288:. At wrestling events in Dublin, a common method of issuing a challenge was to place a jacket in the centre of the ring and wait for a contender to step in and put it on. In Ireland - and in the early days in the United States - there were no standardised requirements for the durability or the length of the jacket. This occasionally led to disputes between prospective opponents when one party believed that the other's attire provided him with an unfair advantage, such as the one that occurred between Patrick Cullen and Paddy Dunne in which Dunne alleged that Cullen's long cavalry officer's coat would prevent him from seeing and defending against his leg techniques. Contests were occasionally even called off mid-bout when a jacket ripped or was otherwise unable to bear the rigours of a prolonged wrestling match. The Dufur rules of the 19th century were the first to specifically state that any jacket used for a Collar and Elbow bout had to be "tight-fitting, with strongly sewn seams". This prescription was mirrored in the Ed James rules, which also elaborated that the jacket should not reach below the wrestler's hips so that their leg attacks would be freely visible.
485:
Gaelic programme since its first appearance, neither has ever received any official encouragement. Yet both are games in which Gaels have excelled That such a wide area and so popular and meritorious a branch of athletics should have received only nominal recognition is only another instance of how partial and halting has been the management of Gaelic athletic affairs." Individual efforts were made to promote Collar and Elbow bouts in Dublin in 1906, but these were "spontaneous and isolated", and the sport was entirely omitted from the largest government-organised athletics event of the period - the short-lived modern revival of the
238:, Vermont in 1856. The tournament was ultimately cancelled due to "an epidemic of disease" in the region, however, and no record of the proposed ruleset exists. It was almost two decades later before the first widely accepted set of rules was published. These were compiled by legendary Collar and Elbow champion Henry Moses Dufur, and as such came to be colloquially known as the Dufur Rules. Among other things, they stated that wrestlers had to compete while wearing a suitably sturdy jacket, and banned the wearing of heavy footwear.
29:
263:
530:
1230:
159:
between Thomas
Costello and his ill-fated opponent. However, by the 18th century a new form of grip had established itself as the favoured hold: right hand grabbing the opponent's collar, left hand grabbing the sleeve of their jacket at the elbow. This position, and all its associated techniques and strategies, was to quickly emerge as the dominant framework under which Irish wrestling matches were contested.
956:(Wadena, Minnesota), 27 January 1881, p. 3. "The collar-and-elbow wrestle between two skilled contestants is really, so to speak, a fist fight with the feet. One would think in viewing the kicks of the mailed feet that shins would be broken like pipe-stems, but it is not often that one wrestler is permitted to get a square-toed kick upon the shins of the other, where there is science on both sides."
1019:(New York, New York), 20 June 1916, p. 14. "Steve O' Donnell is dead - not Australian Steve, the fighter, but Bowery Boy Steve, the wrestler. He was one of the best performers in the ancient days when collar-and-elbow was the rule, and although only a lightweight used to hold such men as Homer Lane, 170 pounds, and John McMahon, 180 pounds. That was in the 70s."
301:
opponent and send him crashing to the ground - an extended exchange of attack and defense that one historian described as "footsparring". Observers of Collar and Elbow bouts frequently remarked upon this aspect of the style, with one journalist proposing that a Collar and Elbow match between two skilled participants was really "a fist fight with the feet".
1112:, 27 March 1876, p. 1. "Time was called at 8:40pm when both wrestlers advanced to the center of the carpeted stage At 10:25pm they resumed, and McLaughling went down When they again grasped, the timer's watch pointed to 11:05pm After a good deal of backing and filling, which continued up to one o'clock am, the disputants came to terms."
541:, Germany. The ruleset for these bouts included several modifications to ensure compatibility with a modern tournament format. Most notably, individual bouts were limited to a maximum of 5 minutes' duration, in contrast to historical Brollaidheacht bouts which were entirely open-ended and routinely lasted several hours.
