College athletics in the United States

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space contains an auditorium with 114 leather seats, dozens of tutoring rooms and academic and life-skill advising offices, a computer and graphics lab, library with study spaces, lounge with large flat-screen televisions and deluxe sofas, as well as a kitchen and café filled with food and new equipment. The staff, technology, and rooms inside the academic center are all reserved for the varsity athletes, who make up 2.5% of the student population at the school. In addition, the 1,700 private tutoring sessions per week are conveniently displayed on a massive screen similar to the screens that display flight information at an airport. Adding to the exclusive treatment the student-athletes receive, the academic center is surrounded by a moat. The athletic facility adds to the royal treatment of the student-athletes. The University of Oregon's football practice facility is 145,000 square feet and contains three indoor practice fields, a two-story weight room, countless whirlpools and medical tables, enormous lockers, and luxurious lounges containing gaming stations and flat-screen televisions. Other amenities at the practice facility include a cafeteria (players receive high quality, tailored, nutritious diets), multiple conference rooms and classrooms, a pool table and barbershop. The student-athletes have luxurious facilities at their disposal, and they are already getting paid in the form of their scholarships.

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the players. Collegiate athletics entails time-consuming, intense commitment to practice and play. Only some athletic scholarships are "full rides", and many student-athletes are not able to afford dining, entertainment, and even some educational expenses. Outside of summertime, when work is permitted, student-athletes have no extra time for work in addition to practice, training, and classes. Paying student-athletes would give the athletes an incentive to stay in school and complete their degree programs, rather than leave early for the professional leagues. They would be much less tempted to earn money by taking illegal payments and shaving points. By not paying their athletes, colleges avoid paying workmen's-compensation benefits to the "hundreds" of college athletes incapacitated by injuries each year. Furthermore, if an athlete receives a serious injury while on the field, the scholarship does not pay for the bill of the surgery.

1004:"The average fair market value of top-tier college football and men's basketball players is over $ 100,000 each. If college sports shared their revenues the way pro sports do, the average Football Bowl Subdivision player would be worth $ 121,000 per year, while the average basketball player at that level would be worth $ 265,000. Out of 332 schools currently competing in the NCAA Division I, fewer than a dozen have athletic departments that are making a profit. 14 of the 120 programs that comprise the Football Bowl Subdivision (FBS) are profitable. 88% of the top football programs in the country are losing money. Most universities are unable to pay for these athletes, along with the coaches and renovations on stadiums, out of money earned from athletics. Kenny Mossman of the 603:

in the United States. At the bottom of this pyramid is youth sports organizations, since these organizations have participation open to nearly everyone. As the pyramid progresses, the level of competition increases, while the number of competitors decreases until the highest level of organized sport, professional sports, is reached. In many respects, the intercollegiate sports level serves as a feeder system to the professional level, as the elite college athletes are chosen to compete at the next level. This system differs greatly from nearly all other countries in the world, which generally have government-funded sports organizations that serve as a feeder system for professional competition.

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reach up to $ 9 million dollars. Over 150 basketball and football coaches had a salary that broke $ 1 million dollars and over 35 coaches had salaries that broke $ 4 million dollars. There have been times where NCAA coaches' are paid more than their professional counterparts. Coaches don't have to follow the rules that student-athletes do. They are allowed to choose which school they coach for, even after leaving another school. They can choose to coach for one team their entire career or they could leave and coach the school that offers them the highest salary. Student-Athletes, unlike their coaches, are prohibited from freely moving between teams.

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enough money to make up for their extreme spending. Due to donations, 16 of the 23 schools were able to cover their expenses, so truly only 7 of the 228 universities broke even due to their athletic programs. For the other 203 schools that did not break even, they are partially funded by the state or student fees. Most of the money that is being spent is used to pay the coaching staff, for the games, and the top-of-the-line facilities. The amount spent on an athlete is seven times more than the average amount spent per student. At big Division I programs, the amount of money that is spent on a football player exceeds $ 90,000.

1015:"The NCAA also is setting up a $ 17 million Student-Athlete Opportunity Fund that has no financial-need restrictions. It's to be used for "educational and developmental opportunities." . This debate has caused certain elite colleges to take caution asking athletes to sign forms that prevent them from suing the college. The signed forms gives the college full imagery benefits, allowing them to use their names to sell team T-shirts and jerseys. Insurance wise – a plan proposed by William E. Kirwan, Ohio State University President, would insure athletes against injuries and mishaps during workouts, practices and games. 477: 33: 612:

intercollegiate sports. During the 1920s–1950s there was still not much regulation of sports and the NCAA created the Committee on Infractions to replace the Sanity Code in 1951. This committee was created to give some structure to the recruitment process. The NCAA also wanted to improve competition between schools, so it began dividing schools into divisions by competitive ability in 1956, placing the most competitive programs in the University Division and all others in the College Division. In 1973, the University Division was renamed

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that they should be paid for all they do for the university. Some people also believe that they are already being paid. They are on the receiving end of more than a few benefits. Today, some schools can cost up $ 100,000 by the end of a students senior year. College athletes have the benefit of not having the burden of paying their college off after school. They receive one of the most important assets an individual can receive for little or no cost. The current system is working fine, and college athletes do not need to be paid.

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full-scholarship athletes can attend these activities all for free. Universities also offer unique benefits to the student-athletes such as team-only workout facilities, top coaches, nutrition personnel, shiny gyms, lush fields, medical care, travel to away games, customized meal plans, free gear, and athletic attire. The university also offers the student-athletes the opportunity to play competitive games in large stadiums packed with committed fans, which allows student-athletes to garner media attention, and name recognition.

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student-athlete is not going to become a professional athlete, but they are guaranteed a college education and degree to help them graduate with little or no debt via their scholarships. If universities start paying student-athletes, the universities would not be focused on what the student-athletes are attending for, which is the education and degree they receive. An education in the long-run is very valuable, and with the scholarships the student-athletes get, they can take advantage of a great education at little to no cost.

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their sport in a high-profile manner. The best schools in certain sports naturally will attract the best recruits, as evidenced by the fact that the championships in the major sports are usually won by the same small group of schools that have dominated the sport. If paying players becomes normal, the universities that have made money from their winning teams would have an even greater advantage in attracting recruits. These universities would be able to pay players more money, thus getting the best players.

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plunged to 58 percent. Although the actual number of female coaches increased between 1979 and 1986, the percentage of female coaches continued to decline over that same period. The all-time low of 47 percent of women coaching female sports was achieved in 1990. In addition, although men have broken into coaching female athletes, female coaches have not experienced the same opportunities to coach male athletes. In 1972, 99 percent of collegiate men's teams were coached by men, and the same is true today.

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contribute. Larger universities would be the only ones able to pay their football/basketball players while supporting smaller market sports and are very few colleges fall into this category. The colleges that do happen to fall into this category are in five out of the 33 division one conferences. Nonrevenue sports likely will be thinned out, high school athletes will lose the chance to continue competing and a larger emphasis on collegiate competition will take place within the power five conferences.

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adds to the NCAA profit, but donations, ticket sales, and merchandise sales goes to the school. From marketing and television fees the NCAA gained nearly $ 753.5 million in 2014. In 2010, two of the most profitable college conferences—the Southeastern Conference (SEC) and the Big Ten—earned over $ 1 billion and $ 905 million, respectively. The University of Texas' football program, which was the most valuable in college sports in the early 2010s, was estimated by

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would not happen on universities. Today, the kind of involvement on the part of the athlete is virtually unheard of, with the only remnants of student participation in athlete administration being programs in which student governments have some control over the distribution of free allocations to athletics. Furthermore, this movement today focuses on the role of intercollegiate sports in the United States rather than the contributions of the student athlete.

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to financially support them while they are playing at the university. Emmert stands by the ideals that student-athletes are students first, and he backs up this ideal by noting student-athletes' graduation rate across all demographics is greater than the nonathletes. Emmert also stands behind the ideal that the money student-athletes receive through their scholarships is equal or greater than payments the proponents of pay-for-play advocate for.

412: 1117:, and argued that universities should be able to cover the costs of athletes attending, and provide a trust fund of at least $ 5,000 per-season to athletes. It was argued that the NCAA " not provide credible evidence that demand for product would decrease if student-athletes were permitted, under certain circumstances, to receive a limited share of the revenue generated from the use of their own names, images, and likenesses." 398:). FBS schools must play at least 60% of their games against other FBS opponents, and demonstrate their ability to attract a high level of spectatorship." Additionally, college football bowl eligibility rules mandate that only one win over an FCS team can be counted toward the six required for eligibility; this in turn means that FBS teams typically schedule at most one game against an FCS team in a given season. 968:. The NCAA has earned billions from broadcast revenues annually. By selling the image of their players, the NCAA is able to make money from each sport. O'Bannon has stated that some of this revenue should be spread out among the players who help bring in this cash to the NCAA. ESPN analyst Jay Bilas showed how a person could search the NCAA website by player name and have the resulting school jersey appear. 5458: 390:

football, teams must play 100% of their minimum number of games against Division 1 opponents, and 50% of games above the minimum number must be played against Division I teams. Men's and women's basketball teams must play all but two of their contests against Division 1 opponents, and men must play at least one third of their games in their home arena. In Division I, football is further sectioned into FBS (

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participation in collegiate sports, and allowing schools to profit from merchandise associated with players, but not the players themselves. Furthermore, it was noted that television outlets pay conferences large sums of money for the rights to broadcast the events, which prominently feature the likenesses of players, yet the revenue from these rights fees cannot go to players.

