397:
pragmatic methodology for free distribution and access to an end product's design and implementation details, open-source represents a paradigm shift in the philosophy of collaboration. The collaboratory has proven to be a viable solution for the creation of a virtual organization. Increasingly, however, there is a need to expand this virtual space into the real world. We propose another paradigm shift, moving the collaboratory beyond its existing ICT framework to a methodology of collaboration beyond the tool- and data-centric approaches, and towards an issue-centered approach that is transdisciplinary in nature."
380:
control of experimental apparatus, distribution of information, and the large number of participants. In their first decade of use, collaboratories were seen as complex and expensive information and communication technology (ICT) solutions supporting 15 to 200 users per project, with budgets ranging from 0.5 to 10 million USD. At that time, collaboratories were designed from an ICT perspective to serve the interests of the scientific community with tool-oriented computing requirements, creating an environment that enabled systems design and participation in collaborative science and experiments.
835:
contacting scholars across the humanities (including digital humanities), social sciences, media studies, the arts, and technology sectors who shared these convictions and wanted to envision a new kind of organization—an academic social network—that would allow anyone to join and would offer any member of the community to contribute. They began working with a team of developers at
Stanford University to code and design a participatory, community site, originally a display website and a Wiki for open contribution and as a community-based publishing and networking platform.
172:
410:. Collaboration, Chin and Lansing (2004) state, is driven both by the need to share data and to share knowledge about data. Shared data is only useful if sufficient context is provided about the data such that collaborators may comprehend and effectively apply it. It is therefore imperative, according to Chin and Lansing (2004), to know and understand how data sets relate to aspects of overall data space, applications, experiments, projects, and the scientific community, identifying the critical features or properties among which we can mention:
569:
of the infrastructure is the technical support necessary to ensure version control, to get participants registered, and to recover in case of disaster. Communications cost is another element which can be critical for collaboration infrastructure readiness (Olson, Teasley, Bietz, & Cogburn, 2002). Pricing structures for network connectivity can affect the choices that users will make and therefore have an effect on the collaboratory's final design and implementation.
928:
knowledge are pushed back the problems get more and more difficult, often requiring large multidisciplinary teams to make progress. The collaboratory is emerging as a viable solution, using communication and computing technologies to relax the constraints of distance and time, creating an instance of a virtual organization. The collaboratory is both an opportunity with very useful properties, but also a challenge to human organizational practices (Olson, 2002).
924:
substantial knowledge base has emerged helping us in understanding their development and application in science and industry (Cogburn, 2003). Extending the collaboratory concept to include both social and behavioral research as well as more scientists from the developing world could potentially strengthen the concept and provide opportunities of learning more about the social and technical factors that support a distributed knowledge network (Cogburn, 2003).
124:
25:
471:
and disadvantages for scientific task execution; and provide personal conveniences when collaborating across distances” (Sonnenwald, 2003, p. 68). Many scientists looked at the collaboratory as means to achieve strategic goals that were organizational and personal in nature. Other scientists anticipated that the scientific process would speed up when they had access to the collaboratory.
66:
630:
587:
459:. The main finding was that there have been important intellectual contributions on both sides, although the context was that of a developed country working together with a developing one and there have been social as well as cultural barriers. He further develops the idea that a successful CSCL would need to draw the best lessons learned on both sides in
777:
The deployment of the DCC was done in a phased approach. The first phase was based on iterative development, testing, and deployment of individual collaboratory tools. Once collaboratory team members had adequately tested each new tool, it was deployed to combustion researchers. The deployment of the
568:
When analyzing the collaboration infrastructure readiness Olson, Teasley, Bietz, and
Cogburn (2002) state that modern collaboration tools require adequate infrastructure to operate properly. Many off-the-shelf applications will run effectively only on state-of-the-art workstations. An important piece
560:
to collaborate, shared principles of collaboration, and experience with the elements of collaboration are also crucial. Successful interaction between users requires a certain amount of common ground. Interactions require a high degree of trust or negotiation, especially when they involve areas where
379:
As stated in
Chapter 4 of the 50+20 "Management Education for the World" book, "the term collaboratory was first introduced in the late 1980s to address problems of geographic separation in large research projects related to travel time and cost, difficulties in keeping contact with other scientists,
307:
In this context, by fusing two elements, “collaboration” and “laboratory”, the word “collaboratory” suggests the construction of a space where people explore collaborative innovations. It is, as defined by Dr. Katrin Muff, “an open space for all stakeholders where action learning and action research
538:
The vast majority of the evaluations performed thus far are concentrating mainly on the usage statistics (e.g. total number of members, hours of use, amount of data communicated) or on the immediate role in the production of traditional scientific outcomes (e.g. publications and patents). Sonnenwald
383:
The introduction of a user-centered approach provided a first evolutionary step in the design philosophy of the collaboratory, allowing rapid prototyping and development circles. Over the past decade the concept of the collaboratory expanded beyond that of an elaborate ICT solution, evolving into a
