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that can be corrected with the addition of the proper amendment such as coarse sand for weight in interior plants like
Draceana. Nutritive amendments should also be considered. Calcium and magnesium will be lacking in coir potting mixes, so a naturally good source of these nutrients is dolomitic lime which contains both. pH is of utmost importance as coir pith tends to have a high pH after some months of use, resulting in plant stunting and multiple deficiencies. Coir also has the disadvantage of being extremely sensitive to the
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cocochips become suitable substrates for cultivating fungi. Coir is naturally rich in potassium, which can lead to magnesium and calcium deficiencies in soilless horticultural media. Coir fiber is rarely used as a potting material, except for orchids, and does not need buffering, as it has a very low
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A coir industry in the UK was recorded before the second half of the 19th century. During 1840, Captain Widely, in co-operation with
Captain Logan and Thomas Treloar, founded the known carpet firms of Treloar and Sons in Ludgate Hill, England, for the manufacture of coir into various fabrics suitable
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Coconut fiber (coir) is used as a construction material because the natural fibers are eco-friendly. Additionally, coconut fiber (CF) is resistant to thermal conductivity, is very tough, ductile, durable, renewable and inexpensive. It was observed in an experimental study that by partially replacing
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The mattress fibres are sifted to remove dirt and other rubbish, dried in the sun and packed into bales. Some mattress fibre is allowed to retain more moisture so it retains its elasticity for twisted fibre production. The coir fibre is elastic enough to twist without breaking and it holds a curl as
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produces 36% of the total brown fibre output. Over 50% of the coir fibre produced annually throughout the world is consumed in the countries of origin, mainly India. Together, India and Sri Lanka produced 59% of the coir produced in 2020. Sri Lanka remains the world's largest exporter of coir fibre
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in the plants. Poorly sourced coco fibre can have excess salts in it and needs washing (check electrical conductivity of run-off water, flush if high). It holds water well and holds around 1,000 times more air than soil. Adding slow release fertilizers or organic fertilizers are highly advised when
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and desiccated coconut. The fibrous layer of the fruit is then separated from the hard shell (manually) by driving the fruit down onto a spike to split it (dehusking). A well-seasoned husker can manually separate 2,000 coconuts per day. Machines are now available which crush the whole fruit to give
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Each cell is about 1 mm (0.04 in) long and 10 to 20 μm (0.0004 to 0.0008 in) in diameter. Fibres are typically 10 to 30 centimetres (4 to 12 in) long. The two varieties of coir are brown and white. Brown coir harvested from fully ripened coconuts is thick, strong and has
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Coir fibre pith or coir dust can hold large quantities of water, just like a sponge. It is used as a replacement for traditional peat in soil mixtures, or, as a soil-less substrate for plant cultivation. It has been called "coco peat" because it is to fresh coco fibre somewhat like what peat is to
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Coir does provide a suitable substrate for horticultural use as a soilless potting medium. The material's high lignin content is longer-lasting, holds more water, and does not shrink off the sides of the pot when dry allowing for easier rewetting. This light media has advantages and disadvantages
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Because coir pith is high in sodium and potassium, it is treated before use as a growth medium for plants or fungi by soaking in a calcium buffering solution; most coir sold for growing purposes is said to be pre-treated. Once any remaining salts have been leached out of the coir pith, it and the
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The longer bristle fibre is washed in clean water and then dried before being tied into bundles or hanks. It may then be cleaned and 'hackled' by steel combs to straighten the fibres and remove any shorter fibre pieces. Coir bristle fibre can also be bleached and dyed to obtain hanks of different
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Due to its superior absorption capabilities when compared to products made of clay, silica and diatomaceous earth-based absorbents, dry coconut coir pith is gaining popularity as an oil and fluid absorbent. Many other absorbents have to be mined, whereas coconut coir pith is a waste product in
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and pasteurised with boiling water. After the coir/vermiculite mix has cooled to room temperature, it is placed in a larger container, usually a plastic box. Previously prepared spawn jars, usually grown using substrates such as rye grains or wild bird seed, are then added. This spawn is the
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developed a biological process for the extraction of coir fibre from coconut husk without polluting the environment. The technology uses enzymes to separate the fibres by converting and solubilizing plant compounds to curb the pollution of waters caused by retting of husks.
756:. Pads of curled brown coir fibre, made by needle-felting (a machine technique that mats the fibres together), are shaped and cut to fill mattresses and for use in erosion control on river banks and hillsides. A major proportion of brown coir pads are sprayed with rubber
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from peatlands, usage of alternative substrates has been on the rise; the byproduct coir is one commonly used substitute. Many sources of coir however are heavily contaminated with pathogenic fungi, and the choice of the source is important. Coir is also useful to deter
858:. Due to low levels of nutrients in its composition, coco peat is usually not the sole component in the medium used to grow plants. When plants are grown exclusively in coco peat, it is important to add nutrients according to the specific plants' needs. Coco peat from
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Coir waste from coir fibre industries is washed, heat-treated, screened and graded before being processed into coco peat products of various granularity and denseness, which are then used for horticultural and agricultural applications and as industrial absorbent.
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greenhouse fungus. The addition of beneficial microbes to the coir media have been successful in tropical green house conditions and interior spaces as well. The fungi engage in growth and reproduction under moist atmospheres producing fruiting bodies (mushrooms).
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Usually shipped in the form of compressed bales, briquettes, slabs or discs, the end user usually expands and aerates the compressed coco peat by the addition of water. A single kilogramme of dry coco peat will expand to 15 litres of moist coco peat.
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since about 1989 with a marked increase since 2004. By 2009 a total of 25 new weed species have been found in imported coco peat. The regulations relating to importing coco peat into New
Zealand have been amended to improve the biosecurity measures.
