Collective memory - Knowledge

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than social loafing, as offering a monetary incentive have been evidenced to fail to produce an increase in memory for groups. Further evidence from this study suggest something other than social loafing is at work, as reducing evaluation apprehension – the focus on one's performance amongst other people – assisted in individuals' memories but did not produce a gain in memory for groups. Personal accountability – drawing attention to one's own performance and contribution in a group – also did not reduce collaborative inhibition. Therefore, group members' motivation to overcome the interference of group recall cannot be achieved by several motivational factors.

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that demonstrate which years are particularly strongly remembered in the context of different countries (commonly, exponential shape of memory curves with occasional peaks that relate to commemorating important past events) and how the attention to more distant years declines in news. Based on a topic modelling and analysis they then detected major topics portraying how particular years are remembered. Rather than news, Knowledge was also the target of analysis. Viewership statistics of Knowledge articles on aircraft crashes were analyzed to study the relation between recent events and past events, particularly for understanding memory-triggering patterns.

823:. During the encoding of information, individuals form their own idiosyncratic organization of the information. This organization is later used when trying to recall the information. In a group setting as members exchange information, the information recalled by group members disrupts the idiosyncratic organization one had developed. As each member's organization is disrupted, this results in the less information recalled by the group compared to the pooled recall of participants who had individually recalled (an equal number of participants as in the group). 762:'s aphorism "those who cannot remember the past are condemned to repeat it", pointing out that strong cultural emphasis on certain historical events (often wrongs against the group) can prevent resolution of armed conflicts, especially when the conflict has been previously fought to a draw. The sociologist David Leupold draws attention to the problem of structural nationalism inherent in the notion of collective memory, arguing in favor of "emancipating the notion of collective memory from being subjected to the national collective" by employing a 746:, which assume a homogeneity that is rarely, if ever, present, and maintain that, since memory is constructed, it is entirely subject to the manipulations of those invested in its maintenance, denying that there can be limits to the malleability of memory or to the extent to which artificial constructions of memory can be inculcated. In practice, the construction of a completely collective memory is at best an aspiration of politicians, which is never entirely fulfilled and is always subject to contestations. 38: 856:. In a 2003 study done in the Claremont Graduate University, results demonstrated that during a stressful event and the actual event are managed by the brain differently. Other instances of false memories may occur when remembering something on an object that is not actually there or mistaking how someone looks in a crime scene (Legge, 2018). It is possible for people to remember the same false memories; some people call it the " 798:

provided a percentage estimation from 0% to 100%, evidence for collective narcissism was found as many countries gave responses exaggerating their country's contribution. In another study where American's from the 50 states were asked similar questions regarding their state's contribution to the history of the United States, patterns of overestimation and collective narcissism were also found.

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perspectives and the integration of these perspectives and details to provide a complete and accurate account. In contrast, collective memory focuses on a single perspective, for instance, the perspective of one social group, nation, or community. Consequently, collective memory represents past events as associated with the values, narratives and biases specific to that group.

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increase the similarity between the interactional partners' memories When these dyadic interactions occur in a social network, one can understand how large communities converge on a similar memory of the past. Research on larger interactions show that collective memory in larger social networks can emerge due to cognitive mechanisms involved in small group interactions.

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individual might not remember as much as they would on their own, as their memory recall cues may be distorted because of other team members. Nevertheless, this has enhanced benefits, team members can remember something specific to the disruption of the group. Cross-cueing plays a role in formulation of group recall (Barber, 2011).

852:. The clock was later set at 10.25 to remember the tragic bomb (de Vito et al. 2009). The individuals were asked to remember if the clock at Bologna central station in Italy had remained functioning, everyone said no, in fact it was the opposite (Legge, 2018). There have been many instances in history where people create a 794:

patterns of conflict and errors are proposed functions of why groups form social representations of history. This research has focused on surveying different groups or comparing differences in recollections of historical events, such as the examples given earlier when comparing history and collective memory.

721:, in a tour of the United States as an attempt to rally support and funding for the reconstruction of his Memorial Methodist Church in Hiroshima. He theorized that the use of the atomic bomb had forever added to the world's collective memory and would serve in the future as a warning against such devices. See 932:

Other studies focused on the analysis of collective memory in social networks such as investigation of over 2 million tweets (both quantitively and qualitatively) that are related to history to uncover their characteristics and ways in which history-related content is disseminated in social networks.

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whom many people falsely believed was dead. (Legge, 2018). The Pandora Box experiment explains that language complexes the mind more when it comes to false memories. Language plays a role with imaginative experiences, because it makes it hard for humans to gather correct information (Jablonka, 2017).

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Studies have found that people from different nations can have major differences in their recollections of the past. In one study where American and Russian students were instructed to recall significant events from World War II and these lists of events were compared, the majority of events recalled

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it has become possible to study how online users refer to the past and what they focus at. In an early study in 2010 researchers extracted absolute year references from large amounts of news articles collected for queries denoting particular countries. This allowed to portray so-called memory curves

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with individuals. The brain has many important brain regions that are directed at memory, the cerebral cortex, the fornix and the structures that they contain. These structures in the brain are required for attaining new information, and if any of these structures are damaged you can get anterograde

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Bottom-up approaches to the formation of collective memories investigate how cognitive-level phenomena allow for people to synchronize their memories following conversational remembering. Due to the malleability of human memory, talking with one another about the past results in memory changes that

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James E. Young has introduced the notion of 'collected memory' (opposed to collective memory), marking memory's inherently fragmented, collected and individual character, while Jan Assmann develops the notion of 'communicative memory', a variety of collective memory based on everyday communication.

