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contain suspended living matter and mineral particles, light from above is scattered and some of it is reflected upwards. Scattering from suspended particles would normally give a white color, as with snow, but because the light first passes through many meters of cyan-colored liquid, the scattered light appears cyan. In extremely pure waterâas is found in mountain lakes, where scattering from particles is very lowâthe scattering from water molecules themselves also contributes a cyan color.
79:
583:
3624:
2562:
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246:. It is a common misconception that this reflection is the sole reason bodies of water appear cyan, though it can contribute. This contribution usually makes the body of water appear more a shade of azure rather than cyan depending on how bright the sky is. Water in swimming pools with white-painted sides and bottom will appear cyan, even in indoor pools where there is no sky to be reflected. The deeper the pool, the more intense the cyan color becomes.
372:
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573:, are turquoise. Light scattering by suspended matter is required in order that the blue light produced by water's absorption can return to the surface and be observed. Such scattering can also shift the spectrum of the emerging photons toward the green, a color often seen when water laden with suspended particles is observed.
249:
Some of the light hitting the surface of the ocean is reflected but most of it penetrates the water surface, interacting with water molecules and other substances in the water. Water molecules can vibrate in three different modes when they interact with light. The red, orange, and yellow wavelengths
82:
An indoor swimming pool appears cyan from above, as light reflecting from the bottom of the pool travels through enough water that its red component is absorbed. The same water in a smaller bucket looks only slightly cyan, and observing the water at close range makes it appear colorless to the naked
480:
S) odor and is easily corrected by draining the water heater and increasing the temperature to 49 °C (120 °F) or higher. Sulfate reducing bacteria are not known to cause issues in cold water plumbing. Learning the water impurity indication color spectrum can make identifying and solving
362:
Relatively small amounts of regular ice appear white because plenty of air bubbles are present, and also because small quantities of water appear to be colorless. In glaciers, on the other hand, the pressure causes the air bubbles, trapped in the accumulated snow, to be squeezed out increasing the
475:
Water color can reveal physical, chemical and bacteriological conditions. In drinking water, green can indicate copper leaching from copper plumbing and can also represent algae growth. Blue can also indicate copper, or might be caused by syphoning of industrial cleaners in the tank of commodes,
264:
from suspended particles also plays an important role in the color of lakes and oceans, causing the water to look greener or bluer in different areas. A few tens of meters of water will absorb all light, so without scattering, all bodies of water would appear black. Because most lakes and oceans
317:
476:
commonly known as backflowing. Reds can be signs of rust from iron pipes or airborne bacteria from lakes, etc. Black water can indicate growth of sulfur-reducing bacteria inside a hot water tank set to too low a temperature. This usually has a strong sulfur or rotten egg (H
358:
by processes involving the compaction of fallen snow. While snowy glaciers appear white from a distance, the long path lengths of internal reflected light causes glaciers to appear a deep blue when viewed up close and when shielded from direct ambient light.
172:= 14,318 cm, which is equivalent to a wavelength of 698 nm. In liquid state at 20 °C (68 °F) these vibrations are red-shifted by hydrogen bonding, resulting in red absorption at 740 nm, other harmonics such as
215:
Absorption intensity decreases markedly with each successive overtone, resulting in very weak absorption for the third overtone. For this reason, the pipe needs to have a length of a meter or more and the water must be purified by
203:
O) is of a similar shape, but is shifted further towards the infrared end of the spectrum, because the vibrational transitions have a lower energy. For this reason, heavy water does not absorb red light and thus large bodies of
297:
1259:
87:
The intrinsic color of liquid water may be demonstrated by looking at a white light source through a long pipe that is filled with purified water and closed at both ends with a transparent window. The light
399:
floating in the water (particles) can impart a green color. Color variations can be measured with reference to a standard color scale. Two examples of standard color scales for natural water bodies are the
472:
Testing for color can be a quick and easy test which often reflects the amount of organic material in the water, although certain inorganic components like iron or manganese can also impart color.
908:, p. 612: "... any simple answer is bound to mislead. It turns out that contributions to the observed color are made both by reflected skylight and by the intrinsic absorption."
52:, pure water has a slight blue color that becomes deeper as the thickness of the observed sample increases. The hue of water is an intrinsic property and is caused by selective
285:
1091:"Red and black tides: Quantitative analysis of water-leaving radiance and perceived color for phytoplankton, colored dissolved organic matter, and suspended sediments"
540:
Particles and solutes can absorb light, as in tea or coffee. Green algae in rivers and streams often lend a blue-green color. The Red Sea has occasional blooms of red
894:
Heavy water is colourless because all of its corresponding vibrational transitions are shifted to lower energy (higher wavelength) by the increase in isotope mass.
971:, p. 613: "... the relative contribution of reflected skylight and the light scattered back from the depths is strongly dependent on observation angle."
3250:
2302:
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density of the created ice. Large quantities of water appear cyan, therefore a large piece of compressed ice, or a glacier, would also appear cyan.
323:
The hue of the reflected sky contributes to the perceived azure color of water, but most of the cyan color comes from the intrinsic color of water
258:
is cyan. The relative contribution of reflected skylight and the light scattered back from the depths is strongly dependent on observation angle.
123:
and are therefore not responsible for the color of water in the visible region of the spectrum. The water molecule has three fundamental modes of
2292:
1351:
981:
Pope, Robin M.; Fry, Edward S. (20 November 1997). "Absorption spectrum (380â700 nm) of pure water. II. Integrating cavity measurements".
732:
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tint. This is most commonly noticed with distant mountains, but also contributes to the cyanness of the ocean in the distance.
251:
93:
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Dissolved and particulate material in water can cause it to be appear more green, tan, brown, or red. For instance, dissolved
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517:. Color-causing particulate substances can be easily removed by filtration. Color-causing dissolved substances such as
830:
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in color and a sample can be compared to pure water with a predetermined color standard or comparing the results of a
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3412:
1755:
1715:
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associated with Varuna, the word "neela purusha" comes in second line which calls the water deity, the blue one.
