Coinage of India - Knowledge

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smallest weight), etc. This weight system seems to have been replicated in the earliest Indian coins. The Masha coins were quarter Karshapanas, karshapanas themselves being the quarter value of Karsha (13.7 gram, 128 ratti) or 32 ratti which is the same as the regular weight used in the Indus Valley civilization, This standard (of 32 rattis) has been declared as Purana or Dharana by Kautilya. The Karsha weight differed based on the differing values of mashas, for instance arthashastra mentions a masha equal to 5 ratti as opposed to 8 ratti mashas which is described as the prevalent standard during Kautilya's time. The Gandharan quarter svarna coins conform to a different 5 ratti mashas system mentioned in the

5896:, pp. 56–57: "In the same hoard there were also discovered two series of local silver coins which appear to be the product of the local Achaemenid administration. One series (no. 8) was made in the same way as the Greek coins in the hoard, but with novel designs of local origin, and the other (no. 9) had similar local design but made in a new way, which relates it to the silver punch-marked coins of India. It appears that it was these local coins, using technology adapted from Greek coins, which provided the prototypes for punch-marked coins, the earliest coins made in India." NB: Series No.8 refers to the cup-shaped coins, series no. 9 refers to the bent-bar punch-marked coins presented in this article. 3597:

strike square copper coins of the Indian type, with a legend in Greek on the obverse, and in Kharoshthi on the reverse. Copper coins, square for the most part, are very numerous. The devices are almost entirely Greek, and must have been engraved by Greeks, or Indians trained in the Greek traditions. The rare gold staters and the splendid tetradrachms of Bactria disappear. The silver coins of the Indo-Greeks, as these later princes may conveniently be called, are the didrachm and the hemidrachm. With the exception of certain square hemidrachms of Apollodotos and Philoxenos, they are all round, are struck to the Persian (or Indian) standard, and all have inscriptions in both Greek and Kharoshthi characters.

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Chandragupta II and was more original in design. Eight out of the nine types known to have been struck by him have a figure of Garuda and the name of the King on it. The gradual deterioration in design and execution of the gold coins and the disappearance of silver money, bear ample evidence to their curtailed territory. The percentage of gold in Indian coins under the reign of Gupta rulers showed a steady financial decline over the centuries as it decreases from 90% pure gold under

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1862 and had significant changes - East India Company was replaced by 'India'. The image of Queen Victoria was also changed, shown in a regal robe with a crown. In 1877, Victoria was declared the Empress of India - and her title on Indian coins changed as a result. This last design continued till 1938, with only the image of the ruler changing. Over this entire period, the weight of the Indian rupee and its purity remained constant at 11.66 grams and 91.7% respectively.

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pattern of naming the Mughal emperor Shah Alam II, distinguishing themselves only by the placement of an extra mark or letter to indicate the issuer. After 1857, the designs were changed and coins were issued in the name of the Gaekwads. The legends on these coins were still in Persian and the coins themselves were still hand- struck. Later Nagari legends and different designs were introduced and milled coins featuring the portrait of the Gaekwad were issued.

4406: 2976:(1936), asserted "the idea of a coinage came to India in the late fifth or early fourth century B. C. from Achaemenid territory, conjecturing that the bent bar or wheel-marked coins "were struck on a Persian standard and represented double sigloi or staters....". Arguing no evidence coinage, in India, exists before the Nanda period, with the earliest finds from: Golakpur, Paila, and Set Mahet indicating the region in which local punch-marked coins originated. 4452: 4101:

single digits, separate symbols representing two-digit multiples of ten, such as 20, 30, 40, and so on, and further separate symbols representing three-digit numbers such as 100, 200, etc. Thus a number like 123 was written as 100-20-3. But the Eastern Ganga coins were written using the symbols for the single digits, with the position of the number indicating the value such as tens or hundreds, thus effectively using the Zero-place holder system.

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marked coins based on their remarkable similarity and identity between D-class weights. The remarkable similarities between Punch marked coin symbols with those appearing in the Indus seals have also been highlighted. Chalcolithic unmarked gold disc discovered from Eran have been dated to 1000 BC and due to their lack of ornamental use, it has been proposed that it was utilized as an object of money A similar gold token piece from

5884:, pp. 57–59: "The most important and informative of these hoards is the Chaman Hazouri hoard from Kabul discovered in 1933, which contained royal Achaemenid sigloi from the western part of the Achaemenid Empire, together with a large number of Greek coins dating from the fifth and early fourth century BC, including a local imitation of an Athenian tetradrachm, all apparently taken from circulation in the region." 4946: 4567:, actually makes it clear that Akbar's decisions to mint the Alf coins and commission the Tarikh-i-Alfi were based on a new communication and interpretation of the terminal dates of the Islamic millennium. What the evidence doesn't explain is the source of the idea as well as the reason for persisting with the same date on the imperial coinage even after the critical year had passed. 2956:“The punch-marked bars were up to now considered to be Indian (...) However the weight standard is considered by some expert to be Persian, and now that we see them also being uncovered in the soil of Afghanistan, we must take into account the possibility that their country of origin should not be sought beyond the Indus, but rather in the oriental provinces of the Achaemenid Empire" 4192: 3901:, the real founder of the Gupta Empire had coinage made of gold only. There were seven different varieties of coins that appeared during his reign. Out of them the archer type is the most common and characteristic type of the Gupta dynasty coins, which were struck by at least eight succeeding kings and was a standard type in the kingdom. 3367: 3669:, and the tip of the Indian peninsular in Southern India. Large hoards of Roman coins have been found and especially in the busy maritime trading centers of South India. The South Indian kings reissued Roman-like coinage in their own name, either producing their own copies or defacing real ones in order to signify their sovereignty. 4524:(r. 1556–1605) to illustrate and project a particular view of time, religion, and political supremacy being fundamental and co-existing in nature. Coins constitute part of the evidence that project the transmission of religious and political ideas in the last quarter of the 16th century.The word 'Alf' refers to the millennium. 3996: 4559:

principles of Islam and to institute new regulations, obsolete and corrupt but considered precious by his pernicious beliefs. The first order, which was given to write the date Alf on coins (Dar Sikka tank half Navisand) and to write the Tarikh-i-Alfi from the demise (Rihlat) of the prophet (Badauni II: 301).

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An interesting aspect of the Eastern Ganga coin dates is that these coins may be the earliest Hindu coins using decimal numbers for dating. Earlier dated coins, such as those of the Western Satraps, the Guptas etc., used the old Brahmic numbering system with separate symbols representing each of the

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princes's ruling in Hindustan and Central India were usually of gold, copper or billon, very rarely silver. These coins had the familiar goddess of wealth, Lakshmi on the obverse. In these coins, the Goddess was shown with four arms than the usual two arms of the Gupta coins; the reverse carried the

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period whose era begins from 200 BCE to 400 CE, a new kind of the coins of two dynasties were very popular in circulation in various parts of the then India and parts of central and northern South Asia (Sogdiana, Bactria, Arachosia, Gandhara, Sindh, Kashmir, Punjab, Haryana, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh

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Uniform coinage was introduced in India by the British in 1835, with coins in the name of the East India Company, bearing the image of William IIII. In 1840, these were replaced by coins with an image of Queen Victoria, but the design otherwise remained the same. The next set of coins was minted in

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Maues, whose coins are found only in the Punjab, was the first king of what may be called the Azes group of princes. His silver is not plentiful; the finest type is that with a "biga" (two-horsed chariot) on the obverse, and this type belongs to a square Hemi drachm, the only square aka silver coin

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kings introduced Greek types, and among them the portrait head, into the Indian coinage, and their example was followed for eight centuries. Every coin has some mark of authority in it, this is what known as "types". It appears on every Greek and Roman coin. Demetrios was the first Bactrian king to

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has a primitive human figure on obverse and striations on reverse and may recall striated coins of Lydia and Ionia in 700 BC may well be dated before the punch marked coins of ancient India. Cast copper coins along with punch marked coins are the earliest examples of coinage in India, archaeologist

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Cunningham (1891) asserts that ancient India had an abundance of gold but little silver. The gold to silver ratio in India was 10 to 1 or 8 to 1. In contrast, in the neighbouring Persia, it was 13 to 1. This value differential would have incentivised the exchange of gold for silver, resulting in an

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Gaekwads were officers in the Peshwa army. They proved their skills in the battlefield and rose to become generals. After the Marathas empire weakened Baroda became a semi independent state. The first coins issued by the Gaekwads were issued by Manaji Rao (r. 1789–93) and they followed the Maratha

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The Marathas became powerful under leadership of Chatrapati Maharaj Shivaji who ascended to throne in 1674. The Marathas became very powerful and controlled vast territory of the Indian subcontinent by the early eighteenth century. The Marathas issued Shivrai coins. The obverse of the coin had the

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In other words, power was by nature declarative from the point of view of its intelligibility and comprehensibility to the audience and required modes of communication to take effect by means of which sovereign power was articulated in the 16th century India. An examination was done of a series of

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as do the copper punch marked coins (80 ratti, 146 grain, 9.46 gram). A shatamana (lit. 100 units) weight system has been first mentioned in Satapatha Brahmana which is equal to 100 krishnalas, each krishnala being equal to one ratti. The weight of the ancient Indian silver Karshapana and satamana

4545:

The order was a major departure and extremely unconventional and eccentric from the norm of striking coins in medieval India. Till the advent of Alf, all gold and silver coins had been stuck with figure of the current hijri year. Akbar's courtier and critic, Abdul Badani, presents and explains in

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have been used as a base unit for the measurement of mass in the Indus Valley civilization, the smallest weight of Indus was equal to 8 rattis (0.856 gram) and the binary system was used for the multiple of weights for instance 1:2:4:8:16:32, the 16th ratio being the standard regular weight (16 ×

2703:

may have used metals of fixed weights such as silver for trade activities which is evident from the DK area of Mohenjo Daro from the late Harappan period (dated 1900–1800 BC or 1750 BC). D.D Kosambi proposed a connection between Mohenjodaro class IV silver pieces and class D pieces with the Punch

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would last was now over, and nothing prevented him from articulating the desires he so secretly held in his heart, and the space became empty of the theologians (ulema) and mystics (mashaikh) who had carried awe and dignity and no need was felt for them: he felt himself at liberty to refute the

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of 3.4 g. The Varaha was also called the Hon, Gadyana or a Pon and came in the Ghattivaraha, Doddavaraha and Suddhavaraha coin. In the gold issue, the different coins came in Varaha, this is used as a reference for the other coins values. There were also other units of silver and copper based on

3312:

coins are probably the earliest die-struck figurative coins from ancient India from 450 to 300 BCE which are also perhaps the earliest source of Hindu representational forms. Most coins from Surashtra are approximately 1 gram in weight. Rajgor believes they are therefore quarter karshapanas of 8

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felt that this step was taken by Tughluq as he wanted to annex all the inhabited areas of the world for which a treasury was required to pay the army. Barani had also written that the sultan's treasury had been exhausted by his action of giving rewards and gifts in gold. This experiment failed,

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The coins of the Chola Empire bear similarities with other South Indian dynastic issue coins. Chola coins invariable display a tiger crest. The appearance of the fish and bow on Chola issue coins that were emblems associated with the Pandyas and Cheras respectively suggests successful political

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The coins appear to be uniface, in that there is a single die-struck symbol on one side. However, most of the coins appear to be overstruck over other Surashtra coins and thus there is often the remnant of a previous symbol on the reverse, as well as sometimes under the obverse symbol as well.

2708:

has also been interpreted as a coin, it is hammered on the edges and bears parallel marks, although weighing 14 grams, a quarter of the piece is missing hence its full weight of 21 grams would conform to the ancient coinage weight standards of India and confirm the vedic literary references of

3904:

The silver coinage of Guptas starts with the overthrow of the Western Satraps by Chandragupta II. Kumaragupta and Skandagupta continued with the old type of coins (the Garuda and the Peacock types) and also introduced some other new types. The copper coinage was mostly confined to the era of

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for coinage, which involved the use of two metals, copper and silver, under one government. The Mauryan rule also saw a steady emergence of inscribed copper coins in India as evidenced by Tripuri coins in Ashokan brahmi script and various pre Satavahana coins dated 3rd-2nd century BC in

3793:'s copper coinage which was more varied; on the reverse, as on Kanishka's copper, there was always one of the numerous deities; on the obverse the king was portrayed (1) riding on an elephant, or (2) reclining on a couch, or (3) seated cross-legged, or (4) seated with arms raised. 3892:

The splendid gold coinage of Guptas, with its many types and infinite varieties and its inscriptions in Sanskrit, are the finest examples of the purely Indian art that we possess. Their era starts from around 320 with Chandragupta I's accession to the throne. Son of

2628:. A variety of earliest Indian coins, however, unlike those circulated in West Asia, were stamped bars of metal, suggesting that the innovation of stamped currency was added to a pre-existing form of token currency which had already been present in the Janapadas and 4093:(for samvat, which means year) flanked by elephant goads or an elephant goad with a battle axe, along with a number below, which depicts the regnal year(anka year) of the reigning monarch. Some coins also carry the legend śrī rāma on the reverse above the letter 3337:

Uninscribed die struck coins appeared around 4th century BC in Taxila and Ujjain. These coins were mostly in copper and rarely in silver, the metal dies were cast carefully with the required designs. These coins had some symbols similar to Punch marked coins.

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were based on a relationship and association of power by which the supreme ruler, especially a monarch was able to influence the actions of the subjects. In order for the relationship to work, it had to be expressed and communicated in the best possible

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coinage; it first appears in a slightly different form on coins of the Indo-Greek Hippostratos; the Gupta kings adopted it for their "horseman" type, and it reappears in Medieval India on the coins of numerous Hindu kingdoms until the 14th century CE.

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to 1202 CE. Typically, the bust of the king on the obverse is highly simplified and geometric, and the design of the fire altar, with or without the two attendants, appears as a geometrical motif on the reverse of this type of coinage.

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produced large numbers of gold coins depicting the Gupta kings performing various rituals, as well as silver coins clearly influenced by those of the earlier Western Satraps by Chandragupta II. The standard gold coin was the 8g Dīnāra

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was created. According to Hardaker, T.R. the origin of Indian coins can be placed at 575 BCE and according to P.L. Gupta in the seventh century BCE, proposals for its origins range from 1000 BCE to 500 BCE. According to Page. E,

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period, while some date it to 500 BC and some date them to pre NBPW end of 7th century BC. Archaeological excavations have revealed these coins both from PMC and pre PMC era. The dating of these coins remain a controversy.