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pay-for-play," said Division II presidents Council chair Sandra Jordan, chancellor at the University of South Carolina Aiken. "It also reinforces key principles of fairness and integrity across the NCAA and maintains rules prohibiting improper recruiting inducements. It's important any new rules maintain these principles" (Hosick 2021).

931:) ... The conditions of the athletic scholarship and transfer rules, prohibitions against agents, limits on due process, failure to deliver on the promise to educate, the unobstructed selling of athlete images, and the like are tools of exploitation that benefit college sport leaders while oppressing those who perform on the field. 1125:

NIL law can engage in this type of activity without violating NCAA rules related to name, image and likeness. Individuals can use a professional services provider for NIL activities. Student-athletes should report NIL activities consistent with state law or school and conference requirements to their school" (Hosick 2021).

856:. Advocacy groups for college players could certify as a union given the revenue involved in college athletics." Collegiate sports is not a career or profession, paying college athletes would present issues under Title IX, which requires that institutions accepting federal funds offer equal opportunities to men and women." 1018:

Because of title IX, all college athletes would have to be paid, including athletes playing for teams that do not produce a lot of revenue. College sponsored sports would be cut to make a business case for paying athletes work economically. Colleges would still be able to field "club teams" for those

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For college athletes to be held to the terms and conditions of a one-year scholarship that have been set by the very authorities who financially benefit the most and render the athletes involved voiceless in the process is a glaring conflict of interest. In an article by usa today they state "Players

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Studies on the gender equity of sports found on college campuses have provided an examination of how Title IX is perceived. Questions have been raised over the equity between male and female student athletes. Females, regardless of whether an administrator, coach, or athlete, thought there to be less

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Another reason for the importance of college athletics in the U.S. is the important role it plays in the hierarchy of sport organizations. In his article about collegiate sports programs, Thomas Rosandich refers to a "performance pyramid", which shows the general progression of athletic organizations

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College sports in the United States is measured by the large number of universities that participate in more than 24 different NCAA sports. This allows more than 460,000 student-athletes, both male and female, to participate in those NCAA sports. Even in the late 1980s, the average Division I program

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College administrators have the challenge of balancing university values while maximizing the revenue generated by their athletic department. To maintain financial sustainability, several athletic directors have stated that the elimination of men's nonrevenue programs is the only way to balance their

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can be constructed on athletic elitism: Athletic teams aspire to be national champions, while their affiliate academic institutions seek national rankings. However, the means by which coaches and faculty achieve national reputations can create conflict for student athletes attempting to exist in both

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During the early 1840s, student-athletes contributed actively to all phases of administration and control. Student athletes were involved in the sporting process, made athletic procedures and regulations for universities and also played an important role in determining which sporting events would and

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On June 30, 2021, The NCAA finally agreed to the new NIL agreement that says that student athletes may use their name, image, and likeness to get paid. This is different than getting paid by the University. This is simply getting revenue strictly using your name, image, and likeness. This process is

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Title IX needs to be considered in the discussion regarding paying college athletes. Title IX prohibits excluding female athletes from education and financial benefit. If a university decides to pay the football team, other teams will need to be paid as well. Further, paying college football players

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Further examples of athletes being treated like royalty at their universities can be seen through the University of Oregon. The John E. Jaqua Academic Center for the varsity athletes at the University of Oregon is a 40,000 square foot facility to assist athletes with their education. The extravagant

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Since the turn of the 21st century, a debate has arisen over whether college athletes should be paid. Although the earliest of star athletes were known to have received a variety of types of compensation (including endorsement fees), benefits to college athletes outside of academic scholarships have

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Increases in opportunities for male coaches, however, have resulted from Title IX legislation. Before Title IX, 90 percent of women's intercollegiate teams were coached by women. By 1978, when all educational institutions were required to comply with Title IX, the percentage of same-sex coaching had

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OCR (Office of Civil Rights) is one of the governing bodies that attempts to ensure that title IX is enforced. They have the power to pull federal funding from schools or organizations that are found to be noncompliant with title IX, although this power has never been exercised. The OCR will usually

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Prong two – Demonstrate a continual expansion of athletic opportunities for the underrepresented sex. This part of the test is satisfied when an institution has a history and continuing practice of program expansion that is responsive to the developing interests and abilities of the underrepresented

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Many athletic programs do not make enough money to cover the cost to maintain those programs, so they use student fees to fund their programs. This could cause some problems because of the increase in student debt and limited academic budgets. As of 2016 only 23 out of 228 Division I programs earned

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Universities spend a very large amount of money on their college organizations in the facilities, coaches, equipment, and other aspects. In most states, the person with the highest taxpayer-provided base salary is a public college football or basketball coach. This figure does not include coaches at

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From 1992 to 2020, the NAIA was organized into Divisions I and II for men's and women's basketball only, distinguished from one another by scholarship policies (D-I schools had a higher limit on basketball scholarships, with some D-II schools awarding fewer scholarships ). In the final season of the

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and recreational sports clubs, which are available to a larger portion of the student body. Competition between student clubs from different colleges, not organized by and therefore not representing the institutions or their faculties, may also be called "intercollegiate" athletics or simply college

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Mark Emmert, NCAA president is opposed to paying college athletes because it would encourage universities to bribe athletes. Emmert believes that if student-athletes were paid to play, there would be more pressure on boosters and agents to bribe student-athletes to play for a certain university and

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College athletes currently receive an enormous amount benefits when they step on campus. They are able to pick their classes before any other students. They also receive the best tutoring possible to ensure they will be eligible for their respective sport season. Many people make the argument today

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have some of the worst graduation rates in the country for their student-athletes. UConn had a 25% graduation rate until recently it rose to 50%. Yet, UConn still receives $ 1.4 million competing in the NCAA tournament, despite the low number of graduates. Paying these athletes would give some

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Title IX has had a considerable impact on college athletics. Since its passing, Title IX has allowed for female participation to almost double in college sports. Before the law was passed in 1972 fewer than 30,000 girls participated in college sports; as of 2011 more than 200,000 girls participated

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By 2015, most Division I schools had established single-source contracts, which supply the university with apparel for all athletic programs, sometimes including cheerleading squads and dance teams, which compete outside the NCAA structure. The contract deal made college history when the University

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to be worth over $ 133 million in 2013, totaling over $ 1 billion in the previous 10 years. At that time Texas made, on average, $ 93 million a year just from the football program. The two schools that followed Texas, Georgia and Penn State, each made around $ 70 million a year.

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Before 1910 sports were not strictly regulated which caused a number of injuries to the athletes and in some severe cases death. President Roosevelt took action and formed the Intercollegiate Athletic Association (IAA) which is now known as the NCAA. The NCAA was put into place to create rules for

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The new NIL agreement allows student athletes to engage in the NIL, but they must follows the laws of that state that their University and/or college is located. Some of the guidelines NCAA provides that Michelle Hosick in 2021 wrote are, "College athletes who attend a school in a state without an

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Universities offer students more than just the education and degree they receive. Lectures by prominent industry figures, concerts, movies, fitness facilities, student clubs are a few additional benefits that universities generally subsidize through fees added to tuition bills. This means that the

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College athletes that receive a full scholarship to college already benefit from perks that the general student body does not receive. College athletes are able to take advantage of free room and board, the best dorm rooms on campus, free books and classes, and first choice of classes they want. A

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football players against the NCAA, argued that the players should be able to unionize and bargain collectively. The court ruled in the players favor. The court's decision only applied to those football players at Northwestern on a scholarship. Required football practice and playing had reduced the

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About one in ten college teams help to generate a large net amount of revenue for their school, but the athletes are not personally rewarded for their contribution. This money is spread through administrators, athletic directors, coaches, media outlets, and other parties. None is given directly to

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Prong three – Full and effective accommodation of the interest and ability of underrepresented sex. This part of the test is satisfied when an institution is meeting the interests and abilities of its female students even where there are disproportionately fewer females than males participating in

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then followed in their footsteps, creating a similar boat club a year later. These boat clubs participated in rowing races called Regattas. The creation of these organizations set the stage for the first intercollegiate sporting event in the U.S. This event took place in 1852, when the rowing team

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The NCAA allows for the coaches to be both paid and allow them to reach outside the NCAA to find endorsements and sponsorships from outside sources. Endorsements with apparel and shoe companies, and even book deals. The endorsement and sponsorship money was added with the coach's pay, which could

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The U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit would find that Ed O'Bannon was right in his thesis that the NCAA is taking advantage of a players image. Though the court found this ruling, all that would come of it would be that schools would only have to cover the cost of attendance. This would

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There are large amounts of money gained from Division I athletics, but only a small number of schools benefits from their programs. During 2014 the NCAA earned $ 989 million in revenue, with a profit around $ 80.5 million. Each year television, advertisements, and licensing revenue also

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Athletes are aware of what they are committing to when they sign their full-scholarship forms. The school will be in charge of paying the student-athletes' expenses, and the student-athlete has the opportunity to earn an education, take part in academic and social activities in college, and play

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Because of their demanding schedules, most athletes have no time to make any additional money, making it difficult to help support needy family members. In 2010 ESPN published an article about Ohio State football players that had been sanctioned by the NCAA for accepting free tattoos and selling