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2158:
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1314:
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is the color of a body of water being reflected from the surface of the water, and consists of color from both
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is often muddy red because of suspended reddish silt in the waterâthis gives the river its name, from
Spanish
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838:
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49:
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so the remaining light seen is composed of green, cyan, and blue wavelengths. This is the main reason the
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varies with the ambient conditions in which that water is present. While relatively small quantities of
3477:
3064:
2613:
1810:
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and some other languages, there is no single word for blue, but rather different words for light blue (
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3135:
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2345:
1750:
1710:
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consider life giving contributions of water a part of divine and recognize water as a primeval god,
238:
Lakes and oceans appear cyan for several reasons. One is that the surface of the water reflects the
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classifying colors primarily by luminosity rather than hue, while others believe Homer was
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From space, oceans appear so dark as to be almost black. This is an image taken by the
20:
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Dierssen, Heidi M.; Kudela, Raphael M.; Ryan, John P.; Zimmerman, Richard C. (2006).
1071:
1014:
1006:
949:
803:
776:"Absorption spectrum (380â700 nm) of pure water. II. Integrating cavity measurements"
752:
742:
465:
61:
1026:
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815:
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O would lack the characteristic cyan color of the more commonly found light water (H
153:
region of the spectrum. The absorption in the visible spectrum is due mainly to the
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The presence of color in water does not necessarily indicate that the water is not
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in the atmosphere along one's line of sight gives distant objects a cyan or light
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When water is in small quantities (e.g. in a glass) it appears colorless to the
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Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
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is generally more cyan in color due to low concentrations of particles and/or
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Absorptions in the visible spectrum are usually attributed to excitations of
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Large bodies of water such as oceans manifest water's inherent blue color.
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1998:
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may succeed in trapping the color-causing compounds within the resulting
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1208:
Dickey, Tommy D.; Kattawar, George W.; Voss, Kenneth J. (April 2011).
859:
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33:
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28:
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2098:
1990:
1980:
1925:
1401:
665:
586:
569:. Some mountain lakes and streams with finely ground rock, such as
154:
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108:
2997:
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680:
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components. Apparent color may also be changed by variations in
355:
343:
149:= 3755 cm. Absorption due to these vibrations occurs in the
3604:
3207:
3197:
2598:
2093:
1506:
1145:
International
Organization for Standardization, ISO 2211:1973,
707:
195:
giving red absorption at 660 nm. The absorption curve for
3232:
3227:
3217:
3187:
2658:
2629:
2455:
2274:
2053:
2008:
1033:
676:
664:
blue. Unusual oceanic colorings have given rise to the terms
396:
304:
45:
734:
Why Is Bear Lake So Blue? And Other
Commonly Asked Questions
408:. For example, slight discoloration is measured against the
3222:
3202:
3182:
3052:
2969:
1887:
1088:
703:
461:
448:
is measured after a sample of water has been collected and
351:
89:
962:
899:
524:
Color from dissolved substances is not removed by typical
64:
or suspended impurities may give water a different color.
3298:
3192:
2957:
1151:
units (platinum-cobalt scale) of Liquid
Chemical Products
347:
1179:"Tannins: fascinating but sometimes dangerous molecules"
481:
cosmetic, bacteriological and chemical problems easier.
944:
Rossing, Thomas D.; Chiaverina, Christopher J. (1999).
710:, and the color of Varuna is described as blue. In the
107:
energy states in matter. Water is a simple three-atom
687:"; in addition, he also describes the sea as "grey".
327:
back up to the surface by small suspended particles.
919:"Common Misconceptions About Oceans â Polar Oceans"
115:O, and all its electronic absorptions occur in the
1207:
656:Other color names assigned to bodies of water are
521:are only toxic to animals in large concentration.
3251:Linguistic relativity and the color naming debate
2303:North West Shelf Operational Oceanographic System
948:. Springer Science+Business Media. pp. 6â7.
943:
3650:
620:
419:The color of a water sample can be reported as:
2293:Deep-ocean Assessment and Reporting of Tsunamis
1183:Cornell University Department of Animal Science
974:
829:Braun, Charles L.; Smirnov, Sergei N. (1993).
2614:
1345:
730:
648:
642:
636:
630:
554:
968:
905:
828:
227:
1039:
737:. Public Information Series. Vol. 96.
731:Davis, Jim; Milligan, Mark (5 April 2011).
610:
549:Particles in water can scatter light. The
536:. Other factors can affect the color seen:
220:to remove any particles that could produce
3633:
2621:
2607:
1352:
1338:
1210:"Shedding New Light on Light in the Ocean"
946:Light Science: Physics and the Visual Arts
866:
484:
1359:
1290:
1280:
1166:(3rd ed.). New York: Academic Press.
1114:
1065:
625:likewise can mean either. Conversely, in
366:
3402:International Commission on Illumination
1042:"Analysis of variations in ocean color1"
581:
488:
370:
77:
27:
980:
773:
501:a lighter turquoise than its neighbors.
131:in the gaseous state of water occur at
127:. Two stretching vibrations of the OâH
3651:
3392:Color Association of the United States
1624:one-dimensional Saint-Venant equations
1315:Water Color, USGS Water Science School
1252:
1161:
989:(33). The Optical Society: 8710â8723.
691:has suggested that this is due to the
2602:
1333:
1040:Morel, Anclré; Prieur, Louis (1977).
884:from the original on 23 February 2017
2571:
822:
395:can result in dark brown colors, or
332:
1255:"On the Color of Crater Lake Water"
74:Electromagnetic absorption by water
19:For the book by James McBride, see
16:Water color in different conditions
13:
3256:Blueâgreen distinction in language
2451:National Oceanographic Data Center
1878:World Ocean Circulation Experiment
1766:Global Ocean Data Analysis Project
1201:
1176:
603:distinguish between blue and green
242:, which ranges from cyan to light
67:
14:
3695:
2298:Global Sea Level Observing System
1308:
375:High concentrations of dissolved
3632:
3623:
3622:
3413:International Colour Association
2996:
2628:
2581:
2570:
2561:
2560:
1756:Geochemical Ocean Sections Study
1672:
1661:
1253:Pettit, Edison (February 1936).