3769:" (staff of the god Hermes) on the reverse are imitated from a round copper coin of Demetrius. On another copper square coin of Maues the king is represented on horseback. This striking device is characteristic both of the 3789:'s copper coinage which came into the scene during 100–200 CE was of two types: one had the usual "standing king" obverse, and on the rarer second type the king is sitting on a throne. At about the same time there was 4610:

inscription ' Sri Raja Shiv' in devanagari. The reverse of the coin had 'Chatrapati' in devanagari. The coins were issued in copper for the masses. Very few gold coins known as Shivrai hon were also issued.

6668:"The Indo-Sassanian coins, also termed as Gadahiya and circulated from 600 to 1200 A.D., are found in good numbers from Ahmadahad, Banaskantha, Bhavanagar, Junagarh, Kaira, Kutch, Mehsana, of Gujarat." in 3647:

from our empire per annum at a conservative estimate: that is what our luxuries and women cost us. For what percentage of these imports is intended for sacrifices to the gods or the spirits of the dead? -

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On 26 January 1950, India became a sovereign republic. This series was introduced on 15 August 1950 and represented the first coinage of Republic India. The British monarch's portrait was replaced by the

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The study of the relative chronology of these coins has successfully established that the first punch-marked coins initially only had one or two punches, with the number of punches increasing over time.

54: 3425:, mentions minting of coins but also indicates that the violation of the Imperial Maurya standards by private enterprises may have been an offence. Kautilya also seemed to advocate a theory of 3293:

were replaced at the fall of the Maurya Empire by cast, die-struck coins. The coin devices are Indian, but it is thought that this coin technology was introduced from the West, either from the

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also considers that punch-marked bars, similar to the many punch-marked bars found in northwestern India, initially originated in the Achaemenid Empire, rather than in the Indian heartland:

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The Eastern Ganga coinage consisted of gold fanams. The obverse typically depicts a couchant bull along with other symbols. The reverse features a symbol which represents the letter

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began to increasingly influence coins from other regions of India by the 1st century BCE. By this time a large number of tribes, dynasties and kingdoms began issuing their coins;

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issued coins with the images of various zodiac signs to illustrate the date as well as portraits of himself with a cup of wine in his hand. This was resented by the clergy, as

7196: 3111:/490-485/0 BCE, together with a number of local types as well as silver cast ingots. The Athens coin is the earliest known example of its type to be found so far to the east. 4879: 2864:

was equal to 8 rattis and were the bases for the weight standards for the first Indian coins in the seventh century BC. Ratti and is still used in India as Jewellers weight.

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origin of the PMC coins, this was also supported by C.W King. Princep later admitted that due to the archaic nature of PMC, they were older than the Greo-Bactrian coinage.

2056: 3463: 3254: 4745: 3350:. Besides svarna being a term for gold coins (called Svarna Rupa), it was also a weight standard which replaced Purana or Dharana in ancient India. According to 3233:

of a standard weight but with an irregular shape. This was gained by cutting up silver bars and then making the correct weight by cutting the edges of the coin.

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paid the revenue in brass and copper coins and also used the same coins to purchase arms and horses. As a result, the value of coins decreased and, as said by

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Akbar, ultimately and more importantly, commanded Alf to be imprinted on the coins in 990 hijri (1582 CE ), or ten years before the date (1000 hijri) was due.

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karshapanas. Circa 525–465 BC. Average diameter 25 mm, average weight 2.70 gram. Each piece with a variety of separate punch-marks applied to both sides.

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Investigating the introduction of coinage in India- a review of recent research, Journal of the Numismatic Society of India xlv (Varanasi 1983), pp.95-101

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circulation of gold tokens in that period. Similar interpretations have been made regarding the use of silver circular objects from the Gungeria hoard.

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by the Sakas in 135 BCE there must have been considerable intercourse sometimes of a friendly, sometimes of a hostile character, between them and the

1966: 3276:

based on his analysis from Kausambi dates them to pre Punched Marked Coins (PMC) era between 855 and 815 BC on the basis of obtaining them from pre

7375: 2026: 6920:; Cribb, Joe (1992), "Coins illustrating the History of the Crossroads of Asia", in Errington, Elizabeth; Cribb, Joe; Claringbull, Maggie (eds.), 4895: 4831: 2090: 1996: 4673: 4439:

around it. The reverse had the king's name and titles along with the date in the Hijri era and the name of the minting town. Babur's successor

7182: 4281:". During his time, most of the Hindu citizens were goldsmiths and hence they knew how to make coins. In the rural areas, officials like the 4135: 2006: 5923: 4554:

And having thus convinced himself that the thousand years from the prophethood of the apostle (B'isat I Paighambar) the duration for which

3635:, used for this trade, was apparently being recycled by the Kushan empire for their own coinage. In the 1st century CE, the Roman writer 2979:

James Kennedy (1898), the PMC were copied form Babylonian originals as a result of trade between India and Babylon in the 6th century BC.

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Some bilingual silver jitals were issued by the Ghaznavids from Lahore included both Arabic and Sanskrit inscriptions, with Sanskrit in

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The weight standard of the Gandharan, Shatamana, Bent Bar coins is asserted, by like of Cribb, Allan, and Schlumberger, as twice the

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The Western origins hypothesis had previously been proposed before any serious attempts were made in the study of PMC coins such as:

5575: 2902:, are bent silver bars, in the North West of the sub-continent, and consistent with those found in Iran, from the 7th century BCE 7205: 3022: 2872: 6386: 4714:

often had the names or insignia of the reigning monarch in English. The reverse features inscriptions in the native language of

3035: 2802:'s grammar text indicates that these terms continued to be used into the historical period. He mentions that something worth a 6003: 7061: 7036: 6948: 6931: 6830: 6794: 6423: 6396: 6234: 5585: 5351: 5238: 5191: 2587: 6086: 5624:

Dhavalikar, M. K. (1975), "The beginning of coinage in India", World Archaeology, 6 (3): 330-338, Taylor & Francis, Ltd.

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Reddy, Deme Raja (2014). "The Emergence and Spread of Coins in Ancient India". In Bernholz, Peter; Vaubel, Roland (eds.).

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Ebbs and Flows of Ancient Imperial Power, 3000 BC-AD 900: A Short History of Ancient Religion, War, Prosperity, and Debt

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came to be used as the name for a silver coin of a standard weight of 178 grains, which was the precursor of the modern

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There is evidence of countable units of precious metal being used for exchange from the Vedic period onwards. A term

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The early history of India: from 600 B.C. to the Muhammadan conquest, including the invasion of Alexander the Great

3587: 6916: 5893: 5881: 4978: 4226:) translates to 'Second Alexander' in recognition of his military success. His coins omitted the mention of the 4081:

Nagari legend. The seated bull and horseman were almost invariable devices on Rajput copper and bullion coins.

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Coin Production and Circulation in Central Asia and North-West India (Before and after Alexander's Conquest)

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Coin Production and Circulation in Central Asia and North-West India (Before and after Alexander's Conquest)

3277: 2918: 2347: 410: 5178:. Financial and Monetary Policy Studies. Vol. 39. Springer International Publishing. pp. 53–77. 7566: 6923:

The Crossroads of Asia: transformation in image and symbol in the art of ancient Afghanistan and Pakistan

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Recent Perspectives of Early Indian History Book Review Trust, New Delhi, Popular Prakashan, 1995, p.151

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The Crossroads of Asia: transformation in image and symbol in the art of ancient Afghanistan and Pakistan

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brevity the motive for these unconventional decisions while describing the events that took place in 990

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was one of the few queens regnant in the history of India, and thus one of the few women to issue coins.

2796:. All these units referred to gold currency in some form but they were later adopted to silver currency. 2372: 2305: 2256: 2198: 2011: 1881: 6287: 5604: 3162:

findings indicate coin circulation towards the end of 7th century BC. It is also noted that some of the

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This article is about the history of coinage in India. For the coinage of the Republic of India, see

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The Dynastic Arts of the Kushans, by John M. Rosenfield, University of California Press, 1967 p.135

6200:. The department of ancient history cultureand Archaeology, University of Allahabad. pp. 80–81. 5213: 4538:

era) as is traditionally believed, the expression adopted for it (Alf) was unorthodox and eccentric.

4055: 7365: 7054:

Recording the Progress of Indian History: Symposia Papers of the Indian History Congress, 1992–2010

5230:

Recording the Progress of Indian History: Symposia Papers of the Indian History Congress, 1992-2010

2973: 2948:, the earliest coins developed in India, which used minting technology derived from Greek coinage. 1916: 830: 670: 7561: 7433: 7360: 6974: 5927: 4983: 3652: 3469:

Silver punch mark coin of the Maurya empire, with symbols of wheel and elephant. 3rd century BCE.

3386:"Bent bar" Shatamana coin according to some experts were minted under Achaemenid administration, 2300: 2137: 2021: 1986: 1821: 1601: 1150: 702: 631: 3927:

There is a whole category of Indian coins, in the "Indo-Sassanian style", also sometimes called

2944:(2003), a "marriage between Greek coinage and Iranian bar currency" was at the origin of Indian 2607:

began anywhere between early 1st millennium BCE to the 6th century BCE, and consisted mainly of

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Kumar, Krishna (1992). "The Silver Plates of the Gungeria Hoard: Their Monetary Significance".

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of Mahmud of Ghazni with bilingual Arabic and Sanskrit minted in Lahore 1028. Legend – verse:

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Sometime around 600BC in the lower Ganges valley in eastern India a coin called a punchmarked

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coins from the 5th and 4th centuries BCE were circulating in the area, at least as far as the

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indicating post 5th century BCE dates. According to some scholars minted coins spread to the

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coins can be the oldest ones from the Indian Subcontinent dating back to 7th century BC and

2880:. According to the British Museum, the first coins in South Asia were issued in Afghanistan 7370: 7297: 7255: 7219: 6970: 5543: 4963: 4348: 4243: 3058: 2998: 2573: 2107: 2051: 1906: 1891: 1836: 1477: 5555: 5528: 8: 7542: 7451: 7355: 7350: 7168: 6917: 6491:"The Geography of Strabo published in Vol. I of the Loeb Classical Library edition, 1917" 4602: 4527:

The following are the extraordinary decisions, though bizarre, were taken by King Akbar.

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had previously been used as a generic term for any silver coin, during his rule the term

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stories and lasted three centuries longer in the south than the north (600 BCE – 300 CE).

3214: 3198: 3177: 2961: 2949: 2930: 2926: 2857: 2799: 2772:, literally a quarter, would have been a quarter of some standard weight. A unit called 2290: 2242: 1831: 1559: 1406: 1100: 1080: 492: 440: 4624: 3313:

rattis, or 0.93 gm. Mashakas of 2 rattis and double mashakas of 4 rattis are also known.

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India: An Archaeological History: Palaeolithic Beginnings to Early Historic Foundations

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Bopearachchi & Cribb, Coins illustrating the History of the Crossroads of Asia 1992

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Bopearachchi & Cribb, Coins illustrating the History of the Crossroads of Asia 1992

5840: 5801: 5719: 5663: 5503: 5495: 5452: 5409: 5322: 5314: 5271: 5201: 4886: 4750: 4719: 4629: 4579: 4463:

The system of tri-metalism which came to characterize Mughal coinage was introduced by

4436: 3601: 3290: 3174:'s time were minting coins both made of silver and copper with their own marks on them. 3136: 3026: 2994: 2945: 2892: 2781: 2548: 2436: 2249: 2174: 2036: 1896: 1876: 1521: 1130: 1040: 810: 800: 733: 682: 388: 304: 3582:

Elephant and Greek legend ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ ΑΠΟΛΛΟΔΟΤΟΥ ΣΩΤΗΡΟΣ, "of Saviour King Apollodotus".

7476: 7423: 7143: 7110: 7074: 7057: 7032: 7014: 6988: 6959: 6944: 6927: 6906: 6884: 6826: 6726: 6722:

A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century

6649: 6565: 6419: 6392: 6257: 6230: 6226:

A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century

6121: 6094: 6035: 5958: 5832: 5793: 5723: 5711: 5655: 5581: 5507: 5487: 5444: 5401: 5347: 5326: 5306: 5289:

Fábri, C. L. (1935). "The Punch-Marked Coins: A Survival of the Indus Civilization".

5263: 5234: 5187: 4870: 4767: 4682: 4594: 4334: 4227: 4045:

style bust right; pellets and ornaments around / Stylised fire altar; pellets around.

4030: 4002: 3944: 3878: 3870: 3854: 3415:

coins were punch marked with the royal standard to ascertain their authenticity. The

3294: 3268: 3006: 2722: 2705: 2325: 2295: 2285: 2167: 2046: 2016: 1926: 1921: 1866: 1811: 1641: 1531: 1510: 1466: 1436: 1140: 1070: 1060: 1030: 512: 474: 354: 106: 4534:

If the intention was to refer to the year 1000 (yak hazar) of the Islamic calendar (

3832: 7538: 7526: 7491: 7408: 7333: 7328: 6706: 6687: 6438: 6352: 6007: 5869: 5851: 5703: 5647: 5479: 5436: 5393: 5298: 5179: 4754: 4711: 4695: 4535: 4034: 3948: 3932: 3765:

known. His most common copper coins, with an elephant's head on the obverse and a "

3711:"the Satrap Rajuvula whose discus is irresistible".The coins are derived from the 3147: 2633: 2603: 2404: 2389: 2270: 2041: 1946: 1931: 1886: 1871: 1856: 1826: 1721: 1416: 1200: 1110: 989: 979: 932: 861: 840: 430: 420: 259: 194: 58:

Silver Tanka and Rupee coins from different sultanates and princely states of India

6798: 5707: 4068:

conquest of these powers as well as co-option of existing coin issuing practices.

3559: 3039:

Punch-marked coin minted in the Kabul Valley under the Achaemenid administration.

7471: 7403: 7287: 7229: 7045: 6976:

Coins of Ancient India: From the Earliest Times Down to the Seventh Century A. D.

6921: 6720: 6670: 6559: 6180: 6142: 6031:

Coins of Ancient India: From the Earliest Times Down to the Seventh Century A. D.

5952: 5951:

Errington, Elizabeth; Trust, Ancient India and Iran; Museum, Fitzwilliam (1992).

5368: 5254:

Chattopadhyaya, B. D. (2008). "D D Kosambi and the Study of Early Indian Coins".