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In regards to the concept of "pay-for-play," (see section below, "Debate over paying athletes") Title IX is generally seen as a substantial roadblock, only because of the differences between big-time men's sports (football/men's basketball) and women's sports, but also because of the gap between

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team. As with all other players in EA's college sports games, the game did not refer to O'Bannon by name, but the portrayal matched his jersey number, physical appearance, and style of play. The NCAA objected to the notions presented in the suit, arguing that paying athletes conflicted with its

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in rugby union, previously known as the Home Nations and Five Nations, was first conducted in 1883 and has been an annual event since 1899, but was interrupted for both World Wars, and was started but not completed in 1972. West Point Weekend itself has not been continuous since 1923; only one

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institutions are required to have seven athletic teams for men and seven for women (or six for men and eighth for women). As well, there must be two team sports for each gender, and each gender must have a team in each of the three season (i. e., Fall, Winter, Spring). Excluding basketball and

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In 1975, the final clause of Title IX was signed into law and included provisions prohibiting sex discrimination in athletics. The regulations pertaining to athletics require that an institution which sponsors interscholastic, intercollegiate, club or intramural athletics shall provide "equal

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Principles for intercollegiate athletics include "gender equity, sportsmanship and ethical conduct, sound academic standards, nondiscrimination, diversity within governance, rules compliance, amateurism, competitive equity, recruiting, eligibility, financial aid, playing and practice seasons,

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The policy of the new NIL agreement is the same for all three divisions within the NCAA. Many people were often confused about this agreement where they thought players were being paid to play, which in this situation is not the case. "The new policy preserves the fact college sports are not

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EA and the CLC agreed to a $ 40 million settlement. After the NCAA and other conferences withdrew their brand licenses with EA in response to the uncertainties, the company subsequently ceased the production of future college sports video games. A judge ruled that the NCAA's policies on

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NCAA Division I, II and NAIA schools offer scholarships to well over 200,000 athletes. Every year these D-I, D-II, NAIA schools spend over $ 4 billion in athletic-scholarships. American college sports are popular worldwide with over 20,000 international athletes participating in college

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College athletics has been popular since the 1920s and its popularity has increased as the games are being televised. Also, college sports are important both culturally and economically. Intercollegiate athletics creates a culturally and racially diverse setting for academics and athletics.

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If full ride scholarships to top universities is not suitable compensation for student-athletes, a college education and degree is being devalued. Student-athletes may heavily invest their time into the sport they play, however, that does not change the worth of their academic degree. Every

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Nonrevenue sports would suffer. Over all the sports available to division one programs, only Football and Basketball actually make a profit, with the exception of Baseball in very few instances. The rest of the sports either break even or, more often than not, cost the school more than they

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participated in sanctioned athletics each year. The largest collegiate sanctioning organization is the NCAA, and the sport that most schools participate in is basketball, with 2,197 men's and women's basketball teams at all levels. A close second is cross country (with 2,065 NCAA teams) and

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Paying college athletes would present several legal issues for the NCAA and its member institutions. If paid, the athletes would lose their amateur status and become university employees. As employees, these athletes would be entitled the National Labor Relations Act to form or join labor

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sold replica jerseys bearing Green's number for its own financial gain, and did not compensate him. A journal published by the University of La Verne Law Review argued that the NCAA was exploiting college athletes by not allowing them to receive compensation beyond scholarships for their

373:"When academic and athletic departments have conflicting aims, problems arise that affect the entire institution. American society values the elitism of academics and athletics in a manner that provokes conflict for participants in both domains. At various colleges, it is believed that 972:

scrap the injunction found by U.S. District Court Judge Claudia Wilken that division one football and basketball players could receive up to five thousand dollars a year for playing. The Supreme Court would deny to hear the case on appeal, effectively stopping O'Bannon's fight.

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Prong one – Provide athletic participation opportunities that are substantially proportionate to student enrollment. This part of the test is satisfied when participation opportunities for men and women are "substantially proportionate" to their respective undergraduate

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largely been prohibited under NCAA governance. In the 21st century, the high, rising income paid to some colleges by the media for transmitting games to their television audiences, has led some people to complain that the athletes should share in the colleges income.

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between teams from Rutgers College (now Rutgers University) and the College of New Jersey (now Princeton University) took place on November 6, 1869, at College Field (now the site of the College Avenue Gymnasium at Rutgers University) in New Brunswick, New Jersey.

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Since the passing of Title IX, many NCAA institutions have had problems with the compliance of these regulations. To successfully comply with Title IX requirements, NCAA institutions must meet one of the requirements in the "three prong test" as follows:

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in the NCAA's top-tier Division I bowl subdivision say they devote more than 43 hours a week to the sport during the season, and those in a couple of other sports — baseball and men's basketball — approach that commitment, an NCAA study shows." (Wieberg,

887:, said that all 28 men's football and basketball coaches in South Carolina's conference, the SEC, favored paying athletes up to $ 300 per game for football players and a little less for basketball players. It would cost the SEC about $ 280,000 per year. 378:

environments. Although both aspire to excel, the different measures of excellence for academics and athletics necessitates compromise by those who are placed in both settings." This policy, attempted by a large number of colleges, works for only a few.

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college athlete can receive up to $ 120,000 in total scholarships; they already are being paid for their participation. Adding on to the monetary argument are the opinions that student-athletes could lose focus on their educational responsibilities.

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Hooks, D.T. (1998). "Complying with Title IX: An examination of the effects on three NCAA Division III colleges in Pennsylvania and the difficulties the law's 104 interpretation has created for small colleges attempting to achieve gender equity".

900:(CAPA) focuses on the idea of giving compensation to football and basketball players. The CACA has not decided if this will affect sports that do not make money for schools. The NCAA has rejected the definition of student-athletes a "employees". 673:) — which requires gender equity for boys and girls in every educational program that receives federal funding – has specifically made an impact on the distribution of college athletes by sex since its passing in 1972. The law states that: 677:

No person in the United States shall, on the basis of sex, be excluded from participation in, be denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under any education program or activity receiving federal financial assistance

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memorabilia they had earned. However, there are many that argue that student athletes selling of personal and earned memorabilia is their right, with gray-areas where which the NCAA has a hard time justifying their punishments.

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was suspended for four games by the NCAA for having sold a game-worn jersey from a bowl game to a former college player, whom the NCAA defined as an agent involved in marketing student-athletes. At the same time, however, the

167:. The popularity of collegiate baseball increased from this point, and by 1870, college teams were playing extensive schedules. In 1879, the first official intercollegiate baseball league was formed. The first intercollegiate 616:, and the College Division was split in two on the basis of scholarship policies. College Division schools that wished to continue offering athletic scholarships, or compete in all sports against such schools, were placed in 1985:

Cheslock, John J.; Knight, David B. (2015). "Diverging Revenues, Cascading Expenditures, and Ensuing Subsidies: The Unbalanced and Growing Financial Strain of Intercollegiate Athletics on Universities and Their Students".

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those "big two" sports' profit-producing programs and virtually all other collegiate sports, both male and female. Depending on how one views "pay for play," this can be either a positive of negative effect of Title IX.

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postseason competition and contests sponsored by noncollegiate organizations, and the economy of athletic program operations to ensure fair play and equality throughout all college athletic programs and associations."

2643: 628:. Throughout the 1980s and 90s college athletics grew along with the revenue because of the game being shown on television. As of the 2017–18 school year, nearly 500,000 students participated in college athletics. 148:. This marked the beginning of intercollegiate competition and followed by the creation of numerous college athletic organizations. This historic race sparked the venerable rivalry between the two schools, and the 984:

argued that athletic departments should decrease the maximum number of hours a player must participate in a sport to remain part of the team and retain a scholarship. As it stands, 50 hours a week is the maximum.

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Division I nonfootball schools (formerly known as Division I-AAA) are more likely to comply with Title IX requirements than Division I FBS (formerly I-A) or Division I FCS (formerly I-AA) schools, which sponsor

179:. Track and field also grew in popularity during this time, and the first intercollegiate track and field event occurred in 1873. This competition featured a two-mile race between athletes from Amherst College, 106:, print coverage and for the top athletes. The average university sponsors at least twenty different sports and offers a wide variety of intramural sports as well. In 2002, in total, about 400,000 men and women 756:

began sponsoring intercollegiate championships for women, and, following one year of direct rivalry in the form of competing championship events, the AIAW discontinued operation after the 1981–82 season.

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Buchanan, Maggie Jo Poertner. "Title IX Turns 40: A Brief History And Look Forward." Texas Review Of Entertainment & Sports Law 14.1 (2012): 91–93. SPORTDiscus with Full Text. Web. 25 Sept. 2013.

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something student athletes themselves have to go out and do. Members of the NCAA got together and voted to make sure any athlete under the NCAA can profit using their name, image, and likeness.

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There are arguments in favor of paying athletes. A few schools benefit from owning their own networks. The University of Texas owns The Longhorn Network and Brigham Young University owns BYUtv.

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Humorous sculpture depicting a "academics vs sports" (represented by a graduate and a football player respectively) fight. The sculpture is located at The Eating Clubs of Princeton University

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had started to become highly known and the sport of baseball was starting to become an establishment at U.S. universities. The first intercollegiate baseball game took place in 1859 between

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The attitudes of key individuals (i.e., university president or athletic director) are critical components in determining whether an institution's athletic program complies with Title IX.