348:
Chin and
Lansing (2004) state that the research and development of scientific collaboratories had, thus far, a tool-centric approach. The main goal was to provide tools for shared access and manipulation of specific software systems or scientific instruments. Such an emphasis on tools was necessary
331:
Problems of geographic separation are especially present in large research projects. The time and cost for traveling, the difficulties in keeping contact with other scientists, the control of experimental apparatus, the distribution of information, and the large number of participants in a research
470:
Sonnenwald (2003) conducted seventeen interviews with scientists and revealed important considerations. Scientists expect a collaboratory to “support their strategic plans; facilitate management of the scientific process; have a positive or neutral impact on scientific outcomes; provide advantages
446:
Henline (1998) argues that communication about experimental data is another important characteristic of a collaboratory. By focusing attention on the dynamics of information exchange, the study of
Zebrafish Information Network Project (Henline, 1998) concluded that the key challenges in creating a
392:
Initially, the collaboratory was used in scientific research projects with variable degrees of success. In recent years, collaboratory models have been applied to areas beyond scientific research and the national context. The wide acceptance of collaborative technologies in many parts of the world
388:
beyond a common repository for storing and retrieving shared data sets. These developments have led to the evolution of the collaboratory towards a globally distributed knowledge work that produces intangible goods and services capable of being both developed and distributed around the world using
288:
However, a wide-ranging definition is provided by
Cogburn (2003) who states that “a collaboratory is more than an elaborate collection of information and communications technologies; it is a new networked organizational form that also includes social processes; collaboration techniques; formal and
555:
Collaboration readiness is the most basic pre-requisite for an effective collaboratory, according to Olson, Teasley, Bietz, and
Cogburn (2002). Often the critical component to collaboration readiness is based on the concept of “working together in order to achieve a science goal” (Olson, Teasley,
488:
in the collaboratory is that the system developers must be able to distinguish when a particular system or modification has positive impact on users’ work practices. An important part of obtaining this understanding is producing an accurate picture of how work is done prior to the introduction of
672:
BSC provides project collaboration by allowing scientists to define and manage members of their group. Security and authentication mechanisms are therefore applied to limit access to project data and applications. Monitoring capability allows for members to identify other members that are online
927:
The use of collaborative technologies to support geographically distributed scientific research is gaining wide acceptance in many parts of the world. Such collaboratories hold great promise for international cooperation in critical areas of scientific research and not only. As the frontiers of
797:
The collaboratory team found that the highest impact was perceived by the geographically separated scientists that truly depended on each other to achieve their goals. One of the team's major challenges was to overcome the technological and social barriers in order to meet all of the objectives
572:
Collaboration technology readiness, according to Olson, Teasley, Bietz, and
Cogburn (2002), refers to the fact that collaboration does not involve only technology and infrastructure, but also requires a considerable investment in training. Thus, it is essential to assess the state of technology
923:
To date, most collaboratories have been applied largely in scientific research projects, with various degrees of success and failure. Recently, however, collaboratory models have been applied to additional areas of scientific research in both national and international contexts. As a result, a
834:
HASTAC (Humanities, Arts, Science, and
Technology Alliance and Collaboratory), founded in 2002 by Cathy N. Davidson, then Vice Provost for Interdisciplinary Studies at Duke University and David Theo Goldberg, Director of the University of California Humanities Research Institute (UCHRI), after
405:
A distinctive characteristic of collaboratories is that they focus on data collection and analysis. Hence the interest to apply collaborative technologies to support data sharing as opposed to tool sharing. Chin and
Lansing (2004) explore the shift of collaboratory development from traditional
688:
Pancerella, Rahn, and Yang (1999) analyzed the Diesel Combustion Collaboratory (DCC) which was a problem-solving environment for combustion research. The main goal of DCC was to make the information exchange for the combustion researchers more efficient. Researchers would collaborate over the
396:
The emergence of open-source technology transformed the collaboratory into its next evolution. The term open-source was adopted by a group of people in the free software movement in Palo Alto in 1998 in reaction to the source code release of the Netscape Navigator browser. Beyond providing a
534:
Meeting expectations is a factor that influences adoption of innovations, including scientific collaboratories. Some of the collaboratories implemented thus far have not been entirely successful. The Mathematics and Computer Science Division of Argonne National Laboratory, Waterfall Glen
525:
work as being a set of “economic activities that produce intangible goods and services , capable of being both developed and distributed around the world using the global information and communication networks” (Cogburn, 2003, p. 81). Through the use of these global information and
335:
Therefore, collaboratories have been put into operation in response to these concerns and restrictions. However, the development and implementation proves to be not so inexpensive. From 1992 to 2000 financial budgets for scientific research and development of collaboratories ranged from
526:
communications networks, organizations are able to take part in globally disarticulated production, which means they can locate their research and development facilities almost anywhere in the world, and engineers can collaborate across time zones, institutions and national boundaries.