4958: 4267: 4203: 4196: 3837: 3817: 3812: 3758: 3686: 3666: 3636: 3316: 2917:

in the South and East of India is later than the North West, and coeval with the

2641: 2424: 2367: 1499: 1488: 1446: 1426: 1344: 1311: 892: 820: 780: 692: 652: 614: 532: 6299: 5183: 5118: 5105: 2997:

weight and hence represent the Persian weight standards. Other scholars such as

2127: 37: 7413: 7292: 7272: 7267: 7174: 7127: 6645:

Negotiating Cultural Identity: Landscapes in Early Medieval South Asian History

6592: 5521: 5131: 5075: 5036: 4806: 4633: 4598: 4496: 4464: 4456: 4288: 4159: 4060: 4042: 4038: 3906: 3894: 3825: 3741: 3412: 3171: 3074: 2877: 2645: 2527: 2399: 2382: 2377: 2330: 2225: 1709: 1661: 1355: 1333: 1301: 1279: 1240: 1170: 1160: 1020: 753: 563: 65: 6617: 6533: 6325:

Coins of Ancient India from the Earliest Times Down to the Seventh Century A.D

6087:"Response to 'Punched marked coins - approaches to new research' by Joe Cribb" 5636:"A Hoard of Ingot-Currency of the Median Period from Nūsh-i Jān, near Malayir" 5483: 5302: 5049: 3545:. Greek legend ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ ΑΝΙΚΗΤΟΥ ΦΙΛΟΞΕΝΟΥ "Of the Invincible King Philoxenus" 3366: 7555: 7506: 7149: 5836: 5797: 5715: 5659: 5491: 5448: 5405: 5310: 5267: 5088: 4678: 4366: 4180: 3683: 3609: 3564: 3438: 3304: 3194: 3114: 2982: 2922: 2629: 2232: 1631: 1571: 1396: 790: 743: 723: 597: 580: 542: 522: 457: 241: 231: 221: 164: 44: 7044: 5549: 3639:

complained about the vast sums of money leaving the Roman empire for India:

3241: 7521: 7501: 7391: 7024: 5561: 5537: 5062: 4968: 4950: 4938: 4854: 4838: 4822: 4395: 4319: 4304: 3898: 3849: 3841: 3821: 3613: 3417: 3355: 3351: 3273: 3090: 3066: 3002: 2841:

to mean a piece of precious metal (typically silver) used as a coin, and a

2793: 2727: 2718: 2560: 2448: 2443: 2394: 1751: 1741: 1621: 1611: 1541: 1376: 1366: 1250: 1180: 962: 882: 502: 366: 314: 182: 4913:

Numismatic items from Ancient, medieval and British India, made of silver.

4165: 7496: 7456: 4770:

retained the previous imperial currency with images of British monarchs.

4564: 4430: 4211: 3976: 3952: 3936: 3910: 3866: 3628: 3554:

legend MAHARAJASA APADIHATASA PHILASINASA "Undefeatable King Philoxenus".

3237: 3190: 3098: 3082: 3030: 2907: 2696: 2680: 2515: 2481: 2115: 1771: 1731: 1691: 1090: 952: 942: 6068: 5887: 5844: 5820: 5805: 5499: 5318: 5275: 4652: 4405: 7511: 7446: 7396: 7338: 7302: 6675:. Academy of Indian Numismatics & Sigillography. 1988. p. 145. 6055:

HARDAKER, TERRY R. (1975). "The origins of coinage in northern India".

5875: 5667: 5635: 5456: 5413: 4583: 4547: 3712: 3704: 3644: 3593: 3529: 3142: 3070: 2845:

to mean a stamped piece of metal, a coin in the modern sense. The term

2620: 2498: 1681: 1581: 1291: 4451: 2818:

etc. The units were also used to represent the assets of individuals,

5870:"Extremely Rare Early Silver from the Kabul Valley", CNG 102, Lot:649 5470:

Hemmy, A. S. (1937). "The Weight Standards of Ancient Indian Coins".

5291:

The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland

4715: 4699: 4503: 4422: 4375: 4113:

Eastern Ganga fanam of Anantavarman Chodaganga (Anka year 63–1128 CE)

3807: 3724: 3716: 3568: 3551: 3523: 2941: 2934: 2903: 2665: 2455: 1651: 6771: 5907: 5763: 5743: 5651: 5440: 5397: 3382: 3119: 6747: 6415:

Explaining Monetary and Financial Innovation: A Historical Analysis

5784:

Goyal, Shankar (2000). "Historiography of the Punch-Marked Coins".

5691: 4657: 4641: 4575: 4512: 4429:

were essentially thin broad-flanned coins imprinted with the Sunni

4283: 3862: 3790: 3786: 3766: 3750: 3729: 3689: 3506: 3422: 3387: 3347: 3321: 3245: 3222: 3218: 3163: 3094: 3089:. In 2007 a small coin hoard was discovered at the site of ancient 3086: 2914: 2899: 2895:. What is known, however, is that the earliest extant evidence, of 2675:

The tradition of Indian coinage in the 2nd millennium evolved with

2669: 2661: 2653: 2637: 2474: 2462: 2179: 2162: 2149: 2001: 912: 377: 154: 144: 6969: 5857: 4145:

la ilaha illa'llah muhammad rasulullah sal allahu alayhi wa sallam

7516: 7466: 5472:

Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland

4508: 4440: 3774: 3754: 3662: 3617: 3612:(1st–3rd centuries CE) continued to influence the coinage of the 3605: 3571: 3226: 3159: 3155: 2761: 2649: 1210: 115: 6749:

Tentative Attributions of some Gold Fanams of the Eastern Gangas

6672:

The Journal of Academy of Indian Numismatics & Sigillography

3643:

India, China and the Arabian peninsula take one hundred million

3332: 2856:

Ratti based measurement is the oldest measurement system in the

7481: 6998:

Dhavalikar, M. K. (1975), "The beginning of coinage in India",

4645: 4637: 4370: 4263: 4255: 4219: 4077: 4010: 4006: 3733: 3700: 3632: 3248: 3230: 3167: 3151: 3123: 3102: 2896: 2657: 2612: 2608: 2503: 1010: 7162: 7133: 2764:. Later texts speak of cows given as gifts being adorned with 7486: 7461: 7441: 7138: 6159:"Puranas or Punch-Marked Coins (circa 600 BC – circa 300 AD)" 4555: 4521: 4520:

coins officially issued and circulated by the Mughal emperor

4489: 4476: 4414: 4275: 4251: 4247: 3980: 3078: 3062: 2911: 2850: 2522: 2508: 2491: 2486: 7157: 4613: 4435:

or credo on its obverse at the center with the names of the

4013:, and solar symbol. Rev: "Traces of Sasanian type". Legend: 2686: 5427:

Allchin, F. R. (1964). "An Inscribed Weight from Mathurā".

4734: 4531:

The date in coins were written in words and not in figures.

4379: 4259: 3886: 3885:) was worth 1/16 of a Dinara, and weighed approximately 20 3770: 3746: 3575: 3213:. Several of these coins had a single symbol, for example, 3016: 2615: 2431: 2157: 1671: 7139:

Persian & Devanagari Legends on Silver Rupees of India

4786: 4482: 4400: 4063:

showing the tiger emblem of the Chola and in Nagari script

3305:

Saurashtra die struck coins (5th century – 4th century BC)

3201:, The coins of this period were punch-marked coins called 3115:

Early historic period (early 1st millennium BCE – 300 BCE)

6773:

Coins of the Eastern Gangas ruler Anantavarman Chodaganga

4511:, the inscription reads: "There is no god but Allah, and 4237: 4191: 3661:

The trade was particularly focused around the regions of

5429:

Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient

5386:

Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient

4342: 4718:. The year, when printed on the coins was based on the 4166:

Late Medieval and Early Modern period (c. 1300–1858 CE)

3608:

legends began to appear. The extensive coinage of the

3401: 3130: 7050:"Money and Social Changes in India (up to c. AD 1200)" 4580:

representation of living beings was forbidden in Islam

4084: 3916: 3796: 5779: 5777: 5775: 4922: 4374:

their relationship with the Pagodagold. Several gold

3781: 2776:, literally a 'hundred standard', representing 100th 2691: 2618:

in its initial stage. The coins of this period were

5950: 5825:

Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute

5786:

Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute

4773: 4417:

issued standard Timurid currency coins known as the

4170: 3627:, up to 120 ships were setting sail every year from 3493:

Mauryan Empire coin. Circa late 4th-2nd century BCE.

3372:

Taxila Quarter Svarna coin 185–170 BC weight 2.34 gm

3258:

Cast Copper Coin C. 5-4th Century BCE-2nd Century CE

2636:. The kingdoms that minted their own coins included 5119:"The Coin India Coin Galleries: Surashtra Janapada" 5026:, New Delhi, National Book Trust, 1996, Chapter II. 5009: 5007: 5005: 5003: 5001: 4999: 4761: 2891:Scholars remain divided over the origins of Indian 2737:1 Karshapana = 32 Rattis/ 3.3 grams of pure silver 6300:"The COININDIA Coin Galleries: Surashtra Janapada" 5772: 5132:"The Coin India Coin Galleries: Vidarbha Janapada" 5102:"The Coin India Coin Galleries: Shukrana Janapada" 5037:"The Coin India Coin Galleries: Gandhara Janapada" 2867: 2734:1 Satamana = 100 Rattis / 11 grams of pure silver 7009:Kulke, Hermann & Rothermund, Dietmar (2004), 6696:. Oxford : Clarendon Press. p. Plate 2. 5550:Mukherjee, Money and Social Changes in India 2012 5076:"The COININDIA Coin Galleries: Panchala Janapada" 5050:"The Coin India Coin Galleries: Kuntala Janapada" 4443:continued the minting of Shahrukhi-styled coins. 4389: 4071: 3979:, on the model of the Sasanian coinage of Sindh. 3828:, with pseudo-Greek script on the obverse, 400 CE 2699:were first used in India as commodity money. The 7553: 7204: 6926:, Ancient India and Iran Trust, pp. 57–59, 5957:. Ancient India and Iran Trust. pp. 57–59. 5562:Mookerji, Chandragupta Maurya and His Times 1966 5538:Mookerji, Chandragupta Maurya and His Times 1966 5089:"The Coin India Coin Galleries: Shakya Janapada" 4996: 3481:Mauryan coin with arched hill symbol on reverse. 3262: 6388:Geography from Ancient Indian Coins & Seals 4885:One Quarter Anna of 1835, bearing the crest of 4825:, depicting a Gupta king holding a bow, 300 CE. 4507:Silver Rupee of Akbar with inscriptions of the 4446: 4037:coin, circa 950–1050 CE. Stylized rendition of 3672: 3433: 7091:Srivastava, A.L. & Alam, Muzaffar (2008), 6883:Himanshu Prabha Ray (2006), "Coins in India", 6476: 6474: 6472: 6470: 6468: 6466: 6412:Bernholz, Peter; Vaubel, Roland (2014-06-26). 6411: 6140: 5253: 5063:"The Coin India Coin Galleries: Kuru Janapada" 4582:. These coins were melted during the reign of 4298: 3801: 3346:Quarter svarna coins have been excavated from 3229:had several symbols. These coins were made of 7190: 7158:CoinIndia: The Virtual Museum of Indian Coins 6867:"Evolution of the Rupee - 1835-1947 – tezbid" 6769: 6745: 6685: 6464: 6462: 6460: 6458: 6456: 6454: 6452: 6450: 6448: 6446: 5692:"The Origins of the Indian Coinage Tradition" 5620: 5618: 5616: 5614: 5605:"British Museum notice. Asia, G33 South Asia" 5145: 4258:were minted whose value was equal to that of 4230:, replacing it with the self-laudatory title 4050: 3333:Uninscribed Die struck coins (4th century BC) 3085:, who were in control of the areas as far as 2581: 2084: 6362: 6360: 5737: 5735: 5733: 5674: 5599: 5597: 5176:Explaining Monetary and Financial Innovation 2876:"The First South Asian coins", 400–300 BCE, 2749: 7144:Reserve Bank of India Monetary Museum (RBI) 7071:Foreign trade and commerce in ancient India 6818: 6739: 6593:"Suvarna, Suvarṇā, Suvarṇa: 38 definitions" 6391:. Concept Publishing Company. p. 158. 6288:The Coins Of India, by Brown, C.J. pp.13–20 6249: 4901:Milled edges of the Indian five Rupee coins 4809:on a coin of their son Samudragupta 380 CE. 4357:Coins of the Vijayanagara Empire on display 3189:The first PMC coins in India may have been 7197: 7183: 6956:Trade and Civilisation in the Indian Ocean 6825:. Asian Educational Services. p. 76. 6763: 6648:. Taylor & Francis. pp. 162–163. 6515: 6443: 6322: 6134: 6027: 5863: 5821:"Historiography of the Punch-Marked Coins" 5611: 5577:The Ancient Indus Valley: New Perspectives 4586:, and only a few specimens survive today. 3761:, who occupied the neighboring territory. 3732:in Greek script, with illustration of the 3550:King on prancing horse in military dress. 3267:A small square bronze coin recovered from 2887:, and then spread to the sub-subcontinent. 2588: 2574: 2091: 2077: 6369: 6357: 6292: 5996: 5730: 5594: 4614:British Colonial period (c. 1858–1947 CE) 4382:'s incoronation, were also issued in the 3935:in a rather geometric fashion, among the 2721:(0.11 or 0.12 gram) or the weight of the 2687:Origin of currency in Indian subcontinent 7031:(Second ed.), Motilal Banarsidass, 7006:(3): 330–338, Taylor & Francis, Ltd. 6054: 5905: 5761: 5757: 5755: 5573: 4744: 4735:Post-Independence (c. 1947 CE – present) 4672: 4651: 4623: 4593: 4502: 4450: 4404: 4352: 4190: 4134: 4054: 4009:, 850–900 CE. Obv: Boar, incarnation of 3831: 3811: 3723: 3709:chatrapasa apratihatachakrasa rajuvulasa 3676: 3616:(320 to 550 CE) and the later rulers of 3558: 3522: 3436: 3381: 3315: 3253: 3176: 3118: 3034: 3017:Achaemenid coinage in northwestern India 2871: 53: 7163:Suvarna Mohur: Indian Coins and History 7052:, in Saiyid Zaheer Husain Jafri (ed.), 6725:. Pearson Education India. p. 54. 6557: 6497: 6483: 6229:. Pearson Education India. p. 52. 6028:Cunningham, Alexander (December 1996). 5858:Cunningham, Coins of Ancient India 1891 5426: 4787:Post-Decimalization (c. 1957 – present) 4483:Later Mughal Emperors (c. 1555–1857 CE) 4401:Early Mughal Emperors (c. 1526–1540 CE) 4206:minted coins with the legend struck as 4125:A Fanam (Coin) of Eastern Ganga Dynasty 3541:Helmetted, diademed and draped bust of 3358:(based on 1 masha = 5 ratti standard) 3023:Achaemenid conquest of the Indus Valley 2964:, quoted from Trésors Monétaires, p.42. 2910:hoard. Extant evidence of the earliest 2849:continues into the modern usage as the 7554: 7107:Coins in India:Power and Communication 6340:Lectures on Ancient Indian Numismatics 6337: 6195: 6113: 5339: 4238:Token currency of Muhammad bin Tughluq 3181:Kurus (Kurukshetras) circa 350–315 BCE 3013:increasing supply of silver in India. 7178: 6985:Cross-Cultural Trade in World History 6983:Curtin, Philip DeArmond etc. (1984), 6894:Allan, J. & Stern, S. M. (2008), 6797:. Govindraya Prabhu S. Archived from 6718: 6564:. Partridge Publishing. p. 335. 6506: 6384: 6281: 6222: 6218: 6216: 6178: 6080: 6078: 5946: 5944: 5899: 5818: 5783: 5752: 5689: 5633: 5469: 5383: 5366: 5288: 5226: 5173: 4656:1 Indian rupee (1918) featuring King 4487: 4343:Vijayanagara Empire (c. 1336–1646 CE) 4214:for 'victor', a title popularized by 3354:one svarna or karsha was equal to 80 6903:Rise and Fall of the Imperial Guptas 6852: 6850: 6848: 6846: 6844: 6842: 6707:Post-Gupta (Chaulukya-Paramara) coin 6250:Chakrabarty, Dilip K. (2009-08-26). 6084: 5227:Jafri, Saiyid Zaheer Husain (2012). 4837:Silver Rupee coin of Rudra Simha of 4378:(token coins), feature the scene of 4005:coinage of Bhoja or Mihara, King of 3402:Classical period (300 BCE – 1100 CE) 3131:Indian Punched mark Karshapana coins 6641: 4705: 4085:Eastern Ganga Empire (1038–1434 CE) 3917:Indo-Sasanian coinage (530–1202 CE) 3869:later introduced the 9.2g Suvarṇa ( 3797:Middle Kingdoms (230 BCE – 1206 CE) 3284: 13: 6213: 6179:Gupta, Paresh Chandra Das (1962). 6091:Oriental Numismatic Society Letter 6075: 5941: 5367:Gupta, Paresh Chandra Das (1962). 4689: 4668: 4232:Sikander-us-sani Yamin-ul-Khilafat 4222:for to 'second'. The coin legend ( 4186: 3782:Kanishka and Huvishka (100–200 CE) 3518: 3193:around the 6th century BCE by the 2712: 2692:Prehistoric and Bronze Age origins 14: 7583: 7121: 7028:Chandragupta Maurya and His Times 6839: 6198:Excavations At Kausambi (1957-59) 5741: 4774:Pre-Decimalization (c. 1950–1957) 4589: 4246:, issued token currency; that is 4171:Delhi Sultanate (c. 1206–1526 CE) 4152:muhammada avatāra nrpati mahamuda 3909:(319–335) to a mere 75–80% under 3745:and Bihar). These dynasties were 3406: 7109:, J.J. Bhabha Marg Publication, 6618:"Rupaka, Rūpaka: 23 definitions" 6534:"Dinara, Dīnāra: 13 definitions" 6182:Excavations at Pandu Rajar Dhibi 5370:Excavations at Pandu Rajar Dhibi 4944: 4932: 4906: 4894: 4878: 4862: 4846: 4830: 4814: 4798: 4762:Dominion of India (c. 1947–1950) 4361:The standard coin issued by the 4326: 4311: 4175: 4118: 4106: 4022: 3995: 3968: 3588:Post-Mauryan coinage of Gandhara 3498: 3486: 3474: 3462: 3450: 3365: 2906:hoard, and the 4th Century BCE, 2743:¼ Karshapana (masha) = 8 Rattis 2554: 2542: 2126: 72: 36: 7056:, Primus Books, pp. 411–, 6943:, Association Press (Y.M.C.A), 6859: 6812: 6787: 6712: 6700: 6679: 6662: 6635: 6610: 6585: 6551: 6526: 6432: 6405: 6378: 6346: 6331: 6316: 6270: 6243: 6204: 6189: 6172: 6151: 6107: 6048: 6021: 5971: 5916: 5812: 5683: 5627: 5567: 5522:"Ratti, State Bank of Pakistan" 5514: 5463: 5420: 5377: 5360: 5333: 5104:. Coinindia.com. Archived from 4979:Pre-modern coinage in Sri Lanka 4725: 4563:The evidence, both textual and 4017:"The fortunate primaeval boar". 3696:Bust of king and Greek legend. 3341: 3217:had a humped bull, and Dakshin 3065:or the Shaikhan Dehri hoard in 3001:recognised the Satamana as 100 2868:Theory of West Asian influences 7025:Mookerji, Radhakumud (1966) , 6987:, Cambridge University Press. 6958:, Cambridge University Press, 6323:Cunningham, Alexander (1891). 5580:. ABC-CLIO. pp. 345–346. 5340:Bajpai, K. D. (October 2004). 5282: 5247: 5220: 5167: 5154: 5029: 5016: 4390:Koch Dynasty (c. 1515–1949 CE) 4072:Rajput Kingdoms (1200–1400 CE) 3457:Hoard of mostly Mauryan coins. 326:Ochre Coloured Pottery culture 1: 7376:Indian postal orders in Egypt 7098:Sutherland, C. H. V. (2008), 6877: 6709:, Classical Numismatic Group. 6642:Ray, Himanshu Prabha (2019). 5708:10.1080/02666030.2003.9628617 5256:Economic and Political Weekly 5233:. Primus Books. p. 412. 4271:because, as said by Barani, " 4130: 3984: 3956: 3931:, that were derived from the 3391: 3263:Uninscribed Cast Copper Coins 3105: 3047: 3040: 2881: 2860:. The smallest weight in the 2760:appears in this sense in the 1256: 995: 968: 867: 846: 769: 708: 637: 620: 603: 586: 569: 548: 463: 446: 200: 7206:Historic currencies of India 6161:. Government Museum Chhennai 6144:The Coinage of Ancient India 6034:Asian Educational Services. 4853:Silver Rupee of the Maratha 4509:Islamic declaration of faith 4447:Sur Empire (c. 1540–1556 CE) 3861:), modelled after the Roman 3673:The Sakas (200 BCE – 400 CE) 3509:or later. Circa 207-194 BCE. 3320:Copper Die struck Coin from 2919:Northern Black Polished Ware 411:Northern Black Polished Ware 7: 7084:Sellwood, D. G. J. (2008), 6512:Kulke & Rothermund, 108 6256:. Oxford University Press. 5184:10.1007/978-3-319-06109-2_4 4918: 4570: 4515:is the messenger of Allah." 4455:Silver Rupee introduced by 4299:Ahom Kingdom (1228–1826 CE) 3802:Gupta Empire (320 – 480 CE) 3289:According to some scholars 2987:Greo-Bactrian (256-100 BCE) 2921:culture, minted before the 2007:Influence on Southeast Asia 10: 7588: 7102:, Encyclopædia Britannica. 7095:, Encyclopædia Britannica. 7088:, Encyclopædia Britannica. 6898:, Encyclopædia Britannica. 