317:, which is the powdery and spongy material resulting from the processing of the coir fibre. Coir fibre is locally named 'coprah' in some countries, adding to confusion. Pith is chemically similar to coir, but contains much shorter fibers. The name
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The fibrous husks are soaked in pits or in nets in a slow-moving body of water to swell and soften the fibres. The long bristle fibres are separated from the shorter mattress fibres underneath the skin of the nut, a process known as wet-milling.
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through a process called defibering. The coir fibre thus extracted is then combed using steel combs to make the fibre clean and to remove short fibres. Bristle coir fibre is used as bristles in brushes for domestic and industrial applications.
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Green coconuts, harvested after about six to 12 months on the palm, contain pliable white fibres. Brown fibre is instead obtained by harvesting fully mature coconuts when the nutritious layer surrounding the seed is ready to be processed into
464:, so are stronger but less flexible. White coir fibres harvested from coconuts before they are ripe are white or light brown in color and are smoother and finer, but also weaker. They are generally spun to make yarn used in mats or rope.
307:, harvested from unripe coconuts, is used for making finer brushes, string, rope and fishing nets. It has the advantage of not sinking, so can be used in long lengths in deep water without the added weight dragging down boats and buoys.
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The coir fibre is relatively waterproof, and is one of the few natural fibres resistant to damage by saltwater. Fresh water is used to process brown coir, while seawater and fresh water are both used in the production of white coir.
631:. The segments of the husk are then beaten with iron rods to separate out the long fibres which are subsequently dried and cleaned. Cleaned fibre is ready for spinning into yarn using a simple one-handed system or a spinning wheel.
2190:
Hyder, Naveen; Sims, James J.; Wegulo, Stephen N.. In Vitro
Suppression of Soilborne Plant Pathogens by Coir. Department of Plant Pathology, University of Nebraska, 448 Plant Science Hall, Lincoln, NE 68583. 2008-11-19.
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Some coco peat is not fully decomposed when it arrives and will use up available nitrogen as it does so (known as drawdown), competing with the plant if there is not enough. This is called nitrogen robbery; it can cause
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to remove potential pathogens and weeds along with beneficial life. This may be done to remove contaminants in fresh material or to reuse old coir. Both heat (boiling or baking) and chemical means can be used.
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manufacture. Mats of woven coir fibre are made from the finer grades of bristle and white fibre using hand or mechanical looms. White coir also is used to make fishing nets due to its strong resistance to
299:, and used in products such as floor mats, doormats, brushes, and mattresses. Coir is the fibrous material found between the hard, internal shell and the outer coat of a coconut. Other uses of
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KT Rammohan. 1999. 'Technological Change in Kerala
Industry: Lessons from Coir Yarn Spinning. Thiruvananthapuram: CDS Kerala Research Programme on Local Level Development.
905:. Coco peat generally has an acidity in the range of pH - 5.5 to 6.5, which is slightly too acidic for some plants, but many popular plants can tolerate this pH range.
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which bonds the fibres together (rubberised coir) to be used as upholstery padding for the automobile industry in Europe. The material is also used for packaging.
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high abrasion resistance. It is typically used in mats, brushes and sacking. Mature brown coir fibres contain more lignin and less cellulose than fibres such as
2106:"Evaluation of Trichoderma harzianum Rifai treatment in comparison with fungicides for the management of stem canker of cocoa caused by Phytophthora palmivora"
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Coco fibre can be re-used up to three times with little loss of yield. Coco fibre from diseased plants should not be re-used unless sterilization is thorough.
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Arti/horticultural use is scattered in lead plus sections "Buffering" and "Agricultural and horticultural uses". Ordering in these sections is hard to follow.
788:, coir is used as an organic and decorative component in soil and potting mixes. Due to the increasing concern regarding the sustainability of producing
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Trichoderma coir pith cake (TCPC) has been prepared and successfully used for control of plant diseases. The dry product TCPC has a long shelf life.
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Chandra
Mohanan, R.; Peter, Prabha K.; Sharadraj, K. M. (2013). "Production technology of coir pith cake formulation of Trichoderma harzianum".
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centuries ago also used coir for their ship ropes. Arab writers of the 11th century AD referred to the extensive use of coir for ship ropes and
2314:
KT Rammohan and R Sundaresan. 2003. 'Socially
Embedding the Commodity Chain: An Exercise in Relation to Coir Yarn Spinning in Southern India'.
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Total world coir fibre production is 1,276,624 tonnes (1,256,462 long tons; 1,407,237 short tons). India, mainly in the coastal region of
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Horridge, Adrian (2006). "The
Austronesian Conquest of the Sea - Upwind". In Bellwood, Peter; Fox, James J.; Tryon, Darrell (eds.).
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though permanently waved. Twisting is done by simply making a rope of the hank of fibre and twisting it using a machine or by hand.
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is a naturally occurring fungus in coco peat; it works in symbiosis with plant roots to protect them from pathogenic fungi such as
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Manguin, Pierre-Yves (September 2019). "Sewn Boats of
Southeast Asia: the stitched-plank and lashed-lug tradition".
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may refer either to coir or the pith or a mixture, as both have good water-retaining properties as a substitute for
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Chandra
Mohanan, R. (30 November 2013). "Trichoderma Coir Pith Cake - A New Product For Plant Disease Management".
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Coconut coir pith is also used as a bedding in litter boxes, animal farms and pet houses to absorb animal waste.