344:
10,890,000 and the total use ranged from 17 to 215 users per collaboratory (Sonnenwald, 2003). Particularly higher costs occurred when software packages were not available for purchase and direct integration into the collaboratory or when requirements and expectations were not met.
384:“new networked organizational form that also includes social processes, collaboration techniques, formal and informal communication, and agreement on norms, principles, values, and rules”. The collaboratory shifted from being a tool-centric to a data-centric approach, enabling
447:
collaboratory may be social rather than technical. “A successful system must respect existing social conventions while encouraging the development of analogous mechanisms within the new electronic forum” (Henline, 1998, p. 69). Similar observations were made in the
794:(Pancerella, Rahn, & Yang, 1999). The challenge was to balance the increased access to data that was needed with the security requirements. The final phase was the broadening of the target research to multiple projects including a broader range of collaborators.
303:
This meaning of the word originates from the visioning work of a large group of people – including scholars, artists, consultant, students, activists, and other professionals – who worked together on the 50+20 initiative aiming at transforming management education.
867:- an organization of Christian students, educators, and professionals affiliated with Messiah College, aspiring to fulfill Biblical mandates to foster justice, empower the poor, reconcile adversaries, and care for the earth, in the context of academic engagement.
535:
collaboratory (Henline, 1998) is an illustrative example. This collaboratory had its shares of problems. There have been the occasional technical and social disasters, but most importantly it did not meet all of the collaboration and interaction requirements.
254:
in 1989, is a “center without walls, in which the nation’s researchers can perform their research without regard to physical location, interacting with colleagues, accessing instrumentation, sharing data and computational resources, accessing information in
668:
to capture, manage, and supply standard paths of analyses. The scientific workflow may be viewed as process templates that captures and semi-automate the steps of an analysis process and its encompassing data sets and tools (Chin & Lansing, 2004).
371:(Chin and Lansing, 2004). Therefore, the design of collaboratories may now move beyond developing general communication mechanisms to evaluating and supporting the very nature of collaboration in the scientific context (Chin & Lansing, 2004).
393:
opens promising opportunities for international cooperation in critical areas where societal stakeholders are unable to work out solutions in isolation, providing a platform for large multidisciplinary teams to work on complex global challenges.
284:
A simplified form of these definitions would describe the collaboratory as being an environment where participants make use of computing and communication technologies to access shared instruments and data, as well as to communicate with others.
758:
Each of these requirements had to be done securely and efficiently across the Internet. Resources availability was a major concern because many of the chemistry simulations could run for hours or even days on high-end workstations and produce
597:
A comprehensively described example of a collaboratory, the Biological Sciences Collaboratory (BSC) at the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (Chin & Lansing, 2004), enables the sharing and analysis of biological data through
542:
Regardless of the criteria used for evaluation, we must focus on understanding the expectations and requirements defined for a collaboratory. Without such understanding a collaboratory runs the risk of not being adopted.
789:
capabilities, and data archives) was done in parallel (Pancerella, Rahn, & Yang, 1999). The next phase was to implement full security in the collaboratory. The primary focus was on two-way synchronous and multi-way
1101:
Bos, N., Zimmerman, A., Olson, J., Yew, J., Yerkie, J., Dahl, E. and Olson, G. (2007), From Shared Databases to Communities of Practice: A Taxonomy of Collaboratories. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 12:
551:
Olson, Teasley, Bietz, and Cogburn (2002) ascertain some of the success factors of a collaboratory. They are: collaboration readiness, collaboration infrastructure readiness, and collaboration technology readiness.
