974:
29:
553:
5749:
5737:
4073:
1163:
prisoners per kwalliso, totaling perhaps some 150,000 to 200,000 prisoners throughout North Korea. The kwalliso are usually surrounded at their outer perimeters by barbed-wire fences punctuated with guard towers and patrolled by heavily armed guards. The encampments include self-contained closed "village" compounds for single persons, usually the alleged wrongdoers, and other closed, fenced-in "villages" for the extended families of the wrongdoers.
3350:
164:"I hope that in another generation, when the Jewish children of today are sitting on the bench of the Supreme Court, they will know how to express Kant's Categorical Imperative in the 'Jewish' language of Hillel the Elder. When they want to strike down collective punishment, I hope they will be able to invoke the Jewish maxim: 'Each by his own sin will die'. not just universal literature on the subject."
574:, the Germans applied collective responsibility: any kind of help given to a Jewish person was punishable by death, and that not only for the rescuers themselves but also for their families. This was widely publicized by the Germans. Communities were held collectively responsible for the purported Polish counter-attacks against the invading German troops. Mass executions of
1007:, arrested 400 of the 7,000 inhabitants, bulldozed the homes of people suspected of involvement, cut all of its telephone lines, banned the importation of any form of food into the village or the export of stone from its quarries to Jordan, shutting off all contact with the outside world for almost 5 weeks (24 February – 3 April). In 2016
380:, even if the residence has other inhabitants who are unconnected to the crime. The counterargument against the validity of the regulation is two-fold: firstly, that it should have been properly revoked by 1967 as an institution of the former colonial rule; secondly, that it is incompatible with Israel's modern treaty obligations.
1216:, by which those who make up part of a group can be punished for the crimes of other group members, even if they were not themselves actively involved. In August 2012 this came to public attention when 270 miners were threatened with prosecution for participating in a demonstration. During the demonstration at the
1375:"The instability caused by the revolt was augmented by increasingly brutal measures taken during the British counterinsurgency campaign: emergency regulations, military courts, collective punishment, the demolition of houses (and indeed entire neighbourhoods), looting, revenge killings, and the like." (
614:, resulting in entire regions of Yugoslavia becoming unpopulated. The tactic backfired, as once a German soldier was killed almost the entire local population joined the partisans as the alternative was certain execution by the Germans. This was employed to great effect by the Yugoslav resistance under
173:
Collective liability may be effective as a deterrent, if it creates the incentive for the group to monitor the activities of other members. When collective fines are imposed on select groups of elites it can create an incentive for them to identify perpetrators but the effectiveness declines with an
1199:
and allowing the militants to operate in and from the village to conduct further terror attacks in
Pakistan. Bulldozers and explosives experts turned Spinkai's bazaar into a mile-long pile of rubble. Petrol stations, shops, and even parts of the hospital were leveled or blown up. The villagers were
1361:
Article 53: "Any destruction by the
Occupying Power of real or personal property belonging individually or collectively to private persons or to the State, or to other public authorities, or to social or cooperative organizations, is prohibited, except where such destruction is rendered absolutely
230:
A cruel fiction of the lawyers to disguise the injustice of confiscation. The innocent grandson cannot inherit from the innocent grandfather, because his rights are corrupted and destroyed in passing through the blood of a guilty father. This corruption of blood is a fantastic idea; but there is a
115:
International law posits that no person may be punished for acts that he or she did not commit. It ensures that the collective punishment of a group of persons for a crime committed by an individual is forbidden...This is one of the fundamental guarantees established by the Geneva
Conventions and
1343:
reported 174 documented attacks on their ambulances by
Israeli soldiers and settlers between September 29, 2000, and March 15, 2002, resulting in the damage of 78 ambulances. There have also been 166 attacks on their emergency medical technicians (EMT), resulting in three deaths and 134 injuries
1191:
for earthquake. At first, the
Pakistan Army swept through with helicopter gunships, artillery and tanks. After four days of heavy fighting, 25 militants and six soldiers died. The rest of the militants retreated up the valley. After the capture of the village the army discovered bomb factories,
96:
are often cited for guidelines concerning the limits and privileges of an occupier's rights with respect to the local (occupied) property. One of the restrictions on the occupier's use of natural resources is the
Article 50 prohibition against collective punishment protecting private property.
1162:
consist of a series of sprawling encampments measuring kilometers long and kilometers wide. The number of these encampments has varied over time. They are located mainly in the valleys between high mountains, mostly in the northern provinces of North Korea. There are between 5,000 and 50,000
499:
V. To army corps commanders alone is entrusted the power to destroy mills, houses, cotton-gins, etc..., and for them this general principle is laid down: In districts and neighborhoods where the army is unmolested, no destruction of such property should be permitted; but should guerrillas or
66:
or political group, or just the family, friends and neighbors of the perpetrator. Because individuals who are not responsible for the acts are targeted, collective punishment is not compatible with the basic principle of individual responsibility. The punished group may often have no direct
4398:
706:, Stalin conducted a series of deportations on a huge scale which profoundly affected the ethnic map of the Soviet Union. Between 1941 and 1949 the Soviet authorities deported an estimated nearly 3.3 million people to Siberia and to the Central Asian republics.
990:
Israel's use of collective punishment measures, such as movement restrictions, shelling of residential areas, mass arrests, and the destruction of public health infrastructure violates
Articles 33 and 53 of the Fourth Geneva Convention. Article 33 reads in part:
415:, Israeli professor Mordechai Kedar said: "The only thing that can deter terrorists, like those who kidnapped the children and killed them, is the knowledge that their sister or their mother will be raped. It sounds very bad, but that's the Middle East."
944:
report entitled "Black
January in Azerbaijan" states: "Indeed, the violence used by the Soviet Army on the night of January 19–20 was so out of proportion to the resistance offered by Azerbaijanis as to constitute an exercise in collective punishment."
500:
bushwhackers molest our march, or should the inhabitants burn bridges, obstruct roads, or otherwise manifest local hostility, then army commanders should order and enforce a devastation more or less relentless according to the measure of such hostility.
4358:
1236:, collective punishment has been a recurring method used by the Syrian government to quell opposition cities and suburbs throughout the country, whereby entire cities are besieged, shelled, and destroyed if that city is deemed as pro-opposition.
4283:
783:
following their incorporation into the Soviet union in 1940. More than 200,000 people are estimated to have been deported from the Baltic in 1940–1953. 10% of the entire adult Baltic population was deported or sent to labor camps. (See
921:(during the Cyprus Emergency) the British authorities adopted a tactic of home evictions and business closures in regions where British personnel had been murdered in order to obtain information about the identities of the murderers.
998:
Collective punishment of
Palestinians also can be traced back to British mandatory techniques in suppressing the 1936–1939 revolt and has been reintroduced and in effect since the early days of the occupation, and was denounced by
195:
Historically, punishment of family members was employed most often in the context of political crimes. In late
Medieval Florence family groups could be punished collectively for treason, but not for other crimes. To preserve the
4293:
4378:
4263:
1015:
over 20 years of collective punishment have made life so difficult for Palestinians that thousands of businesses and residents have been forcibly displaced, enabling Jewish settlers to take over more properties.
180:
and others consider collective fines to be the most effective type of collective punishment for deterring bad behavior when they are sufficiently costly and target those in a position to identify perpetrators.
274:, "within a hundred and under surety". Scholars do not know if the surety of Cnut's time was a collective or individual liability, or whether collective punishment was a feature of Anglo-Saxon law, before the
2599:
1392:
settlement was established without Israeli government authority, a barbed wire fence to protect settlers was erected in front of the shops and all Palestinian shoppers had to be frisked before entering them
1273:
In Idlib province in the northwest of the country, entire cities were shelled and bombed for sheltering opposition activists and rebels, with the victims mostly civilians, along with heavy financial losses.
639:
and collective punishment originated not with the American and British people, but on higher policy levels. Not until late in the war did the US public assign collective responsibility to the German people.
630:
by the Soviet Union, Poland and Czechoslovakia represent one of the greatest examples of collective punishment in terms of the number of victims. The goal was to punish the Germans; the Allies declared them
4248:
4146:
455:
and the British Parliament supported collective punishment to deter any further challenges to their imperial authority by undermining support for what they saw as a quarrelsome minority in Massachusetts.
4258:
1266:, reports indicate that the Syrian government is attacking civilians at bread bakeries with artillery rounds and rockets, with the reports indicating that the bakeries were shelled indiscriminately.
1042:
claimed that Ethiopia and Eritrea used the destruction of the Tigrayan economy as "a tactic to defeat the enemy", arguing they succeeded in taking the region "back 40 years"; Noé Hochet-Bodin of
1344:
among PRCS EMTs. Additionally, the PRCS headquarters in Al-Bireh was hit on several occasions by heavy machine gun fire from Israeli soldiers located at the nearby illegal Israeli settlement,
5626:
5546:
995:
No protected person may be punished for an offence he or she has not personally committed. Collective penalties and likewise all measures of intimidation or of terrorism are prohibited
4692:
4504:
67:
association with the perpetrator other than living in the same area and can not be assumed to exercise control over the perpetrator's actions. Collective punishment is prohibited by
2623:
4819:
4109:
1057:
made the argument that the EDF and ENDF had enacted " amounts to the collective punishment of the people of Tigray" through a "campaign of unremitting violence and destruction".
5040:
4583:
4368:
4308:
4172:
3924:
116:
their protocols. This guarantee is applicable not only to protected persons but to all individuals, no matter what their status, or to what category of persons they belong...
2609:
3939:
3035:
5121:
5136:
5126:
3882:
3877:
3110:
5052:
5571:
4717:
4178:
2765:
913:
would be subject to 'collective punishment'. During the Mau Mau Uprising, the colonial administration also utilised collective punishment as a tactic against the
4393:
1003:
as early as 1974. Notoriety for the practice arose in 1988 when, in response to the killing of a suspected collaborator in the village, Israeli forces shut down
5566:
5551:
5116:
4497:
1874:
1224:. Many of the miners were armed. When prosecutors said they would pursue charges against other miners who were part of the protest, there was a public outcry.
4273:
3966:
4672:
4573:
4303:
4216:
4195:
4102:
3057:
373:
2645:
404:
where photographs were taken of women stripped and paraded through the streets of Paris. A prostitute accused of serving the Germans was kicked to death.