1136:. NCAA.org – the official site of the NCAA. Retrieved November 5, 2021, from https://www.ncaa.org/about/resources/media-center/news/ncaa-adopts-interim-name-image-and-likeness-policy. 5220: 4454: 4375: 2811: 5216: 4965: 5210: 4961: 4690: 3588: 1613: 5206: 4955: 4686: 3803: 47:

refers primarily to sports and athletic training and competition organized and funded by institutions of tertiary education (universities and colleges) in a two-tiered system.

5178: 4951: 4680: 4538: 3249: 2669: 744:(AIAW) was founded in 1971, evolving out of the Commission on Intercollegiate Athletics for Women founded in 1967. In its peak, the AIAW had almost 1,000 member schools. The 4923: 4676: 3355: 5173: 4648: 2647: 4918: 98:

Unlike in the rest of the world, in the contemporary United States, many college sports are extremely popular on both regional and national scales, even competing with

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A college's reputation for academic integrity and for success in women's athletics suggests greater enthusiasm towards creating equal athletic opportunities for women.

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The NCAA had also been accused of suppressing financial compensation to players for future uses of likenesses after they graduate. In 2009, retired basketball player

86:. Additionally, the first tier is characterized by selective participation, since only the elite programs in their sport are able to participate; some colleges offer 5461: 3490: 1672: 1221: 765:

equity than males when it comes to these five factors: program support, financial support, sports offerings, scheduling, and changes in the past two to three years.

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ice hockey game. This series, conceived in 1923, is claimed as the longest-running uninterrupted annual international intercollegiate sporting event in the world.

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Hull, R.A. (1993). "A comparison of the perceptions of NCAA Division III athletics administrators, coaches, and athletes regarding compliance with Title IX".

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The first tier includes the sports that are sanctioned by one of the collegiate sport governing bodies. The major sanctioning organizations include the

5235: 5122: 5036: 4826: 4141: 2080: 1559: 62:(NJCAA). Individual sports not governed by umbrella organizations like the NCAA, NAIA, and NJCAA are overseen by their own organizations, such as the 5449: 5195: 4975: 4867: 4761: 4361: 4261: 4137: 4101: 3819: 3737: 3636: 3631: 749: 621: 395: 319: 248: 55: 5230: 5117: 5100: 5031: 4700: 4587: 4501: 3682: 2849: 1243: 99: 3303: 3134: 5190: 4940: 4862: 4849: 4756: 4665: 4289: 4094: 3646: 3574: 1201: 282: 3208: 1887: 808: 326:

divisional split (2019–20), roughly two-thirds of NAIA members were D-I. NAIA basketball returned to a single-division format after that season.

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Cole, Jens (2019). "A Critique of the NCAA – A Comparative Analysis of US Federal Law and California State Law in Criticism of NCAA Rules".

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in college sports. Title IX has been both credited with and blamed for a lot of things that have happened in college athletics since 1972.

745: 255: 59: 4400: 2714: 1831: 228:(NCAA), there are other collegiate multi-sport athletic organizations, some of which also have hundreds of member schools. These include: 4891: 4808: 3165: 3114:

Cronk, Erin. "Unlawful Encroachment: Why the NCAA Must Compensate Student-Athletes for the Use of Their Names, Images, and Likenesses".

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Economically some schools are benefiting from their athletic programs through ticket sales, merchandise sales, and outside donations.

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Sigelman, L.; Wahlback, P.J. (1999). "Gender proportionality in intercollegiate athletics: The mathematics of Title IX compliance".

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Some other international competitions predate the Army-RMC game, but have been interrupted for various reasons. For example, the

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We focus solely on what universities pay their coaches as their base salary, and do not include bonuses or any outside income.

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After a number of efforts to go to trial against the NCAA's incoming revenue, a court date has been set. Former UCLA Bruin

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sports. "Club team" players almost never receive scholarships and are truly amateur athletes in every sense of the word.

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has a similar view to Spurrier's, as he believes that student athletes should be given a stipend of $ 2500 per semester.

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athletic budgets. Men's nonrevenue sport teams will likely be facing declining financial support in future generations.

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work with the school or organization that is noncompliant to set up a schedule or plan to follow to become compliant.

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employed over 75 coaches, trainers, and administrative staff as full-time faculty to support their athletic programs.

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Salmon, Barrington M. "College Athletics: To Pay Or Not To Pay." Washington Informer: 40. Nov 2011. Proquest. Web.

4633: 4020: 2830: 1868: 1614:"A Brief History of the National Collegiate Athletic Association's Role in regulation Intercollegiate Athletics" 804: 1803: 1347: 960:. The trial is scheduled to begin during the summer of 2014. Although the NCAA claims that their athletes have 646:

for $ 15 million a year through 2025. The average revenue per conference in 1999 was $ 13.5 million.

433: 172: 3656: 2618: 1778: 332: 2900:"Editorial: Pay for Play is Already Here." McClatchy – Tribune Business News: 1. Jan 26 2007. Proquest. Web. 4317: 3033: 1211: 1080: 670: 3861: 3762: 2076:"Nike, Adidas, Under Armour money floods universities as NCAA apparel battle intensifies (2015 database)" 1459: 1309: 2955: 191:, Quebec, Canada. The first intercollegiate soccer match in the U.S. took place on November 6, 1869, in 5312: 4080: 643: 489: 1697: 5359: 5286: 3843: 3552: 3218: 3185: 1884: 1286: 864: 192: 3788: 3082:"Neither Employees Nor Indentured Servants: A New Amateurism for a New Millennium in College Sports" 2600: 2224: 1008:(OU), estimated that the cost to OU would be $ 3.6 million a year if stipends were $ 1,000 a month. 5299: 5259: 4410: 3836: 3533: 3066:

Walters, Tanner. "Tanner's Take: It's time the NCAA gives athletes the right to their own images".

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Rosandich, Thomas. "Collegiate Sports Programs: A Comparative Analysis." page 471. Education, 2002.

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Rosandich, Thomas. "Collegiate Sports Programs: A Comparative Analysis." page 474. Education, 2002.

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Rosandich, Thomas. "Collegiate Sports Programs: A Comparative Analysis." page 476. Education, 2002.

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that states a Knowledge editor's personal feelings or presents an original argument about a topic.

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Acosta, R.V.; Carpenter, L.J. (1992). "As the years go by: Coaching opportunities in the 1990s".

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Padilla and Boucher, Arthur and Janice. "On the Economics of Intercollegiate Athletic Programs".

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on behalf of Division I basketball and football players. Among other examples, such as a lack of

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Smaller institutions are more likely than larger institutions to be in compliance with Title IX.

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Research concerning Title IX institutional compliance and gender equity issues has found that:

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Due to the NCAA restrictions on compensation, college athletes cannot personally license their

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Dohrmann, George. "PAY FOR PLAY." SI.com. Sports Illustrated, 7 Nov. 2011. Web. 20 July 2015.

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Lewis, Guy. "The Beginning of Organized Collegiate Sport." page 229. American Quarterly, 1970.

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Lewis, Guy. "The Beginning of Organized Collegiate Sport." page 228. American Quarterly, 1970.

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will result in universities entering heated bidding wars while they are attracting recruits.

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is considered the cornerstone of intercollegiate athletic competition in the United States.

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unanimously ruled that the NCAA cannot bar relatively modest payments to student athletes.

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article takes issue with the critics because the terms had been drawn up by the colleges:

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There are a number of single sport-organizations, including leagues and conferences (see "

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played under rules modified from those of association football. The first intercollegiate

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Calkins, C.K. (2000). "Factors influencing Title IX compliance in college athletics".

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Illustration of a Nebraska Cornhuskers football player published on a 1904 Yearbook

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Crowly, R, and Guinzburg, T: "West Point: Two Centuries of Honor and Tradition" (

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Several college athletes have been accused of financial improprieties, including

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of Michigan and Nike made a 11-year contract deal for almost $ 200 million.

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Johnson, Dennis; Acquaviva, John. "Point/Counterpoint Paying College Athletes".

2769:"ESPN's Jay Bilas Exposes NCAA's Hypocrisy on Amateurism With Simple Web Search" 1091:

for the broadcast of encores of games that featured him, O'Bannon cited that an

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Renick, Jobyan (October 1994). "The Use and Misuse of College Athletics".

3166:"Former UCLA star Ed O'Bannon leads suit against NCAA over use of images" 2797:"What the Appeals Court Ruling Means For O'Bannon's ongoing NCAA Lawsuit" 1060: 981: 904: 401: 2444: 2432: 642:

Another prominent football program, Notre Dame, has a contract with NBC

2850:"The NCAA says paying athletes hurts their education. That's laughable" 2670:"Jalen Rose proposes a $ 2,500 a semester stipend for college athletes" 1711: 1528: 908: 890: 624:. Schools that chose not to award athletic scholarships were placed in 436: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 103: 91: 1146: 313:

Division 2, (basketball, men's and women's soccer, women's volleyball)

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to intercollegiate sports competitors. The second tier includes all

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established a women's division in 1975. In the early 1980s, the

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The first organized college sports club was formed in 1843 when

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time students could use to pursue their studies. Former player

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video game had featured a portrayal of himself as a member of

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Academic curriculum and requirements affect student athletes:

2689:"NCAA files brief against Northwestern football union effort" 2535:"College Football: BYU and the irony of the Longhorn Network" 1629:"The Impact of Intercollegiate Athletics in Higher Education" 1445: 725:

Southern schools are less likely to comply with requirements.