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Early speculations about collaborative inhibition have included explanations, such as diminished personal accountability, social loafing and the diffusion of responsibility, however retrieval disruption remains the leading explanation. Studies have found that collective inhibition to sources other

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Research on collective memory have taken the approach to compare how different social groups form their own representations of history and how such collective memories can impact ideals, values, behaviors and vice versa. Developing social identity and evaluating the past in order to prevent past

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The difference between history and collective memory is best understood when comparing the aims and characteristics of each. A goal of history broadly is to provide a comprehensive, accurate, and unbiased portrayal of past events. This often includes the representation and comparison of multiple

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Differences in collective memories between social groups, such as nations or states, have been attributed to collective narcissism and egocentric/ethnocentric bias. In one related study where participants from 35 countries were questioned about their country's contribution to world history and

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Though traditionally a topic studied in the humanities, collective memory has become an area of interest in psychology. Common approaches taken in psychology to study collective memory have included investigating the cognitive mechanisms involved in the formation and transmission of collective

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Studies have shown that information forgotten and excluded during group recall can promote the forgetting of related information compared to information unrelated to that which was excluded during group recall. Selective forgetting has been suggested to be a critical mechanism involved in the

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When groups collaborate to recall information, they experience collaborative inhibition, a decrease in performance compared to the pooled memory recall of an equal number of individuals. Weldon and Bellinger (1997) and Basden, Basden, Bryner, and Thomas (1997) provided evidence that retrieval

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Information exchange among group members often helps individuals to remember things that they would not have remembered had they been working alone. In other words, the information provided by person A may 'cue' memories in person B. This results in enhanced recall. During a group recall, an

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Collective memory has been conceptualized in several ways and proposed to have certain attributes. For instance, collective memory can refer to a shared body of knowledge (e.g., memory of a nation's past leaders or presidents); the image, narrative, values and ideas of a social group; or the

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Despite the problem of collaborative inhibition, working in groups may benefit an individual's memory in the long run, as group discussion exposes one to many different ideas over time. Working alone initially prior to collaboration seems to be the optimal way to increase memory.

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Certain cognitive mechanisms involved during group recall and the interactions between these mechanisms have been suggested to contribute to the formation of collective memory. Below are some mechanisms involved during when groups of individuals recall collaboratively.

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or retrograde amnesia (Anastasio et al.,p. 26, 2012). Amnesia could be anything that disrupts your memory or affects you psychologically. Over time, memory loss becomes a natural part of amnesia. Sometimes you can get retrograde memory of a recent or past event.

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by the American and Russian students were not shared. Differences in the events recalled and emotional views towards the Civil War, World War II and the Iraq War have also been found in a study comparing collective memory between generations of Americans.

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that is significantly associated with the group's identity. The English phrase "collective memory" and the equivalent French phrase "la mémoire collective" appeared in the second half of the nineteenth century. The philosopher and sociologist

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takes issue with the term "collective memory", distinguishing between memories of people who were actually alive during the events in question, and people who only know about them from culture or media. Rieff writes in opposition to

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formation of collective memories and what details are ultimately included and excluded by group members. This mechanism has been studied using the socially-shared retrieval induced forgetting paradigm, a variation of the

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Bayer, Yaakov M. (2016). Memory and belonging: The social construction of a collective memory during the intercultural transition of immigrants from Argentina in Israel. Journal of Multidisciplinary Research, 8(1),

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Zaromb, Franklin M.; Liu, James H.; Páez, Dario; Hanke, Katja; Putnam, Adam L.; Roediger, Henry L. (1 December 2018). "We Made History: Citizens of 35 Countries Overestimate Their Nation's Role in World History".

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hashtags that serve for commemorating or recalling a certain day or period (often somehow related to the day of tweet posting), or unspecified entities, such as #todaywe remember, #otd, #onthisday, #4yearsago and

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Kanhabua, N., Nguyen, T.N., Niederée, C.: What triggers human remembering of events?: A large-scale analysis of catalysts for collective memory in wikipedia. In: JCDL'14, pp. 341–350. London, United Kingdom

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Choi, Hae-Yoon; Blumen, Helena M.; Congleton, Adam R.; Rajaram, Suparna (2014). "The role of group configuration in the social transmission of memory: Evidence from identical and reconfigured groups".

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interference underlies collaborative inhibition, as hearing other members' thoughts and discussion about the topic at hand interferes with one's own organization of thoughts and impairs memory.

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Choi, H. Y., Blumen, H. M., Congleton, A. R., & Rajaram, S. (2014). The role of group configuration in the social transmission of memory: Evidence from identical and reconfigured groups.

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Erinnerungspolitik der DDR. Dargestellt an der Berichterstattung der Tageszeitung „Neues Deutschland" über die Nationalen Mahn- und Gedenkstätten Buchenwald, Ravensbrück und Sachsenhausen.