5246:
4677:
4614:
2299:
5714:
5576:
5131:
4490:
5561:
5461:
4722:
4467:
2233:
2109:
Arie Marcelo Kacowicz, Pawel Lutomski, Population resettlement in international conflicts: a comparative study, Lexington Books, 2007, pp.101–02.
5556:
4338:
4184:
4095:
3907:
408:
1270:
said these are war crimes, as the only military targets wherever the few rebels manning the bakeries, and that dozens of civilians were killed.
5621:
4298:
3902:
3853:
2799:
1481:"The Congress shall have Power to declare the Punishment of Treason, but no Attainder of Treason shall work Corruption of Blood, or Forfeiture"
983:
890:
4687:
4619:
4442:
3912:
3895:
2804:
1500:
Collective Responsibility. At Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. First published Mon August 8, 2005; substantive revision Mon June 14, 2010
627:
44:
2051:
2020:
1493:
136:
Modern legal systems usually limit criminal liability to individuals. An example of this is the prohibition on "Corruption of Blood" in the
5506:
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4447:
4268:
2190:
1757:
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1130:, constitute one of three forms of political imprisonment in the country, the other two being what Hawk (2012) translates as "short-term
1091:
1679:
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5301:
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4737:
4639:
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2434:
The 1984 massacre of almost 3,000 Sikhs came as a response to the assassination of Prime Minister Indira Gandhi on October 32, 1984.
5616:
5541:
5451:
5406:
5351:
5271:
5231:
5211:
4814:
4009:
2735:
1095:
3237:
Jamjoum, Lama (2002). "The Effects of Israeli Violations During the Second Uprising "Intifada" on Palestinian Health Conditions".
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364:
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There have been a large number of home demolitions in Israel since 1967. The legal arguments center on Regulation 119(1) of the
5586:
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1949:
389:
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339:. Sources are inconsistent as to the razing of the Alcamaeonid houses. Of the many sources on the Cylonian conspiracy, only
5476:
5466:
5331:
5326:
5256:
4742:
4644:
4568:
3436:
3382:
3082:
2460:"British to step up Malaya campaign; 1951 plans include 'collective punishment' for aiding Reds, rewards and more troops",
937:
670:
Stalin used the partial removal of potentially trouble-making ethnic groups as a technique consistently during his career:
3195:"Israeli authorities must end collective punishment of Palestinians in Hebronm protect human rights defenders in the city"
5176:
4593:
4385:
4353:
1180:
2757:
2273:
5191:
4993:
4517:
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3929:
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3641:
3441:
2415:
1430:
848:
by her Sikh bodyguards was an example of collective punishment. The episode resulted in more than 3000 deaths. India's
599:, the family members of Germans who were accused of acting against the state could be punished along with the accused.
93:
1467:
Backer, Larry Catá. "The Führer Principle of International Law: Individual Responsibility and Collective Punishment".
897:
engaged during the 1950s, collective punishment was utilized as a tactic to suppress various insurgencies such as the
294:
in ancient Greece, an importance that goes far beyond the needs for physical shelter and comfort, is well known". The
5704:
4998:
4747:
4697:
4545:
4521:
2220:
2114:
2089:
1918:
1826:
1751:
1712:
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1098:, in a United Nations report, and by various other organisations as collective punishment aimed at the Palestinians.
1039:
2675:
3027:
2251:
1882:
910:
793:
718:
632:
852:(CBI) expressed the opinion that the acts of violence were well-organized, with support from the officials in the
759:. During 1939–1941 the Soviet regime deported 1.45 million people inhabitants of this area, of whom 63% were
62:
imposed on a group or whole community for acts allegedly perpetrated by a member of that group, which could be an
5023:
4952:
4942:
4682:
4598:
3971:
3621:
2705:
1146:
offences respectively. In total, there are an estimated 150,000 to 200,000 political prisoners housed within the
849:
377:
2100:' (Situation in Poland) "Almost all Germans were held personally responsible for the policies of the Nazi party"
1838:"The laws of war as to conquered territory" by William Miller Collier, New York Times, November 29, 1914, p. SM6
1071:
became targets of collective punishment, with government authorities subjecting them to arbitrary detention and
5769:
5411:
5361:
4727:
4629:
4425:
4344:
Protocol to the African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights on the Rights of Women in Africa (Maputo Protocol)
4249:
United Nations General Assembly Resolution 1514 (XV) Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples
4236:
3780:
3412:
2907:
2853:
2653:
1340:
845:
534:
1967:
5047:
4763:
4403:
603:
488:
351:
278:
and the 12th century frankpledge system applied collective punishment to the whole tithing. The 13th century
107:
4482:
2303:
909:. In 1951, the British government announced plans which stipulated that non-combatants found supporting the
610:, killing one hundred civilians for every German soldier killed. This was intended to drain support for the
5501:
5111:
4957:
4578:
3976:
3934:
3867:
3503:
3423:
3313:
2447:
231:
corruption too real in the understandings and the hearts of those who dishonor themselves by such sophisms.
217:
1813:
5699:
4947:
4379:
Convention on preventing and combating violence against women and domestic violence (Istanbul Convention)
3757:
962:
914:
452:
2237:
71:
in both international and non-international armed conflicts, more specifically Common Article 33 of the
5727:
4845:
4020:
3949:
3862:
3267:
1648:
141:
3194:
5779:
4702:
3944:
3835:
3563:
3493:
1244:
734:
571:
131:
20:
973:
5784:
4786:
4404:
on the Prevention, Punishment, and Eradication of Violence against Women (Belém do Pará Convention)
3819:
3631:
3558:
3476:
3466:
3375:
3239:
2791:
1808:
1131:
869:
537:
themselves in July of the following year, 1918, were two such examples of this during World War I.
480:
392:
of German women by the Red Army during the Russian advance into Germany in 1945 towards the end of
72:
2532:
5689:
5086:
4540:
4373:
4162:
4033:
3728:
3676:
3625:
3471:
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3168:
2758:""Escapee Tells of Horrors in North Korean Prison Camp", Washington Post, December 11, 2008"
2046:
2015:
1578:
1490:
1293:
1283:
1064:
873:
423:
369:
251:
may create incentives for a group to identify perpetrators where they might not do so otherwise.
262:
system of enforcement was by the 12th century established throughout much of the English realm.
5633:
5096:
5035:
5018:
4926:
4284:
Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families
3661:
3537:
3456:
3287:
3140:
2058:, Steffen Prauser and Arfon Rees, European University Institute, Florence. HEC No. 2004/1. p. 5
2027:, Steffen Prauser and Arfon Rees, European University Institute, Florence. HEC No. 2004/1. p. 6
1904:
1314:
1308:
1147:
1111:
756:
3213:
2174:
1741:
1702:
5774:
5694:
4882:
4838:
4771:
4211:
4004:
3681:
3666:
3656:
3583:
3261:
3201:
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1663:
1008:
526:
468:
359:
355:
282:(1285) stipulated "the whole hundred ... shall be answerable" for any theft or robbery.
279:
255:
and others consider collective fines to be the most effective type of collective punishment.
220:– the execution of the perpetrator's entire families as well as the perpetrators themselves.
3285:
Playfair, Emma (Fall 1988). "Israel's Security Needs in the West Bank, Real and Contrived".
2047:
The Expulsion of 'German' Communities from Eastern Europe at the end of the Second World War
2016:
The Expulsion of 'German' Communities from Eastern Europe at the end of the Second World War
1986:
396:
as a form of collective punishment. Women were also targeted as a collective punishment for
5028:
4877:
4288:
4141:
1852:
837:
444:
336:
2942:"Demolished by the Pakistan army: the frontier village punished for harboring the Taliban"
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8:
4973:
4437:
4087:
4076:
4038:
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1085:
857:
562:
hostages, as revenge for the assassination of five German policemen and one SS member by
509:
149:
36:
2927:
2727:
593:
Germany also practiced a form of collective punishment against German families. Called
5753:
5081:
4806:
4791:
4781:
4535:
4457:
3999:
3814:
3809:
3804:
3792:
3770:
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3713:
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3568:
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3330:
3296:
3248:
2844:
2492:
2477:
2462:
2128:
1818:
1629:
1298:
1267:
1259:
1150:. In contrast to these other systems, the condemned are sent there without any form of
941:
738:
611:
492:
422:"to punish and humiliate the entire community". Even in well publicized cases like the
267:
40:
4294:
International Convention for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance
2971:
2339:
4887:
4667:
3797:
3751:
3588:
3546:
3530:
3271:
3223:
2411:
2372:
2216:
2180:
2141:
2110:
2093:
2085:
1914:
1822:
1747:
1708:
1669:
1426:
1221:
1012:
898:
575:
298:
is then "especially awesome and charged with symbolic as well as practical meaning."
160:
wanted the Israeli legal system to be based on the moral compass of Jewish heritage:
4289:
International Convention on the Suppression and Punishment of the Crime of Apartheid
957:, and was only fully abolished in practice on August 22, 1980, after the end of the
335:
they "razed the houses of the tyrants and confiscated their property", according to
5101:
4550:
4399:
on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Persons with Disabilities
3994:
3785:
3322:
3001:
1621:
1252:
1233:
1151:
977:
Residents inspect the ruins of an apartment in Gaza destroyed by Israeli airstrikes
961:
regime. Following this a clause prohibiting collective punishment was added to the
906:
902:
841:
789:
785:
726:
636:
448:
440:
419:
295:
4259:
Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW)
28:
5741:
4343:
4061:
3959:
3578:
3541:
3446:
2881:
2828:
2405:
2366:
2142:"The Scale and Nature of German and Soviet Repression and Mass Killings, 1930–45"
2055:
2024:
1908:
1497:
1418:
1054:
615:
579:
505:
275:
59:
1451:
Collective Punishment and Human Rights Law: Addressing Gaps in International Law
512:) justified such actions as being in accord with the laws of war then in force.