172:: "Coiléar agus Uille" (a literal translation of Collar and Elbow) and "brollaidheacht". The latter derives from the term for the front of a shirt ("brollach léine") and thus "brollaidheacht" could be translated as "collaring" - a reference to the grip that wrestlers were required to take on each other's jackets.
856:, 12 June 1879, p. 4. "The long-anticipated struggle between James E. Owens of Vermont and H.M. Dufur of Marlboro at collar-and-elbow wrestling. Ed James' rules to govern, best two in three, fair falls, for $ 500 and the championship, drew an audience at the Howard Athenaeum, last evening, that packed the house."
513:. He specifically highlighted the "foot and leg plays, beginning with foot trips, the heel blocks, and the forward leg trips and working upwards to hip rolls" as "obvious but not deliberate borrowings from Collar and Elbow", and attributed them to the technical innovations introduced by Oklahoma coach
241:
The Dufur rules were closely followed by the Ed James rules, published as part of a general manual of sporting rules and regulations in 1873. These were largely the same as the Dufur rules, and specified the clear conditions for victory - a wrestler had to throw his opponent flat on his back, similar
233:
Initially, Collar and Elbow bouts in both
Ireland and the United States were governed by unwritten, often improvised codes of conduct rather than any kind of codified rules. An early attempt to standardise the competitive rules of the style was made in advance of a tournament that was scheduled to be
496:
In the United States, the growing popularity of other grappling styles like catch wrestling and Greco-Roman resulted in Collar and Elbow being practised less and less. The final contest for the Collar and Elbow championship of
America - held between James H. McLoughlin and John McMahon - took place
480:
that limited any kind of gatherings in public space. The demographic and cultural devastation of the former coupled with the oppressive restrictions of the latter resulted in an environment in which
Ireland's native wrestling style simply could not be practised, ultimately leading to it fading from
777:
Now this was the way it was customary with them to make a wrestling at this time ; that was, to bind a girdle or belt of leather round about the body of the two men, and to give each man of them a hold on the other man's belt, and when they would be ready and the word would be given them they
484:
An additional significant factor was the lack of any independent, centralised sporting organisation to promote the style. A book published in 1908 by An
Chomhairle NĂĄisiĂșnta (The National Council), referring to both wrestling and handball, noted that "although both these pastimes have been on the
213:, and in that way it acquired immense popularity among men from other regions of the United States who might otherwise never have encountered it. By the time the Civil War ended, Collar and Elbow had emerged as one of the most common rulesets under which wrestling bouts were contested nationwide.
158:
These accounts of early Irish wrestling matches all describe participants taking a diverse range of grips on their opponents - from clutching at any available limb in the time of CĂșchulainn, to a backhold-style clinch on the carvings at Kells and
Kilteel, to both hands holding a belt in the match
150:
These wrestling contests were occasionally violent affairs. Participants could be and were frequently injured, sometimes fatally so, as in the case of a contest between one Thomas
Costello (known locally as "Tumaus Loidher" - Thomas the Strong) and an unnamed champion in which Costello ostensibly
146:
and wrestling, and was on one occasion enraged by an undead spectre mockingly suggesting that his skill in the latter area had been highly exaggerated. Carved depictions of two figures in a recognisable wrestling clinch appear on the Market High Cross of Kells and the ruins of a church at
Kilteel
300:
Since both combatants' hands were fixed in place on each other's jackets, Collar and Elbow came to be distinguished by its volume and variety of leg techniques. Scufflers would circle each other throwing rapid-fire combinations of trips, taps, kicks, and sweeps in an attempt to off-balance their
187:
Admirers of the style nonetheless lauded its "eminently scientific and picturesque" virtues. In particular, they claimed that, since the opening stance prevented the "bull-like charges, flying tackles, or other onrushes" common in other wrestling styles, Brollaidheacht encouraged participants to
183:
he was required to make three points of his opponent's body touch the ground (usually both shoulders and a hip, or both hips and a shoulder). A significant difference between Collar and Elbow as it was practised in