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García-Gavilanes, R., Mollgaard, A., Tsvetkova, M., & Yasseri, T. (2017). The memory remains: Understanding collective memory in the digital age. Science advances, 3(4), e1602368.

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Roediger, Henry L.; Agarwal, Pooja K.; Butler, Andrew C.; Zaromb, Franklin (1 April 2014). "Collective memories of three wars in United States history in younger and older adults".

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Collective memory can be constructed, shared, and passed on by large and small social groups. Examples of these groups can include nations, generations, communities, among others.

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Coman, Alin; Manier, David; Hirst, William (May 2009). "Forgetting the unforgettable through conversation: socially shared retrieval-induced forgetting of September 11 memories".

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Compared to recalling individually, group members can provide opportunities for error pruning during recall to detect errors that would otherwise be uncorrected by an individual.

714:. As another subform of collective memories, Assmann mentions forms detached from the everyday; they can be particular materialized and fixed points as, e.g. texts and monuments. 2261:

Basden, B. H.; Basden, D. R.; Bryner, S.; Thomas, R. L. (September 1997). "A comparison of group and individual remembering: does collaboration disrupt retrieval strategies?".

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Congleton, Adam R.; Rajaram, Suparna (August 2014). "Collaboration changes both the content and the structure of memory: Building the architecture of shared representations".

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Congleton, A. R., & Rajaram, S. (2014). Collaboration changes both the content and the structure of memory: Building the architecture of shared representations.

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hashtags which relate to national or regional histories, for example, #ushistory or #canadianhistory including also past names of locations (e.g., #ancientgreece).

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Coman, A. & Momennejad, I, Geana, A, Drach, D.R. (2016). Mnemonic convergence in social networks: the emergent properties of cognition at a collective level.

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Ferron, M., Massa, P.: Collective memory building in wikipedia: The case of north african uprisings. In: WikiSym'11, pp. 114–123. Mountain View, California (2011)

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that highlights the mutual interaction of other memory collectives that form around generational belonging, family, locality or socio-political world-views.

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In its place, Beiner has promoted the term "social memory" and has also demonstrated its limitations by developing a related concept of "social forgetting".

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Listening to group members recall the previously encoded information can enhance memory as it provides a second exposure opportunity to the information.

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Harris, Celia B.; Paterson, Helen M.; Kemp, Richard I. (2008). "Collaborative recall and collective memory: What happens when we remember together?".

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Cuc, Alexandru; Koppel, Jonathan; Hirst, William (August 2007). "Silence is not golden: a case for socially shared retrieval-induced forgetting".

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Coman, Alin; Hirst, William (August 2015). "Social identity and socially shared retrieval-induced forgetting: The effects of group membership".

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Hoskins A. Media, memory, metaphor: remembering and the connective turn. Parallax. 2011;17:19–31. https://doi.org/10.1080/13534645.2011.605573.

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de Vito, Stefania; Cubelli, Roberto; Della Sala, Sergio (May 2009). "Collective representations elicit widespread individual false memories".

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Group settings can also provide opportunities for exposure to erroneous information that may be mistaken to be correct or previously studied.

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hashtags used in general to broadly identify history-related tweets that do not fall into any specific type (e.g., #history, #historyfacts).

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Hirst, William; Rajaram, Suparna (1 December 2014). "Toward a social turn in memory: An introduction to a special issue on social memory".

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short discussion with bibliography of French works by Marie-Claire Lavabre, Research Director at CNRS – Centre Marc Bloch (CEVIPOF)

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Zucker EM, Simon DJ (eds). Mass violence and memory in the digital age: memorialization unmoored. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan; 2020.

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Weldon, M.S.; Blair, C.; Huebsch, P.D. (2000). "Group Remembering: Does Social Loafing Underlie Collaborative Inhibition?".

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Wertsch, James V.; Roediger, Henry L. (April 2008). "Collective memory: conceptual foundations and theoretical approaches".

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by Harold Marcuse, History Department, University of California, Santa Barbara. With bibliography and links to readings.

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Weldon, M. S., & Bellinger, K. D. (1997). Collective memory: Collaborative and individual processes in remembering.

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hashtags denoting references to specific entities such as persons, organizations or objects (e.g., #stalin, #napoleon).

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Jablonka, Eva (1 December 2017). "Collective narratives, false memories, and the origins of autobiographical memory".

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Rajaram, Suparna; Pereira-Pasarin, Luciane P. (November 2010). "Collaborative Memory: Cognitive Research and Theory".

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This form of memory resembles the exchanges in oral cultures or the memories collected (and made collective) through

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Roediger, Henry L.; DeSoto, K. Andrew (1 May 2016). "Recognizing the Presidents: Was Alexander Hamilton President?".

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Wertsch, J. V., & Roediger, H. L. (2008). Collective memory: Conceptual foundations and theoretical approaches.

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Hirst, William; Yamashiro, Jeremy K.; Coman, Alin (May 2018). "Collective Memory from a Psychological Perspective".

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paradigm, as it allows the vast majority of humanity to access and modify a common shared online collective memory.

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Shall androids dream of genocides? How generative AI can change the future of memorialization of mass atrocities

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Pezdek, Kathy (November 2003). "Event memory and autobiographical memory for the events of September 11, 2001".