874:. This extra potassium can interfere with magnesium availability. Adding extra magnesium through the addition of
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1336:"Chemical treatments of coir pith: Morphology, chemical composition, thermal and water retention behavior"
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1483:"The first migrants to Madagascar and their introduction of plants: linguistic and ethnological evidence"
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The immature husks are suspended in a river or water-filled pit for up to ten months. During this time,
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2004:"Effect on the Compressive strength of concrete with partial replacement of cement with coconut fibre"
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1372:"How coir is made - material, making, history, used, processing, product, industry, machine, History"
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words respectively for cord or rope (traditionally, a kind of rope is made from the coconut fibre).
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from delicate plantings, and as a growing medium in intensive glasshouse (greenhouse) horticulture.
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How coir is made - material, making, history, used, processing, product, industry, machine, History
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2142:"Nasobronchial Allergy and Pulmonary Function Abnormalities Among Coir Workers of Alappuzha"
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Encyclopaedia of the History of Science, Technology, and Medicine in Non-Western Cultures.
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Photchanachai, S.; Tantharapornrerk, N.; Pola, W.; Muangkote, S.; Bayogan, E.R.V. (2018).
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As a substitute for peat, because it is free of bacteria and most fungal spores, and is
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break down the plant tissues surrounding the fibres to loosen them — a process known as
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contains several macro- and micro-plant nutrients, including substantial quantities of
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2264:. UN Food and Agriculture Organization, Corporate Statistical Database (FAOSTAT). 2022
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1794:"New UN initiative aims to save lives and cut climate change by protecting peatlands"
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1002:, as well as the latex and other materials used frequently in the treatment of coir.
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2262:"Coir production in 2020, Crops/Regions/World list/Production Quantity (pick lists)"
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448:. They are pale when immature, but later become hardened and yellowed as a layer of
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On the other hand, coir can also contain beneficial life-forms. Coconut coir from
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KT Rammohan. 2008. 'Coir in India: History of Technology' in Helaine Selin (ed).
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The Complete Book on Jute & Coir Products (with Cultivation & Processing)
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The Complete Book on Jute & Coir Products (With Cultivation & Processing)
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Coir fibres are found between the hard, internal shell and the outer coat of a
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2214:"Coconut coir media sterilization method for growing Chinese kale microgreens"
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303:(made from ripe coconut) are in upholstery padding, sacking and horticulture.
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has been found to contain large numbers of colonies of the beneficial fungus
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2% of cement with CF, the compressive strength of the concrete is increased.
701:
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444:. The individual fibre cells are narrow and hollow, with thick walls made of
394:
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Vol. 1. pp. 596–600. Berlin, Heidelberg and New York: Springer-Verlag.
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the loose fibres. These machines can process up to 2,000 coconuts per hour.
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and will colonize the coir/vermiculite mix, eventually fruiting mushrooms.
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of countries into which it is imported. Coco peat has been imported into
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1266:. Vol. 6 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 654.
578: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
506: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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and cordage have been made from coconut fibre since ancient times. The
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1982:"PH Coast Guard battles Bataan oil spill mess with coconut husk boom"
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1038:, which acts as a biological control against plant pathogenic fungi.
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abundance in countries where coconut is a major agriculture product.
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Coir can be used as a terrarium substrate for reptiles or arachnids.
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1956:"Donate hair, coconut husks to contain oil spill, DILG urges public"
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State, produces 60% of the total world supply of white coir fibre.
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1397:"coir | Origin and meaning of coir by Online Etymology Dictionary"
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National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology
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is the longest variety of coir fibre. It is manufactured from
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Mixed with sand, compost and fertilizer to make good quality
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2168:. MAF Biosecurity New Zealand. 17 March 2009. Archived from
752:, floor tiles and sacking. A small amount is also made into
82:
may be in need of reorganization to comply with Knowledge's
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The Austronesians: Historical and Comparative Perspectives
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Coco fibre can harbor organisms that pose a threat to the
736:. All parts of the canoe are connected by thin coir ropes.
346:
made from plaited coconut fibre on a traditional house in
2853:
2097:
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412:
navigators who sailed the seas to Malaya, China, and the
898:
without the environmental damage caused by peat mining.
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1821:. Niir Project Consultancy Services. 27 October 2014.
1561:
Lew, Christopher. "Tracing the origin of the coconut (
775:
812:. The soaking hose provides water and some nutrients.
272:
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912:, which thrive on the cellulose. Coco peat has high
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269:
154:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2031:
1769:
827:to grow mushrooms. The coir is usually mixed with
1706:"Introduction to tribology of polymer composites"
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1576:
1296:"Coco Coir - 7 Things Every Gardener Should Know"
697:Cordage, packaging, bedding, flooring, and others
3844:
2202:. Accessed: 2009-08-17. (Archived by WebCite at)
2193:http://www.agrococo.com/Pathogen_Suppression.pdf
2037:
1603:
949:Bataan appealed for hay, hair and coconut coir
820:growing systems as an inert substrate medium.
385:, used coconut fibre extensively for ropes and
2822:You think you just fell out of a coconut tree?
2104:Peter, Prabha K.; Chandra Mohanan, R. (2013).
1747:"'Clean' technology for coir fibre extraction"
1573:
808:A small herb garden employing coir mixed with
96:to make improvements to the overall structure.
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1710:Tribology of Natural Fiber Polymer Composites
1448:International Journal of Nautical Archaeology
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1908:
1587:. Coir Board, Govt. of India. Archived from
1516:
436:Various forms in which coir fibre can appear
19:For the Irish conservative lobby group, see
1770:Hunt, Robert; Ricciardi, Zac (2011-02-10).
1569:. University of California, Davis: 143–157.
932:
660:(CEC) capacity, hence not retaining salts.
60:Learn how and when to remove these messages
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1490:Azania: Archaeological Research in Africa
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843:peat moss, although it is not true peat.