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personal reflection, personal essay, or argumentative essay

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from Yale competed against the rowing team from Harvard at

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The role of intercollegiate athletics at U.S. universities

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United States Sports Academy, America's Sports University

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National Association of Collegiate Directors of Athletics

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List of college athletic conferences in the United States

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ESPN.com: Page 2 : Should college athletes be paid?

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National Intramural and Recreational Sports Association

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Popularity and importance of intercollegiate athletics

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Journal of Physical Education, Recreation & Dance

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List of college athletics championship game outcomes

2912:"8 things you should know about sports scholarships" 2644:"Steve Spurrier: SEC coaches all for paying players" 1542: 1207:

List of college athletics championship game outcomes

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2016 Battle at Bristol – Virginia Tech vs Tennessee

3330:"EA's College Football Games Lose the SEC Branding" 3304:"E.A. Sports Settles Lawsuit With College Athletes" 1147:

Longest-running annual international sporting event

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NCAA adopts interim name, image and likeness policy

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Association for Intercollegiate Athletics for Women

3437:"College Football Head Coach Salaries – USA TODAY" 2993:Yoo, Sally. "Paying College Athletes a Bad Idea". 2457: 2319: 1276: 3821:National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics 2909: 2317: 1387:The Tented Field: A History of Cricket in America 750:National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics 689:athletic opportunity" for members of both sexes. 622:National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics 320:National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics 249:California Community College Athletic Association 211:, when Harvard played against McGill University. 56:National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics 5476: 2509:"Should College Athletes Be Paid: Pros and Cons" 1244:United States Intercollegiate Boxing Association 1113:noncompensation of athletes were a violation of 1059:to third-parties for commercial gains. In 2010, 2614: 2612: 2610: 2608: 2282: 2280: 2278: 1735: 1202:List of college athletic programs by U.S. state 283:National Christian College Athletic Association 2735:"Pryor, 4 other Buckeyes must sit out 5 games" 1984: 1844:"Battle at Bristol Sets New Attendance Record" 1627:Vanover, Eric T.; Debowes, Michael M. (2016). 1626: 1552:Journal of Issues in Intercollegiate Athletics 1348:"Yale-Harvard Regatta is 160 Years Old Friday" 1310:"The Beginning of Organized Collegiate Sport." 776: 4369: 3804: 3582: 3537:Army–RMC game was played during World War II. 3347: 3133:Fainaru, Steve; Farrey, Tom (July 24, 2014). 3132: 2812:"College Players Granted Right to Form Union" 2460:"End Education Charade of College Basketball" 2431:Acosta, R.V.; Carpenter, L.J. (Summer 1991). 1238:United States Collegiate Athletic Association 305:United States Collegiate Athletic Association 80:National Collegiate Roller Hockey Association 5490:College sports in the United States by sport 3354:Strauss, Ben; Tracy, Marc (August 8, 2014). 3353: 3295: 3034:"Paying College Athletes Is a Terrible Idea" 3012: 2810:Strauss, Ben; Eder, Steve (March 26, 2014). 2605: 2275: 1543:Cooper, Coyte; Erianne Weight (April 2011). 1501: 1499: 1371: 1369: 746:National Junior College Athletic Association 256:National Junior College Athletic Association 60:National Junior College Athletic Association 2828: 2809: 2318:Grundy, Pamela; Shackelford, Susan (2005). 2162:"NBC extends ND football deal through 2025" 2104:"Athletics get more dollars than academics" 1304: 1302: 735: 251:or CCCAA, 107 members, over 25,000 athletes 4376: 4362: 3811: 3797: 3589: 3575: 3389:"NCAA.org – The Official Site of the NCAA" 2910:O'Shaughnessy, Lynn (September 20, 2012). 2747: 2712: 1227:National Intercollegiate Rodeo Association 1217:List of NCAA Division I athletic directors 1050: 234:Association of Christian College Athletics 2953: 2565: 2563: 2561: 2559: 2557: 2481: 2479: 2426: 2424: 2354: 2352: 1885:"Wrestling Record set at Kinnick Stadium" 1644: 1633:Higher Education Politics & Economics 1496: 1366: 996:Arguments against paying college athletes 827:Learn how and when to remove this message 452:Learn how and when to remove this message 392:NCAA Division I Football Bowl Subdivision 4386:National Collegiate Athletic Association 3163: 2875:FROMMER, FREDERIC (September 13, 2011). 2713:Staurowsky, Ellen (September 14, 2011). 2596: 2594: 2102:Marklein, Mary Beth (January 16, 2013). 2101: 1716:NCAA.org – The Official Site of the NCAA 1384: 1299: 754:National Collegiate Athletic Association 631: 475: 354: 226:National Collegiate Athletic Association 122: 52:National Collegiate Athletic Association 31: 3383: 3381: 3327: 3273:"Players, game makers settle for $ 40M" 2954:Chudacoff, Howard P. (March 28, 2016). 2874: 2766: 2715:"How Colleges Exploit Student-Athletes" 2532: 2286: 2185: 2183: 2129: 1856:"All-Time Single-Game Attendance Highs" 1776: 596:2023 Omaha women's at Nebraska women's 213:The first intercollegiate football game 14: 5477: 5417:College athletics in the United States 4342:College athletics in the United States 3598:College athletics in the United States 3459: 3457: 3412: 3410: 3270: 3242:"NCAA athletes get their day in court" 3239: 3206: 3031: 2795:McCann, Michael (September 30, 2015). 2794: 2686: 2569: 2554: 2485: 2476: 2421: 2358: 2349: 1666: 1664: 1583: 1506: 975:In a 2014 court case brought by a few 876:incentive to stay and finish college. 68:National Collegiate Boxing Association 41:College athletics in the United States 27:Component of American higher education 4357: 3792: 3570: 3463: 3109: 3107: 3008: 3006: 3004: 2988: 2986: 2984: 2591: 2570:Simzak, Michael (December 19, 2011). 2301: 2243: 2241: 2225:"The 25 Highest-Paid College Coaches" 2125: 2123: 2019: 2017: 1980: 1978: 1976: 1940: 1938: 1915: 1608: 1606: 1182:2010–2014 NCAA conference realignment 585:1980 SIU Edwardsville at Saint Louis 345:Intercollegiate sports team champions 5457: 3493:. Go Army Sports.com. Archived from 3441:College Football Head Coach Salaries 3416: 3378: 3301: 3207:Pierce, Charles P. (June 20, 2014). 2533:Normand, Travis (February 5, 2012). 2506: 2458:Casey Lartigue Jr. (June 30, 1999). 