5076:
4662:
4028:
3594:
3552:
2368:
Questioning The Secular State: The Worldwide Resurgence of Religion in Politics
1213:
1155:
958:
954:
918:
894:
817:
805:
801:
695:
660:
656:
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320:
252:
223:
208:, in which case father, son and kinsmen were all held responsible. During the
190:
177:
153:
137:
3162:
1195:
The Pakistan Army immediately decided to punish the village for harboring the
5763:
4512:
4147:
Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples
3646:
3525:
3308:
3209:
2277:
1817:, 2nd ed., D. Appleton & Co., 1913 (1889), Chapter XXI. Reprinted by the
1389:
1172:
1068:
1000:
929:
861:
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768:
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691:
671:
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and many others) exemplifies officially orchestrated collective punishment.
4916:
4872:
4861:
4514:
3696:
3600:
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1119:
1067:
campaign. Human Rights Watch reported that families of those who wished to
1060:
865:
853:
746:
742:
703:
401:
393:
157:
32:
1247:, the Syrian government began a campaign of collective punishment against
1192:
detonation-ready suicide jackets and schools for teenage suicide bombers.
953:
Collective punishment in Korea was officially abolished in 1894 under the
876:
after his mother's death, said "When a big tree falls, the earth shakes".
5648:
4921:
4911:
4065:
3651:
3486:
3431:
2667:
1781:
British Pamphlets on the American Revolution, 1763-1785, Part I, Volume 1
1743:
Minorities and Populism: Critical Perspectives from South Asia and Europe
1248:
1139:
1107:
722:
687:
358:, by which Israel claims the legal authority for home demolitions by the
259:
209:
201:
197:
76:
5736:
3300:
3252:
2259:
1118:
concentration camps along with their relatives. North Korea's political
305:
of houses is attested to by several ancient Greek sources. According to
4820:
International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (IFRC)
3703:
3481:
3334:
3219:
1135:
840:(alternatively called the 1984 Sikh Massacre), a riot directed against
595:
530:
412:
55:
3058:"Syria army bulldozes houses Sunni Muslim areas collective punishment"
2900:
2897:
2847:
2697:
1633:
1050:
described this as an act of "collective punishment". On 27 Mary 2021,
558:
5673:
3391:
3133:"Syrian fighters in Aleppo form 'Revolutionary Transitional Council'"
1320:
1209:
780:
679:
675:
607:
587:
479:
The principle of collective punishment was laid out by Union General
460:
340:
205:
145:
63:
3326:
2131:, Jonathan Huener "Business and industry in Nazi Germany", p.130,131
1437:
Collective punishment was outlawed in 1949 by the Geneva Convention.
566:
resistance fighters in Nazi-occupied Poland. Warsaw, October 2, 1943
5106:
4264:
Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination
4043:
3691:
3521:
2604:
1910:
Between Nazis and Soviets: Occupation Politics in Poland, 1939–1947
1625:
1240:
1217:
1184:
1115:
1072:
1045:
1004:
933:
825:
821:
813:
683:
655:
of many nationalities of the USSR to remote regions (including the
332:
306:
247:
3002:"Marikana murder charges: South Africa minister wants explanation"
1612:
Connor, W. R. (1985). "The Razing of the House in Greek Society".
354:, an emergency law that dates to the British occupation under the
204:
an exception was made recognizing a collective responsibility for
5663:
5658:
3718:
3708:
3686:
3671:
3087:
2624:"US official condemns violence in Tigray, warns of new sanctions"
1196:
1176:
772:
714:
710:
628:
expulsion of German speaking population groups after World War II
328:
315:
271:
213:
3215:
Cursed Victory: A History of Israel and the Occupied Territories
1665:
Scapegoat: The Jews, Israel and Womens' [sic] Liberation
148:
or knowledge to establish individual moral responsibility. This
5643:
4830:
4732:
4707:
4693:
UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (UNOCHA)
4584:
Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights
3349:
3311:(Autumn 1974). "Ethos of Conflict of the Palestinian Society".
2124:
2122:
1875:"19th June 1943: The Nazi abuse of the Polish people continues"
1345:
1263:
1188:
1143:
809:
776:
310:
68:
4309:
International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights
4173:
Declaration on the Elimination of Discrimination Against Women
1936:
Family Punishment in Nazi Germany: Sippenhaft, Terror and Myth
1491:
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/collective-responsibility/#5
1154:
as are their immediate three generations of family members as
4708:
UN Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO)
4130:
3360:
2891:
2838:
2533:"[Today] March 25th...Abolition of the system (1981)"
1968:"Conflict in Post-War Yugoslavia: The Search for a Narrative"
1514:. United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press. pp. 60–61.
1288:
751:
174:
increase in the size of the group and their relative wealth.
2600:"How the war in Ethiopia brought Tigray region to its knees"
2119:
376:
who have committed violent acts may be demolished under the
5653:
4678:
Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights (ODIHR)
4673:
Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE)
984:
Israeli occupation of the West Bank § Collective punishment
764:
263:
4117:
3263:
Tax Law and Social Norms in Mandatory Palestine and Israel
1991:. Brill Schöningh. pp. 143–163 – via brill.com.
1950:"Nazis killed 100 Serbs per dead German – DW – 10/21/2021"
4018:
2728:"US Congress freeze on $ 200m Palestinian aid criticised"
2555:
2407:
The SAGE Encyclopedia of War: Social Science Perspectives
2325:
1596:
The Formation of the English Kingdom in the Tenth Century
1425:(8th ed.). St. Paul, MN: Thomson West. p. 280.
1175:
conducted collective punishment against a village called
635:
of Nazi war crimes. In the US and UK the ideas of German
602:
Collective punishment was often brutally used during the
590:
advance across Poland in September 1939 and thereafter.
4179:
Declaration on the Elimination of Violence Against Women
2792:"The Hidden Gulag – Exposing North Korea's Prison Camps"
2543:
3028:"Syria army destroys houses in 'collective punishment'"
2567:
2490:"Britain punishes Cypriote balking in informer role",
1988:
Anti-Axis Resistance in Southeastern Europe, 1939-1945
1903:
1798:. United States: Cornell University Press. p. 74.
1251:
suburbs in-and-around the capital which had supported
586:) hostages were conducted every single day during the
35:
announcement of the killing of 2,300 civilians in the
5725:
4718:
UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs (UNDESA)
4274:
Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities
4191:
Declaration on sexual orientation and gender identity
1796:
Tea: Consumption, Politics, and Revolution, 1773–1776
1614:
Transactions of the American Philological Association
702:(1944). Shortly before, during and immediately after
487:, November 9, 1864, which laid out the rules for his
266:
had organized the conquered peoples of England into "
4574:
Committee on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities
4369:
Convention for the Protection of National Minorities
4304:
International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights
4196:
American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man
2921:
2911:
2867:
2857:
1897:
1032:
War crimes in the Tigray war § Collective punishment
2067:Ulf Brunnbauer, Michael G. Esch, Holm Sundhaussen,
2061:
2001:Ulf Brunnbauer, Michael G. Esch, Holm Sundhaussen,
1995:
1913:. Lexington Books. pp. 92, 105, 118, and 325.
5627:of the military dictatorship in Brazil (1964-1985)
4423:
1547:Kehoe, Dennis; McGinn, Thomas A. J., eds. (2017).
1525:Kehoe, Dennis; McGinn, Thomas A. J., eds. (2017).
1063:in September that same year, Eritrea engaged in a
156:may not be the only way to assess responsibility.
39:, as retaliation for 10 German soldiers killed by
5715:United Nations Prize in the Field of Human Rights
4748:Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN (FAO)
2579:
2507:"Embassy of the Republic of Azerbaijanin Romania"
1484:
1258:In opposition-controlled cities and districts in
290:According to W. R. Connor "the importance of the
144:. Moral philosophers will usually use notions of
5761:
4635:European Committee for the Prevention of Torture
4468:Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court
1561:
737:(17 September 1939) following the corresponding
4815:International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC)
4615:African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights
4185:Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples
2646:"Eritrea: Crackdown on Draft Evaders' Families"
2172:
1512:Law and Identity in Israel: A Century of Debate
1187:. The operation was called 'zalzala', which is
968:
426:no action has been taken against perpetrators.
4299:Indigenous and Tribal Peoples Convention, 1989
2972:"In pictures: Pakistan's most feared militant"
2103:
1011:stated that the various measures taken in the
4846:
4498:
4443:Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees
4103:
3376:
2800:The Committee for Human Rights in North Korea
2698:"ICRC says Israel's Gaza blockade breaks law"
1134:/forced-labor centers" and "long-term prison
932:was a massacre of civilians committed by the
226:wrote of the cruelty of Corruption of Blood:
4453:Convention on the Reduction of Statelessness
4339:African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights
2939:
2895:
2885:
2842:
2832:
2597:
1562:Cavallar, Osvaldo; Kirshner, Julius (2020).
1304:Family members of traitors to the Motherland
1059:Beginning in mid-2022, and escalating after
1043:
741:(1 September 1939) that marked the start of
443:were seen as a collective punishment of the
125:
4753:UN Human Settlements Programme (UN-HABITAT)
4448:Protocol Relating to the Status of Refugees
4269:Convention on the Political Rights of Women
2785:
2783:
1972:The National WWII Museum | New Orleans
1649:Alamarin v. IDF Commander in the Gaza Strip
1598:. Oxford University Press. pp. 195–96.
1564:Jurists and Jurisprudence in Medieval Italy
1551:. University of Michigan Press. p. 12.
1546:
1524:
4853:
4839:
4620:African Court on Human and Peoples' Rights
4505:
4491:
4206:Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action
4158:Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam
4110:
4096:
3383:
3369:
2364:
1542:
1540:
1538:
1536:
1529:. University of Michigan Press. p. 3.
731:Deportation of Koreans in the Soviet Union
4688:UN High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR)
4640:Inter-American Commission on Human Rights
4132:Declarations, manifestos, and resolutions
3259:
3103:"Syria: Government Attacking Bread Lines"
2445:Singh, Jaspreet, "India's pogrom, 1984",
2318:"Online.nl | Internet, TV en Bellen"
2030:
1984:
1778:
1707:. Indiana University Press. p. 131.
1607:
1605:
1376:
1200:forbidden from returning to their homes.
709:The deportations started with Poles from
4359:Convention for the Prevention of Torture
4010:Post-conflict reception of war criminals
3284:
2780:
2342:. BBC News – Europe. February 23, 2004.