594:Learn how and when to remove this message
522:Learn how and when to remove this message
393:plank boats in their voyages in both the
232:Learn how and when to remove this message
214:Learn how and when to remove this message
112:Learn how and when to remove this message
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2602:List of dishes made using coconut milk
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1798:United Nations Sustainable Development
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1334:Narendar, R.; Priya Dasan, K. (2014).
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1887:. TFH Publications Inc. p. 93.
1225:International Year of Natural Fibres
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576:adding citations to reliable sources
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504:adding citations to reliable sources
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152:adding citations to reliable sources
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2755:Asian and Pacific Coconut Community
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2083:Indian Society for Plantation Crops
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890:Common uses of coco fibre include:
776:Agricultural and horticultural uses
740:Red coir is used in floor mats and
13:
3731:Controlled-environment agriculture
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1921:. Landlinks Press. pp. 192–.
1712:, Elsevier, pp. 59–83, 2008,
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1621:
1481:Beaujard, Philippe (August 2011).
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763:The major use of white coir is in
14:
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1980:Argosino, Faith (July 29, 2024).
1935:from the original on 10 July 2017
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1527:. ANU E Press. pp. 143–160.
1352:10.1016/j.compositesb.2013.09.028
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41:This article has multiple issues.
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3439:
3393:
3384:
3383:
2837:
2836:
2454:
2154:from the original on 2012-09-15.
1901:from the original on 2017-07-10.
1782:from the original on 2013-02-04.
1617:from the original on 2017-12-12.
1157:
1139:
1121:
1103:
1085:
552:
480:
265:
128:
71:
30:
2350:Video shows the whole procedure
2276:
2240:
2226:10.17660/ActaHortic.2018.1210.7
2205:
2158:
2134:
1995:
1973:
1954:Chavez, Chito (July 30, 2024).
1947:
1874:
1849:. Fancy Publications. 2008: 66.
1835:
1811:
1786:
1763:
1739:
1684:from the original on 2016-02-17
1670:
1560:
1474:
1378:from the original on 2006-07-14
1204:and coir fibre based products.
672:
563:needs additional citations for
491:needs additional citations for
310:Coir must not be confused with
139:needs additional citations for
49:or discuss these issues on the
2340:New International Encyclopedia
1414:
1389:
1340:Composites Part B: Engineering
1327:
1313:
1288:
1270:
1244:
618:
543:
452:is deposited on their walls.
1:
2120:University of the West Indies
1645:Materials and the Environment
1237:
985:
927:
471:
248:A close-up view of coir fibre
3695:Ultrasonic hydroponic fogger
2775:Philippine Coconut Authority
2248:"How to Sterilize Coco Coir"
1755:. 2009-04-30. Archived from
1502:10.1080/0067270X.2011.580142
1321:"Coir Pith | Coirboard"
1231:Coconut production in Kerala
650:
427:
7:
2383:
2074:Journal of Plantation Crops
1207:
10:
3894:
3726:Aquaculture of sea sponges
2883:
2642:Bursaphelenchus cocophilus
1772:"Reusing Media: Coco Coir"
1611:"Thomas Treloar 1818-1876"
1009:
332:
328:
18:
3784:
3708:
3652:
3569:
3498:
3460:
3447:
3379:
3268:
3235:
3187:
3164:
3155:
3133:
3020:
2900:
2891:
2831:
2783:
2760:Coconut Development Board
2747:
2610:
2589:
2463:
2452:
2391:
2050:Coconut Development Board
1181:
1173:
1155:
1137:
1119:
1101:
1083:
1074:
1071:
993:
943:2024 Manila Bay oil spill
908:As substrate for growing
887:growing with coco fibre.
291:extracted from the outer
256:Segregation of coir fibre
2318:31: 5. pp. 903–923.
2002:Mayank (November 2019).
1881:Jacobi, Michael (2011).
1718:10.1533/9781845695057.59
1567:Prized Writing 2018-2019
1422:"the definition of coir"
933:Oil and fluid absorption
878:can correct this issue.
658:cation-exchange capacity
634:In 2009, researchers at
3736:Historical hydroculture
3594:Expanded clay aggregate
3541:Nutrient film technique
3452:Historical hydroculture
2696:Pestalotiopsis palmarum
2682:Marasmiellus cocophilus
2635:Botryosphaeria cocogena
2348:How to make a coir rope
1918:Sustainable Agriculture
1654:10.1016/c2010-0-66554-0
1460:10.1111/1095-9270.12367
1263:Encyclopædia Britannica
965:'s cleanup operations.
953:(husk) to process into
854:Coco peat is used as a
823:Coir is also used as a
691:
389:in building houses and
87:. The reason given is:
2765:Franklin Baker Company
2717:Phytophthora palmivora
2668:Corticium penicillatum
2597:List of coconut dishes
2166:"Coco peat/Coir fibre"
2041:Indian Coconut Journal
2019:Cite journal requires
1862:Cite journal requires
1067:Coir production, 2020
963:Philippine Coast Guard
813:
737:
717:
437:
350:
257:
249:
3556:Sub-irrigated planter
2724:Pseudoepicoccum cocos
2710:Phyllosticta palmetto
2703:Phaeochoropsis mucosa
2661:Cephaleuros virescens
1776:Urban Garden Magazine
1678:"Future Fibres: Coir"
1534:10.22459/a.09.2006.07
1010:Further information:
977:Construction material
816:Coir is used in some
807:
723:
704:
435:
424:for floor coverings.
383:domesticated coconuts
342:
255:
247:
3721:Aquaculture of coral
3670:Irrigation sprinkler
2111:Tropical Agriculture
1915:Mason, John (2003).