Ireland and the United States is that, in its Irish incarnation, shin-kicking was
167:
In the 19th century, Brollaidheacht was one of the most widely practised sporting activities in the country - "the chief physical sport of the male population from childhood to mature manhood". Bouts took place between local champions and challengers on a parish level, and those between the most
304:
Although wrestlers' grips were fixed in place, they were nonetheless free to push, pull, and twist their opponent using their arms, and ultimately any form of takedown was permitted as long as the person executing it maintained his collar-and-elbow grips while doing so. One of the more dramatic
291:
Subsequently, a dedicated leather harness was developed to act as a potential substitute for the jacket. The invention of the harness is attributed to Homer Lane, a three-time national Collar and Elbow champion of the United States. It saw somewhat frequent use in both the US and Canada, but in
279:
Although there are accounts of bouts being held in which the combatants were shirtless - particularly in rural areas during the summer months - in its standardised competitive form
Brollaidheacht required both participants to wear jackets or heavy shirts that could be gripped and used to set up
184:
routinely permitted. This, coupled with the fact that many participants wore heavy work boots, resulted in a level of injury among Irish wrestlers not usually seen among their US counterparts. Shins were frequently "gored and/or bruised" after a match, and on rare occasions outright broken.
216:
Bouts drew large and enthusiastic crowds across the country, and purses of several hundred dollars were routinely offered for championship contests. Vermont continued to remain a significant force in the Collar and Elbow world throughout, with two of the style's most notable 19th-century
497:
in 1878, with McMahon winning with two falls out of three. By 1890, Collar and Elbow was already being referred to as an "old time" sport, and by the early 20th century newspaper accounts of wrestling matches were referring to "the ancient days when collar-and-elbow was the rule".
270:
Even in so-called "mixed wrestling" bouts where men would compete against each other in consecutive rounds under different rulesets (e.g. Catch-as-Catch-Can, Greco-Roman, and Collar and Elbow), they would specifically be required to don jackets for the Collar and Elbow rounds.
317:, but since the gripping requirements in Collar and Elbow would have rendered it impossible to grab an opponent's arm with both hands, it is more probable that, in its Collar and Elbow incarnation, the flying mare would have more closely resembled morote seoi nage instead.
517:. It should however be noted that neither of Gallagher's self-penned technique manuals, Amateur Wrestling (1925) and Wrestling (1939), mention Collar and Elbow in any way (apart from a lone reference where the term "collar and elbow" is used to describe a
225:. Practitioners of Collar and Elbow in general were colloquially referred to as "scufflers" (occasionally "trippers" in reference to the leg-centric strategies they employed), and a Collar and Elbow bout itself as "scuffling" or a "scuffling bee".
745:
Then the people came up and they loosed the hands of the champion from the belt where they were fastened, and on the spot the man fell back, and he cold dead; his back-bone had been broken with the first squeeze that Tumaus gave
168:
well-known and skilled wrestlers could draw thousands of spectators from across neighbouring counties. Although it was primarily referred to by its English name, Collar and Elbow is known to have had at least two names in
196:
As levels of Irish emigration to the United States steadily increased throughout the 17thâ19th centuries, so too did the presence of the Irish cultural traditions they brought with them - including their wrestling style.
151:
squeezed on his opponent's harness so powerfully that it broke the man's spine. There appear to have been little or no attempts to moderate these violent aspects of wrestling from a legal point of view; as historian
844:, 1 June 1878, p. 4. "The wrestling match for $ 500 and the championship of America, between Edward Cox of Fairfield, Vt., and Henry M. Dufur of Marlboro, the champion of New England, took place at Riverside Park."
1100:(New York, New York), 19 April 1890, p. 4. "The Sweeney-Deso collar-and-elbow wrestling match was decided at the Globe Athletic Club, Sweeney winning two falls after three and one-half hours of scientific work."
1088:, 1 June 1878, p4. "Finally, after an exciting struggle, Dufur succeeded in getting a fair fall on Cox, and was announced the winner amid loud cheering. The match lasted two hours and thirty-two minutes."