311:
The concept of the collaboratory as a creative group process and its application are further developed in the book “The Collaboratory: A co-creative stakeholder engagement process for solving complex problems”.
479:
Finholt (1995), based on the case studies of the Upper Atmospheric Research Collaboratory (UARC) and the Medical Collaboratory, establishes a design philosophy: a collaboratory project must be dedicated to a
497:
effort was to inject those observations back into the design process to provide a baseline for evaluating future changes and to illuminate productive directions for prototype development (Finholt, 1995).
539:(2003), however, argues that we should rather look for longer-term and intangible measures such as new and continued relationship among scientists, and subsequent, longer-term creation of new knowledge.
618:, for example). It offers subscription capabilities (to allow certain individuals to access data) and verification of identities, establishes and manages permissions and privileges, and has data
860:
Collaboratory for Microscopic Digital Anatomy (CMDA) – a computational environment to provide biomedical scientists remote access to a specialized research electron microscope (Henline, 1998);
281:
research environment in which scientists work and communicate with each other to design systems, participate in collaborative science, and conduct experiments to evaluate and improve systems.
656:
provided by BSC allows users to define and track tasks related to a specific experiment or project. Tasks can have deadlines assigned, levels of priority, and dependencies. Tasks can also be
798:(Pancerella, Rahn, & Yang, 1999). User openness and low maintenance security collaboratories are hard to achieve, therefore user feedback and evaluation are constantly required.
877:
The International Personality Item Pool (IPIP) – a scientific collaboratory for the development of advanced measures of personality and other individual differences (Henline, 1998);
484:(UCD) approach. This means a commitment to develop software in programming environments that allow rapid prototyping, rapid development cycles (Finholt, 1995). A consequence of the
680:. Notifications are in place for scientists interested in a particular set of data - when that data changes, the scientists get notification via email (Chin & Lansing, 2004).
406:
tool-centric approaches to more data-centric ones, to effectively support data sharing. This means more than just providing a common repository for storing and retrieving shared
565:. “Ethical norms tend to be culturally specific, and negotiations about ethical issues require high levels of trust” (Olson, Teasley, Bietz, & Cogburn, 2002, p. 49).
896:
1163:
Proceedings of the 2002 annual research conference of the South African institute of computer scientists and information technologists on enablement through technology
451:(CSCL) case study (Cogburn, 2003). The author (Cogburn, 2003) is investigating a collaboratory established for researchers in education and other related domains from
1161:
Olson, G.M., Teasley, S., Bietz, M. J., & Cogburn, D. L. (2002). Collaboratories to support distributed science: the example of international HIV/AIDS research,
300:
The word “collaboratory” is also used to describe an open space, creative process where a group of people work together to generate solutions to complex problems.
880:
TANGO – a set of collaborative applications for education and distance learning, command and control, health care, and computer steering (Henline, 1998).
888:
and health care as main domains of operation. Henline (1998) mentions that the collaboratory has been successfully used to implement applications for
353:) to support rudimentary levels of communication and interaction. Today, however, such tools are available in off-the-shelf software packages such as
1105:
Chin, G., Jr., & Lansing, C. S. (2004). Capturing and supporting contexts for scientific data sharing via the biological sciences collaboratory,
1175:
Pancerella, C.M., Rahn, L. A., Yang, C. L. (1999). The diesel combustion collaboratory: combustion researchers collaborating over the internet,
573:
readiness in the community to ensure success. If the level is too primitive more training is required to bring the users’ knowledge up-to-date.
349:
in the early development years of scientific collaboratories due to the lack of basic collaboration tools (e.g. text chat, synchronous audio or
274:
community to create integrated, tool-oriented computing and communication systems to support scientific collaboration” (Bly, 1998, p. 31).
817:
292:
This concept has a lot in common with the notions of Interlock research, Information Routing Group and Interlock diagrams introduced in 1984.
677:
884:
Special consideration should be attributed to TANGO (Henline, 1998) because it is a step forward in implementing collaboratories, as it has
614:. BSC supports various data formats, has data translation capabilities, and can interact and exchange data with other sources (external
1140:
Finholt, T.A., & Olson, G.M. (1997). From laboratories to collaboratories: A new organizational form for scientific collaboration.
937:
448:
1119:
Cosley, D., Frankowsky, D., Kiesler, S., Terveen, L., & Riedl, J. (2005). How oversight improves member-maintained communities,
850:
308:
join forces, and students, educators, and researchers work with members of all facets of society to address current dilemmas.”