316:
296:
284:
2486:Ocean thermal energy conversion
2209:VineâMatthewsâMorley hypothesis
1170:
1155:
1139:
923:Beyond Penguins and Polar Bears
605:in the same way. An example is
601:language usage and some do not
597:of colors differently from the
3408:International Color Consortium
3397:International Colour Authority
937:
911:
767:
724:
577:
1:
3473:List of Crayola crayon colors
839:Journal of Chemical Education
717:
702:The Ancient Indian wisdom of
1746:El NiñoâSouthern Oscillation
1716:CraikâLeibovich vortex force
1472:Luke's variational principle
593:Various cultures divide the
460:). Pure water tends to look
438:or the reflection of nearby
7:
3276:Traditional colors of Japan
3053:Achromatic colors (Neutral)
2936:Multi-primary color display
2710:Spectral power distribution
649:
637:
615:can mean blue or green, or
10:
3700:
1811:Ocean dynamical thermostat
1659:
1095:Limnology and Oceanography
1046:Limnology and Oceanography
336:
231:
71:
18:
3618:
3590:
3503:
3428:
3421:
3372:
3291:
3241:
3173:
3164:
3136:Color realism (art style)
3083:
3016:
3005:
2994:
2894:
2841:
2794:Evolution of color vision
2723:
2646:
2637:
2556:
2395:
2369:
2346:Ocean acoustic tomography
2331:
2283:
2222:
2159:MohoroviÄiÄ discontinuity
2117:
1989:
1886:
1751:General circulation model
1681:
1387:BenjaminâFeir instability
1367:
1147:Measurement of colour in
1116:10.4319/lo.2006.51.6.2646
1067:10.4319/lo.1977.22.4.0709
643:
631:
228:Color of lakes and oceans
60:of blue light. Dissolved
3684:Water quality indicators
3453:List of colors (compact)
3271:Color in Chinese culture
2921:Digital image processing
2654:Electromagnetic spectrum
2476:Ocean surface topography
1851:Thermohaline circulation
1841:Subsurface ocean current
1781:Hydrothermal circulation
1614:Waveâcurrent interaction
1392:Boussinesq approximation
969:Braun & Smirnov 1993
906:Braun & Smirnov 1993
874:"Colours from Vibration"
589:off the California coast
543:Trichodesmium erythraeum
121:electromagnetic spectrum
92:color is caused by weak
3458:List of colors by shade
2513:Sea surface temperature
2496:Outline of oceanography
1691:Atmospheric circulation
1629:shallow water equations
1619:Waves and shallow water
1512:Significant wave height
1101:(6). Wiley: 2646â2659.
689:William Ewart Gladstone
675:The Ancient Greek poet
485:Water quality and color
96:in the red part of the
3463:List of color palettes
2508:Sea surface microlayer
1873:Wind generated current
1162:Wetzel, R. G. (2001).
739:Utah Geological Survey
621:
611:
590:
555:
502:
384:
367:Color of water samples
84:
37:
3387:Color Marketing Group
3142:On Vision and Colours
3075:Tinctures in heraldry
2686:Structural coloration
2341:Deep scattering layer
2323:World Geodetic System
1831:Princeton Ocean Model
1711:CoriolisâStokes force
1361:Physical oceanography
1282:10.1073/pnas.22.2.139
1052:(4). Wiley: 709â722.
585:
528:; however the use of
492:
410:Platinum-Cobalt scale
406:Platinum-Cobalt scale
374:
269:Diffuse sky radiation
81:
31:
3468:List of color spaces
3360:Tint, shade and tone
3243:Cultural differences
3058:Polychromatic colors
3043:Complementary colors
3031:Monochromatic colors
2361:Underwater acoustics
1921:Perigean spring tide
1786:Langmuir circulation
1497:Rossby-gravity waves
1320:What color is water?
1185:. Cornell University
1003:10.1364/ao.36.008710
876:. Causes of Colour.
831:"Why Is Water Blue?"
800:10.1364/ao.36.008710
515:dissolved substances
497:makes New Zealand's
346:are large bodies of
3448:List of colors: NâZ
3443:List of colors: GâM
3438:List of colors: AâF
2523:Science On a Sphere
2129:Convergent boundary
1801:Modular Ocean Model
1761:Geostrophic current
1477:Mild-slope equation
1273:1936PNAS...22..139P
1231:2011PhT....64d..44D
1177:Cannas, Antonello.
1107:2006LimOc..51.2646D
1058:1977LimOc..22..709M
995:1997ApOpt..36.8710P
852:1993JChEd..70..612B
792:1997ApOpt..36.8710P
307:instruments of the
273:Rayleigh scattering
140:= 3650 cm and
3495:List of web colors
3490:List of RAL colors
2896:Color reproduction
2861:LĂŒscher color test
2698:Color of chemicals
2179:Seafloor spreading
2169:Outer trench swell
2134:Divergent boundary
2034:Continental margin
2019:Carbonate platform
1916:Lunitidal interval
1326:' Causes of Colour
774:Pope; Fry (1996).
755:on 23 January 2012
591:
509:. Water with high
503:
385:
379:give the water of
339:Blue ice (glacial)
85:
38:
21:The Color of Water
3646:
3645:
3586:
3585:
3368:
3367:
3160:
3159:
3150:Theory of Colours
2992:
2991:
2904:Color photography
2856:Color preferences
2799:Impossible colors
2789:Color vision test
2784:Color temperature
2762:Color calibration
2691:Animal coloration
2596:
2595:
2588:Oceans portal
2548:World Ocean Atlas
2538:Underwater glider
2481:Ocean temperature
2144:Hydrothermal vent
2109:Submarine volcano
2044:Continental shelf
2024:Coastal geography
2014:Bathymetric chart
1896:Amphidromic point
1584:Wave nonlinearity
1442:Infragravity wave
1248:on 25 April 2012.