896:sustainably produced
572:improve this article
500:improve this article
379:Austronesian peoples
148:improve this article
3546:Organic hydroponics
2689:Periconiella cocoes
2628:Bipolaris incurvata
1591:on 25 February 2012
1215:Coir Board of India
1068:
1035:Aspergillus terreus
884:nitrogen deficiency
876:magnesium sulphates
94:editing the article
3589:Diatomaceous earth
3516:Deep water culture
2738:Stigmina palmivora
2675:Cytospora palmarum
2316:World Development.
2218:Acta Horticulturae
2198:2011-07-07 at the
1800:. 17 November 2016
1401:www.etymonline.com
1282:2006-07-14 at the
1066:
814:
738:
718:
644:Thiruvananthapuram
438:
357:comes from கயிறு (
351:
258:
250:
3868:Insulation fibers
3840:
3839:
3756:Plant propagation
3665:Hydroponic dosers
3407:
3406:
3375:
3374:
3151:
3150:
2851:
2850:
2816:World Coconut Day
2791:August Engelhardt
2731:Ramularia necator
2310:978-1-4020-4559-2
1928:978-0-643-06876-6
1193:
1192:
1053:Coco peat may be
1006:Biosecurity risks
604:
603:
596:
532:
531:
524:
242:
241:
234:
224:
223:
216:
198:
122:
121:
114:
84:layout guidelines
64:
3885:
3828:
3816:
3804:
3803:
3792:
3791:
3771:Vertical farming
3709:Related concepts
3434:
3427:
3420:
3411:
3410:
3397:
3396:
3387:
3386:
3162:
3161:
2898:
2897:
2878:
2871:
2864:
2855:
2854:
2840:
2839:
2806:Coconut Religion
2654:Capnodium footii
2546:Sprouted coconut
2491:Cream of coconut
2458:
2378:
2371:
2364:
2355:
2354:
2344:
2336:
2288:
2287:
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2209:
2203:
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2177:
2162:
2156:
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2146:
2138:
2132:
2131:
2101:
2095:
2094:
2068:
2062:
2061:
2035:
2029:
2028:
2022:
2017:
2015:
2007:
1999:
1993:
1992:
1990:
1988:
1977:
1971:
1970:
1968:
1966:
1951:
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1790:
1784:
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1767:
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1743:
1737:
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1734:
1702:
1693:
1692:
1690:
1689:
1674:
1668:
1667:
1640:
1619:
1618:
1607:
1601:
1600:
1598:
1596:
1580:
1571:
1570:
1558:
1549:
1548:
1536:
1520:
1514:
1513:
1487:
1478:
1472:
1471:
1443:
1437:
1436:
1434:
1432:
1418:
1412:
1411:
1409:
1407:
1393:
1387:
1386:
1384:
1383:
1367:
1356:
1355:
1331:
1325:
1324:
1317:
1311:
1310:
1308:
1306:
1292:
1286:
1274:
1268:
1267:
1259:
1248:
1163:
1161:
1160:
1145:
1143:
1142:
1127:
1125:
1124:
1109:
1107:
1106:
1091:
1089:
1088:
1069:
1065:
1012:Invasive species
856:soil conditioner
792:(peat moss) and
599:
592:
588:
585:
579:
556:
548:
527:
520:
516:
513:
507:
484:
476:
283:), also called
282:
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197:
156:
132:
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97:
75:
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67:
56:
34:
33:
26:
3893:
3892:
3888:
3887:
3886:
3884:
3883:
3882:
3873:Malayalam terms
3843:
3842:
3841:
3836:
3780:
3751:Plant nutrition
3704:
3648:
3565:
3494:
3456:
3443:
3438:
3408:
3403:
3371:
3264:
3231:
3183:
3174:Artificial silk
3147:
3129:
3016:
2887:
2882:
2852:
2847:
2846:
2827:
2779:
2743:
2606:
2585:
2459:
2450:
2387:
2382:
2331:
2328:
2297:
2295:Further reading
2292:
2291:
2282:
2281:
2277:
2267:
2265:
2260:
2259:
2255:
2250:. 22 July 2019.
2246:
2245:
2241:
2220:(1210): 51–58.