493:
had the task of understanding the actual work settings for which new information technologies were developed. The goal of a
676:
BSC offers community collaboration capabilities: scientists may publish their data sets to a larger community through the
689:
Internet using various DCC tools. These tools included “a distributed execution management system for running combustion
464:
1017:
233:
215:
193:
105:
52:
186:
76:
1126:
Finholt, T. A. (1995). Evaluation of electronic work: research on collaboratories at the University of Michigan,
460:
942:
839:
38:
1214:
Unpublished report of a National Science Foundation invitational workshop, Rockefeller University, New York.
289:
informal communication; and agreement on norms, principles, values, and rules” (Cogburn, 2003, p. 86).
1031:
810:
646:
645:
to display the historical lineage of a data set. From this tree-view the scientist may select a particular
593:— provides an integrated set of tools, allowing researchers to share data, applications, and communications
501:
A similar viewpoint is expressed by Cogburn (2003) who relates the collaboratory to a globally distributed
315:
Examples of collaboratory events are provided on the website of the Collaboratory community as well as by
1239:
1234:
871:
975:
506:
1059:
1184:
900:
724:
The collaboratory design team defined the requirements to be (Pancerella, Rahn, & Yang, 1999):
452:
316:
180:
142:
83:
701:; web accessible data archiving capabilities for sharing graphical experimental or modeling data;
702:
603:
320:
813:(MBL) is an international center for research and education in biology, biomedicine and ecology.
1244:
1182:
Rosenberg, L. C. (1991). Update on National Science Foundation funding of the “collaboratory”,
649:(or an entire branch) to access a specific version of the data set (Chin & Lansing, 2004).
197:
1249:
853:– allows remote biologists to share and interactively manipulate three-dimensional molecular
791:
694:
657:
522:
827:, a virtual community of teacher leaders and those who value teacher leadership, run by the
1003:
952:
947:
854:
843:
745:
732:
690:
510:
494:
490:
485:
481:
417:
Experimental properties (conditions of the scientific experiment that generated that data);
354:
341:
337:
1203:, & Maglaughlin, K.L. (2003). Scientific collaboratories: evaluating their potential,
513:(UCD) principles are critical for organizations to take advantage of the opportunities of
8:
1112:
Cogburn, D. L. (2003). HCI in the so-called developing world: what's in it for everyone,
904:
842:– provides collaborative access and manipulation of complex, three-dimensional molecular
562:
518:
430:
Analysis and interpretation (notes, experiences, interpretations, and knowledge produced)
138:
146:
44:
1194:
Proceedings of the 2003 international ACM SIGGROUP conference on supporting group work
892:, command and control center, telemedical bridge, and a remote consulting tool suite.
806:
Other collaboratories that have been implemented and can be further investigated are:
889:
885:
857:
in applications such as drug design and protein engineering (Chin and Lansing, 2004);
779:
718:
714:
623:
368:
350:
1192:
Sonnenwald, D.H. (2003). Expectations for a scientific collaboratory: A case study,
721:
among researchers at remote sites” (Pancerella, Rahn, & Yang, 1999, p. 1).
266:
which combines the interests of the scientific community at large with those of the
502:
267:
1137:(pp. 74–107), 36. Washington, D.C.: American Society for Information Science.
846:
as captured in various scientific visualization programs (Chin and Lansing, 2004);
1088:
864:
768:
751:
661:
653:
256:
82:
The references used may be made clearer with a different or consistent style of
824:
698:
642:
633:
Through data provenance, data sets may be traced back to their original sources
361:
319:- a Swiss business school that has adopted the collaboratory method to harness
87:
1228:
1107:
Proceedings of the 2004 ACM conference on computer supported cooperative work
514:
439:
Experimental process (relationship of data and tasks to the overall process);
1200:
385:
251:
1121:
Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems
908:
271:
838:
Molecular Interactive Collaborative Environment (MICE) developed at the
277:
Rosenberg (1991) considers a collaboratory as being an experimental and
914:
The Internet & Society Collaboratory supported by Google in Germany
710:
638:
619:
607:
421:
767:
of data sets. These data sets had to be visualized using simultaneous
870:
Waterfall Glen – a multi-user object-oriented (MOO) collaboratory at
863:
The Collaboratory for Strategic Partnerships and Applied Research at
816:
Biological Collaborative Research Environment (BioCoRE) developed at
783:
764:
760:
706:
557:
278:
427:
Integration (relationship of data subsets within the full data set);
831:, a national education nonprofit (Berry, Byrd, & Wieder, 2013);
665:
615:
611:
599:
407:
828:
786:
433:
Scientific organization (scientific classification or hierarchy);
414:
General data set properties (owner, creation data, size, format);
332:
project are just a few of the issues researchers are faced with.