1239:10.1063/1.3580492
955:978-0-387-98827-6
860:10.1021/ed070p612
786:(33): 8710â8723.
748:978-1-55791-842-0
641:) and dark blue (
466:spectrophotometer
389:organic compounds
333:Color of glaciers
3691:
3636:
3635:
3626:
3625:
3426:
3425:
3292:Color dimensions
3281:Human skin color
3171:
3170:
3048:Analogous colors
3014:
3013:
3000:
2926:Color management
2843:Color psychology
2809:Opponent process
2725:Color perception
2644:
2643:
2623:
2616:
2609:
2600:
2599:
2586:
2585:
2574:
2573:
2564:
2563:
2503:Pelagic sediment
2441:Marine pollution
2235:Deep ocean water
2104:Submarine canyon
2039:Continental rise
1931:Rule of twelfths
1846:Sverdrup balance
1776:Humboldt Current
1701:Boundary current
1676:
1665:
1482:Radiation stress
1452:Iribarren number
1427:Equatorial waves
1382:Ballantine scale
1377:Airy wave theory
1354:
1347:
1340:
1331:
1330:
1304:
1294:
1284:
1249:
1247:
1241:. Archived from
1214:
1195:
1194:
1192:
1190:
1174:
1168:
1167:
1159:
1153:
1143:
1137:
1136:
1118:
1086:
1080:
1079:
1069:
1037:
1031:
1030:
978:
972:
966:
960:
959:
941:
935:
934:
932:
930:
915:
909:
903:
897:
896:
891:
889:
870:
864:
863:
835:
826:
820:
819:
771:
765:
764:
762:
760:
751:. Archived from
728:
652:
646:
645:
640:
634:
633:
624:
614:
568:
565:
562:
558:
320:
300:
288:
240:color of the sky
194:
171:
148:
139:
98:visible spectrum
3699:
3698:
3694:
3693:
3692:
3690:
3689:
3688:
3674:Water pollution
3669:Water chemistry
3649:
3648:
3647:
3642:
3614:
3582:
3499:
3417:
3374:
3364:
3287:
3266:Blue in culture
3237:
3156:
3103:Secondary color
3079:
3036:black-and-white
3008:
3001:
2988:
2890:
2876:National colors
2871:Political color
2851:Color symbolism
2837:
2767:Color constancy
2745:Color blindness
2719:
2676:Spectral colors
2633:
2627:
2597:
2592:
2580:
2552:
2391:
2365:
2327:
2308:Sea-level curve
2279:
2218:
2204:Transform fault
2154:Mid-ocean ridge
2120:
2113:
2079:Oceanic plateau
1985:
1971:Tidal resonance
1941:Theory of tides
1882:
1791:Longshore drift
1741:Ekman transport
1677:
1671:
1670:
1669:
1668:
1667:
1666:
1657:
1609:Wave turbulence
1542:Trochoidal wave
1467:Longshore drift
1363:
1358:
1311:
1245:
1212:
1204:
1202:Further reading
1199:
1198:
1188:
1186:
1175:
1171:
1160:
1156:
1144:
1140:
1087:
1083:
1038:
1034:
979:
975:
967:
963:
956:
942:
938:
928:
926:
917:
916:
912:
904:
900:
887:
885:
872:
871:
867:
833:
827:
823:
772:
768:
758:
756:
749:
729:
725:
720:
580:
566:
563:
560:
487:
479:
402:Forel-Ule scale
369:
341:
335:
328:
321:
312:
301:
292:
289:
236:
230:
218:microfiltration
211:
207:
202:
193:
190:
186:
183:
179:
176:
173:
170:
167:
163:
160:
157:
147:
144:
141:
138:
135:
132:
114:
76:
70:
68:Intrinsic color
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3697:
3687:
3686:
3681:
3676:
3671:
3666:
3664:Shades of blue
3661:
3644:
3643:
3641:
3640:
3630:
3619:
3616:
3615:
3613:
3612:
3607:
3602:
3596:
3594:
3588:
3587:
3584:
3583:
3581:
3580:
3575:
3570:
3565:
3560:
3555:
3550:
3545:
3540:
3535:
3530:
3525:
3520:
3515:
3509:
3507:
3501:
3500:
3498:
3497:
3492:
3487:
3482:
3481:
3480:
3470:
3465:
3460:
3455:
3450:
3445:
3440:
3434:
3432:
3423:
3419:
3418:
3416:
3415:
3410:
3405:
3399:
3394:
3389:
3384:
3378:
3376:
3370:
3369:
3366:
3365:
3363:
3362:
3357:
3352:
3351:
3350:
3345:
3340:
3335:
3330:
3320:
3319:
3318:
3308:
3307:
3306:
3295:
3293:
3289:
3288:
3286:
3285:
3284:
3283:
3278:
3273:
3268:
3262:Color history
3260:
3259:
3258:
3247:
3245:
3239:
3238:
3236:
3235:
3230:
3225:
3220:
3215:
3210:
3205:
3200:
3195:
3190:
3185:
3179:
3177:
3168:
3162:
3161:
3158:
3157:
3155:
3154:
3146:
3145:(Schopenhauer)
3138:
3133:
3130:Color analysis
3127:
3125:Color triangle
3122:
3117:
3112:
3107:
3106:
3105:
3100:
3089:
3087:
3081:
3080:
3078:
3077:
3072:
3067:
3062:
3061:
3060:
3055:
3050:
3045:
3040:
3039:
3038:
3022:
3020:
3011:
3003:
3002:
2995:
2993:
2990:
2989:
2987:
2986:
2981:
2976:
2975:
2974:
2973:
2972:
2962:
2961:
2960:
2945:
2944:
2943:
2938:
2931:Color printing
2928:
2923:
2918:
2917:
2916:
2911:
2900:
2898:
2892:
2891:
2889:
2888:
2883:
2878:
2873:
2868:
2866:Kruithof curve
2863:
2858:
2853:
2847:
2845:
2839:
2838:
2836:
2835:
2828:
2823:
2822:
2821:
2816:
2806:
2801:
2796:
2791:
2786:
2781:
2780:
2779:
2769:
2764:
2759:
2758:
2757:
2752:
2742:
2741:
2740:
2738:Sonochromatism
2729:
2727:
2721:
2720:
2718:
2717:
2712:
2707:
2706:
2705:
2695:
2694:
2693:
2688:
2678:
2673:
2672:
2671:
2666:
2661:
2650:
2648:
2641:
2635:
2634:
2626:
2625:
2618:
2611:
2603:
2594:
2593:
2591:
2590:
2578:
2568:
2557:
2554:
2553:
2551:
2550:
2545:
2540:
2535:
2530:
2528:Stratification
2525:
2520:
2515:
2510:
2505:
2500:
2499:
2498:
2488:
2483:
2478:
2473:
2468:
2463:
2458:
2453:
2448:
2443:
2438:
2433:
2428:
2420:
2418:Color of water
2415:
2413:Benthic lander
2410:
2405:
2399:
2397:
2393:
2392:
2390:
2389:
2384:
2379:
2373:
2371:
2367:
2366:
2364:
2363:
2358:
2353:
2348:
2343:
2337:
2335:
2329:
2328:
2326:
2325:
2320:
2318:Sea level rise
2315:
2313:Sea level drop
2310:
2305:
2300:
2295:
2289:
2287:
2281:
2280:
2278:
2277:
2272:
2267:
2262:
2257:
2252:
2247:
2242:
2237:
2232:
2226:
2224:
2220:
2219:
2217:
2216:
2211:
2206:
2201:
2196:
2191:
2186:
2181:
2176:
2171:
2166:
2161:
2156:
2151:
2149:Marine geology
2146:
2141:
2136:
2131:
2125:
2123:
2115:
2114:
2112:
2111:
2106:
2101:
2096:
2091:
2089:Passive margin
2086:
2084:Oceanic trench
2081:
2076:
2071:
2066:
2061:
2056:
2051:
2046:
2041:
2036:
2031:
2026:
2021:
2016:
2011:
2006:
2001:
1995:
1993:
1987:
1986:
1984:
1983:
1978:
1973:
1968:
1963:
1958:
1953:
1948:
1943:
1938:
1933:
1928:
1923:
1918:
1913:
1908:
1903:
1898:
1892:
1890:
1884:
1883:
1881:
1880:
1875:
1870:
1865:
1860:
1859:
1858:
1848:
1843:
1838:
1833:
1828:
1823:
1818:
1816:Ocean dynamics
1813:
1808:
1803:
1798:
1793:
1788:
1783:
1778:
1773:
1768:
1763:
1758:
1753:
1748:
1743:
1738:
1733:
1728:
1723:
1718:
1713:
1708:
1706:Coriolis force
1703:
1698:
1693:
1687:
1685:
1679:
1678:
1660:
1658:
1656:
1655:
1654:
1653:
1643:
1638:
1633:
1632:
1631:
1626:
1616:
1611:
1606:
1601:
1596:
1591:
1586:
1581:
1576:
1571:
1566:
1561:
1556:
1555:
1554:
1544:
1539:
1534:
1529:
1527:Stokes problem
1524:
1519:
1514:
1509:
1504:
1499:
1494:
1489:
1484:
1479:
1474:
1469:
1464:
1462:Kinematic wave
1459:
1454:
1449:
1444:
1439:
1434:
1429:
1424:
1419:
1414:
1409:
1404:
1399:
1394:
1389:
1384:
1379:
1373:
1371:
1365:
1364:
1357:
1356:
1349:
1342:
1334:
1328:
1327:
1317:
1310:
1309:External links
1307:
1306:
1305:
1267:(2): 139â146.
1250:
1203:
1200:
1197:
1196:
1169:
1154:
1138:
1081:
1032:
983:Applied Optics
973:
961:
954:
936:
925:. 18 July 2011
910:
898:
865:
846:(8): 612â614.
821:
780:Applied Optics
766:
747:
741:. p. 10.