2385: 2222: 2180: 2073: 1476: 1197:List of college athletic conferences 898:College Athletes Players Association 780: 607:History and growth of college sports 496:College attendance records by sport 434:adding citations to reliable sources 405: 207:game took place on May 15, 1874, at 111:baseball/softball is third (1,952). 64:Inter-Collegiate Sailing Association 5485:College sports in the United States 3454: 3407: 3065: 2361:"Title IX a Pay for Play Roadblock" 2074:Kish, Matthew (September 3, 2015). 1869:"Men's Lacrosse Attendance Records" 1661: 1312:page 224. American Quarterly, 1970. 1187:2021–22 NCAA conference realignment 839: 644:to televise its home football games 45:college sports in the United States 24: 18:College sports in the United States 3328:Pereira, Chris (August 14, 2013). 3302:Eder, Steve (September 26, 2013). 3283:from the original on July 22, 2016 3252:from the original on June 15, 2016 3104: 3092:(2): 301–330. September 16, 2016. 3059: 3001: 2981: 2767:Waldron, Travis (August 7, 2013). 2486:Branch, Taylor (October 1, 2011). 2359:Voepal, Michelle (July 15, 2011). 2238: 2120: 2014: 1973: 1935: 1820:"All-Time Largest Baseball Crowds" 1738:Journal of Sport and Social Issues 1603: 84:Intercollegiate Rowing Association 25: 5501: 3544: 3186:"Former Bruin O'Bannon sues NCAA" 3145:from the original on May 10, 2016 3116:University of la Verne Law Review 3113: 3032:Emmert, Mark (January 11, 2012). 2847: 2619:Should Student-Athletes Get Paid? 1670: 1109:policies of amateurism in sport. 883:, the head football coach of the 396:Football Championship Subdivision 300:or NIRSA, more than 4,500 members 171:match took place in 1860 between 5456: 5445: 5444: 4419: 3860: 3526: 3523:), page 234. Warner Books, 2002. 3509: 3164:Streeter, Kurt (July 22, 2009). 2956:"Let's Not Pay College Athletes" 2507:John, Conde (January 18, 2021). 2189: 1779:"International Student-Athletes" 1161:Royal Military College of Canada 785: 559:2010 Michigan State at Michigan 520:2004 Houston at San Diego State 410: 362:, former college football player 177:Millersville State Normal School 3483: 3464:Nayar, Pranav (July 21, 2020). 3429: 3321: 3264: 3240:Munson, Lester (June 8, 2014). 3233: 3200: 3178: 3157: 3126: 3074: 3025: 2992: 2947: 2938: 2929: 2903: 2894: 2867: 2841: 2822: 2803: 2788: 2760: 2748:Mark Koba. (February 3, 2013). 2741: 2727: 2706: 2687:Uthman, Daniel (July 3, 2014). 2680: 2662: 2636: 2526: 2500: 2451: 2394: 2379: 2340: 2311: 2295: 2260: 2216: 2154: 2095: 2067: 2042: 1947: 1916:Olson, Eric (August 30, 2023). 1909: 1897: 1878: 1861: 1849: 1837: 1825: 1813: 1796: 1770: 1744: 1729: 1704: 1690: 1620: 1577: 1535: 1509:The Journal of Higher Education 1470: 1452: 1438: 1412: 1212:List of college mascots in U.S. 683:United States Code Section 20, 421:needs additional citations for 219: 173:Franklin & Marshall College 2415:10.1080/07303084.1992.10604132 2000:10.1080/00221546.2015.11777370 1403: 1378: 1340: 1315: 1267: 1258: 1153:United States Military Academy 939: 13: 1: 3553:"Educational Athletics" 2829:Adam Liptak (June 21, 2021). 2488:"The Shame Of College Sports" 2223:Rich, Bobby (March 9, 2018). 1832:"NCAA sets attendance record" 1389:. Popular Press. p. 49. 1251: 572:2016 Grapple on the Gridiron 333:Northwest Athletic Conference 242:Division 2, (basketball only) 118: 3271:Farrey, Tom (May 31, 2014). 2197:. USA Sports. Archived from 1460:"COA – Welcome to the CCCAA" 1132:Hosick, M. (2021, June 30). 1081:Collegiate Licensing Company 671:Education Amendments of 1972 592: 581: 568: 555: 542: 529: 516: 7: 3763:FISU World University Games 3086:Marquette Sports Law Review 2136:Marquette Sports Law Review 1988:Journal of Higher Education 1174: 777:Debate over paying athletes 661: 486:Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets 10: 5506: 5263:National Collegiate sports 2305:University of Pennsylvania 490:2014 ACC Championship Game 100:professional championships 5430: 5409: 5258: 4998: 4723: 4428: 4417: 4393: 4333: 4248: 4207: 3880: 3869: 3858: 3828: 3755: 3670: 3611: 3604: 2130:Buzuvis, Erin E. (2012). 2081:Portland Business Journal 1904:"All-Time Largest Crowds" 1777:rpowell (June 14, 2017). 865:University of Connecticut 193:New Brunswick, New Jersey 4455:Never sponsored football 4256:Basketball (Division II) 3534:Six Nations Championship 2250:Social Science Quarterly 885:South Carolina Gamecocks 736:Impact on college sports 209:Cambridge, Massachusetts 76:American College Cricket 5438:have been discontinued) 1584:Siegel, Donald (2013). 1051:Licensing of likenesses 977:Northwestern University 873:Kansas State University 702:sex (typically female). 482:Florida State Seminoles 3559:Encyclopedia Americana 2289:University of Colorado 1385:Melville, Tom (1998). 1006:University of Oklahoma 988:On June 21, 2021, the 933: 807:by rewriting it in an 686: 533:2014 NCAA semi-finals 492: 363: 310:Division 1, 85 members 239:Division 1, 24 schools 128: 37: 4450:Non-football programs 4089:Swimming & diving 2676:. September 25, 2013. 2388:Ball State University 1646:10.32674/hepe.v1i1.26 1066:University of Georgia 924: 675: 632:Revenues and expenses 479: 358: 322:or NAIA, 251 members 135:created a boat club. 126: 88:athletic scholarships 35: 5170:Swimming and diving 4915:Swimming and diving 4640:Swimming and diving 2737:. December 23, 2010. 2322:Shattering the Glass 2204:on November 16, 2009 966:merchandise licenses 854:collectively bargain 430:improve this article 291:Division 2, 43 teams 288:Division 1, 69 teams 236:or ACCA, 24 members 150:Yale-Harvard Regatta 104:prime-time broadcast 3221:on October 23, 2017 3038:Wall Street Journal 2960:Wall Street Journal 2854:The Washington Post 2650:on October 29, 2013 2577:The Huffington Post 1466:on October 3, 2010. 869:Syracuse University 497: 335:or NWAC, 36 members 224:In addition to the 155:In the late 1850s, 5434:(events listed in 5261:Single-division or 4445:Athletic directors 4131:Track & field 3964:Competitive dance 3491:"Army-RMC Rivalry" 3360:The New York Times 3308:The New York Times 2835:The New York Times 2816:The New York Times 2114:Melbourne, Florida 1961:. October 10, 2018 1890:2016-03-24 at the 1804:"recruiting facts" 1712:"Student-Athletes" 1698:"What is the NCAA" 1323:"History | Rowing" 1169:West point weekend 1097:NCAA March Madness 990:U.S. Supreme Court 852:organizations and 809:encyclopedic style 796:is written like a 650:private colleges. 495: 493: 364: 195:, when clubs from 181:Cornell University 157:bat and ball games 142:Lake Winnipesaukee 137:Harvard University 129: 38: 5472: 5471: 5273:Beach volleyball 5265:and championships 4406:Hall of Champions 4351: 4350: 4329: 4328: 4217:Beach Volleyball 3950:Competitive cheer 3786: 3785: 3751: 3750: 3713:Pickleball (NCPA) 3605:Organizing bodies 3171:Los Angeles Times 3122:(2012–2013): 135. 3015:The Sport Journal 2472:on July 26, 2009. 2326:. The New Press. 