: 817: 803: 779: 770: 764: 762: 758: 742:B.F. Skinner 719: 701: 663: 657: 655: 628: 622: 481:Intelligence 212:Quantitative 177:Mathematical 172:Intelligence 162:Experimental 157:Evolutionary 147:Differential 11845:Yellow rain 11465:Philippines 11325:Spamouflage 11310:Little Pink 11164:Rothschilds 11154:Red mercury 10869:Gaslighting 10820:Lying press 10790:Doublespeak 10639:hate speech 10225:CIA and JFK 10204:"Obamagate" 10189:citizenship 10091:German Plot 9629:Popish Plot 9595:Rothschilds 9481:Blood libel 9468:Antisemitic 9404: [ 9284:Philippines 9121:Recruitment 8906:allegations 8885:Red mercury 8769:Joan of Arc 8762:Other cases 8703:(1950s–60s) 8649:John McAfee 8619:Hugo Chávez 8571:Kurt Cobain 8559:Turgut Özal 8555:(1980s–90s) 8535:Airey Neave 8493:Harold Holt 8433:Tom Thomson 8351:Gulf Breeze 8345:Ilkley Moor 8198:Hollow Moon 7969:Antiscience 7962:Core topics 7693:Prospection 7666:Imagination 7629:Forecasting 7609:Association 6316:(1): 7–16. 6149:10419/30503 6031:(1): 5–16. 5437:December 8, 4946:10419/70167 4240:. 27207840. 3480:Woodard, D. 3315:(1): 3–28. 2307:Gaslighting 2287:Doublethink 2277:Double bind 2267:Devaluation 2202:Antiprocess 2197:Ambivalence 1969:(2010) and 1903:overfitting 1791:Actual self 1530:voter fraud 1467:consumerism 1177:Meat-eating 1082:Free choice 963:proselytism 746:Jean Piaget 662:(1956) and 646:environment 523:Disciplines 396:Suicidology 291:Educational 246:Anomalistic 222:Theoretical 197:Personality 127:Comparative 110:Cognitivism 101:Behaviorism 12011:Categories 11972:PolitiFact 11900:Opposition 11776:Sandy Hook 11575:on Estonia 11509:Soviet era 11422:Team Jorge 11398:Godi-media 11159:Reptilians 11129:Illuminati 10988:Truthiness 10978:Social bot 10941:Propaganda 10874:Half-truth 10849:False flag 10629:Paranormal 10538:Li's field 10457:synarchism 10452:Illuminati 10447:Bilderberg 10319:Sandy Hook 10255:FEMA camps 10107:Lithuania 9942:Cairo fire 9914:Golpe Azul 9905:Venezuela 9870:Argentina 9722:Bangladesh 9684:Love jihad 9543:Żydokomuna 9486:Cohen Plan 9396:Freemasons 9259:Ivermectin 9249:Chemtrails 9244:Big Pharma 9220:Thiomersal 9087:gay agenda 9082:drag panic 9067:Anti-LGBTQ 8904:False flag 8547:Zia-ul-Haq 8541:Olof Palme 8363:Morristown 8327:Twin Falls 8283:Die Glocke 8249:Dulce Base 8203:Reptilians 8188:Flat Earth 8075:Psychology 8011:Conspiracy 7979:deep state 7874:Mental set 7753:Peripheral 7703:Perception 7686:strategies 7532:Audio help 7523:2019-12-07 7396:3 December 7389:McLeod S. 6702:NeuroImage 6050:2010-02-08 5866:1906281562 5860:(Thesis). 5498:2019-03-31 5407:2017-12-08 5396:Wright D. 5303:2019-03-31 5276:2021-10-08 5149:: 307–315. 5078:2023-04-14 4344:: 126845. 4262:2019-10-17 3692:(1): 694. 3485:Five Years 3476:Kracht, C. 3081:5 November 2863:2024-03-03 2769:2024-03-03 2648:2024-03-29 2623:Psychology 2459:References 2372:Motivation 2337:Liminality 2092:The study 1922:The study 1856:real world 1803:Ought self 1797:Ideal self 1650:self-image 1644:The study 1512:After the 1488:The study 1329:a reward. 