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argues that the phenomenon of human collective intelligence undergoes a profound shift with the arrival of the

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The theory of collective memory was also discussed by former Hiroshima resident and atomic-bomb survivor,

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Rajaram, S., & Pereira-Pasarin, L. P. (2010). Collaborative memory: Cognitive research and theory.

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Proceedings of the 20th ACM international conference on Information and knowledge management - CIKM '11

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Proceedings of the 20th ACM international conference on Information and knowledge management - CIKM '11

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Roediger, Henry L.; Abel, Magdalena (July 2015). "Collective memory: a new arena of cognitive study".

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Collective memory has been a topic of interest and research across a number of disciplines, including

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Roediger, Henry L.; Wertsch, James V. (January 2008). "Creating a new discipline of memory studies".

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Encyclopedia of American Social History. Ed. Mary Clayton et al. 3 vols. New York: Scribner, 1993.

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by John Sutton, Philosophy Department, Macquarie University, Sydney. Links to many bibliographies

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hashtags which relate to particular thematic facets of history (e.g.,#sporthistory, #arthistory).

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With the ability of online data such as social media and social network data and developments in

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Hirst, W., Yamashiro, J., Coman, A. (2018). Collective memory from a psychological perspective.

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Forgetful Remembrance: Social Forgetting and Vernacular Historiography of a Rebellion in Ulster

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Assmann, Jan; Czaplicka, John (Spring–Summer 1995). "Collective Memory and Cultural Identity".

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Coman, A. (2015). The psychology of collective memory. In: James D. Wright (editor-in-chief),

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Handbook for Research in American History: A Guide to Bibliographies and Other Reference Works

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The Influence of Retrieval Organization on the Formation and Persistence of Collective Memory

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Perspectives on Psychological Science: A Journal of the Association for Psychological Science

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Roediger, H. L., & Abel, M. (2015). Collective memory: A new arena of cognitive study.

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Moncur, W., & Kirk, D. (2014, June). An emergent framework for digital memorials. In

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Hirst, William; Manier, David (April 2008). "Towards a psychology of collective memory".

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How We Think They Think: Anthropological Approaches to Cognition, Memory, and Literacy

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Anastasio, Thomas J.; Ehrenberger, Kristen Ann; Watson, Patrick; Zhang, Wenyi (2012).

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Embattled dreamlands: the politics of contesting Armenian, Kurdish and Turkish memory

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International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences (2nd Ed.), Vol. 4

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memory; and comparing the social representations of history between social groups.

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hashtags related to particular events in the past (e.g., #wwi, #sevenyearswar).

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Collective memory of political events : social psychological perspectives

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National Trauma and Collective Memory: Major Events in the American Century

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The Politics of Regret: On Collective Memory and Historical Responsibility

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The Promise of Memory: History and Politics in Marx, Benjamin, and Derrida

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Proceedings of the 18th ACM/IEEE on Joint Conference on Digital Libraries

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The Temple of Memories: history, power, and morality in a Chinese village

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Remembering the Year of the French: Irish Folk History and Social Memory

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Hashtags, as well as tweets, can be classified into the following types:

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Forget colonialism? : sacrifice and the art of memory in Madagascar

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Remembering the Year of the French: Irish Folk History and Social Memory

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Cultural Memory Studies: An International and Interdisciplinary Handbook

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Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 23

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Hirst W., Manier D. (2008). Towards a psychology of collective memory.

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analyzed and advanced the concept of the collective memory in the book

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Palestinian Commemoration in Israel: Calendars, Monuments, and Martyrs

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Forgetful Remembrance: Social Forgetting and Vernacular Historiography

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refers to the shared pool of memories, knowledge and information of a

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Proceedings of the 2014 conference on Designing interactive systems

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Olick, Jeffrey K., Vered Vinitzky-Seroussi, and Daniel Levy, eds.

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Rebuilding Shattered Worlds: Creating Community by Voicing the Past

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In the House of the Hangman: The Agonies of German Defeat,1943-1949

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Time Passages : Collective Memory and American Popular Culture

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Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition

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Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition

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continuous process by which collective memories of events change.

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Roediger, Henry L.; Meade, Michelle L.; Bergman, Erik T. (2001).

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Sumikawa, Yasunobu; Jatowt, Adam; Düring, Marten (23 May 2018).

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Forest of Struggle: Moralities of Remembrance in Upland Cambodia

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Yuan, Ti-Fei; DeSoto, K. Andrew; Xue, Yan; Fu, Mingchen (2016).

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United States History: A Selective Guide to Information Sources

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The main theoretical account for collaborative inhibition is