6688:Edwardes, Stephen Meredyth 5924:"US Department of Defense" 4857:, Sayaji Rao III, 1870 CE. 4791: 4738: 4617: 4425:, Timur's eldest son. The 4393: 4346: 4302: 4051:Chola Empire (850–1279 CE) 3920: 3805: 3585: 3574:symbol on the hump of the 3236:They are mentioned in the 3134: 3020: 2893:punch-marked coinage (PMC) 2826:(some one worth a hundred 2746:1/8 Karshapana = 4 Rattis 389:Black and Red ware culture 17: 7572:Economic history of India 7535: 7432: 7384: 7311: 7238: 7212: 6954:Chaudhuri, K. N. (1985), 6901:Agrawal, Ashvini (1989), 6385:Gupta, Parmanand (1989). 6117:Indian Numismatic Studies 5484:10.1017/S0035869X00096106 5343:Indian Numismatic Studies 5303:10.1017/S0035869X00086482 4974:Coins of the Indian rupee 4741:Coins of the Indian Rupee 4605:, Gold hon, c. 1674–80 CE 3882: 3874: 3858: 3623:During the early rise of 2985:(1835), who proposed the 2862:Indus Valley civilization 2750:Early literary references 2740:½ Karshapana = 16 Rattis 2701:Indus Valley civilisation 400:Painted Grey Ware culture 272:Indus Valley Civilisation 20:Coins of the Indian rupee 7366:Portuguese Indian escudo 7105:Himanshu, P. R. (2006), 7073:, Abhinav Publications, 6819:Desikachari, T. (1991). 6418:. Springer. p. 68. 6147:. Kusumanjali Prakashan. 6120:. Abhinav Publications. 6057:The Numismatic Chronicle 5634:Bivar, A. D. H. (1971). 5346:. Abhinav Publications. 5013:Allan & Stern (2008) 4989: 4681:, issued on the name of 4059:An early silver coin of 3753:. After the conquest of 3505:Mauryan Empire, Emperor 3297:or from the neighboring 3097:. The hoard contained a 3081:during the reign of the 2784:. A later commentary on 1051:Gurjara-Pratihara Empire 1031:Eastern Chalukya Kingdom 632:Maha-Megha-Vahana Empire 7361:Portuguese Indian rupia 7151:Oriental Coins Database 6905:, Motilal Banarsidass, 6719:Singh, Upinder (2008). 6686:Smith, Vincent Arthur; 6223:Singh, Upinder (2008). 6141:Śrīrāma Goyala (1994). 5819:Goyal, Shankar (2000). 5574:McIntosh, Jane (2008). 5162:History Begins at Sumer 4984:Rakhaldas Bandyopadhyay 4753:the birth centenary of 3069:have revealed numerous 2679:rule in India. and the 2468:Commemorative banknotes 1151:Western Chalukya Empire 294:Mature Harappan culture 7319:British Indian coinage 6856:Himanshu, P. R. (2006) 6770:Pankaj Tandon (2018), 6746:Pankaj Tandon (2012), 6558:Slatyer, Will (2014). 6196:Sharma, G. R. (1960). 6114:Bajpai, K. D. (2004). 6085:Page, John E. (1996). 5906:Bopearachchi, Osmund. 5762:Bopearachchi, Osmund. 4781:Lion Capital of Ashoka 4766:The newly independent 4758: 4686: 4677:Copper coins from the 4661: 4649: 4620:Coins of British India 4606: 4561: 4516: 4460: 4410: 4358: 4318:Rajmohuree (rupee) of 4293:as worthless as stones 4200: 4155: 4064: 3877:). The silver Rūpaka ( 3845: 3829: 3824:, in the style of the 3737: 3721: 3659: 3625:Roman trade with India 3583: 3556: 3528:Silver tetradrachm of 3398: 3325: 3299:Greco-Bactrian Kingdom 3259: 3182: 3127: 3073:coins as well as many 3054: 2967: 2888: 2810:and something worth a 2717:Since the Bronze Age, 2549:Numismatics portal 2187:Circulating currencies 2057:Science and technology 441:Three Crowned Kingdoms 283:Early Harappan culture 98:(2,500,000–250,000 BC) 59: 7278:Indo-Sasanian coinage 7069:Prasad, P.C. (2003), 6979:, London: B. Quaritch 6971:Cunningham, Alexander 5979:"The Greeks of India" 4805:Queen Kumar and King 4748: 4676: 4655: 4632:Rupee coin depicting 4627: 4597: 4552: 4506: 4454: 4409:Marks on Mughal coins 4408: 4356: 4242:The Sultan of Delhi, 4194: 4138: 4076:The coins of various 4058: 3923:Indo-Sasanian coinage 3835: 3815: 3806:Further information: 3727: 3680: 3641: 3586:Further information: 3562: 3526: 3385: 3319: 3257: 3180: 3122: 3038: 2954: 2908:Chaman Huzuri (Kabul) 2875: 2837:Panini uses the term 2731:coin is given below; 2683:in the 19th century. 2279:Historical currencies 2120:the study of currency 1960:Specialised histories 1231:Kalachuris of Kalyani 1221:Kalachuris of Tripuri 903:Western Ganga Kingdom 831:Indo-Sassanid Kingdom 781:Western Satrap Empire 764:Indo-Parthian Kingdom 754:Indo-Scythian Kingdom 305:Late Harappan culture 66:History of South Asia 57: 7371:Banknote of Ambliara 7324:Dutch Indian coinage 7298:Vijayanagara coinage 7256:Post-Mauryan coinage 7239:Ancient and medieval 7220:History of the rupee 6939:Brown, C.J. (1992), 6918:Bopearachchi, Osmund 6795:"Vijayanagara coins" 5983:www.suvarnamohur.com 4964:History of the rupee 4495:Political orders in 4349:Vijayanagara coinage 4291:, the coins became " 4244:Muhammad bin Tughluq 3093:(Shaikhan Dehri) in 3059:Chaman Hazouri hoard 2925:(322–185 BCE), with 2792:could also be a 100 2786:Katyayana Suryaputra 2634:Early historic India 2250:Fictional currencies 1478:Ahmadnagar Sultanate 1280:Late medieval period 1191:Eastern Ganga Empire 923:Vishnukundina Empire 7543:Economy of Pakistan 7356:French Indian rupee 7351:Danish Indian rupee 6801:on 9 September 2007 5912:. pp. 300–301. 5696:South Asian Studies 5690:Cribb, Joe (2003). 5607:. 21 February 2018. 4698:coins featured the 4636:. It was minted in 4603:Chhatrapati Shivaji 4413:The Mughal Emperor 4384:Vijayanagara Empire 4363:Vijayanagara Empire 3977:Gurjara Confederacy 3310:Saurashtra Janapada 3199:Indo-Gangetic Plain 2962:Daniel Schlumberger 2950:Daniel Schlumberger 2931:Indo-Gangetic Plain 2927:radio carbon dating 2858:Indian subcontinent 2437:Commemorative coins 2348:Medieval currencies 2257:Proposed currencies 1560:Early modern period 1407:Vijayanagara Empire 1387:Chitradurga Kingdom 1081:Bhauma-Kara Kingdom 493:Shaishunaga dynasty 7567:Ancient currencies 7419:Bhutanese ngultrum 7344:Banknotes of Kutch 7283:Indo-Greek coinage 7251:Arched-hill symbol 7246:Punch-marked coins 7134:Maunish Shah Coins 7011:A History of India 6941:The Coins of India 6822:South Indian Coins 6338:Bhandarkar, D. R. 4887:East India Company 4759: 4720:Malayalam calendar 4687: 4662: 4650: 4630:East India Company 4607: 4517: 4461: 4437:first four caliphs 4411: 4359: 4273:the house of every 4201: 4156: 4065: 3846: 3830: 3738: 3722: 3653:Historia Naturalis 3602:Indo-Greek Kingdom 3584: 3557: 3399: 3326: 3291:Punch marked coins 3260: 3183: 3137:Punch-marked coins 3128: 3057:Coin finds in the 3055: 3027:Achaemenid coinage 2946:punch-marked coins 2889: 2782:Satapatha Brahmana 2037:Partition of India 1902:Khyber Pakhtunkhwa 1850:Regional histories 1795:National histories 1682:Travancore Kingdom 1652:Thondaiman Kingdom 1522:Golkonda Sultanate 1131:Somavamshi Kingdom 1101:Rashtrakuta Empire 1041:Rashidun Caliphate 963:Kabul Shahi Empire 811:Nagas of Padmavati 734:Indo-Greek Kingdom 674:(230 BC – AD 1206) 367:Vedic Civilisation 315:Vedic Civilisation 212:Ahar-Banas culture 60: 7549: 7548: 7424:Maldivian rufiyaa 7400: 7347: 7264: 7063:978-93-80607-28-3 7038:978-81-208-0405-0 7000:World Archaeology 6949:978-81-8090-192-8 6933:978-0-9518399-1-1 6832:978-81-206-0155-0 6425:978-3-319-06109-2 6398:978-81-7022-248-4 6342:. pp. 89–90. 6236:978-81-317-1120-0 6185:. pp. 81–82. 5860:, pp. 22–23. 5748:. pp. 85–86. 5587:978-1-57607-907-2 5353:978-81-7017-035-8 5240:978-93-80607-28-3 5193:978-3-319-06109-2 5151:Sutherland (2008) 4871:Raja Raja Chola I 4855:Kingdom of Baroda 4768:Dominion of India 4683:Madho Rao Scindia 4467:. While the term 4335:Udayaditya Singha 4266:coins. Historian 4015:Srímad Ādi Varāha 4003:Gurjara-Pratihara 3941:Gurjar-Pratiharas 3720: 3657: 3555: 3516: 3515: 3295:Achaemenid Empire 3269:Pandu Rajar Dhibi 3007:Iron Age in India 3005:weight system of 2824:naishka‐sahasrika 2706:Pandu Rajar Dhibi 2598: 2597: 2101: 2100: 1786: 1785: 1780: 1779: 1700: 1699: 1602:Thanjavur Kingdom 1550: 1549: 1511:Bijapur Sultanate 1467:Deccan sultanates 1345:Tughlaq Sultanate 1292:Ghaznavid Dynasty 1270: 1269: 1141:Chaulukya Kingdom 1071:Mallabhum kingdom 1061:Umayyad Caliphate 801:Bharshiva Dynasty 697:(200 BC – AD 300) 687:(230 BC – AD 220) 683:Satavahana Empire 661: 660: 657:(247 BC – AD 224) 513:Macedonian Empire 487:(450 BC – AD 489) 475:Achaemenid Empire 345: 344: 250: 249: 173: 172: 123: 122: 107:Madrasian culture 7579: 7539:Economy of India 7527:Travancore fanam 7409:Sri Lankan rupee 7394: 7341: 7334:Travancore Rupee 7329:Hyderabadi rupee 7258: 7225:Coinage of India 7199: 7192: 7185: 7176: 7175: 7169:Old Coin History 7165:at Suvarna Mohur 7128:Coins from India 7066: 7041: 6980: 6936: 6871: 6870: 6863: 6857: 6854: 6837: 6836: 6816: 6810: 6809: 6807: 6806: 6791: 6785: 6784: 6783: 6781: 6767: 6761: 6760: 6759: 6757: 6743: 6737: 6736: 6716: 6710: 6704: 6698: 6697: 6683: 6677: 6676: 6666: 6660: 6659: 6639: 6633: 6632: 6630: 6628: 6614: 6608: 6607: 6605: 6603: 6589: 6583: 6582: 6580: 6578: 6555: 6549: 6548: 6546: 6544: 6530: 6524: 6519: 6513: 6510: 6504: 6501: 6495: 6494: 6487: 6481: 6480:Brown C.J (1992) 6478: 6441: 6436: 6430: 6429: 6409: 6403: 6402: 6382: 6376: 6373: 6367: 6364: 6355: 6350: 6344: 6343: 6335: 6329: 6328: 6320: 6314: 6313: 6311: 6310: 6296: 6290: 6285: 6279: 6274: 6268: 6267: 6247: 6241: 6240: 6220: 6211: 6208: 6202: 6201: 6193: 6187: 6186: 6176: 6170: 6169: 6167: 6166: 6155: 6149: 6148: 6138: 6132: 6131: 6111: 6105: 6104: 6082: 6073: 6072: 6052: 6046: 6045: 6025: 6019: 6018: 6016: 6015: 6006:. Archived from 6000: 5994: 5993: 5991: 5989: 5975: 5969: 5968: 5948: 5939: 5938: 5936: 5935: 5926:. Archived from 5920: 5914: 5913: 5903: 5897: 5891: 5885: 5879: 5873: 5867: 5861: 5855: 5849: 5848: 5831:(1/4): 153–168. 5816: 5810: 5809: 5792:(1/4): 153–168. 5781: 5770: 5769: 5768:. pp. 308–. 5759: 5750: 5749: 5739: 5728: 5727: 5687: 5681: 5678: 5672: 5671: 5631: 5625: 5622: 5609: 5608: 5601: 5592: 5591: 5571: 5565: 5559: 5553: 5547: 5541: 5535: 5526: 5525: 5518: 5512: 5511: 5467: 5461: 5460: 5424: 5418: 5417: 5381: 5375: 5374: 5364: 5358: 5357: 5337: 5331: 5330: 5286: 5280: 5279: 5251: 5245: 5244: 5224: 5218: 5217: 5211: 5207: 5205: 5197: 5171: 5165: 5158: 5152: 5149: 5143: 5142: 5140: 5139: 5129: 5127: 5126: 5116: 5114: 5113: 5099: 5097: 5096: 5086: 5084: 5083: 5073: 5071: 5070: 5060: 5058: 5057: 5047: 5045: 5044: 5033: 5027: 5022:See P.L. Gupta: 5020: 5014: 5011: 4949: 4948: 4947: 4937: 4936: 4935: 4928: 4910: 4898: 4882: 4866: 4850: 4834: 4818: 4802: 4755:Jawaharlal Nehru 4712:Travancore Rupee 4706:Travancore State 4696:Hyderabadi Rupee 4330: 4315: 4224:Sikander-e -Sani 4218:. While sani is 4195:Silver Tanka of 4122: 4110: 4026: 3999: 3989: 3986: 3972: 3961: 3958: 3933:Sasanian coinage 3884: 3876: 3860: 3681: 3649: 3527: 3502: 3490: 3478: 3466: 3454: 3434: 3396: 3393: 3369: 3324:, c. 304–232 BC. 3285:Die struck coins 3110: 3107: 3052: 3049: 3045: 3042: 2965: 2886: 2883: 2788:explains that a 2780:is mentioned in 2632:kingdoms of the 2590: 2583: 2576: 2561:Money portal 2559: 2558: 2557: 2547: 2546: 2545: 2271:History of money 2226:Local currencies 2130: 2121: 2103: 2102: 2093: 2086: 2079: 2042:Pakistan studies 1882:Himachal Pradesh 1722:Portuguese India 1718: 1717: 1714: 1672:Sikh Confederacy 1568: 1567: 1564: 1417:Bengal Sultanate 1356:Sayyid Sultanate 1334:Khalji Sultanate 1323:Mamluk Sultanate 1288: 1287: 1284: 1265: 1261: 1258: 1201:Kakatiya Kingdom 1111:Paramara Kingdom 1004: 1000: 997: 973: 970: 