509:, author Charles Morrow Wilson proposed that, even after Collar and Elbow had vanished as a standalone martial art, it continued to exert an influence on the strategies and techniques used in American
868:, 23 November 1897, p. 5. "Two best falls out of three to decide the contest for the World's Championship and $ 1000, which is now in the hands of W.E. Stevens, proprietor of Hotel Stevens, Seattle."
544:
Subsequently, matches based on the same modern ruleset have been held in the United States, including two competitions in a jacketless variant held by the Boston HEMA League in 2023 and 2024.
134:
Wrestling as a competitive sport has been recorded in Ireland as far back as the second millennium BC, when it featured as one of the many athletic contests held during the annual
251:
The men shall wear knit shirt and short coat or jacket, not extending below the hips, with strong collar and elbow for grasp of the opponent, and thin rubber sandals on the feet.
944:, 28 November 1886. "How to Wrestle: Homer Lane Gives a Chapter from his Experience. The Styles of Wrestling - Collar and Elbow, Greco-Roman, and Catch-as-Catch-Can", p. 9
761:. Irish Academic Press, 1979. pp. 151-152. "The victor had, of course, no fear of immediate arrest to answer a charge of manslaughter, but found himself a popular hero."
246:
in judo. The Ed James rules were to act as the agreed-upon standard for the majority of Collar and Elbow bouts held in the United States during its 19th-century heyday:
989:
476:
that resulted in the deaths of over 1 million people and the "unnatural exodus" of 1 million more seeking a better way of life, and the colonial-era
1049:
305:
takedowns was the flying mare - described as an explosive, high-impact throw that would send the victim's feet flying up over his head. In
155:
noted in his account of the match, as the participant in a sporting contest Costello had little to fear in terms of official retribution.
179:
a wrestler was deemed to have won if he made his opponent touch the ground with any single part of his body above the knees, whereas in
1069:
1210:
188:
develop "deftness, balance, and leverage allied with strength, a man to win by means of skill instead of sheer might and weight".
1606:
254:
Each man shall take hold of the collar of his opponent with his right hand, while with his left he must take hold of the elbow.
1530:
558:
205:
in particular, emerged as an early stronghold of Collar and Elbow after it had been introduced by immigrants largely from
486:
877:
Beekman, Scott. Ringside: A History of Professional Wrestling in America. Westport, Conn. : Praeger, 2006. p. 10
321:
113:. Historically it has also been practised in regions of the world with large Irish diaspora populations, such as the
147:(both 9th century AD), and wrestling matches were common features of country fairs until at least the 18th century.
1621:
1332:
1611:
1601:
906:, 25 March 1884, "Duncan Ross Again Defeats Colonel McLaughlin in a Mixed Wrestling Match in Cleveland", p. 2.
1616:
1203:
1292:
620:
472:
newspaper in 1907, local historian John Ennis directly attributed this to two significant factors - the
1167:
1142:
292:
general the majority of Brollaidheacht bouts continued to be held using the requisite durable jackets.
235:
798:
Hardy Fingallians, Kildare Trippers, and 'The Divil Ye'll Rise' Scufflers: Wrestling in Modern Ireland
135:
493:. No records exist of any Brollaidheacht bouts being held in Ireland after the early 20th century.