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Roediger III 4151:False memory syndrome 4123:Misinformation effect 4103:Imagination inflation 3566:. Springer: 105–134. 3317:Sorek, Tamir (2015). 3255:. New York: Meridian. 3251:Buruma, Ian. (1995). 3022:. Springer: 105–134. 2766:Psychological Science 2672:Psychological Science 1340:Psychological Science 1055:Organizational memory 1019:Distributed cognition 956:General Commemoration 950:Facet-focused History 926:information retrieval 740: 587:Psychology portal 4055:Motivated forgetting 3515:on 16 December 2017. 3349:Landscape and Memory 3229:Beiner, Guy (2018). 3206:Beiner, Guy (2007). 3164:Pennebaker, James W. 3151:On Collective Memory 1760:David Rieff (2016). 1733:Beiner, Guy (2018). 1716:Beiner, Guy (2007). 1695:Beiner, Guy (2017). 1030:Les Lieux de Mémoire 1024:Institutional memory 1010:Digital preservation 821:retrieval disruption 4565:Arthur P. Shimamura 4465:Richard C. 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(1996). 2901:2016PNAS..113.8171C 2121:Scientific American 1619:New German Critique 1293:2014Sci...346.1106R 1287:(6213): 1106–1109. 969:Historical Entities 885:Re-exposure effects 438:Behavioral genetics 353:Occupational health 93:Behavioral genetics 24:Part of a series on 4662:Andriy Slyusarchuk 4485:Hermann Ebbinghaus 4391:Involuntary memory 4292:Memory improvement 4277:Effects of alcohol 4239:Transactive memory 4217:Politics of memory 4186:Exceptional memory 3705:2007-02-11 at the 3274:Fitsch, Matthias: 3268:2009-11-29 at the 3173:Amy Corning & 3112:, Stanford UP 2005 2735:10.1037/xge0000077 2637:10.3758/bf03196174 1061:Selective omission 555:Schools of thought 393:Sport and exercise 239:Applied psychology 4706: 4705: 4670: 4669: 4657:Cosmos Rossellius 4505:Marcia K. Johnson 4376:Exosomatic memory 4361:Context-dependent 4351:Absent-mindedness 4234:Memory conformity 4212:Collective memory 4113:Memory conformity 4050:Memory inhibition 3969: 3968: 3961:Tip of the tongue 3546:978-1-4503-5178-2 3505:978-1-4503-4896-6 3444:978-1-4503-0717-8 3330:978-0-8047-9518-0 3306:, Routledge, 2007 3295:Neal, Arthur G.: 3288:Lipsitz, George: 3244:978-0-19-874935-6 3221:978-0-299-21824-9 3190:978-0-226-28252-7 3147:Maurice Halbwachs 3097: 3096: 3089: 2968:978-1-4503-0717-8 2895:(29): 8171–8176. 2867:978-0-262-30166-4 2834:978-0-262-30166-4 1798:978-0-429-34415-2 1773:978-0-300-18279-8 1746:978-0-19-874935-6 1603:978-3-11-018860-8 1512:978-0-521-00880-8 1154:978-0-19-533741-9 963:Historical Events 635:Maurice Halbwachs 626:Collective memory 623: 622: 520:Counseling topics 463:Consumer behavior 204:Psycholinguistics 88:Affective science 4736: 4696: 4695: 4694: 4684: 4683: 4682: 4637:Jonathan Hancock 4590:Robert Stickgold 4560:Richard Shiffrin 4515:Elizabeth Loftus 4455: 4454: 4371:Childhood memory 4178:Research methods 4060:Repressed memory 4035:Forgetting curve 4023:transient global 3894:Autobiographical 3804: 3803: 3743: 3736: 3729: 3720: 3719: 3577: 3575: 3550: 3526: 3516: 3514: 3508:. 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4716: 4714: 4699: 4689: 4687: 4677: 4676: 4673: 4663: 4660: 4658: 4655: 4653: 4650: 4648: 4645: 4643: 4640: 4638: 4635: 4634: 4632: 4628: 4622: 4621:Clive Wearing 4619: 4617: 4614: 4612: 4609: 4607: 4604: 4603: 4601: 4597: 4591: 4588: 4586: 4585:Endel Tulving 4583: 4581: 4580:Anne Treisman 4578: 4576: 4573: 4571: 4568: 4566: 4563: 4561: 4558: 4556: 4553: 4551: 4548: 4546: 4543: 4541: 4540:Brenda Milner 4538: 4536: 4533: 4531: 4528: 4526: 4525:James McGaugh 4523: 4521: 4518: 4516: 4513: 4511: 4508: 4506: 4503: 4501: 4498: 4496: 4493: 4491: 4490:Sigmund Freud 4488: 4486: 4483: 4481: 4478: 4476: 4473: 4471: 4468: 4466: 4463: 4462: 4460: 4456: 4453: 4449: 4443: 4442: 4438: 4435: 