1593:
1462:
1460:
1394:
1096:International Committee of the Red Cross
972:
606:. The Germans implemented a strategy of
556:Announcement of execution of 100 Polish
551:
285:
27:
5547:in the Democratic Republic of the Congo
4723:Commission on the Status of Women (CSW)
4713:Joint UN Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS)
4698:International Labour Organization (ILO)
3236:
3208:
2789:
2573:
2549:
1933:
1793:
1783:. United Kingdom: Taylor & Francis.
1739:
1661:
1652: 46(3) PD 693 (1992) .
1533:
1349:
1024:
1013:commercial and cultural heart of Hebron
868:. When asked about the riots, Rajiv, a
365:Alamarin v. IDF Commander in Gaza Strip
319:) the house of the murderers was razed
5762:
5639:List of human rights abuses by country
5127:during the Battle of Mosul (2016-2017)
5092:Cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment
4738:UN Development Fund for Women (UNIFEM)
4168:Declaration of the Rights of the Child
4119:International human rights instruments
3307:
3171:from the original on December 21, 2021
3113:from the original on September 6, 2012
3038:from the original on September 4, 2012
2952:from the original on February 26, 2017
2561:
2403:
2346:from the original on February 24, 2004
2234:"Soviet Mass Deportations from Latvia"
1700:
1611:
1602:
1518:
1417:
1363:
409:2014 murder of three Israeli teenagers
5710:Universal Declaration of Human Rights
4834:
4683:Organisation of American States (OAS)
4486:
4422:
4325:
4279:Convention on the Rights of the Child
4234:
4233:
4217:Declaration on the Rights of Peasants
4152:Universal Declaration of Human Rights
4129:
4091:
3364:
2768:from the original on October 21, 2010
2385:from the original on January 31, 2023
2358:
1985:Trifković, Gaj (September 18, 2023).
1509:
1457:
1341:Palestine Red Crescent Society (PRCS)
749:annexed eastern parts (the so-called
418:Women are frequently targeted in the
100:
4645:Inter-American Court of Human Rights
4569:Committee on the Rights of the Child
3437:Saint Petersburg Declaration of 1868
3008:from the original on August 31, 2012
2738:from the original on October 9, 2018
2678:from the original on October 8, 2022
2598:Hochet-Bodin, Noé (July 13, 2022) .
2513:from the original on October 2, 2009
2475:"Labor's censure over Kenya fails",
2397:
2069:Definitionsmacht, Utopie, Vergeltung
2003:Definitionsmacht, Utopie, Vergeltung
1362:necessary by military operations." (
938:Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic
844:by anti-Sikh mobs, responded to the
184:
87:
4551:Truth and reconciliation commission
4386:American Convention on Human Rights
2994:
2872:, literally "place(s) of gathering"
2810:from the original on March 13, 2015
2708:from the original on April 14, 2019
2371:. C. Hurst & Co. p. 1276.
2340:"Remembering Stalin's deportations"
2080:Karl Cordell, Andrzej Antoszewski,
2039:
2008:
1760:from the original on March 26, 2023
1721:from the original on March 26, 2023
1682:from the original on March 26, 2023
1576:
1469:Penn State International Law Review
1448:
1232:Throughout most of Syria's ongoing
1181:Federally Administered Tribal Areas
240:
216:was punishable by what is known as
13:
5137:during the Libyan civil war (2011)
4999:National human rights institutions
4994:List of human rights organisations
4364:European Convention on Nationality
3442:Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907
3204:. February 25, 2016. pp. 1–6.
3193:
2982:from the original on July 19, 2008
2668:"UN condemns 'war crimes' in Gaza"
2652:. February 9, 2023. Archived from
2585:
2424:from the original on July 31, 2023
2193:from the original on July 31, 2023
2154:from the original on July 17, 2011
1668:. Simon and Schuster. p. 53.
1466:
1038:An anonymous former member of the
963:Constitution of the Fifth Republic
621:
383:
14:
5796:
4354:Convention on Human Rights (ECHR)
3940:Sudanese civil war (2023–present)
3342:
2404:Joseph, Paul (October 11, 2016).
2179:. Psychology Press. p. 130.
1255:presence in their neighborhoods.
1052:U.S. Assistant Secretary of State
1040:Transitional Government of Tigray
884:
767:. Similar events followed in the
459:Collective fines were imposed on
411:kidnapped near the settlement of
200:'s historic mitigating impact on
82:
5747:
5735:
5122:at Guantánamo Bay detention camp
4860:
4326:
4072:
4071:
3883:Myanmar civil war (2021–present)
3348:
3164:Idlib town suffers heavy bombing
1148:North Korean imprisonment system
1030:This section is an excerpt from
982:This section is an excerpt from
911:Malayan National Liberation Army
794:Soviet deportations from Estonia
719:Poles in the former Soviet Union
75:and Article 4 of the Additional
5247:in Chile under Augusto Pinochet
4953:Natural rights and legal rights
4943:Claim rights and liberty rights
4743:UN Development Programme (UNDP)
4703:World Health Organization (WHO)
3967:Yemeni civil war (2014–present)
3155:
3125:
3095:
3075:
3050:
3020:
2964:
2933:
2875:
2822:
2750:
2720:
2690:
2660:
2638:
2616:
2591:
2525:
2499:
2484:
2469:
2454:
2439:
2332:
2310:
2292:
2266:
2244:
2226:
2205:
2166:
2134:
2074:
1978:
1960:
1942:
1927:
1867:
1841:
1832:
1814:Memoirs of General W.T. Sherman
1802:
1787:
1772:
1733:
1704:Space and Mobility in Palestine
1694:
1655:
1640:
1587:
1570:
1382:
1369:
1355:
1333:
1208:South Africa still retains the
1203:
1019:
872:member who was sworn in as the
850:Central Bureau of Investigation
643:
540:
529:'s distant relatives after his
515:
474:
434:
378:Defence (Emergency) Regulations
5117:against Palestinians by Israel
4630:European Court of Human Rights
4426:International humanitarian law
3390:
3187:
2896:
2886:
2843:
2833:
2630:. May 27, 2021. Archived from
1555:
1503:
1475:
1442:
1411:
1101:
948:
846:assassination of Indira Gandhi
535:shooting of the Romanov family
520:
1:
4394:to Prevent and Punish Torture
2940:Declan Walsh (May 20, 2008).
2082:Poland and the European Union
1404:
1222:34 miners were shot by police
924:
604:Nazi occupation of Yugoslavia
545:
370:Israeli High Court of Justice
352:Defense Emergency Regulations
168:
4958:Negative and positive rights
4579:International Criminal Court
3504:International Criminal Court
3314:Journal of Palestine Studies
2448:International New York Times
1779:Dickinson, Harry T. (2021).
1549:Ancient Law, Ancient Society
1527:Ancient Law, Ancient Society
969:Israeli–Palestinian conflict
860:at the time, then headed by
309:'s account of the murder of
218:nine familial exterminations
7:
5700:List of human rights awards
5572:in the United Arab Emirates
4948:Individual and group rights
4733:UN Children's Fund (UNICEF)
3913:Russian invasion of Ukraine
2922:
2912:
2868:
2858:
2211:Tadeusz Piotrowski (1998),
1277:
1166:
1094:has been criticized by the
915:Kenya Land and Freedom Army
879:
729:were deported in 1937 (see
721:) in the period 1932–1936.
388:Some scholars consider the
245:A collective fine like the
120:
10:
5801:
5622:of the Marcos dictatorship
4728:UN Population Fund (UNFPA)
4390:Inter-American Convention
4254:Convention against Torture
3887:Nagorno-Karabakh conflict
3268:Cambridge University Press
2481:, December 17, 1952, p. 16
2466:, December 17, 1950, p. 12
2365:Westerlund, David (1996).
1794:Fichter, James R. (2023).
1239:Upon retaking the capital
1083:
1029:
981:
800:and seven (overwhelmingly
508:) and the Germans (in the
429:
188:
142:United States Constitution
129:
18:
5682:
5567:in the State of Palestine
5552:in the Dominican Republic
5132:during the Gaddafi regime
5069:
5014:
5007:
4986:
4966:
4935:
4907:
4896:
4868:
4800:
4761:
4653:
4607:
4589:UN Human Rights Committee
4559:
4546:Human rights institutions
4528:
4433:
4418:
4334:
4321:
4244:
4229:
4138:
4125:
4058:
3987:
3828:
3737:
3613:
3564:Joint criminal enterprise
3514:
3494:Responsibility to protect
3422:
3411:
3398:
3260:Likhovski, Assaf (2017).
2976:BBC News (news.bbc.co.uk)
2926:, literally "place(s) of
1746:. Springer. p. 280.
1594:Molyneux, George (2015).
1580:The Theory of Legislation
1079:
735:Soviet invasion of Poland
717:and European Russia (see
674:(1939–1941 and 1944–45),
572:Nazi occupation of Poland
374:the homes of Palestinians
324:
132:Collective responsibility
126:Collective responsibility
21:Collective responsibility
4801:ICRC – organization with
4625:African Court of Justice
3004:. BBC. August 31, 2012.
2451:, 31 October 2014, p. 7.
2173:Philip Boobbyer (2000).
2054:October 1, 2009, at the
2023:October 1, 2009, at the
1934:Loeffel, Robert (2012).
1662:Dworkin, Andrea (2000).
1326:
1227:
831:
481:William Tecumseh Sherman
424:Kunan Poshpora mass rape
235:
108:Médecins Sans Frontières
73:Fourth Geneva Convention
19:Not to be confused with
5690:History of human rights
5097:Enforced disappearances
5087:Crimes against humanity
4594:UN Human Rights Council
4541:Human rights commission
4163:Declaration of Montreal
4034:Crimes against humanity
3878:Libyan civil war (2011)
3729:Wartime sexual violence
3677:Human trophy collecting
3662:Enforced disappearances
1496:March 14, 2015, at the
1294:Decimation (Roman army)
808:) nationalities of the
485:Special Field Order 120
5634:Incitement to genocide
4927:Universal jurisdiction
3682:Indiscriminate attacks
3667:Extrajudicial killings
3538:Command responsibility
3288:Arab Studies Quarterly
3167:. September 12, 2012.
2674:. September 16, 2009.
2656:on September 20, 2023.
2612:on September 13, 2023.
2496:, March 17, 1956, p. 1
1905:Marek Jan Chodakiewicz
1701:Peteet, Julie (2000).