222:
1196:
1128:
218:
73:
1580:
473:
468:
By the early 20th century, Brollaidheacht had all but disappeared from Ireland. Writing in the
175:
Victory was determined by a "fall", the definition of which differed from county to county. In
670:
The Aonach Tailteann and the Tailteann Games: Their Origin, History, and Ancient Associations
320:
The following techniques were listed in a 1900 dictionary of sporting terms published by the
310:
822:
1575:
1570:
1565:
1540:
1261:
1251:
510:
339:
262:
978:
Martell, William A. Greco-Roman Wrestling. Windsor: Human Kinetics Publishers, 1993, p. 60
8:
1500:
1302:
1235:
710:
514:
210:
209:. During the US Civil War, Vermont regiments introduced the style to other units in the
1488:
668:
738:
1545:
1525:
1493:
1327:
1229:
583:
563:
281:
152:
39:
Coiléar agus Uille, Scuffling, Irish-Style Scuffling, Tripping, Square-Hold Wrestling
890:
Manual of Sporting Rules: Comprising the Latest and Best Authenticated Revised Rules
698:
Early Christian Symbolism in Great Britain and Ireland before the Thirteenth Century
1407:
1342:
1287:
928:
888:
106:
28:
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1051:
Magnificent Scuffling: The First Irish Collar and Elbow Matches in Over 100 Years
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257:
Both men shall stand up breast to breast, with limber arms, and show fair play.
206:
169:
94:
1122:
1055:
280:
throwing techniques. A similar requirement exists in other Celtic styles like
1595:
1505:
1256:
1033:
683:
Sayers, William. "The Motif of Wrestling in Early Irish and Mongolian Epic".
477:
114:
422:
139:
1377:
1357:
1347:
725:
Hesperi-Neso-Graphia: or, A description of the Western Isle in Eight Cantos
621:"Co. Kildare Online Electronic History Journal: Collar and Elbow Wrestling"
588:
368:
102:
529:
450:
405:
383:
198:
1317:
1282:
800:. A Social and Cultural History of Sport in Ireland, 2016, pp. 110â121.
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394:
372:
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47:
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Two wrestlers in the 1880s demonstrating the Collar and Elbow grips
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110:
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In August 2019, a series of Brollaidheacht bouts were held in
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243:
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969:. New York: American Sports Publishing Company, 1854, p. 32
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500:
1131:
from the original on 19 December 2021 – via YouTube.
645:
643:
641:
987:
773:
AbhrĂĄin GrĂĄdh ChĂșige Connacht or Love Songs of Connacht
740:
AbhrĂĄin GrĂĄdh ChĂșige Connacht or Love Songs of Connacht
638:
533:
A Brollaidheacht bout between two participants in 2019
191:
820:
792:
790:
788:
786:
76:, Henry Moses Dufur, James H. McLaughlin, Homer Lane
649:
1027:
1025:
783:
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1124:Salvos Training Collar and Elbow 2019 Highlights
1022:
918:, 9 March 1885, "Wrestling Championship" p. 5.
313:this is usually depicted as something akin to
1204:
816:
814:
812:
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806:
162:
1211:
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700:. Cambridge University Press, 2016, p. 235
1038:. Stillwater: Co-Operative Publishing Co.
1031:
614:
612:
610:
608:
606:
604:
16:Style of folk wrestling native to Ireland
991:Leabhar na hĂireann (The Irish Yearbook)
528:
501:Purported Legacy in Collegiate Wrestling
261:
1058:on 6 November 2019 – via YouTube.
1007:(Swanton, Vermont), 1 August 1890, p. 3
1594:
1070:"Collar and Elbow Competition Ruleset"
775:. Dublin: Gill & Son. p. 49.
743:. Dublin: Gill & Son. p. 51.
601:
274:
1192:
886:
759:Irish Life in the Seventeenth Century
666:
618:
217:practitioners, Henry Moses Dufur and
129:
1531:Cumberland and Westmorland wrestling
770:
736:
559:Cumberland and Westmorland wrestling
334:Cor ailt, cor mughdhoirn (mĂșrnĂĄin),
967:Wrestling; Catch-as-Catch-Can Style
727:. Carson and Smith, 1724, pp. 31â32
656:. Dublin: Irish Dept. of Education.
192:Brollaidheacht in the United States
13:
1218:
14:
1633:
929:"American Collar-and-Elbow title"
524:
22:Brollaidheacht (Collar-and-elbow)
1228:
988:An Chomhairle NĂĄisiĂșnta (1908).
27:
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1135:
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994:. Dublin: James Duffy & Co.