913:Kamarupa Kingdom 876: 872: 869: 862:Kalabhras Empire 855: 851: 848: 774: 771: 758:(50 BC – AD 400) 738:(180 BC – AD 10) 717: 713: 710: 679: 678: 675: 646: 642: 639: 625: 622: 608: 605: 591: 588: 574: 571: 557: 553: 550: 468: 465: 451: 448: 431:Haryanka dynasty 421:Pradyota dynasty 363: 362: 359: 268: 267: 264: 205: 202: 195:Anarta tradition 191: 190: 187: 155:Mehrgarh culture 145:Bhirrana culture 141: 140: 137: 136:(10,800–3300 BC) 103: 102: 99: 89: 88: 76: 62: 61: 43:Hoard of mostly 40: 30:Coinage of India 7587: 7586: 7582: 7581: 7580: 7578: 7577: 7576: 7552: 7551: 7550: 7545: 7541: 7531: 7428: 7404:Pakistani rupee 7380: 7307: 7288:Pallava coinage 7234: 7230:Coinage of Asia 7208: 7203: 7124: 7064: 7046:Mukherjee, B.N. 7039: 6934: 6880: 6875: 6874: 6865: 6864: 6860: 6855: 6840: 6833: 6817: 6813: 6804: 6802: 6793: 6792: 6788: 6779: 6777: 6768: 6764: 6755: 6753: 6744: 6740: 6733: 6717: 6713: 6705: 6701: 6684: 6680: 6669: 6667: 6663: 6656: 6640: 6636: 6626: 6624: 6616: 6615: 6611: 6601: 6599: 6591: 6590: 6586: 6576: 6574: 6572: 6556: 6552: 6542: 6540: 6532: 6531: 6527: 6520: 6516: 6511: 6507: 6502: 6498: 6489: 6488: 6484: 6479: 6444: 6437: 6433: 6426: 6410: 6406: 6399: 6383: 6379: 6374: 6370: 6365: 6358: 6351: 6347: 6336: 6332: 6321: 6317: 6308: 6306: 6298: 6297: 6293: 6286: 6282: 6275: 6271: 6264: 6248: 6244: 6237: 6221: 6214: 6209: 6205: 6194: 6190: 6177: 6173: 6164: 6162: 6157: 6156: 6152: 6139: 6135: 6128: 6112: 6108: 6101: 6083: 6076: 6053: 6049: 6042: 6026: 6022: 6013: 6011: 6002: 6001: 5997: 5987: 5985: 5977: 5976: 5972: 5965: 5949: 5942: 5933: 5931: 5922: 5921: 5917: 5904: 5900: 5892: 5888: 5880: 5876: 5868: 5864: 5856: 5852: 5817: 5813: 5782: 5773: 5760: 5753: 5740: 5731: 5688: 5684: 5680:Sellwood (2008) 5679: 5675: 5652:10.2307/4300441 5632: 5628: 5623: 5612: 5603: 5602: 5595: 5588: 5572: 5568: 5560: 5556: 5548: 5544: 5536: 5529: 5520: 5519: 5515: 5468: 5464: 5441:10.2307/3596241 5425: 5421: 5398:10.2307/3632688 5382: 5378: 5365: 5361: 5354: 5338: 5334: 5287: 5283: 5252: 5248: 5241: 5225: 5221: 5209: 5208: 5199: 5198: 5194: 5172: 5168: 5159: 5155: 5150: 5146: 5137: 5135: 5134:. Coinindia.com 5130: 5124: 5122: 5121:. Coinindia.com 5117: 5111: 5109: 5100: 5094: 5092: 5091:. Coinindia.com 5087: 5081: 5079: 5078:. Coinindia.com 5074: 5068: 5066: 5065:. Coinindia.com 5061: 5055: 5053: 5052:. Coinindia.com 5048: 5042: 5040: 5039:. Coinindia.com 5035: 5034: 5030: 5021: 5017: 5012: 4997: 4992: 4959:Coinage of Asia 4955: 4945: 4943: 4933: 4931: 4923: 4921: 4914: 4911: 4902: 4899: 4890: 4883: 4874: 4867: 4858: 4851: 4842: 4835: 4826: 4819: 4810: 4803: 4794: 4789: 4776: 4764: 4743: 4737: 4728: 4708: 4692: 4690:Hyderabad State 4671: 4669:Princely States 4622: 4616: 4592: 4573: 4493: 4485: 4449: 4403: 4398: 4392: 4351: 4345: 4338: 4331: 4322: 4316: 4307: 4301: 4268:Ziauddin Barani 4240: 4204:Alauddin Khalji 4197:Alauddin Khalji 4189: 4187:Alauddin Khalji 4178: 4173: 4168: 4133: 4126: 4123: 4114: 4111: 4087: 4074: 4053: 4046: 4027: 4018: 4000: 3991: 3987: 3973: 3959: 3925: 3919: 3838:Chandragupta II 3818:Chandragupta II 3816:Silver coin of 3810: 3804: 3799: 3784: 3687:Northern Satrap 3675: 3667:Western Satraps 3665:, ruled by the 3637:Pliny the Elder 3590: 3546: 3537: 3521: 3519:The Indo-Greeks 3510: 3503: 3494: 3491: 3482: 3479: 3470: 3467: 3458: 3455: 3431: 3409: 3404: 3394: 3379: 3377: 3376: 3375: 3374: 3373: 3370: 3344: 3335: 3307: 3287: 3265: 3225:; Others, like 3139: 3133: 3117: 3108: 3050: 3043: 3033: 3019: 2966: 2960: 2884: 2870: 2752: 2715: 2713:Weight standard 2694: 2689: 2594: 2565: 2555: 2553: 2543: 2541: 2533: 2532: 2425:Coin collecting 2420: 2419: 2410: 2409: 2363: 2362: 2353: 2352: 2274: 2273: 2262: 2261: 2153: 2152: 2119: 2118: 2097: 2068: 2067: 2066: 1961: 1953: 1952: 1951: 1851: 1843: 1842: 1841: 1796: 1788: 1787: 1782: 1781: 1715: 1712: 1710:Colonial states 1702: 1701: 1592:Madurai Kingdom 1565: 1562: 1552: 1551: 1500:Bidar Sultanate 1489:Berar sultanate 1457:Ladakh Kingdom 1447:Gajapati Empire 1427:Garhwal Kingdom 1312:Delhi Sultanate 1285: 1282: 1272: 1271: 1263: 1259: 1241:Chutiya Kingdom 1211:Zamorin Kingdom 1002: 998: 990:Maukhari Empire 980:Chalukya Empire 971: 933:Maitraka Empire 874: 870: 853: 849: 841:Vakataka Empire 821:Sasanian Empire 772: 715: 711: 693:Kuninda Kingdom 676: 673: 671:Middle Kingdoms 663: 662: 653:Parthian Empire 644: 640: 623: 606: 589: 572: 555: 551: 466: 449: 360: 357: 347: 346: 265: 262: 252: 251: 203: 188: 185: 175: 174: 165:Edakkal culture 138: 135: 125: 124: 116:Soanian culture 100: 97: 86: 52: 51: 50: 49: 48: 41: 32: 31: 23: 12: 11: 5: 7585: 7575: 7574: 7569: 7564: 7562:Coins of India 7547: 7546: 7536: 7533: 7532: 7530: 7529: 7524: 7519: 7514: 7509: 7504: 7499: 7494: 7489: 7484: 7479: 7474: 7469: 7464: 7459: 7454: 7449: 7444: 7438: 7436: 7430: 7429: 7427: 7426: 7421: 7416: 7414:Nepalese rupee 7411: 7406: 7401: 7388: 7386: 7382: 7381: 7379: 7378: 7373: 7368: 7363: 7358: 7353: 7348: 7336: 7331: 7326: 7321: 7315: 7313: 7309: 7308: 7306: 7305: 7300: 7295: 7293:Pandya coinage 7290: 7285: 7280: 7275: 7273:Kushan coinage 7270: 7268:Narwar coinage 7265: 7253: 7248: 7242: 7240: 7236: 7235: 7233: 7232: 7227: 7222: 7216: 7214: 7210: 7209: 7202: 7201: 7194: 7187: 7179: 7173: 7172: 7171:by Arman Warsi 7166: 7160: 7155: 7147: 7141: 7136: 7131: 7123: 7122:External links 7120: 7119: 7118: 7103: 7096: 7089: 7082: 7067: 7062: 7042: 7037: 7022: 7007: 6996: 6981: 6967: 6952: 6937: 6932: 6914: 6899: 6892: 6879: 6876: 6873: 6872: 6858: 6838: 6831: 6811: 6786: 6762: 6738: 6731: 6711: 6699: 6678: 6661: 6654: 6634: 6622:Wisdom Library 6609: 6597:Wisdom Library 6584: 6570: 6550: 6538:Wisdom Library 6525: 6514: 6505: 6496: 6482: 6442: 6431: 6424: 6404: 6397: 6377: 6368: 6356: 6345: 6330: 6315: 6291: 6280: 6269: 6262: 6242: 6235: 6212: 6203: 6188: 6171: 6150: 6133: 6126: 6106: 6099: 6074: 6047: 6040: 6020: 5995: 5970: 5963: 5940: 5915: 5898: 5886: 5874: 5862: 5850: 5811: 5771: 5751: 5729: 5682: 5673: 5626: 5610: 5593: 5586: 5566: 5564:, p. 214. 5554: 5552:, p. 412. 5542: 5540:, p. 212. 5527: 5513: 5462: 5435:(2): 201–205. 5419: 5376: 5359: 5352: 5332: 5297:(2): 307–318. 5281: 5262:(30): 97–102. 5246: 5239: 5219: 5192: 5166: 5153: 5144: 5028: 5015: 4994: 4993: 4991: 4988: 4987: 4986: 4981: 4976: 4971: 4966: 4961: 4954: 4953: 4941: 4920: 4917: 4916: 4915: 4912: 4905: 4903: 4900: 4893: 4891: 4884: 4877: 4875: 4873:, 985–1014 CE. 4868: 4861: 4859: 4852: 4845: 4843: 4836: 4829: 4827: 4820: 4813: 4811: 4807:Chandragupta I 4804: 4797: 4793: 4790: 4788: 4785: 4775: 4772: 4763: 4760: 4749:5 Rupees coin 4739:Main article: 4736: 4733: 4727: 4724: 4710:Issues of the 4707: 4704: 4691: 4688: 4670: 4667: 4634:Queen Victoria 4618:Main article: 4615: 4612: 4599:Maratha Empire 4591: 4590:Maratha Empire 4588: 4572: 4569: 4543: 4542: 4539: 4532: 4497:Medieval India 4492: 4486: 4484: 4481: 4465:Sher Shah Suri 4457:Sher Shah Suri 4448: 4445: 4423:Shahrukh Mirza 4421:, named after 4402: 4399: 4394:Main article: 4391: 4388: 4347:Main article: 4344: 4341: 4340: 4339: 4337:in Ahom script 4332: 4325: 4323: 4317: 4310: 4303:Main article: 4300: 4297: 4289:Satish Chandra 4239: 4236: 4210:. Sikander is 4188: 4185: 4177: 4174: 4172: 4169: 4167: 4164: 4160:Sharada script 4132: 4129: 4128: 4127: 4124: 4117: 4115: 4112: 4105: 4086: 4083: 4073: 4070: 4052: 4049: 4048: 4047: 4043:Indo-Sassanian 4039:Chavda dynasty 4028: 4021: 4019: 4001: 3994: 3992: 3974: 3967: 3929:Gadhaiya paisa 3921:Main article: 3918: 3915: 3907:Chandragupta I 3895:Chandragupta I 3836:Gold coins of 3826:Western Satrap 3803: 3800: 3798: 3795: 3783: 3780: 3742:Indo-Scythians 3736:on the reverse 3703:Alkidemos and 3674: 3671: 3520: 3517: 3514: 3513: 3512: 3511: 3504: 3497: 3495: 3492: 3485: 3483: 3480: 3473: 3471: 3468: 3461: 3459: 3456: 3449: 3444: 3443: 3413:Mauryan Empire 3408: 3407:Mauryan Empire 3405: 3403: 3400: 3395: 350 BCE 3371: 3364: 3363: 3362: 3361: 3360: 3343: 3340: 3334: 3331: 3306: 3303: 3286: 3283: 3264: 3261: 3132: 3129: 3116: 3113: 3051: 350 BCE 3018: 3015: 2991: 2990: 2980: 2977: 2958: 2885: 400 BCE 2878:British Museum 2869: 2866: 2830:or a thousand 2820:naishka‐śatika 2751: 2748: 2714: 2711: 2693: 2690: 2688: 2685: 2596: 2595: 2593: 2592: 2585: 2578: 2570: 2567: 2566: 2564: 2563: 2551: 2538: 2535: 2534: 2531: 2530: 2525: 2519: 2518: 2512: 2511: 2506: 2501: 2495: 2494: 2489: 2484: 2478: 2477: 2471: 2470: 2465: 2459: 2458: 2452: 2451: 2446: 2440: 2439: 2434: 2428: 2427: 2421: 2417: 2416: 2415: 2412: 2411: 2408: 2407: 2402: 2397: 2392: 2386: 2385: 2380: 2375: 2370: 2364: 2360: 2359: 2358: 2355: 2354: 2351: 2350: 2344: 2343: 2338: 2333: 2328: 2323: 2318: 2313: 2308: 2303: 2298: 2293: 2288: 2282: 2281: 2275: 2269: 2268: 2267: 2264: 2263: 2260: 2259: 2253: 2252: 2246: 2245: 2240: 2235: 2229: 2228: 2222: 2221: 2216: 2211: 2206: 2201: 2196: 2190: 2189: 2183: 2182: 2177: 2171: 2170: 2165: 2160: 2154: 2148: 2147: 2146: 2143: 2142: 2141: 2140: 2132: 2131: 2123: 2122: 2112: 2111: 2099: 2098: 2096: 2095: 2088: 2081: 2073: 2070: 2069: 2065: 2064: 2059: 2054: 2049: 2044: 2039: 2034: 2029: 2024: 2019: 2014: 2009: 2004: 1999: 1994: 1989: 1984: 1979: 1974: 1969: 1963: 1962: 1959: 1958: 1955: 1954: 1950: 1949: 1944: 1939: 1934: 1929: 1924: 1919: 1914: 1909: 1904: 1899: 1894: 1889: 1884: 1879: 1874: 1869: 1864: 1859: 1853: 1852: 1849: 1848: 1845: 1844: 1840: 1839: 1834: 1829: 1824: 1819: 1814: 1809: 1804: 1798: 1797: 1794: 1793: 1790: 1789: 1784: 1783: 1778: 1777: 1774: 1768: 1767: 1764: 1758: 1757: 1754: 1748: 1747: 1744: 1738: 1737: 1734: 1728: 1727: 1724: 1716: 1708: 1707: 1704: 1703: 1698: 1697: 1694: 1688: 1687: 1684: 1678: 1677: 1674: 1668: 1667: 1664: 1662:Maratha Empire 1658: 1657: 1654: 1648: 1647: 1644: 1642:Sikkim Kingdom 1638: 1637: 1634: 1632:Marava Kingdom 1628: 1627: 1624: 1618: 1617: 1614: 1608: 1607: 1604: 1598: 1597: 1594: 1588: 1587: 1584: 1578: 1577: 1574: 1566: 1558: 1557: 1554: 1553: 1548: 1547: 1544: 1538: 1537: 1534: 1532:Keladi Kingdom 1528: 1527: 1524: 1517: 1516: 1513: 1506: 1505: 1502: 1495: 1494: 1491: 1484: 1483: 1480: 1473: 1472: 1469: 1463: 1462: 1459: 1453: 1452: 1449: 1443: 1442: 1439: 1437:Mysore Kingdom 1433: 1432: 1429: 1423: 1422: 1419: 1413: 1412: 1409: 1403: 1402: 1399: 1393: 1392: 1389: 1383: 1382: 1379: 1373: 1372: 1369: 1367:Lodi Sultanate 1362: 1361: 1358: 1351: 1350: 1347: 1340: 1339: 1336: 1329: 1328: 1325: 1318: 1317: 1314: 1308: 1307: 1304: 1302:Ghurid Dynasty 1298: 1297: 1294: 1286: 1278: 1277: 1274: 1273: 1268: 1267: 1253: 1247: 1246: 1243: 1237: 1236: 1233: 1227: 1226: 1223: 1217: 1216: 1213: 1207: 1206: 1203: 1197: 1196: 1193: 1187: 1186: 1183: 1177: 1176: 1173: 1171:Hoysala Empire 1167: 1166: 1163: 1161:Lohara Kingdom 1157: 1156: 1153: 1147: 1146: 1143: 1137: 1136: 1133: 1127: 1126: 1123: 1117: 1116: 1113: 1107: 1106: 1103: 1097: 1096: 1093: 1087: 1086: 1083: 1077: 1076: 1073: 1067: 1066: 1063: 1057: 1056: 1053: 1047: 1046: 1043: 1037: 1036: 1033: 1027: 1026: 1023: 1021:Tibetan