1423:Black's Law Dictionary
1315:Nulla poena sine culpa
1309:Market share liability
1044:
997:
978:
757:Second Polish Republic
690:(1941 and 1945–1949),
678:(1941 and 1944–1953),
583:
567:
525:The mass shootings of
502:
463:as punishment for the
233:
212:of China (221–207 BC)
166:
118:
48:
5770:Collective punishment
5695:List of global issues
4772:Amnesty International
4212:Yogyakarta Principles
4005:List of global issues
3840:Gaza–Israel conflict
3657:Desecration of graves
3637:Collective punishment
3355:Collective punishment
3202:Amnesty International
3137:english.alarabiya.net
3034:. September 3, 2012.
2764:. December 11, 2008.
1974:. September 21, 2021.
1938:. Palgrave Macmillan.
1171:On May 20, 2008, the
1084:Further information:
1009:Amnesty International
993:
976:
555:
497:
469:Captain John Porteous
360:Israeli Defense Force
356:Mandate for Palestine
286:Destruction of houses
280:Statute of Winchester
228:
162:
113:
52:Collective punishment
31:
5577:in the United States
5352:in Jammu and Kashmir
4898:Fundamental concepts
4803:special status based
4142:Brazilian Resolution
4060:‡ Does not apply to
4039:Crimes of aggression
4021:international crimes
3925:Sri Lankan Civil War
3724:Use of human shields
3622:humanitarian workers
3357:at Wikimedia Commons
3179:– via YouTube.
3143:on September 6, 2012
2410:. SAGE. p. 55.
2328:on October 15, 2009.
1740:Mushtaq, S. (2020).
1646:HCJ 2722/92
1120:penal labor colonies
1025:Eritrea and Ethiopia
838:1984 anti-Sikh riots
504:The British (in the
445:Massachusetts Colony
337:Nicholas of Damascus
301:The practice of the
296:destruction of homes
5562:in the Soviet Union
5462:in Papua New Guinea
5112:Human rights abuses
5070:Human rights abuses
4974:Corporal punishment
4599:UN Security Council
4438:Genocide Convention
3903:Russo-Ukrainian War
3531:Civilian casualties
3109:. August 30, 2012.
2762:The Washington Post
2734:. October 4, 2011.
2564:, pp. 181–186.
1809:Sherman, William T.
1510:Kedar, Nir (2019).
1449:Klocker, Cornelia.
1112:political prisoners
1086:Criticism of Israel
816:were deported: the
633:collectively guilty
510:Franco-Prussian War
37:Kragujevac massacre
5557:in the Philippines
5082:Crime of apartheid
4807:Geneva Conventions
4792:Human Rights First
4782:Human Rights Watch
4536:Human rights group
4458:Geneva Conventions
4000:War crime apologia
3920:Second Chechen War
3614:War crimes by type
3574:Military necessity
3569:Medical neutrality
3487:Protocol II (1977)
3452:Geneva Conventions
3403:List of war crimes
2650:Human Rights Watch
2628:Al Jazeera English
2493:The New York Times
2478:The New York Times
2463:The New York Times
2306:on August 6, 2009.
2262:on April 20, 2009.
2213:Poland's Holocaust
2129:Francis R. Nicosia
1819:Library of America
1299:Divine retribution
1268:Human Rights Watch
1245:Battle of Damascus
979:
942:Human Rights Watch
858:central government
568:
493:American Civil War
489:"March to the sea"
407:Responding to the
152:based theory from
101:Geneva Conventions
49:
41:Yugoslav Partisans
5723:
5722:
5705:Three generations
5065:
5064:
4982:
4981:
4828:
4827:
4668:Council of Europe
4480:
4479:
4476:
4475:
4463:Hague Conventions
4414:
4413:
4317:
4316:
4237:International law
4225:
4224:
4085:
4084:
4054:
4053:
3995:War crimes trials
3829:War crimes by war
3609:
3608:
3589:Protected persons
3482:Protocol I (1977)
3353:Media related to
3277:978-1-316-82019-3
3229:978-1-846-14735-7
2704:. June 14, 2010.
2552:, pp. 58–65.
2539:. March 25, 2016.
2378:978-1-85065-241-0
2186:978-0-415-18298-0
2098:978-0-415-23885-4
1577:Bentham, Jeremy.
1179:, located in the
1122:, transliterated
1075:from their homes.
1065:mass conscription
899:Malayan Emergency
812:and the northern
612:partisan movement
325:οὶκίαν κατέσκαψαν
185:Family punishment
94:Hague Conventions
88:Hague Conventions
43:in Nazi-occupied
5792:
5780:Authoritarianism
5752:
5751:
5750:
5740:
5739:
5731:
5477:in Punjab, India
5102:Forced migration
5012:
5011:
4905:
4904:
4900:and philosophies
4855:
4848:
4841:
4832:
4831:
4507:
4500:
4493:
4484:
4483:
4420:
4419:
4323:
4322:
4231:
4230:
4201:Paris Principles
4127:
4126:
4112:
4105:
4098:
4089:
4088:
4075:
4074:
4016:
4015:
3930:Syrian civil war
3873:2006 Lebanon War
3836:Afghanistan wars
3579:Prisoners of war
3420:
3419:
3415:humanitarian law
3385:
3378:
3371:
3362:
3361:
3352:
3338:
3304:
3281:
3256:
3233:
3205:
3199:
3181:
3180:
3178:
3176:
3159:
3153:
3152:
3150:
3148:
3139:. Archived from
3129:
3123:
3122:
3120:
3118:
3099:
3093:
3092:
3079:
3073:
3072:
3070:
3068:
3062:Montreal Gazette
3054:
3048:
3047:
3045:
3043:
3024:
3018:
3017:
3015:
3013:
2998:
2992:
2991:
2989:
2987:
2978:. May 27, 2008.
2968:
2962:
2961:
2959:
2957:
2937:
2931:
2925:
2915:
2905:
2904:
2889:
2888:
2879:
2873:
2871:
2861:
2851:
2850:
2836:
2835:
2826:
2820:
2819:
2817:
2815:
2809:
2796:
2787:
2778:
2777:
2775:
2773:
2754:
2748:
2747:
2745:
2743:
2724:
2718:
2717:
2715:
2713:
2694:
2688:
2687:
2685:
2683:
2664:
2658:
2657:
2642:
2636:
2635:
2634:on June 9, 2023.
2620:
2614:
2613:
2608:. Archived from
2595:
2589:
2583:
2577:
2571:
2565:
2559:
2553:
2547:
2541:
2540:
2529:
2523:
2522:
2520:
2518:
2503:
2497:
2488:
2482:
2473:
2467:
2458:
2452:
2443:
2437:
2436:
2431:
2429:
2401:
2395:
2394:
2392:
2390:
2362:
2356:
2355:
2353:
2351:
2336:
2330:
2329:
2324:. Archived from
2314:
2308:
2307:
2302:. Archived from
2296:
2290:
2289:
2287:
2285:
2280:on March 1, 2001
2276:. Archived from
2270:
2264:
2263:
2258:. Archived from
2248:
2242:
2241:
2240:on July 9, 2007.
2236:. Archived from
2230:
2224:
2209:
2203:
2202:
2200:
2198:
2170:
2164:
2163:
2161:
2159:
2153:
2146:
2138:
2132:
2126:
2117:
2107:
2101:
2084:, 2000, p. 166,
2078:
2072:
2065:
2059:
2043:
2037:
2034:
2028:
2012:
2006:
1999:
1993:
1992:
1982:
1976:
1975:
1964:
1958:
1957:
1946:
1940:
1939:
1931:
1925:
1924:
1901:
1895:
1894:
1892:
1890:
1881:. Archived from
1871:
1865:
1864:
1862:
1860:
1855:on March 3, 2016
1851:. Archived from
1845:
1839:
1836:
1830:
1806:
1800:
1799:
1791:
1785:
1784:
1776:
1770:
1769:
1767:
1765:
1737:
1731:
1730:
1728:
1726:
1698:
1692:
1691:
1689:
1687:
1659:
1653:
1644:
1638:
1637:
1609:
1600:
1599:
1591:
1585:
1584:
1574:
1568:
1567:
1559:
1553:
1552:
1544:
1531:
1530:
1522:
1516:
1515:
1507:
1501:
1488:
1482:
1479:
1473:
1472:
1464:
1455:
1454:
1446:
1440:
1439:
1419:Garner, Bryan A.
1415:
1398:
1386:
1380:
1373:
1367:
1359:
1353:
1337:
1253:Free Syrian Army
1158:. North Korea's
1152:judicial process
1114:are sent to the
1092:blockade of Gaza
1073:forced evictions
1049:
907:Cyprus Emergency
903:Mau Mau Uprising
790:Operation Priboi
786:June deportation
727:Russian Far East
637:collective guilt
533:in 1917 and the
527:Nicholas Romanov
449:Boston Tea Party
441:Intolerable Acts
420:Kashmir conflict
326:
241:Collective fines
5800:
5799:
5795:
5794:
5793:
5791:
5790:
5789:
5785:Totalitarianism
5760:
5759:
5758:
5748:
5746:
5734:
5726:
5724:
5719:
5678:
5507:in South Africa
5497:in Sierra Leone
5492:in Saudi Arabia
5222:in Burkina Faso
5177:in Azad Kashmir
5061:
5003:
4978:
4962:
4931:
4901:
4899:
4892:
4883:Intersex people
4864:
4859:
4829:
4824:
4804:
4802:
4796:
4757:
4655:
4649:
4608:Regional bodies
4603:
4561:
4555:
4524:
4511:
4481:
4472:
4429:
4410:
4330:
4313:
4240:
4221:
4134:
4121:
4116:
4086:
4081:
4062:airborne forces
4050:
4029:Atrocity crimes
4014:
3983:
3824:
3740:committed by...