1154:
Olson, G.M. (2004). Collaboratories. In W.S. Bainbridge (Ed.),
820:– a collaboration tool for biologists (Chin and Lansing, 2004);
741:
Ability to run combustion models at widely separated locations;
456:
263:
1177:
Proceedings of the 1999 ACM/IEEE conference on supercomputing
1089:
Teacherpreneurs: Innovative teachers who lead but don't leave
771:
365:
774:
of multiple variables (Pancerella, Rahn, & Yang, 1999).
442:
User community (application of data set to different users).
436:
Task (research task that generated or applies the data set);
1133:
Finholt, T.A. Collaboratories. (2002). In B. Cronin (Ed.),
1063:
610:
tracking, analysis notes, task management, and scientific
1168:
Olson, G.M., Zimmerman, A., & Bos, N. (Eds.) (2008).
629:
586:
358:
1210:
Wulf, W. (1989, March). The national collaboratory. In
989:
641:
tool and a data organization tool. These tools allow a
1045:
400:
374:
1094:
Bly, S. (1998). Special section on collaboratories,
849:
Molecular Modeling Collaboratory (MMC) developed at
581:
1147:Henline, P. (1998). Eight collaboratory summaries,
1135:
Annual Review of Information Science and Technology
673:working on the project (Chin & Lansing, 2004).
683:
133:may lack focus or may be about more than one topic
709:for facilitating collaboration; visualization of
1226:
1217:Wulf, W. (1993) The collaboratory opportunity.
1087:Berry, B., Byrd, A., & Wieder, A. (2013).
137:Please help improve this article, possibly by
1158:. Great Barrington, MA: Berkshire Publishing.
1032:"Collaboratory at Business School Lausanne"
735:strategies and exchange model descriptions;
53:Learn how and when to remove these messages
1156:Encyclopedia of Human-Computer Interaction
938:Information and communication technologies
818:University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign
744:Ability to analyze experimental data and
660:and various reports produced. Related to
556:Bietz, & Cogburn, 2002, p. 46).
489:technology. Finholt (1995) explains that
449:Computer-supported collaborative learning
234:Learn how and when to remove this message
216:Learn how and when to remove this message
106:Learn how and when to remove this message
1170:Scientific collaboration on the Internet
801:
628:
585:
262:Bly (1998) refines the definition to “a
179:This article includes a list of general
851:University of California, San Francisco
1227:
970:
968:
424:(relationship with previous versions);
591:The Biological Sciences Collaboratory
1060:"Management Education for the World"
1052:
1038:
738:Archiving collaborative information;
728:Ability share graphical data easily;
474:
165:
141:the article and/or by introducing a
117:
59:
18:
965:
748:results in a web-accessible format;
626:) as part of its security package.
465:computer-supported cooperative work
13:
546:
401:Characteristics and considerations
375:The evolution of the collaboratory
185:it lacks sufficient corresponding
14:
1261:
1212:Towards a national collaboratory.
693:on widely distributed computers (
582:Biological Sciences Collaboratory
34:This article has multiple issues.
1151:(3), 66–72, New York: ACM Press.
1116:(2), 80-87, New York: ACM Press.
754:and group meetings capabilities.
606:, data organization views, data
295:
170:
122:
64:
23:
1207:(4), 9–10, New York: ACM Press.
1109:, 409-418, New York: ACM Press.
684:Diesel Combustion Collaboratory
622:capabilities (to ensure secure
604:electronic laboratory notebooks
521:. He (Cogburn, 2003) refers to
461:computer-mediated communication
145:, or discuss this issue on the
42:or discuss these issues on the
1189:(12), 83, New York: ACM Press.
1024:
1010:
996:
982:
840:San Diego Supercomputer Center
1:
1196:, 68–74, New York: ACM Press.
1098:(3), 31, New York: ACM Press.
1091:. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
1081:
529:
326:
958:
811:Marine Biological Laboratory
16:Type of research environment
7:
1172:. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
931:
872:Argonne National Laboratory
829:Center for Teaching Quality
792:asynchronous collaborations
576:
10:
1266:
943:Human–computer interaction
918:
897:Collaborative architecture
507:human-computer interaction
389:traditional ICT networks.