Empire 1017: 1016: 1013: 1007: 1006: 992: 986: 985: 982: 976: 975: 965: 959: 958: 955: 949: 948: 945: 939: 938: 935: 929: 928: 925: 919: 918: 915: 909: 908: 905: 899: 898: 895: 893:Kadamba Empire 889: 888: 885: 879: 878: 864: 858: 857: 843: 837: 836: 833: 827: 826: 823: 817: 816: 813: 807: 806: 803: 797: 796: 793: 787: 786: 783: 777: 776: 766: 760: 759: 756: 750: 749: 746: 740: 739: 736: 730: 729: 726: 720: 719: 705: 699: 698: 695: 689: 688: 685: 677: 669: 668: 665: 664: 659: 658: 655: 649: 648: 634: 628: 627: 617: 615:Pallava Empire 611: 610: 600: 594: 593: 583: 577: 576: 566: 560: 559: 545: 539: 538: 535: 533:Seleucid India 529: 528: 525: 519: 518: 515: 509: 508: 505: 499: 498: 495: 489: 488: 485: 481: 480: 477: 471: 470: 460: 458:Maha Janapadas 454: 453: 443: 437: 436: 433: 427: 426: 423: 417: 416: 413: 406: 405: 402: 395: 394: 393:(1300–1000 BC) 391: 384: 383: 380: 373: 372: 369: 361: 353: 352: 349: 348: 343: 342: 339: 332: 331: 330:(2000–1600 BC) 328: 321: 320: 317: 311: 310: 309:(1900–1300 BC) 307: 300: 299: 298:(2600–1900 BC) 296: 289: 288: 287:(3300–2600 BC) 285: 278: 277: 276:(3300–1300 BC) 274: 266: 263:(3300–1300 BC) 258: 257: 254: 253: 248: 247: 244: 238: 237: 236:(1600–1300 BC) 234: 228: 227: 224: 218: 217: 216:(3000–1500 BC) 214: 208: 207: 197: 189: 186:(3500–1500 BC) 181: 180: 177: 176: 171: 170: 169:(5000–3000 BC) 167: 161: 160: 159:(7000–3300 BC) 157: 151: 150: 149:(7570–6200 BC) 147: 139: 131: 130: 127: 126: 121: 120: 118: 112: 111: 109: 101: 93: 92: 87: 82: 81: 78: 77: 69: 68: 42: 35: 34: 33: 29: 28: 27: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7584: 7573: 7570: 7568: 7565: 7563: 7560: 7559: 7557: 7544: 7540: 7534: 7528: 7525: 7523: 7520: 7518: 7515: 7513: 7510: 7508: 7505: 7503: 7500: 7498: 7495: 7493: 7490: 7488: 7485: 7483: 7480: 7478: 7475: 7473: 7470: 7468: 7465: 7463: 7460: 7458: 7455: 7453: 7450: 7448: 7445: 7443: 7440: 7439: 7437: 7435: 7431: 7425: 7422: 7420: 7417: 7415: 7412: 7410: 7407: 7405: 7402: 7398: 7393: 7390: 7389: 7387: 7383: 7377: 7374: 7372: 7369: 7367: 7364: 7362: 7359: 7357: 7354: 7352: 7349: 7345: 7340: 7337: 7335: 7332: 7330: 7327: 7325: 7322: 7320: 7317: 7316: 7314: 7310: 7304: 7301: 7299: 7296: 7294: 7291: 7289: 7286: 7284: 7281: 7279: 7276: 7274: 7271: 7269: 7266: 7262: 7257: 7254: 7252: 7249: 7247: 7244: 7243: 7241: 7237: 7231: 7228: 7226: 7223: 7221: 7218: 7217: 7215: 7211: 7207: 7200: 7195: 7193: 7188: 7186: 7181: 7180: 7177: 7170: 7167: 7164: 7161: 7159: 7156: 7153: 7152: 7148: 7146:at rbi.org.in 7145: 7142: 7140: 7137: 7135: 7132: 7129: 7126: 7125: 7116: 7115:81-85026-73-4 7112: 7108: 7104: 7101: 7097: 7094: 7090: 7087: 7083: 7080: 7079:81-7017-053-2 7076: 7072: 7068: 7065: 7059: 7055: 7051: 7047: 7043: 7040: 7034: 7030: 7029: 7023: 7020: 7019:0-415-32919-1 7016: 7013:, Routledge, 7012: 7008: 7005: 7001: 6997: 6994: 6993:0-521-26931-8 6990: 6986: 6982: 6978: 6977: 6972: 6968: 6965: 6964:0-521-28542-9 6961: 6957: 6953: 6950: 6946: 6942: 6938: 6935: 6929: 6925: 6924: 6919: 6915: 6912: 6911:81-208-0592-5 6908: 6904: 6900: 6897: 6893: 6890: 6889:81-85026-73-4 6886: 6882: 6881: 6868: 6862: 6853: 6851: 6849: 6847: 6845: 6843: 6834: 6828: 6824: 6823: 6815: 6800: 6796: 6790: 6775: 6774: 6766: 6751: 6750: 6742: 6734: 6732:9788131711200 6728: 6724: 6723: 6715: 6708: 6703: 6695: 6694: 6689: 6682: 6674: 6673: 6665: 6657: 6655:9781000227932 6651: 6647: 6646: 6638: 6623: 6619: 6613: 6598: 6594: 6588: 6573: 6571:9781482894479 6567: 6563: 6562: 6554: 6539: 6535: 6529: 6523: 6518: 6509: 6500: 6492: 6486: 6477: 6475: 6473: 6471: 6469: 6467: 6465: 6463: 6461: 6459: 6457: 6455: 6453: 6451: 6449: 6447: 6440: 6435: 6427: 6421: 6417: 6416: 6408: 6400: 6394: 6390: 6389: 6381: 6372: 6363: 6361: 6354: 6349: 6341: 6334: 6327:. p. 62. 6326: 6319: 6305: 6304:coinindia.com 6301: 6295: 6289: 6284: 6278: 6273: 6265: 6263:9780199088140 6259: 6255: 6254: 6246: 6238: 6232: 6228: 6227: 6219: 6217: 6210:Jha A. M, 409 6207: 6199: 6192: 6184: 6183: 6175: 6160: 6154: 6146: 6145: 6137: 6129: 6127:9788170170358 6123: 6119: 6118: 6110: 6102: 6100:9781136176418 6096: 6092: 6088: 6081: 6079: 6070: 6066: 6062: 6058: 6051: 6043: 6041:9788120606067 6037: 6033: 6032: 6024: 6010:on 2019-12-25 6009: 6005: 5999: 5984: 5980: 5974: 5966: 5964:9780951839911 5960: 5956: 5955: 5947: 5945: 5930:on 2020-06-10 5929: 5925: 5919: 5911: 5910: 5902: 5895: 5890: 5883: 5878: 5871: 5866: 5859: 5854: 5846: 5842: 5838: 5834: 5830: 5826: 5822: 5815: 5807: 5803: 5799: 5795: 5791: 5787: 5780: 5778: 5776: 5767: 5766: 5758: 5756: 5747: 5746: 5738: 5736: 5734: 5725: 5721: 5717: 5713: 5709: 5705: 5701: 5697: 5693: 5686: 5677: 5669: 5665: 5661: 5657: 5653: 5649: 5645: 5641: 5637: 5630: 5621: 5619: 5617: 5615: 5606: 5600: 5598: 5589: 5583: 5579: 5578: 5570: 5563: 5558: 5551: 5546: 5539: 5534: 5532: 5523: 5517: 5509: 5505: 5501: 5497: 5493: 5489: 5485: 5481: 5477: 5473: 5466: 5458: 5454: 5450: 5446: 5442: 5438: 5434: 5430: 5423: 5415: 5411: 5407: 5403: 5399: 5395: 5391: 5387: 5380: 5373:. p. 33. 5372: 5371: 5363: 5355: 5349: 5345: 5344: 5336: 5328: 5324: 5320: 5316: 5312: 5308: 5304: 5300: 5296: 5292: 5285: 5277: 5273: 5269: 5265: 5261: 5257: 5250: 5242: 5236: 5232: 5231: 5223: 5215: 5203: 5195: 5189: 5185: 5181: 5177: 5170: 5163: 5157: 5148: 5133: 5120: 5108:on 2012-06-05 5107: 5103: 5090: 5077: 5064: 5051: 5038: 5032: 5025: 5019: 5010: 5008: 5006: 5004: 5002: 5000: 4995: 4985: 4982: 4980: 4977: 4975: 4972: 4970: 4967: 4965: 4962: 4960: 4957: 4956: 4952: 4942: 4940: 4930: 4929: 4926: 4909: 4904: 4897: 4892: 4888: 4881: 4876: 4872: 4869:Gold coin of 4865: 4860: 4856: 4849: 4844: 4840: 4833: 4828: 4824: 4821:Gold coin of 4817: 4812: 4808: 4801: 4796: 4795: 4784: 4782: 4771: 4769: 4756: 4752: 4751:commemorating 4747: 4742: 4732: 4723: 4721: 4717: 4713: 4703: 4701: 4697: 4684: 4680: 4679:Gwalior State 4675: 4666: 4659: 4654: 4647: 4643: 4639: 4635: 4631: 4626: 4621: 4611: 4604: 4600: 4596: 4587: 4585: 4581: 4577: 4568: 4566: 4560: 4557: 4551: 4549: 4540: 4537: 4533: 4530: 4529: 4528: 4525: 4523: 4514: 4510: 4505: 4501: 4498: 4491: 4488:All Coins of 4480: 4478: 4474: 4470: 4466: 4458: 4453: 4444: 4442: 4438: 4434: 4433: 4428: 4424: 4420: 4416: 4407: 4397: 4387: 4385: 4381: 4377: 4372: 4368: 4365:was the gold 4364: 4355: 4350: 4336: 4329: 4324: 4321: 4314: 4309: 4308: 4306: 4296: 4294: 4290: 4286: 4285: 4280: 4279:became a mint 4277: 4274: 4269: 4265: 4261: 4257: 4253: 4249: 4245: 4235: 4233: 4229: 4225: 4221: 4217: 4213: 4209: 4208:Sikander Sani 4205: 4198: 4193: 4184: 4182: 4181:Razia Sultana 4176:Razia Sultana 4163: 4161: 4153: 4150: 4146: 4142: 4137: 4121: 4116: 4109: 4104: 4103: 4102: 4098: 4096: 4092: 4082: 4079: 4069: 4062: 4057: 4044: 4040: 4036: 4032: 4025: 4020: 4016: 4012: 4008: 4004: 3998: 3993: 3982: 3978: 3971: 3966: 3965: 3964: 3960: 530 CE 3954: 3950: 3946: 3942: 3938: 3934: 3930: 3924: 3914: 3912: 3908: 3902: 3900: 3896: 3890: 3888: 3880: 3872: 3868: 3864: 3856: 3851: 3843: 3839: 3834: 3827: 3823: 3819: 3814: 3809: 3794: 3792: 3788: 3779: 3776: 3772: 3768: 3762: 3760: 3756: 3752: 3748: 3743: 3735: 3731: 3726: 3718: 3714: 3710: 3706: 3702: 3699: 3695: 3691: 3688: 3685: 3684:Indo-Scythian 3679: 3670: 3668: 3664: 3658: 3655: 3654: 3646: 3640: 3638: 3634: 3630: 3626: 3621: 3619: 3615: 3611: 3610:Kushan Empire 3607: 3603: 3598: 3595: 3589: 3581: 3577: 3573: 3570: 3566: 3565:Apollodotus I 3561: 3553: 3549: 3544: 3540: 3535: 3531: 3525: 3508: 3501: 3496: 3489: 3484: 3477: 3472: 3465: 3460: 3453: 3448: 3447: 3446: 3445: 3442: 3440: 3439:Maurya Empire 3435: 3432: 3428: 3424: 3421:, written by 3420: 3419: 3414: 3389: 3384: 3380: 3368: 3359: 3357: 3353: 3349: 3339: 3330: 3323: 3318: 3314: 3311: 3302: 3300: 3296: 3292: 3282: 3279: 3275: 3270: 3256: 3252: 3250: 3247: 3243: 3239: 3234: 3232: 3228: 3224: 3220: 3216: 3212: 3208: 3204: 3200: 3196: 3195:Mahajanapadas 3192: 3187: 3179: 3175: 3173: 3169: 3165: 3161: 3157: 3153: 3149: 3144: 3138: 3125: 3121: 3112: 3104: 3100: 3096: 3092: 3088: 3084: 3080: 3076: 3072: 3068: 3064: 3060: 3037: 3032: 3028: 3024: 3014: 3010: 3008: 3004: 3000: 2999:Vincent Smith 2996: 2988: 2984: 2983:James Princep 2981: 2978: 2975: 2972: 2971: 2970: 2963: 2957: 2953: 2951: 2947: 2943: 2940:According to 2938: 2936: 2932: 2928: 2924: 2923:Maurya Empire 2920: 2916: 2913: 2909: 2905: 2901: 2898: 2894: 2879: 2874: 2865: 2863: 2859: 2854: 2852: 2848: 2844: 2840: 2835: 2833: 2829: 2825: 2821: 2817: 2813: 2809: 2805: 2801: 2797: 2795: 2791: 2787: 2783: 2779: 2775: 2771: 2767: 2763: 2759: 2754: 2747: 2744: 2741: 2738: 2735: 2732: 2729: 2724: 2720: 2710: 2707: 2702: 2698: 2684: 2682: 2678: 2673: 2671: 2667: 2663: 2659: 2655: 2651: 2647: 2643: 2639: 2635: 2631: 2627: 2623: 2622: 2617: 2614: 2610: 2606: 2605: 2591: 2586: 2584: 2579: 2577: 2572: 2571: 2569: 2568: 2562: 2552: 2550: 2540: 2539: 2537: 2536: 2529: 2526: 2524: 2521: 2520: 2517: 2514: 2513: 2510: 2507: 2505: 2502: 2500: 2497: 2496: 2493: 2490: 2488: 2485: 2483: 2480: 2479: 2476: 2473: 2472: 2469: 2466: 2464: 2461: 2460: 2457: 2454: 2453: 2450: 2447: 2445: 2444:Bullion coins 2442: 2441: 2438: 2435: 2433: 2430: 2429: 2426: 2423: 2422: 2414: 2413: 2406: 2403: 2401: 2398: 2396: 2393: 2391: 2388: 2387: 2384: 2381: 2379: 2376: 2374: 2371: 2369: 2366: 2365: 2357: 2356: 2349: 2346: 2345: 2342: 2339: 2337: 2334: 2332: 2329: 2327: 2324: 2322: 2319: 2317: 2314: 2312: 2309: 2307: 2304: 2302: 2299: 2297: 2294: 2292: 2289: 2287: 2284: 2283: 2280: 2277: 2276: 2272: 2266: 2265: 2258: 2255: 2254: 2251: 2248: 2247: 2244: 2241: 2239: 2236: 2234: 2233:Company scrip 2231: 2230: 2227: 2224: 2223: 2220: 2217: 2215: 2214:South America 2212: 2210: 2209:North America 2207: 2205: 2202: 2200: 2197: 2195: 2192: 2191: 2188: 2185: 2184: 2181: 2178: 2176: 2173: 2172: 2169: 2166: 2164: 2161: 2159: 2156: 2155: 2151: 2145: 2144: 2139: 2136: 2135: 2134: 2133: 2129: 2125: 2124: 2117: 2114: 2113: 2109: 2105: 2104: 2094: 2089: 2087: 2082: 2080: 2075: 2074: 2072: 2071: 2063: 2060: 2058: 2055: 2053: 2050: 2048: 2045: 2043: 2040: 2038: 2035: 2033: 2030: 2028: 2025: 2023: 2020: 2018: 2015: 2013: 2010: 2008: 2005: 2003: 2000: 1998: 1995: 1993: 1990: 1988: 1985: 1983: 1980: 1978: 1975: 1973: 1970: 1968: 1965: 1964: 1957: 1956: 1948: 1945: 1943: 1940: 1938: 1935: 1933: 1930: 1928: 1925: 1923: 1920: 1918: 1917:Uttar Pradesh 1915: 1913: 1910: 1908: 1905: 1903: 1900: 1898: 1895: 1893: 1890: 1888: 1885: 1883: 1880: 1878: 1875: 1873: 1870: 1868: 1865: 1863: 1860: 1858: 1855: 1854: 1847: 1846: 1838: 1835: 1833: 1830: 1828: 1825: 1823: 1820: 1818: 1815: 1813: 1810: 1808: 1805: 1803: 1800: 1799: 1792: 1791: 1775: 1773: 1770: 1769: 1765: 1763: 1760: 1759: 1755: 1753: 1750: 1749: 1745: 1743: 1740: 1739: 1735: 1733: 1730: 1729: 1725: 1723: 1720: 1719: 1711: 1706: 1705: 1695: 1693: 1690: 1689: 1685: 1683: 1680: 1679: 1675: 1673: 1670: 1669: 1665: 1663: 1660: 1659: 1655: 1653: 1650: 1649: 1645: 1643: 1640: 1639: 1635: 1633: 1630: 1629: 1625: 1623: 1620: 1619: 1615: 1613: 1610: 1609: 