2210:
2206:
2200:Wayback Machine
2189:
2185:
2175:
2173:
2164:
2163:
2159:
2151:
2144:
2140:
2139:
2135:
2118:(4). Trinidad:
2102:
2098:
2069:
2065:
2036:
2032:
2020:
2018:
2009:
2008:
2000:
1996:
1986:
1984:
1978:
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1964:
1962:
1960:Manila Bulletin
1952:
1948:
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1936:
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1314:
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1302:
1294:
1293:
1289:
1284:Wayback Machine
1275:
1271:
1249:
1245:
1240:
1235:
1210:
1158:
1156:
1140:
1138:
1122:
1120:
1104:
1102:
1086:
1084:
1064:
1062:Major producers
1014:
1008:
996:
988:
979:
971:
935:
930:
778:
726:outrigger canoe
699:
694:
675:
653:
625:micro-organisms
621:
600:
589:
583:
580:
569:
557:
546:
528:
517:
511:
508:
497:
485:
474:
430:
337:
331:
268:
264:
238:
227:
226:
225:
220:
209:
203:
200:
157:
155:
145:
133:
118:
107:
101:
98:
92:Please help by
91:
76:
72:
35:
31:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3891:
3881:
3880:
3878:Non-food crops
3875:
3870:
3865:
3860:
3855:
3838:
3837:
3835:
3834:
3822:
3810:
3798:
3785:
3782:
3781:
3779:
3778:
3776:Water aeration
3773:
3768:
3763:
3758:
3753:
3748:
3743:
3738:
3733:
3728:
3723:
3718:
3712:
3710:
3706:
3705:
3703:
3702:
3697:
3692:
3687:
3682:
3677:
3672:
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3656:
3654:
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3649:
3647:
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3641:
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3601:
3596:
3591:
3586:
3581:
3575:
3573:
3567:
3566:
3564:
3563:
3558:
3553:
3548:
3543:
3538:
3533:
3528:
3523:
3518:
3513:
3508:
3506:Aquatic garden
3502:
3500:
3496:
3495:
3493:
3492:
3491:
3490:
3480:
3475:
3470:
3464:
3462:
3458:
3457:
3455:
3454:
3448:
3445:
3444:
3437:
3436:
3429:
3422:
3414:
3405:
3404:
3402:
3401:
3391:
3380:
3377:
3376:
3373:
3372:
3370:
3369:
3364:
3359:
3354:
3349:
3344:
3343:
3342:
3332:
3327:
3322:
3317:
3312:
3307:
3306:
3305:
3300:
3295:
3290:
3280:
3274:
3272:
3266:
3265:
3263:
3262:
3257:
3252:
3247:
3241:
3239:
3233:
3232:
3230:
3229:
3224:
3219:
3214:
3209:
3204:
3199:
3193:
3191:
3189:Semi-synthetic
3185:
3184:
3182:
3181:
3176:
3170:
3168:
3159:
3153:
3152:
3149:
3148:
3146:
3145:
3139:
3137:
3131:
3130:
3128:
3127:
3122:
3117:
3112:
3107:
3102:
3097:
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3087:
3082:
3077:
3072:
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3057:
3052:
3047:
3042:
3037:
3032:
3026:
3024:
3018:
3017:
3015:
3014:
3009:
3004:
2999:
2994:
2989:
2984:
2979:
2974:
2969:
2964:
2959:
2954:
2953:
2952:
2942:
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2932:
2927:
2922:
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2912:
2906:
2904:
2895:
2889:
2888:
2881:
2880:
2873:
2866:
2858:
2849:
2848:
2845:
2844:
2833:
2832:
2829:
2828:
2826:
2825:
2818:
2813:
2808:
2803:
2798:
2796:Coconut Palace
2793:
2787:
2785:
2781:
2780:
2778:
2777:
2772:
2767:
2762:
2757:
2751:
2749:
2745:
2744:
2742:
2741:
2734:
2727:
2720:
2713:
2706:
2699:
2692:
2685:
2678:
2671:
2664:
2657:
2650:
2645:
2638:
2631:
2624:
2616:
2614:
2608:
2607:
2605:
2604:
2599:
2593:
2591:
2587:
2586:
2584:
2583:
2573:
2568:
2563:
2558:
2556:Tempe bongkrèk
2553:
2548:
2543:
2538:
2533:
2528:
2523:
2518:
2513:
2508:
2503:
2498:
2493:
2488:
2483:
2478:
2473:
2467:
2465:
2461:
2460:
2453:
2451:
2449:
2448:
2443:
2438:
2433:
2428:
2423:
2418:
2413:
2408:
2403:
2397:
2395:
2389:
2388:
2381:
2380:
2373:
2366:
2358:
2352:
2351:
2345:
2327:
2326:External links
2324:
2323:
2322:
2319:
2312:
2296:
2293:
2290:
2289:
2275:
2253:
2239:
2204:
2183:
2172:on 3 June 2010
2157:
2133:
2096:
2063:
2030:
2021:|journal=
1994:
1972:
1946:
1927:
1904:
1893:
1873:
1864:|journal=
1834:
1828:978-9381039625
1827:
1810:
1785:
1762:
1759:on 2012-11-08.
1738:
1726:
1694:
1669:
1662:
1620:
1602:
1572:
1563:Cocos nucifera
1550:
1543:
1515:
1496:(2): 169–189.
1473:
1454:(2): 400–415.
1438:
1426:Dictionary.com
1413:
1388:
1357:
1326:
1312:
1287:
1269:
1254:, ed. (1911).
1252:Chisholm, Hugh
1242:
1241:
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969:Animal bedding
967:
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2:
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3700:Water chiller
3698:
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3580:
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3576:
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3568:
3562:
3559:
3557:
3554:
3552:
3551:Organopónicos
3549:
3547:
3544:
3542:
3539:
3537:
3534:
3532:
3529:
3527:
3524:
3522:
3521:Kratky method
3519:
3517:
3514:
3512:
3511:Bottle garden
3509:
3507:
3504:
3503:
3501:
3497:
3489:
3486:
3485:
3484:
3481:
3479:
3476:
3474:
3471:
3469:
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2801:Coconut pearl
2799:
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2776:
2773:
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2768:
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2748:Organizations
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2648:Cadang-cadang
2646:
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2521:Milk beverage
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2100:
2092:
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2067:
2059:
2055:
2051:
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2034:
2026:
2013:
2005:
1998:
1983:
1976:
1961:
1957:
1950:
1934:
1930:
1924:
1920:
1919:
1911:
1909:
1900:
1896:
1894:9780793844784
1890:
1886:
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1824:
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1795:
1789:
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1777:
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1766:
1758:
1754:
1753:
1748:
1742:
1729:
1727:9781845693930
1723:
1719:
1715:
1711:
1707:
1701:
1699:
1683:
1679:
1673:
1665:
1663:9780123859716
1659:
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1544:9781920942854
1540:
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1341:
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1330:
1322:
1316:
1301:
1300:DIY Gardening
1297:
1291:
1285:
1281:
1278:
1273:
1265:
1264:
1258:
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1243:
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1037:
1036:
1031:
1026:
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991:
983:
974:
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964:
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956:
952:
948:
944:
939:
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919:
915:
911:
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904:
900:
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893:
892:
891:
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861:
857:
852:
848:
844:
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830:
826:
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819:
811:
806:
802:
800:
795:
791:
787:
783:
773:
771:
766:
761:
759:
755:
751:
747:
743:
735:
731:
727:
722:
716:
712:
708:
703:
689:
686:
685:coconut husks
683:
679:
670:
667:
666:Leucocoprinus
661:
659:
648:
645:
641:
637:
632:
630:
626:
616:
612:
608:
598:
595:
587:
577:
573:
567:
566:
561:This section
559:
555:
550:
549:
541:
538:
526:
523:
515:
505:
501:
495:
494:
489:This section
487:
483:
478:
477:
469:
465:
463:
459:
453:
451:
447:
443:
434:
425:
421:
419:
415:
411:
407:
402:
400:
399:Indian Oceans
396:
392:
388:
384:
380:
376:
372:
368:
364:
360:
356:
349:
345:
341:
336:
326:
324:
320:
316:
315:
308:
306:
302:
298:
294:
290:
289:natural fibre
286:
285:coconut fibre
280:
262:
254:
246:
236:
233:
218:
215:
207:
196:
193:
189:
186:
182:
179:
175:
172:
168:
165: –
164:
160:
159:Find sources:
153:
149:
143:
142:
137:This article
135:
131:
126:
125:
116:
113:
105:
95:
90:
86:
85:
80:This article
78:
69:
68:
63:
61:
54:
53:
48:
47:
42:
37:
28:
27:
22:
16:Natural fiber
3863:Horticulture
3858:Fiber plants
3829:
3817:
3805:
3793:
3741:Hydroponicum
3685:Spray nozzle
3614:Mineral wool
3526:Ebb and flow
3441:Hydroculture
3335:Polyethylene
2929:
2736:
2729:
2722:
2715:
2708:
2701:
2694:
2687:
2680:
2673:
2666:
2659:
2652:
2640:
2633:
2626:
2619:
2526:Nata de coco
2480:
2338:
2334:"Coir"
2315:
2301:
2283:
2278:
2268:10 September
2266:. Retrieved
2256:
2242:
2217:
2207:
2186:
2174:. Retrieved
2170:the original
2160:
2147:. Japi.org.
2136:
2115:
2109:
2099:
2078:
2072:
2066:
2045:
2039:
2033:
2012:cite journal
1997:
1985:. Retrieved
1975:
1963:. Retrieved
1949:
1937:. Retrieved
1917:
1883:
1876:
1855:cite journal
1846:
1837:
1818:
1813:
1802:. Retrieved
1797:
1788:
1775:
1765:
1757:the original
1750:
1741:
1731:, retrieved
1709:
1686:. Retrieved
1672:
1644:
1613:. RootsWeb.
1605:
1593:. Retrieved
1589:the original
1585:"About Coir"
1566:
1562:
1524:
1518:
1493:
1489:
1476:
1451:
1447:
1441:
1429:. Retrieved
1425:
1416:
1404:. Retrieved
1400:
1391:
1380:. Retrieved
1343:
1339:
1329:
1315:
1303:. Retrieved
1299:
1290:
1272:
1261:
1257:"Coir"
1246:
1194:
1187:
1182:
1052:
1045:
1039:
1033:
1027:
1015:
997:
989:
980:
972:
940:
936:
923:
903:potting soil
889:
880:
853:
849:
845:
841:
838:
822:
815:
786:horticulture
779:
762:
739:
705:Making coir
678:Bristle coir
677:
676:
673:Bristle coir
662:
654:
633:
622:
613:
609:
605:
590:
584:January 2022
581:
570:Please help
565:verification
562:
533:
518:
512:January 2022
509:
498:Please help
493:verification
490:
466:
454:
439:
422:
414:Persian Gulf
403:
381:, who first
362:
358:
354:
352:
318:
311:
309:
304:
300:
284:
260:
259:
228:
210:
204:January 2022
201:
191:
184:
177:
170:
158:
146:Please help
141:verification
138:
108:
99:
88:
81:
57:
50:
44:
43:Please help
40:
3831:Wikiversity
3761:Rhizosphere
3716:Algaculture
3675:Leaf sensor
3653:Accessories
3639:Vermiculite
3536:Microponics
3483:Hydroponics
3478:Aquascaping
3166:Regenerated
3110:Spider silk
2431:Philippines
2122:: 200–204.
2085:: 214–218.
1346:: 770–779.
1174:All others
1041:Trichoderma
1022:New Zealand
1018:biosecurity
998:Coir is an
860:Philippines
832:mushroom's
829:vermiculite
782:agriculture
619:White fibre
544:Brown fibre
3847:Categories
3746:Paludarium
3660:Grow light
3644:Wood fibre
3629:Rice hulls
3604:Growstones
3571:Substrates
3473:Aquaponics
3468:Aeroponics
3315:Modacrylic
3310:Microfiber
3227:Triacetate
3179:Milk fiber
3045:Camel hair
2977:Lotus silk
2393:Production
2176:30 October
1884:Tarantulas
1843:"Reptiles"
1804:2020-07-18
1733:2022-01-09
1688:2016-01-24
1382:2006-06-24
1305:20 October
1238:References
1055:sterilized
986:Biocontrol
928:Other uses
818:hydroponic
750:mattresses
472:Processing
391:lashed-lug
333:See also:
305:White coir
301:brown coir
174:newspapers
102:March 2022
46:improve it
3819:Wikibooks
3609:Lava rock
3584:Coco peat
3531:Fogponics
3330:Polyester
3202:Diacetate
3157:Synthetic
3060:Chiengora
2811:Hainuwele
2621:Sago worm
2541:Skim milk
2436:Sri Lanka
2411:Indonesia
2234:139554022
2128:0041-3216
2091:0304-5242
2058:0970-0579
1752:The Hindu
1468:202363901
1201:Sri Lanka
1188:1,276,624
1129:Sri Lanka
959:absorbent
955:oil booms
914:cellulose
910:mushrooms
872:potassium
864:Sri Lanka
825:substrate
770:saltwater
651:Buffering
615:colours.