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142:boasted of his prowess in both
821:Charles Morrow Wilson (1959).
751:
730:
717:
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690:
677:
660:
1:
1607:Sports originating in Ireland
619:Ennis, John (16 March 1907).
322:Irish Department of Education
295:
687:, vol. 13, 1990, pp. 153â168
650:An Roinn Oideachais (1900).
594:
7:
1293:Khmer traditional wrestling
954:The Northern Pacific Farmer
711:"Kilteel Romanesque Church"
547:
10:
1638:
866:Seattle Post-Intelligencer
463:
389:Cros-chor ailt (mĂșrnĂĄin),
124:
91:Collar-and-elbow wrestling
1556:
1423:
1270:
1244:
1226:
1032:Gallagher, E. C. (1925).
942:The Times of Philadelphia
916:The Sydney Morning Herald
328:Caitheamh thar gualainn,
163:Brollaidheacht in Ireland
80:
69:
61:
53:
43:
35:
26:
1110:St. Louis Globe-Democrat
796:Gunning, Paul Ignatius.
481:everyday life entirely.
228:
97:: Coiléar agus Uille or
1622:Martial arts in Ireland
904:The Cincinnati Enquirer
842:The Cincinnati Enquirer
823:"Magnificent Scufflers"
673:. Dublin: Talbot Press.
653:TĂ©armaĂ Cluichidheachta
324:(An Roinn Oideachais).
1581:United World Wrestling
778:would begin wrestling.
771:Hyde, Douglas (1895).
737:Hyde, Douglas (1895).
534:
267:
1612:European martial arts
1602:Folk wrestling styles
1172:www.hemascorecard.com
1147:www.hemascorecard.com
893:. New York: Ed James.
532:
507:Magnificent Scufflers
311:Greco-Roman wrestling
265:
1617:Wrestling in Ireland
1576:Submission wrestling
1571:List of martial arts
1566:History of wrestling
1541:Lancashire wrestling
1262:Senegalese wrestling
1252:Lutte Traditionnelle
757:MacLysaght, Edward.
667:Nally, T.H. (1922).
511:collegiate wrestling
340:Sasae tsurikomi ashi
138:. The mythical hero
70:Famous practitioners
1303:Mongolian wrestling
1236:Portal:Martial arts
1086:Cincinnati Enquirer
965:Hitchcock, Edward.
696:Allen, J. Romilly.
515:Edward C. Gallagher
402:cross-buttock throw
275:Jackets and Harness
211:Army of the Potomac
23:
1489:Canarian wrestling
887:James, Ed (1873).
535:
268:
242:to the concept of
130:Origins in Ireland
21:
1589:
1588:
1546:Scottish Backhold
1526:Cornish wrestling
1494:Leonese wrestling
1035:Amateur Wrestling
1017:The Evening World
723:Moffet, William.
685:Mongolian Studies
584:Scottish Backhold
564:Cornish wrestling
519:single collar tie
505:In his 1959 book
282:Cornish wrestling
153:Edward MacLysaght
88:
87:
54:Country of origin
1629:
1454:Collar-and-elbow
1343:Inbuan wrestling
1288:Kazakh wrestling
1232:
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1168:"HEMA Scorecard"
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1143:"HEMA Scorecard"
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1054:. Archived from
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854:The Boston Globe
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391:cross-ankle trip
201:in general, and
107:jacket wrestling
31:
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1536:Devon wrestling
1521:Catch wrestling
1517:United Kingdom
1441:Greek wrestling
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554:Catch wrestling
550:
527:
503:
491:Irish Civil War
489:held after the
487:Tailteann Games
470:Leinster Leader
466:
440:Tsurikomi goshi
315:ippon seoi nage
307:catch wrestling
298:
277:
260:
231:
223:Franklin County
221:, hailing from
194:
165:
136:Tailteann Games
132:
127:
17:
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1466:Narodno rvanje
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1220:Folk wrestling
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1075:. August 2019.