4434:retrospective 4431: 4428: 4424: 4421: 4420: 4419: 4416: 4414: 4413:Muscle memory 4411: 4409: 4406: 4404: 4401: 4397: 4394: 4393: 4392: 4389: 4387: 4384: 4382: 4379: 4377: 4374: 4372: 4369: 4366: 4362: 4359: 4357: 4354: 4352: 4349: 4348: 4346: 4342: 4336: 4333: 4329: 4326: 4325: 4324: 4321: 4320: 4318: 4314: 4308: 4305: 4303: 4300: 4298: 4295: 4293: 4290: 4288: 4285: 4283: 4280: 4278: 4275: 4271: 4268: 4266: 4263: 4262: 4261: 4260:Art of memory 4258: 4256: 4253: 4252: 4250: 4246: 4240: 4237: 4235: 4232: 4230: 4227: 4225: 4222: 4218: 4215: 4214: 4213: 4210: 4209: 4207: 4203: 4197: 4194: 4192: 4189: 4187: 4184: 4183: 4181: 4179: 4175: 4169: 4166: 4162: 4159: 4158: 4157: 4154: 4152: 4149: 4147: 4144: 4143: 4141: 4139: 4135: 4129: 4126: 4124: 4121: 4119: 4116: 4114: 4111: 4109: 4108:Memory biases 4106: 4104: 4101: 4099: 4096: 4094: 4091: 4089: 4088:Confabulation 4086: 4085: 4083: 4081: 4080:Memory errors 4077: 4071: 4068: 4066: 4063: 4061: 4058: 4056: 4053: 4051: 4048: 4046: 4043: 4041: 4038: 4036: 4033: 4031: 4028: 4024: 4021: 4019: 4016: 4014: 4011: 4009: 4006: 4004: 4001: 3999: 3998:post-hypnotic 3996: 3994: 3991: 3989: 3986: 3985: 3984: 3981: 3980: 3978: 3976: 3972: 3962: 3959: 3957: 3954: 3952: 3951:Rote learning 3949: 3947: 3944: 3942: 3939: 3937: 3934: 3932: 3929: 3927: 3926:Hyperthymesia 3924: 3922: 3919: 3915: 3912: 3910: 3907: 3905: 3902: 3901: 3900: 3897: 3895: 3892: 3890: 3889:Active recall 3887: 3886: 3884: 3882: 3878: 3872: 3869: 3866: 3862: 3861: 3859: 3857: 3853: 3847: 3844: 3842: 3839: 3837: 3834: 3832: 3829: 3827: 3824: 3822: 3819: 3817: 3814: 3813: 3811: 3809: 3805: 3802: 3798: 3792: 3789: 3787: 3786:Consolidation 3784: 3782: 3779: 3778: 3775: 3772: 3770: 3767: 3765: 3762: 3761: 3759: 3755: 3751: 3744: 3739: 3737: 3732: 3730: 3725: 3724: 3721: 3714: 3711: 3708: 3704: 3701: 3698: 3695: 3692: 3691: 3682: 3678: 3676:(7), 359–361. 3675: 3671: 3667: 3665:(6), 649–663. 3664: 3660: 3658:(3), 318–326. 3657: 3653: 3649: 3646: 3642: 3640:(5), 438–451. 3639: 3635: 3632: 3628: 3625: 3621: 3617: 3614: 3610: 3607: 3603: 3600: 3596: 3595: 3586: 3583: 3579: 3574: 3569: 3565: 3561: 3557: 3552: 3548: 3542: 3538: 3534: 3530: 3523: 3518: 3511: 3507: 3501: 3497: 3493: 3489: 3482: 3477: 3474: 3470: 3467: 3464: 3460: 3457: 3453: 3450: 3446: 3440: 3436: 3432: 3428: 3421: 3416: 3415: 3406: 3402: 3399: 3395: 3392: 3389: 3385: 3382: 3378: 3377: 3368: 3367: 3362: 3359: 3358: 3354:Zucker, Eve. 3353: 3350: 3346: 3343: 3340: 3336: 3332: 3326: 3322: 3321: 3315: 3312: 3308: 3305: 3301: 3298: 3294: 3291: 3287: 3284: 3280: 3277: 3273: 3271: 3267: 3264: 3261: 3257: 3254: 3250: 3246: 3240: 3236: 3235: 3232: 3227: 3223: 3217: 3213: 3212: 3209: 3204: 3200: 3199: 3191: 3187: 3183: 3181: 3176: 3172: 3169: 3165: 3162: 3160: 3159:0-226-11596-8 3156: 3152: 3148: 3145: 3142: 3138: 3134: 3131: 3128: 3124: 3123:Maurice Bloch 3121: 3118: 3114: 3111: 3107: 3104: 3103: 3091: 3088: 3080: 3070: 3069:editing guide 3064: 3060: 3055: 3046: 3045: 3030: 3025: 3021: 3017: 3013: 3006: 2997: 2987: 2978: 2970: 2964: 2960: 2956: 2952: 2945: 2938: 2930: 2926: 2921: 2916: 2911: 2906: 2902: 2898: 2894: 2890: 2886: 2879: 2877: 2869: 2863: 2859: 2855: 2851: 2844: 2836: 2830: 2826: 2822: 2818: 2811: 2803: 2799: 2795: 2791: 2787: 2783: 2779: 2775: 2771: 2767: 2760: 2752: 2748: 2744: 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1117: 1113: 1109: 1105: 1101: 1097: 1093: 1086: 1084: 1082: 1080: 1078: 1073: 1062: 1059: 1056: 1053: 1051: 1048: 1046: 1043: 1041: 1038: 1036: 1033: 1031: 1028: 1025: 1022: 1020: 1017: 1015: 1014:Web archiving 1011: 1008: 1006: 1003: 1001: 998: 996: 993: 991: 988: 987: 980: 978: 975:The study of 970: 967: 964: 961: 957: 954: 951: 948: 945: 942: 939: 936: 935: 934: 930: 927: 923: 913: 904: 901: 