3739:
3733:
3642:Criminal orders
3605:
3584:Proportionality
3542:Superior orders
3510:
3447:Geneva Protocol
3414:
3407:
3394:
3389:
3345:
3327:10.2307/2535945
3278:
3230:
3197:
3190:
3185:
3184:
3174:
3172:
3161:
3160:
3156:
3146:
3144:
3131:
3130:
3126:
3116:
3114:
3107:Huffington Post
3101:
3100:
3096:
3081:
3080:
3076:
3066:
3064:
3056:
3055:
3051:
3041:
3039:
3026:
3025:
3021:
3011:
3009:
3000:
2999:
2995:
2985:
2983:
2970:
2969:
2965:
2955:
2953:
2938:
2934:
2880:
2876:
2827:
2823:
2813:
2811:
2807:
2794:
2788:
2781:
2771:
2769:
2756:
2755:
2751:
2741:
2739:
2726:
2725:
2721:
2711:
2709:
2696:
2695:
2691:
2681:
2679:
2666:
2665:
2661:
2644:
2643:
2639:
2622:
2621:
2617:
2596:
2592:
2588:, pp. 5–6.
2584:
2580:
2572:
2568:
2560:
2556:
2548:
2544:
2531:
2530:
2526:
2516:
2514:
2505:
2504:
2500:
2489:
2485:
2474:
2470:
2459:
2455:
2444:
2440:
2427:
2425:
2418:
2402:
2398:
2388:
2386:
2379:
2363:
2359:
2349:
2347:
2338:
2337:
2333:
2316:
2315:
2311:
2298:
2297:
2293:
2283:
2281:
2272:
2271:
2267:
2250:
2249:
2245:
2232:
2231:
2227:
2210:
2206:
2196:
2194:
2187:
2171:
2167:
2157:
2155:
2151:
2144:
2140:
2139:
2135:
2127:
2120:
2108:
2104:
2079:
2075:
2066:
2062:
2056:Wayback Machine
2044:
2040:
2035:
2031:
2025:Wayback Machine
2013:
2009:
2000:
1996:
1983:
1979:
1966:
1965:
1961:
1948:
1947:
1943:
1932:
1928:
1921:
1902:
1898:
1888:
1886:
1873:
1872:
1868:
1858:
1856:
1847:
1846:
1842:
1837:
1833:
1807:
1803:
1792:
1788:
1777:
1773:
1763:
1761:
1754:
1738:
1734:
1724:
1722:
1715:
1699:
1695:
1685:
1683:
1676:
1660:
1656:
1645:
1641:
1610:
1603:
1592:
1588:
1575:
1571:
1560:
1556:
1545:
1534:
1523:
1519:
1508:
1504:
1498:Wayback Machine
1489:
1485:
1480:
1476:
1465:
1458:
1447:
1443:
1433:
1416:
1412:
1407:
1402:
1401:
1397:, p. 410).
1387:
1383:
1374:
1370:
1360:
1356:
1338:
1334:
1329:
1280:
1260:Aleppo Province
1243:after the 2012
1230:
1206:
1169:
1104:
1088:
1082:
1077:
1076:
1069:avoid the draft
1055:Robert F. Godec
1035:
1027:
1022:
1017:
1016:
987:
971:
951:
927:
891:armed conflicts
887:
882:
834:
745:in Europe, the
739:German invasion
646:
624:
622:Against Germany
616:Josip Broz Tito
548:
543:
523:
518:
506:Second Boer War
477:
453:Frederick North
437:
432:
386:
384:Targeting women
288:
276:Norman Conquest
243:
238:
193:
187:
171:
134:
128:
123:
103:
90:
85:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5798:
5788:
5787:
5782:
5777:
5772:
5757:
5756:
5744:
5721:
5720:
5718:
5717:
5712:
5707:
5702:
5697:
5692:
5686:
5684:
5680:
5679:
5677:
5676:
5671:
5666:
5661:
5656:
5651:
5646:
5641:
5636:
5631:
5630:
5629:
5624:
5619:
5614:
5609:
5604:
5599:
5594:
5589:
5584:
5579:
5574:
5569:
5564:
5559:
5554:
5549:
5544:
5539:
5534:
5529:
5527:in Switzerland
5524:
5519:
5514:
5512:in South Korea
5509:
5504:
5499:
5494:
5489:
5484:
5479:
5474:
5469:
5464:
5459:
5454:
5449:
5447:in North Korea
5444:
5439:
5437:in New Zealand
5434:
5429:
5424:
5419:
5414:
5409:
5404:
5399:
5394:
5389:
5384:
5382:in Kyrgyzstan
5379:
5374:
5369:
5364:
5359:
5354:
5349:
5344:
5339:
5334:
5329:
5324:
5319:
5314:
5309:
5304:
5299:
5294:
5289:
5284:
5279:
5274:
5269:
5267:in El Salvador
5264:
5259:
5254:
5249:
5244:
5239:
5234:
5229:
5224:
5219:
5214:
5209:
5204:
5199:
5194:
5192:in Balochistan
5189:
5184:
5179:
5174:
5169:
5164:
5159:
5154:
5149:
5144:
5142:in Afghanistan
5139:
5134:
5129:
5124:
5119:
5109:
5104:
5099:
5094:
5089:
5084:
5079:
5077:Atrocity crime
5073:
5071:
5067:
5066:
5063:
5062:
5060:
5059:
5057:
5055:
5050:
5045:
5043:
5038:
5033:
5031:
5026:
5021:
5015:
5009:
5005:
5004:
5002:
5001:
4996:
4990:
4988:
4984:
4983:
4980:
4979:
4977:
4976:
4970:
4968:
4964:
4963:
4961:
4960:
4955:
4950:
4945:
4939:
4937:
4933:
4932:
4930:
4929:
4924:
4919:
4914:
4908:
4902:
4897:
4894:
4893:
4891:
4890:
4885:
4880:
4875:
4869:
4866:
4865:
4858:
4857:
4850:
4843:
4835:
4826:
4825:
4823:
4822:
4817:
4811:
4809:
4798:
4797:
4795:
4794:
4789:
4784:
4779:
4774:
4768:
4766:
4759:
4758:
4756:
4755:
4750:
4745:
4740:
4735:
4730:
4725:
4720:
4715:
4710:
4705:
4700:
4695:
4690:
4685:
4680:
4675:
4670:
4665:
4663:European Union
4659:
4657:
4651:
4650:
4648:
4647:
4642:
4637:
4632:
4627:
4622:
4617:
4611:
4609:
4605:
4604:
4602:
4601:
4596:
4591:
4586:
4581:
4576:
4571:
4565:
4563:
4557:
4556:
4554:
4553:
4548:
4543:
4538:
4532:
4530:
4526:
4525:
4513:International
4510:
4509:
4502:
4495:
4487:
4478:
4477:
4474:
4473:
4471:
4470:
4465:
4460:
4455:
4450:
4445:
4440:
4434:
4431:
4430:
4416:
4415:
4412:
4411:
4409:
4408:
4407:
4406:
4401:
4396:
4388:
4383:
4382:
4381:
4376:
4374:Social Charter
4371:
4366:
4361:
4356:
4348:
4347:
4346:
4335:
4332:
4331:
4319:
4318:
4315:
4314:
4312:
4311:
4306:
4301:
4296:
4291:
4286:
4281:
4276:
4271:
4266:
4261:
4256:
4251:
4245:
4242:
4241:
4227:
4226:
4223:
4222:
4220:
4214:
4209:
4203:
4198:
4193:
4188:
4182:
4176:
4170:
4165:
4160:
4155:
4149:
4144:
4139:
4136:
4135:
4123:
4122:
4115:
4114:
4107:
4100:
4092:
4083:
4082:
4080:
4079:
4059:
4056:
4055:
4052:
4051:
4049:
4048:
4047:
4046:
4041:
4036:
4025:
4023:
4013:
4012:
4007:
4002:
3997:
3991:
3989:
3988:Related topics
3985:
3984:
3982:
3981:
3980:
3979:
3969:
3964:
3963:
3962:
3957:
3947:
3942:
3937:
3932:
3927:
3922:
3917:
3916:
3915:
3910:
3900:
3899:
3898:
3893:
3885:
3880:
3875:
3870:
3865:
3860:
3859:
3858:
3857:
3856:
3846:
3838:
3832:
3830:
3826:
3825:
3823:
3822:
3817:
3815:United Kingdom
3812:
3807:
3802:
3801:
3800:
3790:
3789:
3788:
3778:
3773:
3768:
3763:
3762:
3761:
3749:
3743:
3741:
3735:
3734:
3732:
3731:
3726:
3721:
3716:
3711:
3706:
3701:
3700:
3699:
3689:
3684:
3679:
3674:
3672:Hostage-taking
3669:
3664:
3659:
3654:
3649:
3644:
3639:
3634:
3632:Child soldiers
3629:
3617:
3615:
3611:
3610:
3607:
3606:
3604:
3603:
3598:
3595:Ruse de guerre
3591:
3586:
3581:
3576:
3571:
3566:
3561:
3556:
3553:Hors de combat
3549:
3544:
3535:
3534:
3533:
3526:non-combatants
3518:
3516:
3512:
3511:
3509:
3508:
3507:
3506:
3496:
3491:
3490:
3489:
3484:
3479:
3474:
3469:
3464:
3459:
3449:
3444:
3439:
3434:
3428:
3426:
3417:
3409:
3408:
3406:
3405:
3399:
3396:
3395:
3388:
3387:
3380:
3373:
3365:
3359:
3358:
3344:
3343:External links
3341:
3340:
3339:
3321:(1): 181–186.
3309:Shahak, Israel
3305:
3295:(4): 406–423.
3282:
3276:
3257:
3240:Social Justice
3234:
3228:
3210:Bregman, Ahron
3206:
3189:
3186:
3183:
3182:
3154:
3124:
3094:
3074:
3049:
3019:
2993:
2963:
2932:
2874:
2821:
2779:
2749:
2719:
2689:
2659:
2637:
2615:
2590:
2578:
2576:, p. 152.
2566:
2554:
2542:
2524:
2498:
2483:
2468:
2453:
2438:
2417:978-1483359885
2416:
2396:
2377:
2357:
2331:
2309:
2291:
2265:
2243:
2225:
2204:
2185:
2176:The Stalin Era
2165:
2133:
2118:
2102:
2073:
2060:
2038:
2036:Zybura, p. 202
2029:
2007:
1994:
1977:
1959:
1941:
1926:
1919:
1896:
1885:on May 9, 2021
1866:
1840:
1831:
1801:
1786:
1771:
1752:
1732:
1713:
1693:
1674:
1654:
1639:
1626:10.2307/284191
1601:
1586:
1583:. p. 332.