1605: 1603: 1600: 1599: 1595: 1593: 1590: 1589: 1585: 1583: 1580: 1579: 1575: 1573: 1572:Mughal Empire 1570: 1569: 1561: 1556: 1555: 1545: 1543: 1540: 1539: 1535: 1533: 1530: 1529: 1525: 1523: 1519: 1518: 1514: 1512: 1508: 1507: 1503: 1501: 1497: 1496: 1492: 1490: 1486: 1485: 1481: 1479: 1475: 1474: 1470: 1468: 1465: 1464: 1460: 1458: 1455: 1454: 1450: 1448: 1445: 1444: 1440: 1438: 1435: 1434: 1430: 1428: 1425: 1424: 1420: 1418: 1415: 1414: 1410: 1408: 1405: 1404: 1400: 1398: 1397:Reddy Kingdom 1395: 1394: 1390: 1388: 1385: 1384: 1380: 1378: 1375: 1374: 1370: 1368: 1364: 1363: 1359: 1357: 1353: 1352: 1348: 1346: 1342: 1341: 1337: 1335: 1331: 1330: 1326: 1324: 1320: 1319: 1315: 1313: 1310: 1309: 1305: 1303: 1300: 1299: 1295: 1293: 1290: 1289: 1281: 1276: 1275: 1254: 1252: 1249: 1248: 1244: 1242: 1239: 1238: 1234: 1232: 1229: 1228: 1224: 1222: 1219: 1218: 1214: 1212: 1209: 1208: 1204: 1202: 1199: 1198: 1194: 1192: 1189: 1188: 1184: 1182: 1179: 1178: 1174: 1172: 1169: 1168: 1164: 1162: 1159: 1158: 1154: 1152: 1149: 1148: 1144: 1142: 1139: 1138: 1134: 1132: 1129: 1128: 1124: 1122: 1121:Yadava Empire 1119: 1118: 1114: 1112: 1109: 1108: 1104: 1102: 1099: 1098: 1094: 1092: 1089: 1088: 1084: 1082: 1079: 1078: 1074: 1072: 1069: 1068: 1064: 1062: 1059: 1058: 1054: 1052: 1049: 1048: 1044: 1042: 1039: 1038: 1034: 1032: 1029: 1028: 1024: 1022: 1019: 1018: 1014: 1012: 1011:Harsha Empire 1009: 1008: 993: 991: 988: 987: 983: 981: 978: 977: 966: 964: 961: 960: 956: 954: 951: 950: 946: 944: 941: 940: 936: 934: 931: 930: 926: 924: 921: 920: 916: 914: 911: 910: 906: 904: 901: 900: 896: 894: 891: 890: 886: 884: 881: 880: 865: 863: 860: 859: 844: 842: 839: 838: 834: 832: 829: 828: 824: 822: 819: 818: 814: 812: 809: 808: 804: 802: 799: 798: 794: 792: 791:Kushan Empire 789: 788: 784: 782: 779: 778: 767: 765: 762: 761: 757: 755: 752: 751: 747: 745: 742: 741: 737: 735: 732: 731: 727: 725: 724:Shunga Empire 722: 721: 706: 704: 703:Mitra Dynasty 701: 700: 696: 694: 691: 690: 686: 684: 681: 680: 672: 667: 666: 656: 654: 651: 650: 645: AD 500 641: 250 BC 635: 633: 630: 629: 624: 250 AD 618: 616: 613: 612: 607: 300 BC 601: 599: 596: 595: 590: 300 BC 584: 582: 581:Chera Kingdom 579: 578: 573: 300 BC 567: 565: 564:Pandya Empire 562: 561: 556: 300 AD 552: 300 BC 546: 544: 543:Sangam period 541: 540: 536: 534: 531: 530: 526: 524: 523:Maurya Empire 521: 520: 516: 514: 511: 510: 506: 504: 501: 500: 496: 494: 491: 490: 486: 483: 482: 478: 476: 473: 472: 461: 459: 456: 455: 450: 600 BC 444: 442: 439: 438: 434: 432: 429: 428: 424: 422: 419: 418: 414: 412: 408: 407: 404:(1200–600 BC) 403: 401: 397: 396: 392: 390: 386: 385: 382:(1500–600 BC) 381: 379: 375: 374: 371:(1500–500 BC) 370: 368: 365: 364: 358:(1500–200 BC) 356: 351: 350: 341:(1600–500 BC) 340: 338: 334: 333: 329: 327: 323: 322: 319:(2000–500 BC) 318: 316: 313: 312: 308: 306: 302: 301: 297: 295: 291: 290: 286: 284: 280: 279: 275: 273: 270: 269: 261: 256: 255: 246:(1400–700 BC) 245: 243: 242:Jorwe culture 240: 239: 235: 233: 232:Malwa culture 230: 229: 226:(1600–750 BC) 225: 223: 222:Pandu culture 220: 219: 215: 213: 210: 209: 198: 196: 193: 192: 184: 179: 178: 168: 166: 163: 162: 158: 156: 153: 152: 148: 146: 143: 142: 134: 129: 128: 119: 117: 114: 113: 110: 108: 105: 104: 96: 91: 90: 85: 80: 79: 75: 71: 70: 67: 64: 63: 56: 46: 45:Maurya Empire 39: 25: 21: 16: 7522:Madras fanam 7434:Denomination 7392:Indian rupee 7224: 7150: 7106: 7099: 7092: 7085: 7070: 7053: 7027: 7010: 7003: 6999: 6984: 6975: 6955: 6940: 6922: 6902: 6895: 6861: 6821: 6814: 6803:. Retrieved 6799:the original 6789: 6778:, retrieved 6772: 6765: 6754:, retrieved 6748: 6741: 6721: 6714: 6702: 6692: 6681: 6671: 6664: 6644: 6637: 6625:. Retrieved 6621: 6612: 6600:. Retrieved 6596: 6587: 6575:. Retrieved 6560: 6553: 6541:. Retrieved 6537: 6528: 6517: 6508: 6499: 6485: 6434: 6414: 6407: 6387: 6380: 6371: 6348: 6339: 6333: 6324: 6318: 6307:. Retrieved 6303: 6294: 6283: 6272: 6252: 6245: 6225: 6206: 6197: 6191: 6181: 6174: 6163:. Retrieved 6153: 6143: 6136: 6116: 6109: 6090: 6060: 6056: 6050: 6030: 6023: 6012:. Retrieved 6008:the original 5998: 5986:. Retrieved 5982: 5973: 5953: 5932:. Retrieved 5928:the original 5918: 5908: 5901: 5889: 5877: 5865: 5853: 5828: 5824: 5814: 5789: 5785: 5764: 5744: 5742:Cribb, Joe. 5699: 5695: 5685: 5676: 5643: 5639: 5629: 5576: 5569: 5557: 5545: 5516: 5475: 5471: 5465: 5432: 5428: 5422: 5392:(1): 72–94. 5389: 5385: 5379: 5369: 5362: 5342: 5335: 5294: 5290: 5284: 5259: 5255: 5249: 5229: 5222: 5175: 5169: 5164:, pp. 52–55. 5161: 5156: 5147: 5136:. Retrieved 5123:. Retrieved 5110:. Retrieved 5106:the original 5093:. Retrieved 5080:. Retrieved 5067:. Retrieved 5054:. Retrieved 5041:. Retrieved 5031: 5023: 5018: 4969:Indian rupee 4839:Ahom kingdom 4777: 4765: 4729: 4726:Baroda state 4709: 4693: 4663: 4608: 4574: 4562: 4553: 4544: 4526: 4518: 4494: 4472: 4468: 4462: 4431: 4426: 4418: 4412: 4396:Koch coinage 4360: 4320:Rudra Singha 4305:Ahom coinage 4292: 4282: 4278: 4272: 4241: 4231: 4223: 4207: 4202: 4179: 4157: 4151: 4149:avyaktam eka 4148: 4144: 4140: 4099: 4094: 4090: 4088: 4075: 4066: 4061:Uttama Chola 4014: 3975:Coin of the 3928: 3926: 3903: 3899:Samudragupta 3891: 3850:Gupta Empire 3847: 3842:Gupta Empire 3822:Gupta Empire 3785: 3763: 3739: 3708: 3697: 3693: 3660: 3651: 3642: 3622: 3599: 3591: 3579: 3547: 3538: 3437: 3426: 3418:Arthashastra 3416: 3410: 3378: 3352:Arthashastra 3345: 3342:Svarna coins 3336: 3327: 3308: 3288: 3274:G. R. Sharma 3266: 3235: 3210: 3206: 3202: 3188: 3184: 3140: 3091:Pushkalavati 3067:Pushkalavati 3056: 3046:–380 BC, or 3011: 2992: 2968: 2955: 2939: 2890: 2855: 2846: 2842: 2838: 2836: 2831: 2827: 2823: 2819: 2815: 2814:is called a 2811: 2807: 2803: 2798: 2789: 2785: 2777: 2773: 2769: 2765: 2757: 2755: 2753: 2745: 2742: 2739: 2736: 2733: 2728:Arthashastra 2716: 2697:Cowry shells 2695: 2677:Indo Islamic 2674: 2630:Mahajanapada 2625: 2619: 2601: 2599: 2482:Credit cards 2315: 2243:Time dollars 1982:Demographics 1976: 1972:Architecture 1752:French India 1742:Danish India 1622:Bengal Subah 1612:Bhoi dynasty 1542:Koch Kingdom 1377:Ahom Kingdom 1251:Deva Kingdom 943:Huna Kingdom 883:Gupta Empire 785:(AD 35–405 ) 744:Kanva Empire 716: 50 BC 598:Chola Empire 537:(312–303 BC) 527:(321–184 BC) 517:(330–323 BC) 507:(380–321 BC) 503:Nanda Empire 497:(424–345 BC) 479:(550–330 BC) 435:(684–424 BC) 425:(799–684 BC) 415:(700–200 BC) 337:Swat culture 183:Chalcolithic 95:Palaeolithic 24: 15: 7312:Near modern 6503:Curtin, 100 6375:Prasad, 166 6366:Prasad, 168 6063:: 200–203. 6004:"CNG Coins" 5988:11 November 5872:, CNG Coins 5702:(1): 1–19. 5478:(1): 1–26. 5210:|work= 4550:(1582 CE): 4212:Old Persian 4147:; reverse: 3911:Skandagupta 3889:(2.2678g). 3867:Skandagupta 3740:During the 3629:Myos Hormos 3600:Coinage of 3427:bimetallism 3207:Karshapanas 3099:tetradrachm 3083:Achaemenids 3031:Kabul hoard 2768:of gold. A 2723:Gunja seeds 2681:British Raj 2621:Karshapanas 2602:Coinage of 2516:Scripophily 2116:Numismatics 1967:Agriculture 1937:South India 1912:Maharashtra 1862:Balochistan 1802:Afghanistan 1776:(1858–1947) 1772:British Raj 1766:(1757–1858) 1762:Company Raj 1756:(1759–1954) 1746:(1620–1869) 1736:(1605–1825) 1732:Dutch India 1726:(1510–1961) 1713:(1510–1961) 1696:(1799–1849) 1692:Sikh Empire 1686:(1729–1947) 1676:(1707–1799) 1666:(1674–1818) 1656:(1650–1948) 1646:(1642–1975) 1636:(1600–1750) 1626:(1576–1757) 1616:(1541–1804) 1606:(1532–1673) 1596:(1529–1736) 1586:(1540–1556) 1576:(1526–1858) 1563:(1526–1858) 1546:(1515–1947) 1536:(1499–1763) 1526:(1518–1687) 1515:(1492–1686) 1504:(1492–1619) 1493:(1490–1574) 1482:(1490–1636) 1471:(1490–1596) 1461:(1470–1842) 1451:(1434–1541) 1441:(1399–1947) 1431:(1358–1803) 1421:(1352–1576) 1411:(1336–1646) 1401:(1325–1448) 1391:(1300–1779) 1381:(1228–1826) 1371:(1451–1526) 1360:(1414–1451) 1349:(1320–1414) 1338:(1290–1320) 1327:(1206–1290) 1316:(1206–1526) 1306:(1170–1206) 1283:(1206–1526) 1264: 1300 1260: 1200 1245:(1187–1673) 1235:(1156–1184) 1215:(1102–1766) 1205:(1083–1323) 1195:(1078–1434) 1185:(1070–1230) 1181:Sena Empire 1175:(1040–1347) 1165:(1003–1320) 1091:Pala Empire 953:Rai Kingdom 795:(AD 60–240) 728:(185–73 BC) 484:Ror Dynasty 204: 3950 7556:Categories 7537:See also: 7512:Karshapana 7447:Indian pie 7397:Gulf rupee 7339:Kutch kori 7303:Setu coins 7154:at Zeno.ru 7130:at Numista 6878:References 6805:2007-07-13 6780:25 January 6756:25 January 6309:2018-08-16 6165:2007-09-06 6014:2019-09-13 5934:2018-07-29 5646:: 97–111. 5138:2012-05-22 5125:2012-05-22 5112:2012-05-22 5095:2012-05-22 5082:2012-05-22 5069:2012-05-22 5056:2012-05-22 5043:2012-05-22 4841:, 1696 CE. 4584:Shah Jahan 4565:numismatic 4427:Shahrukhis 4376:ramatankas 4131:Ghaznavids 3988: 570 3713:Indo-Greek 3705:Kharoshthi 3633:Gold coins 3631:to India. 3594:Indo-Greek 3543:Philoxenus 3534:Philoxenus 3530:Indo-Greek 3215:Saurashtra 3143:Karshapana 3135:See also: 3109: 500 3101:minted in 3071:Achaemenid 3044: 500 3021:See also: 2974:John Allan 2904:Nush-i-jan 2806:is called 2778:krishnadas 2418:Collection 2361:Production 2291:Achaemenid 2047:Philosophy 2027:Metallurgy 2017:Literature 1942:Tamil Nadu 1807:Bangladesh 1582:Sur Empire 1296:(977–1186) 1262: – c. 1225:(675–1210) 1155:(973–1189) 1145:(942–1244) 1135:(882–1110) 1125:(850–1334) 1115:(800–1327) 1095:(750–1174) 1075:(694–1947) 1055:(650–1036) 1035:(624–1075) 1003: 700 1001: – c. 999: 550 972: 500 917:(350–1100) 907:(350–1000) 875: 600 873: – c. 871: 250 854: 500 852: – c. 850: 250 773: 130 748:(75–26 BC) 714: – c. 712: 150 643: – c. 609:– AD 1279) 592:– AD 1102) 575:– AD 1345) 554: – c. 467: 600 452:– AD 1600) 260:Bronze Age 6439:CNG Coins 6353:CNG Coins 5837:0378-1143 5798:0378-1143 5724:191453065 5716:0266-6030 5660:0578-6967 5508:163304500 5492:0035-869X 5449:0022-4995 5406:0022-4995 5327:162603638 5311:0035-869X 5268:0012-9976 5212:ignored ( 5202:cite book 4823:Gupta era 4716:Malayalam 4700:Charminar 4419:shahrukhi 4284:muqaddams 4216:Alexander 4031:Chaulukya 3945:Chaulukya 3808:Gupta art 3759:Parthians 3717:Strato II 3715:types of 3656:12.41.84. 3645:sesterces 3569:nandipada 3567:, with a 3552:Kharoshti 3164:Janapadas 2942:Joe Cribb 2935:West Asia 2816:Śatamānam 2666:Surashtra 2463:Banknotes 2456:Notaphily 2390:Hammering 2373:Designers 2296:Byzantine 2163:Banknotes 1997:Education 1987:Dynasties 1907:Rajasthan 1892:Karnataka 1837:Sri Lanka 1105:(753–982) 1085:(736–916) 1065:(661–750) 1045:(632–661) 1025:(618–841) 1015:(606–647) 984:(543–753) 957:(489–632) 947:(475–576) 937:(475–767) 927:(420–624) 897:(345–525) 887:(280–550) 835:(230–360) 825:(224–651) 815:(210–340) 805:(170–350) 768:(AD 21 – 626:– AD 800) 378:Janapadas 206:–1900 BC) 133:Neolithic 7261:Gandhara 7213:Overview 7048:(2012), 6973:(1891), 6690:(1924). 6069:42666515 5845:41694610 5806:41694610 5500:25201443 5319:25201111 5276:40277774 5160:Kramer, 4919:See also 4757:in 1989. 4658:George V 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