446:cellulose
428:Structure
371:Malayalam
353:The name
319:coco peat
52:talk page
3853:Coconuts
3795:Category
3766:Root rot
3579:Charcoal
3561:Top drip
3499:Subtypes
3389:Category
3298:Technora
3260:Metallic
3143:Asbestos
3085:Pashmina
3050:Cashmere
2842:Category
2612:Diseases
2511:Macapuno
2464:Products
2441:Thailand
2196:Archived
2149:Archived
1987:July 29,
1965:July 30,
1933:Archived
1899:Archived
1780:Archived
1682:Archived
1648:. 2013.
1615:Archived
1595:17 March
1510:55763047
1431:20 April
1406:20 April
1376:Archived
1280:Archived
1208:See also
1147:Thailand
1133:161,791
1115:390,541
1097:586,686
1075:Weight (
1072:Country
1000:allergen
961:for the
920:content.
834:mycelium
790:sphagnum
742:doormats
730:Sonsorol
397:and the
361:), കയർ (
3807:Commons
3680:Net-pot
3619:Perlite
3488:passive
3399:Commons
3357:Vinylon
3352:Vectran
3347:Spandex
3278:Acrylic
3270:Polymer
3237:Mineral
3217:Piñatex
3207:Lyocell
3197:Acetate
3135:Mineral
3065:Guanaco
2915:Bagasse
2893:Natural
2784:Culture
2770:KERAFED
2566:Vinegar
2501:Jewelry
2446:Vietnam
2385:Coconut
2343:. 1905.
1583:Staff.
1177:33,960
1169:39,548
1151:64,098
1111:Vietnam
1047:Pythium
941:In the
810:perlite
746:brushes
629:retting
442:coconut
418:rigging
395:Pacific
365:), the
329:History
297:coconut
287:, is a
188:scholar
3690:Timers
3624:Pumice
3599:Gravel
3362:Vinyon
3340:UHMWPE
3325:Olefin
3293:Kevlar
3288:Twaron
3283:Aramid
3255:Basalt
3250:Carbon
3120:Vicuña
3105:Tendon
3095:Rabbit
3090:Qiviut
3080:Mohair
3055:Catgut
3040:Byssus
3035:Angora
3030:Alpaca
3022:Animal
3002:Rattan
2992:Raffia
2935:Cotton
2920:Bamboo
2885:Fibers
2590:Dishes
2580:Arrack
2561:Timber
2536:Powder
2476:Cadjan
2471:Butter
2421:Mexico
2416:Kerala
2401:Brazil
2308:
2232:
2126:
2089:
2056:
1939:14 May
1925:
1891:
1825:
1778:(14).
1724:
1660:
1565:L.)".
1541:
1508:
1466:
1197:Kerala
1162:
1144:
1126:
1108:
1090:
1077:tonnes
1030:Mexico
994:Safety
945:, the
918:lignin
799:snails
711:Kerala
682:retted
462:cotton
450:lignin
406:Indian
404:Later
387:sennit
359:kayiru
344:Sennit
335:Sennit
190:
183:
176:
169:
163:"Coir"
161:
3461:Types
3367:Zylon
3320:Nylon
3303:Nomex
3245:Glass
3222:Rayon
3212:Modal
3075:Llama
3007:Sisal
2997:Ramie
2972:Kenaf
2967:Kapok
2950:Linen
2940:Fique
2925:Bashō
2910:Abacá
2902:Plant
2571:Water
2551:Sugar
2506:Latík
2486:Copra
2406:India
2230:S2CID
2152:(PDF)
2145:(PDF)
2081:(2).
2048:(7).
1506:S2CID
1486:(PDF)
1464:S2CID
1183:World
1165:Ghana
1093:India
868:India
758:latex
754:twine
734:Palau
728:from
715:India
537:copra
375:Ropes
367:Tamil
363:kayar
312:coir
195:JSTOR
181:books
3634:Sand
3115:Wool
3100:Silk
3070:Hair
3012:Wood
2987:Pine
2982:Piña
2962:Jute
2957:Hemp
2945:Flax
2930:Coir
2576:Wine
2516:Milk
2481:Coir
2426:Niue
2306:ISBN
2270:2022
2191:URL:
2178:2010
2124:ISSN
2087:ISSN
2054:ISSN
2025:help
1989:2024
1967:2024
1941:2015
1923:ISBN
1889:ISBN
1868:help
1823:ISBN
1722:ISBN
1658:ISBN
1597:2013
1539:ISBN
1433:2018
1408:2018
1307:2023
1227:2009
1220:Rope
951:pith
947:DILG
916:and
866:and
794:peat
784:and
765:rope
707:rope
692:Uses
636:CSIR
460:and
458:flax
410:Arab
408:and
369:and
355:coir
348:Fiji
323:peat
314:pith
293:husk
276:ɔɪər
261:Coir
167:news
21:Cóir
3125:Yak
2531:Oil
2496:Jam
2222:doi
1714:doi
1650:doi
1529:doi
1498:doi
1456:doi
1348:doi
957:as
780:In
724:An
709:in
642:in
638:'s
574:by
502:by
295:of
150:by
3849::
2337:.
2228:.
2216:.
2116:90
2114:.
2108:.
2079:41
2077:.
2052:.
2046:56
2044:.
2016::
2014:}}
2010:{{
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