890: 882: 874: 869:Error pruning 866: 863: 859: 855: 851: 841: 832: 828: 824: 822: 817: 808: 799: 795: 786: 777: 775: 771: 767: 765: 761: 756: 751: 747: 745: 739: 737: 732: 730: 729: 725:'s 1946 book 724: 720: 715: 713: 707: 705: 695: 691: 682: 668: 666: 662: 658: 654: 650: 645: 642: 640: 636: 631: 627: 616: 611: 609: 604: 602: 597: 596: 594: 593: 588: 578: 577: 576: 575: 566: 563: 561: 558: 556: 553: 551: 548: 546: 543: 541: 540:Psychologists 538: 536: 533: 531: 530:Organizations 528: 526: 523: 521: 518: 517: 512: 507: 506: 499: 498:Psychometrics 496: 494: 491: 489: 486: 484: 481: 479: 476: 474: 471: 469: 466: 464: 461: 459: 458:Consciousness 456: 454: 451: 449: 446: 444: 441: 439: 436: 434: 431: 429: 426: 425: 419: 418: 409: 406: 404: 401: 399: 396: 394: 391: 389: 386: 384: 381: 379: 378:Psychotherapy 376: 374: 373:Psychometrics 371: 369: 366: 364: 361: 359: 356: 354: 351: 349: 346: 344: 341: 339: 336: 334: 331: 329: 326: 324: 321: 319: 316: 314: 311: 309: 306: 304: 301: 299: 296: 294: 291: 289: 286: 284: 281: 279: 276: 274: 271: 269: 266: 264: 261: 259: 256: 254: 251: 249: 246: 245: 240: 235: 234: 225: 222: 220: 217: 215: 212: 210: 207: 205: 202: 200: 197: 195: 192: 190: 187: 185: 182: 180: 177: 175: 172: 170: 167: 165: 162: 160: 157: 155: 152: 150: 147: 145: 144:Developmental 142: 140: 137: 135: 132: 130: 127: 123: 120: 119: 118: 115: 113: 109: 106: 104: 101: 99: 96: 94: 91: 89: 86: 84: 81: 79: 76: 75: 70: 65: 64: 59: 56: 54: 51: 49: 46: 45: 44: 43: 39: 35: 34: 31: 28: 27: 23: 22: 19: 4652:Ben Pridmore 4570:Larry Squire 4480:Susan Clancy 4439: 4323:Memory sport 4248:Other topics 4211: 4138:False memory 4093:Cryptomnesia 4070:Weapon focus 4030:Decay theory 3791:Neuroanatomy 3750:Human memory 3680: 3673: 3669: 3662: 3655: 3651: 3644: 3637: 3630: 3623: 3619: 3612: 3605: 3598: 3563: 3559: 3528: 3510:the original 3487: 3472: 3468:, 28 (2023). 3465: 3462: 3455: 3426: 3404: 3397: 3387: 3380: 3364: 3356: 3348: 3338: 3319: 3310: 3303: 3296: 3289: 3282: 3275: 3259: 3252: 3234: 3231: 3211: 3208: 3196:Case studies 3178: 3167: 3150: 3140: 3136: 3126: 3116: 3109: 3083: 3074: 3062: 3019: 3015: 3005: 2996: 2986: 2977: 2950: 2937: 2892: 2888: 2849: 2843: 2816: 2810: 2769: 2765: 2759: 2726: 2722: 2716: 2675: 2671: 2627: 2623: 2613: 2592: 2585: 2552: 2548: 2542: 2517: 2513: 2507: 2466: 2462: 2456: 2413: 2409: 2399: 2358: 2353: 2312: 2308: 2266: 2262: 2256: 2231: 2227: 2185: 2181: 2175: 2163:. Retrieved 2159: 2150: 2124:. Retrieved 2120: 2110: 2077: 2073: 2066: 2025: 2021: 1987: 1983: 1977: 1952: 1948: 1942: 1899: 1895: 1885: 1844: 1840: 1788: 1782: 1762: 1755: 1735: 1728: 1718: 1711: 1700: 1690: 1649: 1643: 1618: 1612: 1585: 1572: 1531: 1527: 1521: 1501: 1494: 1453: 1449: 1443: 1398: 1394: 1384: 1343: 1339: 1333: 1284: 1280: 1274: 1241: 1237: 1231: 1221: 1214: 1173: 1169: 1163: 1143: 1136: 1095: 1091: 1050:Oral history 974: 968: 962: 955: 949: 943: 937: 931: 919: 910: 896: 888: 880: 872: 854:false memory 847: 838: 835:Cross-cueing 829: 825: 820: 818: 814: 805: 796: 792: 783: 768: 763: 752: 749: 744:collectivity 741: 733: 726: 716: 708: 701: 692: 688: 679: 665:anthropology 646: 643: 638: 630:social group 625: 624: 483:Intelligence 214:Quantitative 179:Mathematical 174:Intelligence 164:Experimental 159:Evolutionary 149:Differential 18: 4510:Eric Kandel 4458:Researchers 4430:Prospective 4381:Free recall 4335:Shas Pollak 3988:anterograde 3904:Declarative 3601:(1), 65–80. 3106:Jan Assmann 3077:August 2024 2605:11401/71188 2165:14 December 2126:14 December 1588:: 109–118. 1244:(1): 9–22. 924:as well as 770:Pierre Lévy 755:David Rieff 723:John Hersey 525:Disciplines 398:Suicidology 293:Educational 248:Anomalistic 224:Theoretical 199:Personality 129:Comparative 112:Cognitivism 103:Behaviorism 4713:Categories 4545:Lynn Nadel 4423:intertrial 4408:Metamemory 4396:flashbacks 4316:In society 4013:retrograde 3975:Forgetting 3946:Procedural 3856:Short-term 3826:Eyewitness 3633:, 183–200. 