1569:
1566:. p. 584.
1554:
1532:
1517:
1502:
1483:
1474:
1456:
1441:
1432:978-0314151995
1431:
1421:, ed. (2007).
1409:
1408:
1406:
1403:
1400:
1399:
1381:
1377:Likhovski 2017
1368:
1366:, p. 183)
1354:
1331:
1330:
1328:
1325:
1324:
1323:
1318:
1311:
1306:
1301:
1296:
1291:
1286:
1279:
1276:
1229:
1226:
1214:common purpose
1205:
1202:
1168:
1165:
1156:kin punishment
1103:
1100:
1081:
1078:
1036:
1028:
1026:
1023:
1021:
1018:
988:
980:
970:
967:
959:Park Chung-hee
955:Joseon Kingdom
950:
947:
926:
923:
895:United Kingdom
886:
885:United Kingdom
883:
881:
878:
874:Prime Minister
870:Congress party
842:Sikhs in India
833:
830:
818:Crimean Tatars
661:Crimean Tatars
645:
642:
623:
620:
547:
544:
542:
539:
522:
519:
517:
514:
476:
473:
465:Porteous riots
436:
433:
431:
428:
385:
382:
313:(found in the
287:
284:
253:Richard Posner
242:
239:
237:
234:
224:Jeremy Bentham
191:Kin punishment
189:Main article:
186:
183:
178:Richard Posner
170:
167:
154:Kantian ethics
138:Treason Clause
130:Main article:
127:
124:
122:
119:
102:
99:
89:
86:
84:
83:Sources of law
81:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5797:
5786:
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5778:
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5768:
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5608:
5605:
5603:
5600:
5598:
5597:in Uzbekistan
5595:
5593:
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5588:
5585:
5583:
5580:
5578:
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5513:
5510:
5508:
5505:
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5500:
5498:
5495:
5493:
5490:
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5487:in the Russia
5485:
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5480:
5478:
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5473:
5470:
5468:
5465:
5463:
5460:
5458:
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5408:
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5400:
5398:
5395:
5393:
5390:
5388:
5385:
5383:
5380:
5378:
5375:
5373:
5370:
5368:
5367:in Kazakhstan
5365:
5363:
5360:
5358:
5355:
5353:
5350:
5348:
5345:
5343:
5340:
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5260:
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5225:
5223:
5220:
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5215:
5213:
5210:
5208:
5205:
5203:
5200:
5198:
5197:in Bangladesh
5195:
5193:
5190:
5188:
5185:
5183:
5182:in Azerbaijan
5180:
5178:
5175:
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5078:
5075:
5074:
5072:
5068:
5058:
5056:
5054:
5051:
5049:
5048:South America
5046:
5044:
5042:
5041:North America
5039:
5037:
5034:
5032:
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5027:
5025:
5022:
5020:
5017:
5016:
5013:
5010:
5006:
5000:
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4991:
4989:
4987:Organizations
4985:
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4972:
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4965:
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4821:
4818:
4816:
4813:
4812:
4810:
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4799:
4793:
4790:
4788:
4787:Emergency NGO
4785:
4783:
4780:
4778:
4775:
4773:
4770:
4769:
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4765:
4760:
4754:
4751:
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4664:
4661:
4660:
4658:
4654:Multi-lateral
4652:
4646:
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4638:
4636:
4633:
4631:
4628:
4626:
4623:
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4575:
4572:
4570:
4567:
4566:
4564:
4560:International
4558:
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4549:
4547:
4544:
4542:
4539:
4537:
4534:
4533:
4531:
4527:
4523:
4519:
4518:organisations
4516:
4508:
4503:
4501:
4496:
4494:
4489:
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4280:
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4027:
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4022:
4017:
4011:
4008:
4006:
4003:
4001:
3998:
3996:
3993:
3992:
3990:
3986:
3978:
3975:
3974:
3973:
3972:Yugoslav Wars
3970:
3968:
3965:
3961:
3958:
3956:
3953:
3952:
3951:
3948:
3946:
3943:
3941:
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3936:
3933:
3931:
3928:
3926:
3923:
3921:
3918:
3914:
3911:
3909:
3908:War in Donbas
3906:
3905:
3904:
3901:
3897:
3894:
3892:
3889:
3888:
3886:
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3861:
3855:
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3850:
3847:
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3842:
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3839:
3837:
3834:
3833:
3831:
3827:
3821:
3820:United States
3818:
3816:
3813:
3811:
3808:
3806:
3803:
3799:
3796:
3795:
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3791:
3787:
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3730:
3727:
3725:
3722:
3720:
3717:
3715:
3712:
3710:
3707:
3705:
3702:
3698:
3697:Mass killings
3695:
3694:
3693:
3690:
3688:
3685:
3683:
3680:
3678:
3675:
3673:
3670:
3668:
3665:
3663:
3660:
3658:
3655:
3653:
3652:Death marches
3650:
3648:
3647:Death flights
3645:
3643:
3640:
3638:
3635:
3633:
3630:
3627:
3623:
3619:
3618:
3616:
3612:
3602:
3599:
3597:
3596:
3592:
3590:
3587:
3585:
3582:
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3555:
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3548:
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3536:
3532:
3529:
3528:
3527:
3523:
3520:
3519:
3517:
3513:
3505:
3502:
3501:
3500:
3497:
3495:
3492:
3488:
3485:
3483:
3480:
3478:
3477:Fourth (1949)
3475:
3473:
3470:
3468:
3467:Second (1949)
3465:
3463:
3460:
3458:
3455:
3454:
3453:
3450:
3448:
3445:
3443:
3440:
3438:
3435:
3433:
3430:
3429:
3427:
3425:
3421:
3418:
3416:
3413:International
3410:
3404:
3401:
3400:
3397:
3393:
3386:
3381:
3379:
3374:
3372:
3367:
3366:
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3328:
3324:
3320:
3316:
3315:
3310:
3306:
3302:
3298:
3294:
3290:
3289:
3283:
3279:
3273:
3269:
3265:
3264:
3258:
3254:
3250:
3246:
3242:
3241:
3235:
3231:
3225:
3221:
3217:
3216:
3211:
3207:
3203:
3196:
3192:
3191:
3170:
3166:
3165:
3158:
3142:
3138:
3134:
3128:
3117:September 13,
3112:
3108:
3104:
3098:
3090:
3089:
3084:
3078:
3067:September 26,
3063:
3059:
3053:
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3033:
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3007:
3003:
2997:
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2883:
2878:
2870:
2865:
2860:
2855:
2849:
2846:
2840:
2830:
2825:
2814:September 21,
2806:
2802:
2801:
2793:
2790:Hawk, David.
2786:
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2707:
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2601:
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2587:
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2400:
2384:
2380:
2374:
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2361:
2345:
2341:
2335:
2327:
2323:
2322:www.online.nl
2319:
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2279:
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2221:0-7864-0371-3
2218:
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2192:
2188:
2182:
2178:
2177:
2169:
2150:
2143:
2137:
2130:
2125:
2123:
2116:
2115:0-7391-1607-X
2112:
2106:
2099:
2095:
2091:
2090:0-415-23885-4
2087:
2083:
2077:
2070:
2064:
2057:
2053:
2049:
2048:
2042:
2033:
2026:
2022:
2018:
2017:
2011:
2004:
1998:
1990:
1989:
1981:
1973:
1969:
1963:
1955:
1951:
1945:
1937:
1930:
1922:
1920:0-7391-0484-5
1916:
1912:
1911:
1906:
1900:
1884:
1880:
1876:
1870:
1854:
1850:
1844:
1835:
1828:
1827:0-940450-65-8
1824:
1820:
1816:
1815:
1810:
1805:
1797:
1790:
1782:
1775:
1759:
1755:
1753:9783030340988
1749:
1745:
1744:
1736:
1720:
1716:
1714:9780253025111
1710:
1706:
1705:
1697:
1681:
1677:
1675:9780743210546
1671:
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1506:
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1495:
1492:
1487:
1478:
1470:
1463:
1461:
1452:
1445:
1438:
1434:
1428:
1424:
1420:
1414:
1410:
1396:
1395:Playfair 1988
1391:
1390:Beit Hadassah
1385:
1379:, p. 75)
1378:
1372:
1365:
1358:
1352:, p. 56)
1351:
1347:
1342:
1336:
1332:
1322:
1319:
1317:
1316:
1312:
1310:
1307:
1305:
1302:
1300:
1297:
1295:
1292:
1290:
1287:
1285:
1282:
1281:
1275:
1271:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1256:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1237:
1235:
1225:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1201:
1198:
1193:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1173:Pakistan Army
1164:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1099:
1097:
1093:
1087:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1056:
1053:
1048:
1047:
1041:
1033:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1002:
1001:Israel Shahak
996:
992:
985:
975:
966:
964:
960:
956:
946:
943:
940:in 1990. The
939:
935:
931:
930:Black January
922:
920:
916:
912:
908:
904:
900:
896:
892:
877:
875:
871:
867:
863:
862:Indira Gandhi
859:
855:
851:
847:
843:
839:
829:
827:
823:
819:
815:
811:
807:
803:
799:
798:Volga Germans
795:
791:
787:
782:
778:
774:
770:
769:Baltic states
766:
762:
758:
754:
753:
748:
744:
740:
736:
733:). After the
732:
728:
724:
720:
716:
712:
707:
705:
701:
697:
693:
692:Volga Germans
689:
685:
681:
677:
673:
668:
666:
665:Volga Germans
662:
658:
654:
650:
649:Joseph Stalin
641:
638:
634:
629:
619:
617:
613:
609:
605:
600:
598:
597:
591:
589:
585:
581:
577:
573:
565:
564:Armia Krajowa
561:
560:
554:
550:
538:
536:
532:
528:
513:
511:
507:
501:
496:
494:
490:
486:
482:
472:
471:was lynched.