1185:Communications of the ACM
1018:"Collaboratory community"
637:BSC also provides a data
901:Interactive architecture
517:and the emergence of an
453:United States of America
317:Business School Lausanne
1128:ACM SIGOIS Bulletin, 16
321:collective intelligence
200:more precise citations.
1179:, New York: ACM Press.
634:
594:
1142:Psychological Science
802:Other collaboratories
695:distributed computing
632:
589:
523:distributed knowledge
491:behavioral scientists
953:Participatory design
948:User-centered design
703:electronic notebooks
511:user-centered design
495:user-centered design
486:user-centered design
482:user-centered design
355:Microsoft NetMeeting
976:"The Collaboratory"
905:Adam Somlai-Fischer
731:Ability to discuss
666:workflow management
612:workflow management
563:cultural difference
519:Information society
143:disambiguation page
1240:Technology systems
1235:1989 introductions
1199:Sonnenwald, D.H.,
1046:"50+20 initiative"
1034:. 8 December 2014.
990:"50+20 initiative"
635:
595:
890:distance learning
886:distance learning
825:CTQ Collaboratory
780:videoconferencing
719:data conferencing
715:videoconferencing
643:hierarchical tree
624:data transmission
475:Design philosophy
369:Videoconferencing
351:videoconferencing
257:digital libraries
244:
243:
236:
226:
225:
218:
164:
163:
116:
115:
108:
57:
1257:
1205:Interactions, 10
1114:Interactions, 10
1075:
1074:
1072:
1071:
1062:. Archived from
1056:
1050:
1049:
1042:
1036:
1035:
1028:
1022:
1021:
1014:
1008:
1007:
1004:"Dr.Katrin Muff"
1000:
994:
993:
986:
980:
979:
972:
874:(Henline, 1998);
778:infrastructure (
268:computer science
259:” (Wulf, 1989).
250:, as defined by
239:
232:
221:
214:
210:
207:
201:
196:this article by
187:inline citations
174:
173:
166:
159:
156:
150:
126:
125:
118:
111:
104:
100:
97:
91:
68:
67:
60:
49:
27:
26:
19:
1265:
1264:
1260:
1259:
1258:
1256:
1255:
1254:
1225:
1224:
1221:, 261, 854-855.
1149:Interactions, 5
1096:Interactions, 5
1084:
1079:
1078:
1069:
1067:
1058:
1057:
1053:
1044:
1043:
1039:
1030:
1029:
1025:
1016:
1015:
1011:
1002:
1001:
997:
988:
987:
983:
974:
973:
966:
961:
934:
921:
865:Messiah College
804:
752:Videoconference
686:
664:, BSC provides
662:task management
654:task management
584:
579:
549:
547:Success factors
532:
505:, stating that
477:
403:
377:
329:
298:
240:
229:
228:
227:
222:
211:
205:
202:
192:Please help to
191:
175:
171:
160:
154:
151:
136:
127:
123:
112:
101:
95:
92:
81:
75:has an unclear
69:
65:
28:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1263:
1253:
1252:
1247:
1242:
1237:
1223:
1222:
1215:
1208:
1197:
1190:
1180:
1173:
1166:
1159:
1152:
1145:
1138:
1131:
1124:
1117:
1110:
1103:
1099:
1092:
1083:
1080:
1077:
1076:
1051:
1037:
1023:
1020:. 9 June 2014.
1009:
995:
981:
963:
962:
960:
957:
956:
955:
950:
945:
940:
933:
930:
920:
917:
916:
915:
912:
903:, the work of
882:
881:
878:
875:
868:
861:
858:
847:
836:
832:
821:
814:
803:
800:
756:
755:
749:
742:
739:
736:
729:
699:supercomputers
685:
682:
583:
580:
578:
575:
548:
545:
531:
528:
503:knowledge work
476:
473:
444:
443:
440:
437:
434:
431:
428:
425:
418:
415:
402:
399:
376:
373:
362:Lotus Sametime
328:
325:
297:
294:
242:
241:
224:
223:
178:
176:
169:
162:
161:
155:September 2015
130:
128:
121:
114:
113:
96:September 2015
77:citation style
72:
70:
63:
58:
32:
31:
29:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1262:
1251:
1248:
1246:
1245:Collaboration
1243:
1241:
1238:
1236:
1233:
1232:
1230:
1220:
1216:
1213:
1209:
1206:
1202:
1201:Whitton, M.C.