722:
721:
719:
716:
693:Ancient Greeks
595:semantic field
579:
576:
575:
574:
551:Colorado River
547:
486:
483:
477:
470:
469:
443:
424:Apparent color
368:
365:
337:Main article:
334:
331:
330:
329:
322:
315:
313:
309:Gulf of Mexico
302:
295:
293:
290:
283:
232:Main article:
229:
226:
222:Mie scattering
209:
205:
200:
191:
188:
187: + 3
184:
181:
177:
174:
168:
165:
164: + 3
161:
158:
145:
142:
136:
133:
119:region of the
112:
72:Main article:
69:
66:
42:color of water
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3696:
3685:
3682:
3680:
3679:Water physics
3677:
3675:
3672:
3670:
3667:
3665:
3662:
3660:
3657:
3656:
3654:
3639:
3631:
3629:
3621:
3620:
3617:
3611:
3608:
3606:
3603:
3601:
3598:
3597:
3595:
3593:
3589:
3579:
3576:
3574:
3571:
3569:
3566:
3564:
3561:
3559:
3556:
3554:
3551:
3549:
3546:
3544:
3541:
3539:
3536:
3534:
3531:
3529:
3526:
3524:
3521:
3519:
3516:
3514:
3511:
3510:
3508:
3506:
3502:
3496:
3493:
3491:
3488:
3486:
3483:
3479:
3476:
3475:
3474:
3471:
3469:
3466:
3464:
3461:
3459:
3456:
3454:
3451:
3449:
3446:
3444:
3441:
3439:
3436:
3435:
3433:
3431:
3427:
3424:
3420:
3414:
3411:
3409:
3406:
3403:
3400:
3398:
3395:
3393:
3390:
3388:
3385:
3383:
3380:
3379:
3377:
3375:organizations
3371:
3361:
3358:
3356:
3353:
3349:
3346:
3344:
3341:
3339:
3336:
3334:
3331:
3329:
3326:
3325:
3324:
3321:
3317:
3316:Pastel colors
3314:
3313:
3312:
3309:
3305:
3302:
3301:
3300:
3297:
3296:
3294:
3290:
3282:
3279:
3277:
3274:
3272:
3269:
3267:
3264:
3263:
3261:
3257:
3254:
3253:
3252:
3249:
3248:
3246:
3244:
3240:
3234:
3231:
3229:
3226:
3224:
3221:
3219:
3216:
3214:
3211:
3209:
3206:
3204:
3201:
3199:
3196:
3194:
3191:
3189:
3186:
3184:
3181:
3180:
3178:
3176:
3172:
3169:
3167:
3163:
3152:
3151:
3147:
3144:
3143:
3139:
3137:
3134:
3131:
3128:
3126:
3123:
3121:
3118:
3116:
3113:
3111:
3108:
3104:
3101:
3099:
3098:Primary color
3096:
3095:
3094:
3091:
3090:
3088:
3086:
3082:
3076:
3073:
3071:
3068:
3066:
3065:Light-on-dark
3063:
3059:
3056:
3054:
3051:
3049:
3046:
3044:
3041:
3037:
3034:
3033:
3032:
3029:
3028:
3027:
3024:
3023:
3021:
3019:
3015:
3012:
3010:
3004:
2999:
2985:
2984:Color mapping
2982:
2980:
2977:
2971:
2968:
2967:
2966:
2963:
2959:
2956:
2955:
2954:
2951:
2950:
2949:
2946:
2942:
2939:
2937:
2934:
2933:
2932:
2929:
2927:
2924:
2922:
2919:
2915:
2912:
2910:
2909:Color balance
2907:
2906:
2905:
2902:
2901:
2899:
2897:
2893:
2887:
2886:Chromotherapy
2884:
2882:
2879:
2877:
2874:
2872:
2869:
2867:
2864:
2862:
2859:
2857:
2854:
2852:
2849:
2848:
2846:
2844:
2840:
2834:
2833:
2829:
2827:
2826:Tetrachromacy
2824:
2820:
2817:
2815:
2812:
2811:
2810:
2807:
2805:
2802:
2800:
2797:
2795:
2792:
2790:
2787:
2785:
2782:
2778:
2775:
2774:
2773:
2770:
2768:
2765:
2763:
2760:
2756:
2753:
2751:
2750:Achromatopsia
2748:
2747:
2746:
2743:
2739:
2736:
2735:
2734:
2733:Chromesthesia
2731:
2730:
2728:
2726:
2722:
2716:
2713:
2711:
2708:
2704:
2701:
2700:
2699:
2696:
2692:
2689:
2687:
2684:
2683:
2682:
2679:
2677:
2674:
2670:
2667:
2665:
2662:
2660:
2657:
2656:
2655:
2652:
2651:
2649:
2647:Color physics
2645:
2642:
2640:
2639:Color science
2636:
2631:
2624:
2619:
2617:
2612:
2610:
2605:
2604:
2601:
2589:
2584:
2579:
2577:
2569:
2567:
2559:
2558:
2555:
2549:
2546:
2544:
2541:
2539:
2536:
2534:
2531:
2529:
2526:
2524:
2521:
2519:
2516:
2514:
2511:
2509:
2506:
2504:
2501:
2497:
2494:
2493:
2492:
2489:
2487:
2484:
2482:
2479:
2477:
2474:
2472:
2469:
2467:
2464:
2462:
2459:
2457:
2454:
2452:
2449:
2447:
2444:
2442:
2439:
2437:
2436:Marine energy
2434:
2432:
2429:
2427:
2426:
2421:
2419:
2416:
2414:
2411:
2409:
2406:
2404:
2403:Acidification
2401:
2400:
2398:
2394:
2388:
2385:
2383:
2380:
2378:
2375:
2374:
2372:
2368:
2362:
2359:
2357:
2356:SOFAR channel
2354:
2352:
2349:
2347:
2344:
2342:
2339:
2338:
2336:
2334:
2330:
2324:
2321:
2319:
2316:
2314:
2311:
2309:
2306:
2304:
2301:
2299:
2296:
2294:
2291:
2290:
2288:
2286:
2282:
2276:
2273:
2271:
2268:
2266:
2263:
2261:
2258:
2256:
2253:
2251:
2248:
2246:
2243:
2241:
2238:
2236:
2233:
2231:
2228:
2227:
2225:
2221:
2215:
2212:
2210:
2207:
2205:
2202:
2200:
2197:
2195:
2192:
2190:
2187:
2185:
2182:
2180:
2177:
2175:
2172:
2170:
2167:
2165:
2164:Oceanic crust
2162:
2160:
2157:
2155:
2152:
2150:
2147:
2145:
2142:
2140:
2139:Fracture zone
2137:
2135:
2132:
2130:
2127:
2126:
2124:
2122:
2116:
2110:
2107:
2105:
2102:
2100:
2097:
2095:
2092:
2090:
2087:
2085:
2082:
2080:
2077:
2075:
2074:Oceanic basin
2072:
2070:
2067:
2065:
2062:
2060:
2057:
2055:
2052:
2050:
2047:
2045:
2042:
2040:
2037:
2035:
2032:
2030:
2027:
2025:
2022:
2020:
2017:
2015:
2012:
2010:
2007:
2005:
2004:Abyssal plain
2002:
2000:
1997:
1996:
1994:
1992:
1988:
1982:
1979:
1977:
1974:
1972:
1969:
1967:
1964:
1962:
1959:
1957:
1954:
1952:
1949:
1947:
1944:
1942:
1939:
1937:
1934:
1932:
1929:
1927:
1924:
1922:
1919:
1917:
1914:
1912:
1911:Internal tide
1909:
1907:
1904:
1902:
1899:
1897:
1894:
1893:
1891:
1889:
1885:
1879:
1876:
1874:
1871:
1869:
1866:
1864:
1861:
1857:
1854:
1853:
1852:
1849:
1847:
1844:
1842:
1839:
1837:
1834:
1832:
1829:
1827:
1824:
1822:
1819:
1817:
1814:
1812:
1809:
1807:
1806:Ocean current
1804:
1802:
1799:
1797:
1794:
1792:
1789:
1787:
1784:
1782:
1779:
1777:
1774:
1772:
1769:
1767:
1764:
1762:
1759:
1757:
1754:
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1742:
1739:
1737:
1734:
1732:
1729:
1727:
1724:
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1719:
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1714:
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1684:
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1675:
1664:
1652:
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1637:
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1630:
1627:
1625:
1622:
1621:
1620:
1617:
1615:
1612:
1610:
1607:
1605:
1604:Wave shoaling
1602:
1600:
1597:
1595:
1592:
1590:
1587:
1585:
1582:
1580:
1577:
1575:
1572:
1570:
1567:
1565:
1564:Ursell number
1562:
1560:
1557:
1553:
1550:
1549:
1548:
1545:
1543:
1540:
1538:
1535:
1533:
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1525:
1523:
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1513:
1510:
1508:
1505:
1503:
1500:
1498:
1495:
1493:
1490:
1488:
1485:
1483:
1480:
1478:
1475:
1473:
1470:
1468:
1465:
1463:
1460:
1458:
1455:
1453:
1450:
1448:
1447:Internal wave
1445:
1443:
1440:
1438:
1435:
1433:
1430:
1428:
1425:
1423:
1420:
1418:
1415:
1413:
1410:
1408:
1405:
1403:
1400:
1398:
1397:Breaking wave
1395:
1393:
1390:
1388:
1385:
1383:
1380:
1378:
1375:
1374:
1372:
1370:
1366:
1362:
1355:
1350:
1348:
1343:
1341:
1336:
1335:
1332:
1325:
1321:
1318:
1316:
1313:
1312:
1302:
1298:
1293:
1288:
1283:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1261:
1256:
1251:
1244:
1240:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1219:
1218:Physics Today
1211:
1206:
1205:
1184:
1180:
1173:
1165:
1158:
1152:
1150:
1142:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1117:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1085:
1077:
1073:
1068:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1036:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1004:
1000:
996:
992:
988:
984:
977:
970:
965:
957:
951:
947:
940:
924:
920:
914:
907:
902:
895:
883:
879:
875:
869:
861:
857:
853:
849:
845:
841:
840:
832:
825:
817:
813:
809:
805:
801:
797:
793:
789:
785:
781:
777:
770:
754:
750:
744:
740:
736:
735:
727:
723:
715:
713:
709:
705:
700:
698:
694:
690:
686:
685:wine-dark sea
682:
678:
673:
671:
667:
663:
659:
654:
651:
639:
628:
623:
618:
613:
608:
604:
600:
596:
588:
584:
572:
571:glacial flour
557:
552:
548:
545:
544:
539:
538:
537:
535:
531:
527:
526:water filters
522:
520:
516:
512:
511:water clarity
508:
500:
496:
491:
482:
473:
467:
463:
459:
455:
451:
447:
444:
441:
437:
433:
429:
425:
422:
421:
420:
417:
415:
411:
407:
403:
398:
394:
390:
383:a cyan color.
382:
378:
373:
364:
360:
357:
356:cold climates
353:
349:
345:
340:
326:
319:
314:
310:
306:
299:
294:
287:
282:
281:
280:
278:
274:
270:
266:
263:
259:
257:
256:ocean's color
253:
250:of light are
247:
245:
241:
235:
225:
223:
219:
213:
198:
156:
152:
130:
126:
122:
118:
110:
106:
101:
99:
95:
91:
80:
75:
65:
63:
59:
55:
51:
48:appear to be
47:
43:
35:
30:
26:
22:
3348:Fluorescence
3311:Colorfulness
3304:Dichromatism
3148:
3140:
3110:Chromaticity
3093:Color mixing
3085:Color theory
3018:Color scheme
2881:Chromophobia
2830:
2702:
2543:Water column
2491:Oceanography
2466:Observations
2461:Explorations
2431:Marginal sea
2424:
2417:
2382:OSTM/Jason-2
2214:Volcanic arc
2189:Slab suction
1906:Head of tide
1796:Loop Current
1736:Ekman spiral
1522:Stokes drift
1432:Gravity wave
1407:Cnoidal wave
1264:
1258:
1243:the original
1225:(4): 44â49.
1222:
1216:
1189:25 September
1187:. Retrieved
1182:
1172:
1163:
1157:
1146:
1141:
1098:
1094:
1084:
1049:
1045:
1035:
986:
982:
976:
964:
945:
939:
927:. Retrieved
922:
913:
901:
893:
886:. Retrieved
868:
843:
837:
824:
783:
779:
769:
757:. Retrieved
753:the original
733:
726:
701:
674:
655:
592:
564:colored, red
541:
523:
504:
474:
471:
454:centrifuging
445:
423:
418:
416:units (HU).