470:
467:during which
466:
462:
457:
454:
450:
446:
442:
427:
425:
421:
416:
414:
410:
405:
403:
399:
398:collaboration
395:
391:
381:
379:
375:
371:
367:
366:
361:
357:
353:
348:
346:
342:
338:
334:
330:
322:
318:
317:
312:
308:
304:
299:
297:
293:
283:
281:
277:
273:
269:
265:
261:
256:
254:
250:
249:
232:
227:
225:
221:
219:
215:
211:
207:
203:
199:
192:
182:
179:
175:
165:
161:
159:
155:
151:
147:
143:
139:
133:
117:
112:
110:
109:
105:According to
98:
95:
80:
78:
74:
70:
65:
61:
57:
53:
46:
42:
38:
34:
30:
26:
22:
5775:Collectivism
5602:in Venezuela
5517:in Sri Lanka
5397:in Lithuania
5322:in Indonesia
5302:in Hong Kong
5297:in Guatemala
5167:in Australia
5157:in Argentina
5008:By continent
4936:Distinctions
4917:Positive law
4862:Human rights
4562:institutions
4522:institutions
4515:human rights
4424:
4328:Regional law
4327:
4235:
4131:
4066:paratroopers
3950:World War II
3849:2023–present
3798:Soviet Union
3756:
3636:
3626:parachutists
3624: /
3601:Safe conduct
3593:
3551:
3540: /
3499:Rome Statute
3472:Third (1949)
3462:First (1949)
3318:
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3247:(3): 53–72.
3244:
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3141:the original
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2946:The Guardian
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2268:
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2256:www.ahtg.net
2255:
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1971:
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1357:
1350:Jamjoum 2002
1335:
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1238:
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1212:-era law of
1207:
1204:South Africa
1194:
1170:
1159:
1127:
1123:
1105:
1090:The current
1089:
1061:mobilization
1037:
1020:21st century
994:
989:
952:
928:
888:
866:Rajiv Gandhi
854:Delhi police
835:
763:and 7% were
750:
747:Soviet Union
743:World War II
708:
704:World War II
669:
653:deportations
647:
644:Soviet Union
625:
601:
594:
592:
569:
557:
549:
541:World War II
524:
516:20th century
503:
498:
478:
475:19th century
458:
438:
435:18th century
417:
406:
402:Vichy France
394:World War II
387:
363:
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314:
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257:
246:
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229:
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194:
176:
172:
163:
158:Ruth Gavison
135:
114:
106:
104:
91:
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50:
33:Nazi Germany
25:
5754:Switzerland
5649:Persecution
5617:in Zimbabwe
5542:in Thailand
5452:in Pakistan
5407:in Malaysia
5272:in Ethiopia
5232:in Cambodia
5212:in Botswana
5024:Middle East
4922:Sovereignty
4912:Natural law
3945:World War I
3935:Tigray war
3620:Attacks on
3547:Distinction
3432:Lieber Code
3188:Works cited
3175:January 21,
2928:reeducation
2920::
2910::
2894::
2884::
2866::
2856::
2841::
2831::
2562:Shahak 1974
2428:January 31,
2389:January 31,
2350:January 21,
2284:January 21,
2197:February 4,
1889:January 21,
1859:January 21,
1364:Shahak 1974
1264:Aleppo city
1140:misdemeanor
1136:labor camps
1108:North Korea
1102:North Korea
949:South Korea
917:, while in
889:In several
856:and in the
688:Lithuanians
570:During the
521:World War I
329:Corinthians
327:. When the
303:kataskaphai
260:frankpledge
210:Qin dynasty
202:blood feuds
198:Lombard law
77:Protocol II
5764:Categories
5674:War crimes
5607:in Vietnam
5592:in Ukraine
5482:in Romania
5442:in Nigeria
5427:in Myanmar
5422:in Morocco
5412:in Manipur
5387:in Lebanon
5362:in Kashmir
5337:in Ireland
5292:in Germany
5227:in Burundi
5207:in Bolivia
5202:in Belarus
5187:in Bahrain
5172:in Austria
5162:in Armenia
5147:in Algeria
3977:Kosovo War
3896:Second war
3868:Korean War
3738:War crimes
3714:Starvation
3704:No quarter
3392:War crimes
3220:Penguin UK
3012:August 31,
2948:. London.
2869:chipkyŏlso
2859:jipgyeolso
2772:August 23,
2252:"ahtg.net"
1879:WWII Today
1620:: 79–102.
1405:References
1128:kwan-li-so
925:Azerbaijan
905:, and the
596:Sippenhaft
546:By Germany
531:abdication
413:Alon Shvut
372:held that
362:(IDF). In
345:kataskaphe
169:Deterrence
56:punishment
16:Legal term
5587:in Uganda
5582:in Turkey
5537:in Taiwan
5472:in Poland
5457:in Panama
5417:in Mexico
5402:in Malawi
5377:in Kuwait
5342:in Israel
5277:in France
5237:in Canada
5217:in Brazil
5152:in Angola
4350:European
3891:First war
3854:by Israel
3844:2008–2009
3781:Palestine
3758:Wehrmacht
3692:Massacres
3522:Civilians
3083:"Reuters"
2537:JTBC News
1764:March 19,
1725:March 19,
1686:March 19,
1388:When the
1321:Terrorism
1234:civil war
1210:Apartheid
1132:detention
781:Lithuania
755:) of the
680:Estonians
676:Romanians
608:reprisals
588:Wehrmacht
461:Edinburgh
343:mentions
341:Isocrates
206:vendettas
146:intention
5742:Politics
5612:in Yemen
5532:in Syria
5522:in Sudan
5502:in Sindh
5432:in Nepal
5392:in Libya
5372:in Kenya
5357:in Japan
5347:in Italy
5317:in India
5312:in Haiti
5307:in Egypt
5287:in Ghana
5282:in Gabon
5262:in Egypt
5252:in China
5242:in Chile
5107:Genocide
4878:Children
4219:(UNDROP)
4187:(UNDRIP)
4077:Category
4044:Genocide
3863:Iraq War
3301:41857980
3253:29768136
3212:(2014).
3169:Archived
3111:Archived
3036:Archived
3006:Archived
2986:June 30,
2980:Archived
2956:June 30,
2950:Archived
2923:kyohwaso
2913:gyohwaso
2805:Archived
2766:Archived
2742:June 21,
2736:Archived
2732:BBC News
2712:June 21,
2706:Archived
2702:BBC News
2676:Archived
2672:BBC News
2605:Le Monde
2511:Archived
2422:Archived
2383:Archived
2344:Archived
2191:Archived
2149:Archived
2052:Archived
2021:Archived
1907:(2004).
1821:, 1990,
1758:Archived
1719:Archived
1680:Archived
1494:Archived
1278:See also
1241:Damascus
1218:Marikana
1185:Pakistan
1167:Pakistan
1160:kwalliso
1124:kwalliso
1116:kwalliso
1046:Le Monde
1005:Qabatiya
934:Red Army
880:Cold War
864:'s son,
826:Chechens
814:Caucasus
700:Ingushes
696:Chechens
694:(1941),
684:Latvians
657:Chechens
651:'s mass
447:for the
333:Cypselus
307:Plutarch
272:tithings
268:hundreds
248:weregild
121:Overview
60:sanction
5728:Portals
5683:Related
5669:Victims
5664:Torture
5659:Slavery
5467:in Peru
5332:in Iraq
5327:in Iran
5257:in Cuba
5053:Oceania
4967:Aspects
4181:(DEVAW)
4175:(DEDAW)
3752:Germany
3747:Croatia
3719:Torture
3709:Perfidy
3687:Looting
3424:Sources
3335:2535945
3088:Reuters
3042:July 5,
3032:Reuters
2586:AI 2016
2223:, p. 14
2071:, p. 92
2005:, p. 91
1197:Taliban
1177:Spinkai
936:in the
822:Kalmyks
804:or non-
773:Estonia
725:in the
723:Koreans
715:Ukraine
711:Belarus
584:łapanka
576:roundup
559:roundup
491:in the
483:in his
430:History
316:Moralia
214:treason
140:of the
5644:Murder
5036:Europe
5019:Africa
4873:Humans
4762:Major
4656:bodies
4208:(VDPA)
4154:(UDHR)
4064:(i.e.
4019:Other
3955:Allied
3810:Turkey
3805:Serbia
3793:Russia
3766:Israel
3559:Intent
3515:Topics
3333:
3299:
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3251:
3226:
2916:;
2906:;
2892:Hancha
2890:;
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2862:;
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2837:;
2829:Korean
2517:May 5,
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2375:
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2274:"Taig"
2219:
2183:
2158:May 5,
2113:
2096:
2088:
1954:dw.com
1917:
1849:"Info"
1825:
1750:
1711:
1672:
1634:284191
1632:
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1220:mine,
1189:Arabic
1144:felony
1138:" for
1080:Israel
919:Cyprus
901:, the
810:Crimea
806:Slavic
802:Turkic
779:, and
777:Latvia
698:, and
580:Polish
311:Hesiod
270:" and
150:agency
69:treaty
64:ethnic
47:, 1941
45:Serbia
4888:Women
4529:Types
3786:Hamas
3776:Japan
3771:Italy
3331:JSTOR
3297:JSTOR
3249:JSTOR
3198:(PDF)
2808:(PDF)
2795:(PDF)
2152:(PDF)
2145:(PDF)
1630:JSTOR
1339:"The
1327:Notes
1289:Achor
1284:Achan
1249:Sunni
1228:Syria
832:India
761:Poles
752:Kresy
672:Poles
331:kill
321:Greek
292:oikos
236:Types
54:is a
5654:Rape
5029:Asia
4777:FIDH
4764:NGOs
4520:and
3960:Axis
3524:and
3457:1864
3272:ISBN
3224:ISBN
3177:2016
3149:2017
3119:2012
3069:2012
3044:2021
3014:2012
2988:2008
2958:2008
2816:2012
2774:2010
2744:2018
2714:2018
2684:2011
2519:2009
2430:2023
2412:ISBN
2391:2023
2373:ISBN
2352:2016
2286:2016
2217:ISBN
2199:2018
2181:ISBN
2160:2009
2111:ISBN
2094:ISBN
2086:ISBN
1915:ISBN
1891:2016
1861:2016
1823:ISBN
1766:2023
1748:ISBN
1727:2023
1709:ISBN
1688:2023
1670:ISBN
1427:ISBN
1348:." (
1262:and
1142:and
893:the
836:The
765:Jews
626:The
439:The
390:rape
368:the
264:Cnut
258:The
92:The
4805:on
3323:doi
2887:교화소
2834:집결소
1622:doi
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1126:or
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