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625:www.kildare.ie
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525:Modern revival
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365:back-knee trip
363:Cor ioscaide,
361:
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347:tripping throw
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1506:Oil wrestling
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482:
479:
478:Coercion Acts
475:
471:
459:
455:
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448:
444:
441:
437:
436:buttock throw
433:
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351:Cor cromĂĄin,
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115:United States
112:
108:
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96:
92:
83:
81:Olympic sport
79:
75:
72:
68:
64:
60:
56:
52:
49:
46:
42:
38:
36:Also known as
34:
30:
25:
19:
1453:
1399:Philippines
1378:Vajra-mushti
1358:Gatta gusthi
1348:Malla-yuddha
1234:
1233:
1175:. Retrieved
1171:
1162:
1150:. Retrieved
1146:
1137:
1123:
1117:
1109:
1105:
1097:
1093:
1085:
1081:
1064:
1056:the original
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697:
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684:
679:
669:
662:
652:
628:. Retrieved
624:
589:Shin-kicking
543:
536:
506:
504:
495:
483:
474:Great Famine
467:
457:
449:(similar to
446:
438:(similar to
435:
429:
421:(similar to
418:
417:Glas coise,
412:
411:Glac-coise,
404:(similar to
401:
393:(similar to
390:
382:(similar to
379:
369:Osoto otoshi
367:(similar to
364:
358:
357:Cor glĂșine,
352:
346:
338:(similar to
335:
329:
319:
303:
299:
290:
278:
269:
240:
232:
219:John McMahon
215:
195:
186:
174:
166:
157:
149:
133:
105:and form of
98:
90:
89:
74:John McMahon
18:
630:19 November
456:Tuisleadh,
451:Kosoto gari
406:Harai goshi
384:Kosoto gake
345:Cor coise,
336:ankle throw
330:flying mare
284:and Breton
199:New England
103:martial art
1596:Categories
1318:Shuai jiao
1283:Boli Khela
539:Heidelberg
423:Ćuchi gari
400:Cros-mĂĄs,
395:Tai otoshi
378:Cor sĂĄla,
373:Osoto gari
359:knee throw
296:Techniques
236:St. Albans
140:CĂșchulainn
109:native to
1561:Grappling
1511:Karakucak
1481:Schwingen
1333:Pahlavani
595:Footnotes
445:Snaidim,
380:back-heel
353:hip throw
119:Australia
48:Grappling
1471:Ranggeln
1461:Khridoli
1445:Ireland
1373:Pehlwani
1368:Malakhra
1129:Archived
548:See also
428:LĂșbaim,
413:leg-lock
234:held in
1403:Bultong
1323:Ssireum
1308:Khuresh
1177:15 June
1152:15 June
1098:The Sun
464:Decline
203:Vermont
177:Kildare
144:hurling
125:History
111:Ireland
101:) is a
65:Various
62:Creator
57:Ireland
1501:Turkey
1485:Spain
1476:Ringen
1449:BarrĂłg
1436:Gouren
1424:Europe
1393:Tegumi
1384:Japan
1339:India
1298:Kurash
1245:Africa
828:Scribd
574:Gouren
286:Gouren
181:Dublin
1431:Glima
1413:Dumog
1353:Mukna
1313:Naban
1278:Alysh
1073:(PDF)
447:click
434:MĂĄs,
244:ippon
229:Rules
170:Irish
95:Irish
44:Focus
1408:Buno
1388:Sumo
1363:Kene
1328:Iran
1271:Asia
1179:2024
1154:2024
746:him.
632:2019
579:Judo
458:trip
430:hook
419:hank
309:and
117:and
521:).
371:or
1598::
1170:.
1145:.
1127:.
1024:^
825:.
805:^
785:^
640:^
623:.
603:^
121:.
84:No
1212:e
1205:t
1198:v
1181:.
1156:.
931:.
831:.
713:.
634:.
453:)
442:)
425:)
408:)
397:)
386:)
375:)
342:)
93:(
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