1198:
1195:
1191:
1188:
1186:
1181:
1178:
1174:
1171:
1167:
1164:
1160:
1157:
1153:
1150:
1146:
1143:
1139:
1136:
1132:
1129:
1125:
1122:
1118:
1115:
1111:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1097:
1093:
1090:
1086:
1085:
1066:on 2015-08-23
1065:
1061:
1055:
1047:
1041:
1033:
1027:
1019:
1013:
1005:
999:
991:
985:
977:
971:
969:
964:
954:
951:
949:
946:
944:
941:
939:
936:
935:
929:
925:
913:
910:
906:
902:
898:
895:
894:
893:
891:
887:
879:
876:
873:
869:
866:
862:
859:
856:
852:
848:
845:
841:
837:
833:
830:
826:
822:
819:
815:
812:
809:
808:
807:
799:
795:
793:
788:
785:
781:
775:
773:
770:
766:
762:
753:
750:
747:
743:
740:
737:
734:
730:
727:
726:
725:
722:
720:
716:
712:
708:
704:
700:
697:), including
696:
692:
681:
679:
674:
670:
667:
663:
659:
655:
650:
648:
644:
640:
631:
627:
625:
621:
617:
613:
609:
605:
601:
592:
588:
574:
570:
566:
564:
559:
553:
544:
540:
536:
527:
524:
520:
516:
515:globalization
512:
508:
504:
499:
496:
492:
487:
483:
472:
468:
466:
462:
458:
455:and southern
454:
450:
441:
438:
435:
432:
429:
426:
423:
419:
416:
413:
412:
411:
409:
398:
394:
390:
387:
381:
372:
370:
367:
363:
360:
356:
352:
346:
343:
339:
333:
324:
322:
318:
313:
309:
305:
301:
296:Other meaning
293:
290:
286:
282:
280:
275:
273:
269:
265:
260:
258:
253:
249:
248:collaboratory
238:
235:
220:
217:
209:
199:
195:
189:
188:
182:
177:
168:
167:
158:
148:
144:
140:
134:
131:This article
129:
120:
119:
110:
107:
99:
89:
85:
79:
78:
73:This article
71:
62:
61:
56:
54:
47:
46:
41:
40:
35:
30:
21:
20:
1250:Laboratories
1218:
1211:
1204:
1193:
1183:
1176:
1169:
1162:
1155:
1148:
1141:
1134:
1127:
1120:
1113:
1106:
1095:
1068:. Retrieved
1064:the original
1054:
1040:
1026:
1012:
998:
984:
926:
922:
883:
805:
796:
776:
757:
723:
687:
675:
671:
651:
636:
596:
590:
571:
567:
554:
550:
541:
537:
533:
500:
478:
469:
445:
404:
395:
391:
386:data sharing
382:
378:
347:
334:
330:
314:
310:
306:
302:
299:
291:
287:
283:
276:
261:
252:William Wulf
247:
245:
230:
212:
203:
184:
152:
132:
102:
93:
74:
50:
43:
37:
36:Please help
33:
1144:, 8, 28-36.
1130:(2), 49–51.
909:Usman Haque
705:and shared
678:data portal
561:there is a
340:447,000 to
272:engineering
198:introducing
1229:Categories
1082:References
1070:2015-08-21
713:data; and
711:combustion
707:workspaces
639:provenance
620:encryption
608:provenance
558:Incentives
530:Evaluation
509:(HCI) and
463:(CMC) and
422:provenance
327:Background
206:March 2011
181:references
88:footnoting
39:improve it
959:Footnotes
784:multicast
765:Megabytes
761:Kilobytes
616:databases
602:capture,
408:data sets
279:empirical
147:talk page
139:splitting
45:talk page
1165:, 44–51.
1123:, 11-20.
1102:652–672.
932:See also
746:modeling
733:modeling
600:metadata
577:Examples
467:(CSCW).
84:citation
1219:Science
919:Summary
787:routing
782:tools,
658:queried
194:improve
855:models
844:models
691:models
457:Africa
264:system
183:, but
772:plots
420:Data
366:Mbone
1187:, 34
907:and
899:and
823:The
717:and
652:The
647:node
342:US$
338:US$
270:and
86:and
769:2-D
763:to
359:IBM
1231::
967:^
364:,
357:,
323:.
246:A
48:.
1073:.
1048:.
1006:.
992:.
978:.
911:.
237:)
231:(
219:)
213:(
208:)
204:(
190:.
157:)
153:(
149:.
135:.
109:)
103:(
98:)
94:(
90:.
80:.
55:)
51:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.