1318:motivation 1301:hippodrome 1203:The study 1140:The study 1000:See also: 984:, was the 879:aggression 730:Kurt Lewin 713:, and the 672:real world 625:psychology 451:Competence 316:Humanistic 296:Ergonomics 281:Counseling 256:Assessment 192:Perception 152:Ecological 28:Psychology 12057:Hypocrisy 12052:Deception 12037:Cognition 11967:NewsGuard 11962:Logically 11957:Full Fact 11854:Venezuela 11788:Fake news 11676:AK Trolls 11367:Funkspiel 10889:Infodemic 10805:Fake news 10780:Denialism 10775:Deception 10634:Prejudice 10528:Bielefeld 10516:Satirical 10474:Pseudolaw 10367:Italygate 10306:incidents 10280:Pizzagate 10199:parentage 10111:Statesmen 10033:Ergenekon 9967:Pallywood 9937:10 agorot 9845:Thailand 9819:Jinnahpur 9815:Pakistan 9742:Holodomor 9732:Cambodian 9239:Aspartame 9148:GamerGate 9109:Homintern 9077:Chemicals 8927:Lusitania 8853:Agenda 21 8787:Jonestown 8777:(1948–54) 8625:Seth Rich 8517:Aldo Moro 8353:(1987–88) 8277:Nazi UFOs 8102:Denialism 8031:Espionage 8021:Deception 7849:Intention 7834:Attention 7768:Harmonics 7721:RGB model 7671:Intuition 7641:Foresight 7634:affective 7614:Awareness 7601:Cognition 7335:0020-8183 7181:CiteSeerX 7053:0036-8733 6829:CiteSeerX 6318:CiteSeerX 6157:142543205 6135:: 83–94. 6077:CiteSeerX 5948:CiteSeerX 5615:CiteSeerX 5271:study.com 5253:218467672 5212:144959165 5121:1939-1315 5043:238584894 5035:0197-3533 4883:144660031 4869:: 71–78. 4848:144075668 4813:145324262 4366:225297238 4358:1618-8667 4180:145339463 4142:. 104511. 4140:207936313 3998:CiteSeerX 3953:CiteSeerX 3650:CiteSeerX 3614:0096-851X 3545:CiteSeerX 3404:220378435 3366:146427447 3287:148208494 3261:Zillman D 3107:: 42–54. 3057:Aronson E 3039:147152501 2902:0018-7267 2821:304970757 2727:1089-2680 2687:0018-7267 2392:Psychosis 2332:Integrity 2262:Duck test 1605:Daryl Bem 1528:, citing 1518:Joe Biden 1422:prejudice 1312:Education 1260:vandalism 1252:littering 1245:Littering 1231:socialize 1016:snake oil 917:Paradigms 875:curiosity 823:Reduction 772:believe. 446:Cognition 361:Political 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10208:Spygate 10137:Sweden 9963:Israel 9880:Canada 9752:Rwandan 9747:Nanjing 9727:Bosnian 9674:Eurabia 9634:Vatican 9624:Jesuits 9419:(1940s) 9337:Medbeds 9162:Gaylors 9158:Larries 8993:(2001) 8948:Liberty 8733:Estonia 8676:Titanic 8406:suicide 8321:Roswell 8226:Area 51 8056:Secrecy 7813:Storage 7681:methods 7521: ( 7492:minutes 7470:1250871 7432:3150852 7158:1395301 7033:Bibcode 6776:8137723 6730:9700855 6671:2675705 6628:1753122 6571:6262368 6440:2024700 6259:3196841 6210:3009797 6187:Bibcode 5970:3615707 5699:4833431 5637:5342882 4614:3909609 4550:5645589 4506:4797953 4409:6606644 4303:4009366 4079:3150852 3990:Bibcode 3982:Science 3927:2010940 3910:5443401 3840:8764837 3750:Bibcode 3742:Science 3715:3457076 3694:Bibcode 3490:Hanover 2984:Science 2941:Bibcode 2122:empathy 2013:emotion 1735:P = you 1704:P = you 1624:arousal 1383:therapy 1199:Smoking 1170:anxiety 1047:In the 1022:In the 986:Messiah 923:beliefs 829:reality 782:reality 698:Founder 676:justify 638:beliefs 533:Outline 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