1758:. October 6, 2014 1590:science.smith.edu 1192:College rivalries 1106:1995 championship 863:Colleges such as 837: 836: 829: 600: 599: 462: 461: 454: 185:McGill University 16:(Redirected from 5497: 5464: 5460: 5459: 5452: 5448: 5447: 5266: 5202:Track and field 5002: 4947:Track and field 4727: 4672:Track and field 4432: 4423: 4387: 4378: 4371: 4364: 4355: 4354: 4344: 4320: 4313: 4306: 4299: 4292: 4285: 4278: 4271: 4264: 4257: 4239: 4232: 4225: 4218: 4198: 4191: 4184: 4177: 4170: 4163: 4156: 4144: 4132: 4125: 4118: 4111: 4104: 4097: 4090: 4083: 4076: 4069: 4062: 4055: 4046: 4039: 4030: 4023: 4016: 4009: 4002: 3993: 3986: 3979: 3972: 3965: 3958: 3951: 3944: 3937: 3930: 3923: 3916: 3909: 3900: 3893: 3878: 3877: 3864: 3853: 3846: 3839: 3822: 3813: 3806: 3799: 3790: 3789: 3609: 3608: 3591: 3584: 3577: 3568: 3567: 3563: 3555: 3538: 3530: 3524: 3513: 3507: 3506: 3504: 3502: 3487: 3481: 3480: 3478: 3476: 3461: 3452: 3451: 3449: 3447: 3433: 3427: 3426: 3414: 3405: 3404: 3402: 3400: 3385: 3376: 3375: 3373: 3371: 3362:. Archived from 3351: 3345: 3344: 3342: 3340: 3325: 3319: 3318: 3316: 3314: 3299: 3293: 3292: 3290: 3288: 3268: 3262: 3261: 3259: 3257: 3237: 3231: 3230: 3228: 3226: 3217:. Archived from 3204: 3198: 3197: 3196:. July 21, 2009. 3194:Associated Press 3182: 3176: 3175: 3161: 3155: 3154: 3152: 3150: 3130: 3124: 3123: 3111: 3102: 3101: 3078: 3072: 3071: 3063: 3057: 3056: 3054: 3052: 3029: 3023: 3022: 3010: 2999: 2998: 2990: 2979: 2978: 2976: 2974: 2951: 2945: 2942: 2936: 2933: 2927: 2926: 2924: 2922: 2907: 2901: 2898: 2892: 2891: 2889: 2887: 2871: 2865: 2864: 2862: 2860: 2848:Hruby, Patrick. 2845: 2839: 2838: 2826: 2820: 2819: 2807: 2801: 2800: 2792: 2786: 2785: 2783: 2781: 2764: 2758: 2757: 2745: 2739: 2738: 2731: 2725: 2724: 2710: 2704: 2703: 2701: 2699: 2693:USA TODAY Sports 2684: 2678: 2677: 2666: 2660: 2659: 2657: 2655: 2646:. Archived from 2640: 2634: 2631: 2622: 2616: 2603: 2598: 2589: 2588: 2586: 2584: 2567: 2552: 2551: 2549: 2547: 2530: 2524: 2523: 2521: 2519: 2504: 2498: 2497: 2483: 2474: 2473: 2468:. Archived from 2455: 2449: 2448: 2437:Feminist Teacher 2428: 2419: 2418: 2398: 2392: 2391: 2383: 2377: 2376: 2374: 2372: 2356: 2347: 2344: 2338: 2337: 2325: 2315: 2309: 2308: 2299: 2293: 2292: 2284: 2273: 2264: 2258: 2257: 2245: 2236: 2235: 2220: 2214: 2213: 2211: 2209: 2203: 2196: 2187: 2178: 2177: 2175: 2173: 2168:. April 18, 2013 2158: 2152: 2151: 2149: 2147: 2127: 2118: 2117: 2099: 2093: 2092: 2090: 2088: 2071: 2065: 2064: 2062: 2060: 2046: 2040: 2039: 2037: 2035: 2021: 2012: 2011: 1982: 1971: 1970: 1968: 1966: 1951: 1945: 1942: 1933: 1932: 1930: 1928: 1922:Associated Press 1913: 1907: 1901: 1895: 1882: 1876: 1875: 1873: 1865: 1859: 1853: 1847: 1841: 1835: 1829: 1823: 1817: 1811: 1810: 1808: 1800: 1794: 1793: 1791: 1789: 1774: 1768: 1767: 1765: 1763: 1748: 1742: 1741: 1733: 1727: 1726: 1724: 1722: 1708: 1702: 1701: 1694: 1688: 1687: 1685: 1683: 1668: 1659: 1658: 1648: 1624: 1618: 1617: 1610: 1601: 1600: 1598: 1596: 1581: 1575: 1574: 1572: 1570: 1565:on March 8, 2016 1564: 1549: 1539: 1533: 1532: 1503: 1494: 1493: 1491: 1489: 1477:Granholm, Cory. 1474: 1468: 1467: 1462:. Archived from 1456: 1450: 1449: 1442: 1436: 1435: 1433: 1431: 1422:. Archived from 1416: 1410: 1407: 1401: 1400: 1382: 1376: 1373: 1364: 1363: 1361: 1359: 1354:. August 3, 2012 1344: 1338: 1337: 1335: 1333: 1319: 1313: 1306: 1297: 1296: 1292:Business Insider 1283: 1274: 1271: 1265: 1262: 1151:Every year, the 840:Professional pay 832: 825: 821: 818: 812: 789: 788: 781: 684: 498: 494: 457: 450: 446: 443: 437: 414: 406: 375:academic elitism 165:Williams College 108:student athletes 21: 5505: 5504: 5500: 5499: 5498: 5496: 5495: 5494: 5475: 5474: 5473: 5468: 5462: 5450: 5441: 5426: 5405: 5264: 5262: 5260: 5254: 5000: 4994: 4725: 4719: 4430: 4424: 4415: 4389: 4385: 4382: 4352: 4347: 4340: 4325: 4316: 4311: 4302: 4297: 4288: 4281: 4276: 4267: 4260: 4255: 4244: 4235: 4230: 4221: 4216: 4209: 4203: 4194: 4187: 4182: 4173: 4166: 4161: 4147: 4135: 4130: 4121: 4114: 4109: 4100: 4093: 4088: 4079: 4074: 4065: 4058: 4051: 4042: 4035: 4026: 4019: 4014: 4005: 3998: 3989: 3982: 3977: 3968: 3963: 3954: 3949: 3940: 3933: 3928: 3919: 3912: 3905: 3896: 3889: 3882: 3873: 3871: 3865: 3856: 3849: 3842: 3835: 3824: 3820: 3817: 3787: 3782: 3773:Student athlete 3747: 3666: 3600: 3595: 3550: 3547: 3542: 3541: 3531: 3527: 3514: 3510: 3500: 3498: 3489: 3488: 3484: 3474: 3472: 3462: 3455: 3445: 3443: 3435: 3434: 3430: 3415: 3408: 3398: 3396: 3395:. June 30, 2021 3387: 3386: 3379: 3369: 3367: 3366:on July 6, 2017 3352: 3348: 3338: 3336: 3326: 3322: 3312: 3310: 3300: 3296: 3286: 3284: 3269: 3265: 3255: 3253: 3238: 3234: 3224: 3222: 3205: 3201: 3184: 3183: 3179: 3162: 3158: 3148: 3146: 3131: 3127: 3112: 3105: 3080: 3079: 3075: 3064: 3060: 3050: 3048: 3030: 3026: 3011: 3002: 2991: 2982: 2972: 2970: 2952: 2948: 2943: 2939: 2934: 2930: 2920: 2918: 2908: 2904: 2899: 2895: 2885: 2883: 2872: 2868: 2858: 2856: 2846: 2842: 2827: 2823: 2808: 2804: 2793: 2789: 2779: 2777: 2765: 2761: 2746: 2742: 2733: 2732: 2728: 2711: 2707: 2697: 2695: 2685: 2681: 2668: 2667: 2663: 2653: 2651: 2642: 2641: 2637: 2632: 2625: 2617: 2606: 2599: 2592: 2582: 2580: 2568: 2555: 2545: 2543: 2540:Bleacher Report 2531: 2527: 2517: 2515: 2505: 2501: 2484: 2477: 2456: 2452: 2429: 2422: 2399: 2395: 2384: 2380: 2370: 2368: 2357: 2350: 2345: 2341: 2334: 2316: 2312: 2300: 2296: 2285: 2276: 2265: 2261: 2246: 2239: 2221: 2217: 2207: 2205: 2201: 2194: 2188: 2181: 2171: 2169: 2160: 2159: 2155: 2145: 2143: 2128: 2121: 2100: 2096: 2086: 2084: 2072: 2068: 2058: 2056: 2050:"NCAA Salaries" 2048: 2047: 2043: 2033: 2031: 2025:"NCAA Salaries" 2023: 2022: 2015: 1983: 1974: 1964: 1962: 1953: 1952: 1948: 1943: 1936: 1926: 1924: 1914: 1910: 1902: 1898: 1892:Wayback Machine 1883: 1879: 1871: 1867: 1866: 1862: 1854: 1850: 1842: 1838: 1830: 1826: 1818: 1814: 1806: 1802: 1801: 1797: 1787: 1785: 1775: 1771: 1761: 1759: 1750: 1749: 1745: 1734: 1730: 1720: 1718: 1710: 1709: 1705: 1696: 1695: 1691: 1681: 1679: 1669: 1662: 1625: 1621: 1612: 1611: 1604: 1594: 1592: 1582: 1578: 1568: 1566: 1562: 1547: 1540: 1536: 1521:10.2307/1980793 1504: 1497: 1487: 1485: 1475: 1471: 1458: 1457: 1453: 1444: 1443: 1439: 1429: 1427: 1426:on May 26, 2021 1418: 1417: 1413: 1408: 1404: 1397: 1383: 1379: 1374: 1367: 1357: 1355: 1346: 1345: 1341: 1331: 1329: 1327:rowing.yale.edu 1321: 1320: 1316: 1307: 1300: 1285: 1284: 1277: 1272: 1268: 1263: 1259: 1254: 1249: 1177: 1149: 1085:Electronic Arts 1053: 998: 950:Oscar Robertson 942: 842: 833: 822: 816: 813: 805:help improve it 802: 790: 786: 779: 738: 685: 682: 664: 634: 609: 458: 447: 441: 438: 427: 415: 404: 353: 222: 161:Amherst College 133:Yale University 121: 58:(NAIA) and the 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5503: 5493: 5492: 5487: 5470: 5469: 5467: 5466: 5454: 5440: 5439: 5431: 5428: 5427: 5425: 5424: 5419: 5413: 5411: 5410:Related topics 5407: 5406: 5404: 5403: 5402: 5401: 5396: 5388: 5387: 5386: 5378: 5377: 5376: 5364: 5363: 5362: 5354: 5353: 5352: 5344: 5343: 5342: 5337: 5329: 5328: 5327: 5317: 5316: 5315: 5305: 5304: 5303: 5291: 5290: 5289: 5281: 5280: 5279: 5270: 5268: 5256: 5255: 5253: 5252: 5251: 5250: 5240: 5239: 5238: 5233: 5225: 5224: 5223: 5213: 5200: 5199: 5198: 5193: 5183: 5182: 5181: 5176: 5168: 5167: 5166: 5156: 5155: 5154: 5149: 5139: 5138: 5137: 5127: 5126: 5125: 5120: 5110: 5109: 5108: 5103: 5093: 5092: 5091: 5086: 5078: 5077: 5076: 5066: 5065: 5064: 5056: 5055: 5054: 5049: 