386:
381:Havasu Falls
361:
342:
267:
260:
248:
237:
214:
102:
86:
41:
39:
25:
3485:Color chart
3343:Iridescence
3175:Basic terms
3166:Color terms
3120:Color wheel
3115:Color solid
2979:Color space
2965:subtractive
2948:Color model
2819:Unique hues
2715:Colorimetry
2681:Chromophore
2533:Thermocline
2250:Mesopelagic
2223:Ocean zones
2194:Slab window
2059:Hydrography
1999:Abyssal fan
1966:Tidal range
1956:Tidal power
1951:Tidal force
1836:Rip current
1771:Gulf Stream
1731:Ekman layer
1721:Downwelling
1696:Baroclinity
1683:Circulation
1579:Wave height
1569:Wave action
1552:megatsunami
1532:Stokes wave
1492:Rossby wave
1457:Kelvin wave
1437:Green's law
1324:WebExhibits
878:WebExhibits
697:color blind
662:ultramarine
578:Color names
534:precipitate
499:Lake Pukaki
452:(either by
234:Ocean color
197:heavy water
117:ultraviolet
3653:Categories
3505:Shades of:
3338:Brightness
3070:Web colors
3026:Color tool
3009:philosophy
2914:Color cast
2814:Afterimage
2804:Metamerism
2777:Color code
2772:Color task
2755:Dichromacy
2471:Reanalysis
2370:Satellites
2351:Sofar bomb
2199:Subduction
2174:Ridge push
2069:Ocean bank
2049:Contourite
1976:Tide gauge
1961:Tidal race
1946:Tidal bore
1936:Slack tide
1901:Earth tide
1821:Ocean gyre
1641:Wind setup
1636:Wind fetch
1599:Wave setup
1594:Wave radar
1589:Wave power
1487:Rogue wave
1417:Dispersion
888:21 October
718:References
670:black tide
617:Vietnamese
530:coagulants
495:rock flour
458:filtration
446:True color
440:vegetation
354:formed in
262:Scattering
105:electronic
94:absorption
58:scattering
54:absorption
3355:Grayscale
3328:Lightness
3323:Luminance
3132:(fashion)
2832:The dress
2333:Acoustics
2285:Sea level
2184:Slab pull
2121:tectonics
2029:Cold seep
1991:Landforms
1868:Whirlpool
1863:Upwelling
1646:Wind wave
1574:Wave base
1502:Sea state
1422:Edge wave
1412:Cross sea
1164:Limnology
1125:0024-3590
1076:0024-3590
1011:0003-6935
759:5 October
679:uses the
658:sea green
619:in which
609:in which
507:drinkable
436:sky color
432:suspended
428:dissolved
325:scattered
125:vibration
50:colorless
34:human eye
3628:Category
3610:Lighting
3333:Darkness
3153:(Goethe)
2953:additive
2941:Quattron
2566:Category
2518:Seawater
2245:Littoral
2240:Deep sea
2099:Seamount
1981:Tideline
1926:Rip tide
1856:shutdown
1826:Overflow
1559:Undertow
1402:Clapotis
1301:16588059
1027:11061625
1019:18264420
882:Archived
816:11061625
808:18264420
666:red tide
587:Red tide
556:colorado
493:Glacial
450:purified
404:and the
344:Glaciers
252:absorbed
180: +
155:harmonic
151:infrared
109:molecule
62:elements
3592:Related
3553:Magenta
3478:history
3382:Pantone
2669:Visible
2664:Rainbow
2576:Commons
2446:Mooring
2396:Related
2387:Jason-3
2377:Jason-1
2260:Pelagic
2255:Oceanic
2230:Benthic
1547:Tsunami
1517:Soliton
1292:1076722
1269:Bibcode
1227:Bibcode
1133:6951672
1103:Bibcode
1054:Bibcode
991:Bibcode
848:Bibcode
788:Bibcode
712:Gayatri
681:epithet
638:goluboy
632:ĐłĐŸĐ»ŃĐ±ĐŸĐč
627:Russian
599:English
519:tannins
393:tannins
391:called
271:due to
3605:Qualia
3600:Vision
3548:Purple
3543:Violet
3523:Yellow
3518:Orange
3213:Orange
3208:Purple
3198:Yellow
2632:topics
2265:Photic
2094:Seabed
1507:Seiche
1299:
1289:
1131:
1123:
1074:
1025:
1017:
1009:
952:
929:5 July
814:
806:
745:
708:Varuna
546:algae.
3659:Color
3638:Index
3578:Black
3568:White
3563:Brown
3528:Green
3430:Lists
3422:Names
3404:(CIE)
3373:Color
3233:Brown
3228:White
3218:Black
3188:Green
3007:Color
2703:Water
2659:Light
2630:Color
2456:Ocean
2425:Alvin
2275:Swash
2119:Plate
2064:Knoll
2054:Guyot
2009:Atoll
1888:Tides
1651:model
1537:Swell
1369:Waves
1246:(PDF)
1213:(PDF)
1149:Hazen
1129:S2CID
1023:S2CID
834:(PDF)
812:S2CID
677:Homer
650:siniy
644:ŃĐžĐœĐžĐč
607:Welsh
414:Hazen
397:algae
305:MODIS
277:azure
244:azure
129:bonds
46:water
3573:Gray
3558:Pink
3538:Blue
3533:Cyan
3223:Gray
3203:Pink
3183:Blue
2970:CMYK
2423:DSV
2408:Argo
2270:Surf
1726:Eddy
1297:PMID
1191:2020
1121:ISSN
1072:ISSN
1015:PMID
1007:ISSN
950:ISBN
931:2022
890:2017
804:PMID
761:2011
743:ISBN
704:Veda
668:and
660:and
622:xanh
612:glas
462:cyan
430:and
377:lime
352:snow
350:and
212:O).
90:cyan
83:eye.
56:and
40:The
3513:Red
3299:Hue
3193:Red
2958:RGB
1287:PMC
1277:doi
1235:doi
1111:doi
1062:doi
999:doi
856:doi
796:doi
653:).
456:or
412:in
348:ice
111:, H
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1275:.
1265:22
1263:.
1257:.
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1215:.
1181:.
1127:.
1119:.
1109:.
1099:51
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1070:.
1060:.
1050:22
1048:.
1044:.
1021:.
1013:.
1005:.
997:.
987:36
985:.
921:.
892:.
880:.
854:.
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842:.
836:.
810:.
802:.
794:.
784:36
782:.
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672:.
647:,
635:,
559:,
224:.
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1339:v
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1237::
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468:.
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311:.
210:2
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204:D
201:2
192:3
189:v
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175:v
169:3
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159:v
146:3
143:v
137:1
134:v
113:2
36:.
23:.
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