3631:Memory, 16 3061:" section 1807:1130319782 1069:References 893:Forgetting 753:Historian 736:Guy Beiner 734:Historian 661:philosophy 649:psychology 453:Competence 318:Humanistic 298:Ergonomics 283:Counseling 258:Assessment 194:Perception 154:Ecological 30:Psychology 4297:Nutrition 4205:In groups 4018:selective 3993:childhood 3921:Flashbulb 3881:Long-term 3781:Attention 3374:Handbooks 2786:0956-7976 2743:1939-2222 2692:1467-9280 2569:1572-8404 2534:0888-4080 2483:0010-9452 2430:0965-8211 2385:cite book 2377:648246609 2329:1745-6916 2283:0278-7393 2102:158214873 2094:2211-3681 2042:1939-2222 1990:: 65–80. 1969:2211-3681 1918:2352-250X 1902:: 88–92. 1861:1879-307X 1815:cite book 1676:cite book 1650:Hiroshima 1548:1532-5946 1486:205665059 1470:0965-8211 1417:1664-1078 1360:0956-7976 1309:1095-9203 1258:1750-6980 1190:0965-8211 1112:1879-307X 728:Hiroshima 704:Halbwachs 653:sociology 641:(1925). 448:Cognition 363:Political 273:Community 108:Cognitive 58:Subfields 4599:Patients 4270:mnemonic 4265:chunking 3931:Implicit 3914:Semantic 3909:Episodic 3899:Explicit 3764:Encoding 3703:Archived 3347:(1996). 3266:Archived 3135:. 1989. 2929:27357678 2802:12292048 2794:17680945 2751:25938179 2700:19476592 2646:11495127 2577:90018021 2499:30103006 2491:19111288 2448:21736433 2345:20159993 2337:26161882 2248:11185783 2202:18324548 2136:cite web 2058:23932898 2050:24588216 2004:19160059 1926:29459336 1869:29678236 1668:12108176 1564:15557122 1556:24097190 1478:18324555 1435:27065899 1368:27044319 1317:25430768 1266:28173588 1206:21091246 1198:18324546 1128:16554192 1120:25953047 983:See also 774:internet 560:Timeline 473:Feelings 468:Emotions 428:Behavior 422:Concepts 383:Religion 368:Positive 358:Pastoral 343:Military 308:Forensic 303:Feminist 288:Critical 278:Consumer 268:Coaching 263:Clinical 139:Cultural 78:Abnormal 4418:Priming 4344:Related 4287:Emotion 3983:Amnesia 3821:Eidetic 3808:Sensory 3769:Storage 3582:REFRAME 2920:4961177 2897:Bibcode 2708:5936888 2439:3162101 2291:9293628 2210:7917681 1934:3436646 1877:5033147 1426:4811887 1401:: 373. 1376:5002467 1325:6951497 1289:Bibcode 1281:Science 657:history 535:Outline 408:Traffic 403:Systems 338:Medical 169:Gestalt 53:History 48:Outline 4719:Memory 4451:People 4436:memory 4367:memory 4307:Trauma 3846:Visual 3836:Iconic 3831:Haptic 3816:Echoic 3774:Recall 3652:Memory 3543: 3502: 3456:et al. 3441: 3327: 3241: 3218: 3188: 3157: 3057:This " 2991:(2014) 2965: 2927: 2917: 2864: 2831: 2800: 2792: 2784: 2749: 2741: 2706: 2698: 2690: 2654:592759 2652: 2644: 2575: 2567: 2532: 2497: 2489: 2481: 2463:Cortex 2446: 2436: 2428: 2410:Memory 2375: 2365: 2343: 2335: 2327: 2289: 2281: 2246: 2208: 2200: 2182:Memory 2100: 2092: 2056: 2048: 2040: 2002: 1967: 1932: 1924: 1916: 1875: 1867: 1859: 1805: 1795: 1770: 1743: 1666: 1656: 1635:488538 1633: 1600: 1562: 1554: 1546: 1509: 1484: 1476: 1468: 1433: 1423: 1415: 1374: 1366: 1358: 1323: 1315: 1307: 1264: 1256: 1204: 1196: 1188: 1151: 1126: 1118: 1110: 663:, and 565:Topics 388:School 313:Health 219:Social 122:Social 4630:Other 4302:Sleep 4255:Aging 3800:Types 3525:(PDF) 3513:(PDF) 3484:(PDF) 3423:(PDF) 3202:5-27. 2947:(PDF) 2798:S2CID 2704:S2CID 2650:S2CID 2597:(PDF) 2573:S2CID 2495:S2CID 2341:S2CID 2206:S2CID 2098:S2CID 2054:S2CID 2000:S2CID 1930:S2CID 1873:S2CID 1631:JSTOR 1582:(PDF) 1560:S2CID 1482:S2CID 1372:S2CID 1321:S2CID 1262:S2CID 1202:S2CID 1124:S2CID 511:Lists 348:Music 333:Media 328:Legal 184:Moral 4432:and 4363:and 3541:ISBN 3500:ISBN 3439:ISBN 3325:ISBN 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