5043:Cross country 5041: 5040: 5039: 5034: 5024: 5023: 5022: 5012: 5006: 5004: 4996: 4995: 4993: 4992: 4991: 4990: 4980: 4979: 4978: 4970: 4969: 4968: 4958: 4945: 4944: 4943: 4938: 4928: 4927: 4926: 4921: 4913: 4912: 4911: 4901: 4900: 4899: 4894: 4884: 4883: 4882: 4872: 4871: 4870: 4865: 4855: 4854: 4853: 4839: 4838: 4837: 4830: 4818: 4817: 4816: 4811: 4803: 4802: 4801: 4791: 4790: 4789: 4781: 4780: 4779: 4774: 4768:Cross country 4766: 4765: 4764: 4759: 4749: 4748: 4747: 4737: 4731: 4729: 4721: 4720: 4718: 4717: 4716: 4715: 4705: 4704: 4703: 4695: 4694: 4693: 4683: 4670: 4669: 4668: 4663: 4653: 4652: 4651: 4646: 4638: 4637: 4636: 4631: 4621: 4620: 4619: 4614: 4604: 4603: 4602: 4592: 4591: 4590: 4585: 4575: 4574: 4573: 4563: 4562: 4561: 4556: 4548: 4547: 4546: 4541: 4531: 4530: 4529: 4521: 4520: 4519: 4514: 4508:Cross country 4506: 4505: 4504: 4499: 4489: 4488: 4487: 4482: 4472: 4471: 4470: 4465: 4457: 4452: 4447: 4442: 4436: 4434: 4426: 4425: 4418: 4416: 4414: 4413: 4408: 4403: 4397: 4395: 4391: 4390: 4381: 4380: 4373: 4366: 4358: 4349: 4348: 4346: 4345: 4337: 4335: 4334:Related topics 4331: 4330: 4327: 4326: 4324: 4323: 4322: 4321: 4309: 4308: 4307: 4295: 4294: 4293: 4286: 4274: 4273: 4272: 4265: 4252: 4250: 4246: 4245: 4243: 4242: 4241: 4240: 4228: 4227: 4226: 4213: 4211: 4205: 4204: 4202: 4201: 4200: 4199: 4192: 4180: 4179: 4178: 4171: 4159: 4158: 4157: 4145: 4128: 4127: 4126: 4119: 4107: 4106: 4105: 4098: 4086: 4085: 4084: 4072: 4071: 4070: 4063: 4049: 4048: 4047: 4033: 4032: 4031: 4024: 4012: 4011: 4010: 3996: 3995: 3994: 3987: 3975: 3974: 3973: 3961: 3960: 3959: 3947: 3946: 3945: 3938: 3926: 3925: 3924: 3917: 3903: 3902: 3901: 3886: 3884: 3875: 3867: 3866: 3859: 3857: 3855: 3854: 3847: 3840: 3832: 3830: 3826: 3825: 3816: 3815: 3808: 3801: 3793: 3784: 3783: 3781: 3780: 3775: 3770: 3765: 3759: 3757: 3756:Related topics 3753: 3752: 3749: 3748: 3746: 3745: 3740: 3735: 3730: 3725: 3720: 3715: 3710: 3705: 3700: 3695: 3690: 3685: 3683:Boxing (USIBA) 3680: 3674: 3672: 3668: 3667: 3665: 3664: 3659: 3654: 3649: 3644: 3639: 3634: 3629: 3621: 3615: 3613: 3606: 3602: 3601: 3594: 3593: 3586: 3579: 3571: 3565: 3564: 3546: 3545:External links 3543: 3540: 3539: 3525: 3508: 3497:on May 3, 2011 3482: 3470:The SportsRush 3453: 3428: 3406: 3377: 3346: 3320: 3294: 3263: 3232: 3199: 3177: 3156: 3135:"Game Changer" 3125: 3103: 3073: 3058: 3024: 3000: 2980: 2946: 2937: 2928: 2916:CBS MoneyWatch 2902: 2893: 2866: 2840: 2821: 2802: 2787: 2774:Think Progress 2759: 2740: 2726: 2705: 2679: 2661: 2635: 2623: 2604: 2590: 2553: 2525: 2499: 2475: 2450: 2420: 2393: 2378: 2365:College Sports 2348: 2339: 2332: 2310: 2294: 2274: 2267:20 U.S.C. 2259: 2237: 2215: 2179: 2153: 2119: 2116:. pp. 4A. 2094: 2066: 2041: 2013: 1994:(3): 417–447. 1972: 1946: 1934: 1908: 1896: 1877: 1860: 1848: 1836: 1824: 1812: 1795: 1769: 1752:"Scholarships" 1743: 1728: 1703: 1689: 1660: 1619: 1602: 1576: 1534: 1515:(7): 545–552. 1495: 1469: 1451: 1437: 1411: 1402: 1395: 1377: 1365: 1339: 1314: 1298: 1275: 1266: 1256: 1255: 1253: 1250: 1248: 1247: 1241: 1235: 1230: 1224: 1219: 1214: 1209: 1204: 1199: 1194: 1189: 1184: 1178: 1176: 1173: 1167:in the annual 1148: 1145: 1079:the NCAA, the 1052: 1049: 997: 994: 962:amateur status 941: 938: 913:Johnny Manziel 881:Steve Spurrier 841: 838: 835: 834: 793: 791: 784: 778: 775: 737: 734: 733: 732: 729: 726: 723: 720: 708: 707: 703: 699: 680: 663: 660: 633: 630: 608: 605: 598: 597: 594: 591: 587: 586: 583: 580: 574: 573: 570: 567: 561: 560: 557: 554: 548: 547: 544: 541: 535: 534: 531: 528: 522: 521: 518: 515: 509: 508: 505: 502: 460: 459: 418: 416: 409: 403: 400: 360:Graham Harrell 352: 349: 337: 336: 329: 328: 327: 316: 315: 314: 311: 301: 294: 293: 292: 289: 279: 278: 277: 271: 265: 252: 245: 244: 243: 240: 221: 218: 120: 117: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5502: 5491: 5488: 5486: 5483: 5482: 5480: 5465: 5455: 5453: 5443: 5442: 5437: 5433: 5432: 5429: 5423: 5420: 5418: 5415: 5414: 5412: 5408: 5400: 5397: 5395: 5392: 5391: 5389: 5385: 5382: 5381: 5379: 5375: 5374: 5370: 5369: 5368: 5365: 5361: 5358: 5357: 5355: 5351: 5348: 5347: 5345: 5341: 5338: 5336: 5333: 5332: 5330: 5326: 5323: 5322: 5321: 5318: 5314: 5311: 5310: 5309: 5306: 5302: 5301: 5297: 5296: 5295: 5292: 5288: 5285: 5284: 5282: 5278: 5275: 5274: 5272: 5271: 5269: 5267: 5257: 5249: 5246: 5245: 5244: 5241: 5237: 5234: 5232: 5229: 5228: 5226: 5222: 5218: 5214: 5212: 5208: 5204: 5203: 5201: 5197: 5194: 5192: 5189: 5188: 5187: 5184: 5180: 5177: 5175: 5172: 5171: 5169: 5165: 5162: 5161: 5160: 5157: 5153: 5150: 5148: 5145: 5144: 5143: 5140: 5136: 5133: 5132: 5131: 5128: 5124: 5121: 5119: 5116: 5115: 5114: 5111: 5107: 5104: 5102: 5099: 5098: 5097: 5094: 5090: 5087: 5085: 5082: 5081: 5079: 5075: 5072: 5071: 5070: 5067: 5063: 5060: 5059: 5058:Field hockey 5057: 5053: 5050: 5048: 5045: 5044: 5042: 5038: 5035: 5033: 5030: 5029: 5028: 5025: 5021: 5018: 5017: 5016: 5013: 5011: 5008: 5007: 5005: 5003: 4997: 4989: 4986: 4985: 4984: 4981: 4977: 4974: 4973: 4971: 4967: 4963: 4959: 4957: 4953: 4949: 4948: 4946: 4942: 4939: 4937: 4934: 4933: 4932: 4929: 4925: 4922: 4920: 4917: 4916: 4914: 4910: 4907: 4906: 4905: 4902: 4898: 4895: 4893: 4890: 4889: 4888: 4885: 4881: 4878: 4877: 4876: 4873: 4869: 4866: 4864: 4861: 4860: 4859: 4856: 4852: 4851: 4847: 4846: 4845: 4844: 4840: 4836: 4835: 4831: 4829: 4828: 4824: 4823: 4822: 4819: 4815: 4812: 4810: 4807: 4806: 4804: 4800: 4797: 4796: 4795: 4792: 4788: 4785: 4784: 4783:Field hockey 4782: 4778: 4775: 4773: 4770: 4769: 4767: 4763: 4760: 4758: 4755: 4754: 4753: 4750: 4746: 4743: 4742: 4741: 4738: 4736: 4733: 4732: 4730: 4728: 4722: 4714: 4711: 4710: 4709: 4706: 4702: 4699: 4698: 4696: 4692: 4688: 4684: 4682: 4678: 4674: 4673: 4671: 4667: 4664: 4662: 4659: 4658: 4657: 4654: 4650: 4647: 4645: 4642: 4641: 4639: 4635: 4632: 4630: 4627: 4626: 4625: 4622: 4618: 4615: 4613: 4610: 4609: 4608: 4605: 4601: 4598: 4597: 4596: 4593: 4589: 4586: 4584: 4581: 4580: 4579: 4576: 4572: 4569: 4568: 4567: 4564: 4560: 4557: 4555: 4552: 4551: 4549: 4545: 4542: 4540: 4537: 4536: 4535: 4532: 4528: 4525: 4524: 4523:Field hockey 4522: 4518: 4515: 4513: 4510: 4509: 4507: 4503: 4500: 4498: 4495: 4494: 4493: 4490: 4486: 4483: 4481: 4478: 4477: 4476: 4473: 4469: 4466: 4464: 4461: 4460: 4458: 4456: 4453: 4451: 4448: 4446: 4443: 4441: 4438: 4437: 4435: 4433: 4427: 4422: 4412: 4409: 4407: 4404: 4402: 4399: 4398: 4396: 4392: 4388: 4379: 4374: 4372: 4367: 4365: 4360: 4359: 4356: 4343: 4339: 4338: 4336: 4332: 4319: 4315: 4314: 4310: 4305: 4301: 4300: 4296: 4291: 4287: 4284: 4280: 4279: 4275: 4270: 4266: 4263: 4259: 4258: 4254: 4253: 4251: 4247: 4238: 4234: 4233: 4229: 4224: 4220: 4219: 4215: 4214: 4212: 4206: 4197: 4193: 4190: 4186: 4185: 4181: 4176: 4172: 4169: 4165: 4164: 4160: 4155: 4151: 4146: 4143: 4139: 4134: 4133: 4129: 4124: 4120: 4117: 4113: 4112: 4108: 4103: 4099: 4096: 4092: 4091: 4087: 4082: 4078: 4077: 4073: 4068: 4064: 4061: 4057: 4056: 4054: 4050: 4045: 4041: 4040: 4038: 4034: 4029: 4025: 4022: 4018: 4017: 4013: 4008: 4004: 4003: 4001: 3997: 3992: 3988: 3985: 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