23:
59:
2822:
that soldiers turn to their peers for mental support in the absence of family or other influences from home and as the unit becomes more cohesive, its members devote greater effort into maintaining and improving their goals. Johan M.G van der Dennen says they are more readily able to endure combat through the camaraderie formed from the need for comfort from peers and understanding of their shared suffering. Soldiers may endure combat for personal reasons including survival which, in most circumstances, is obtained from the survival of their group and fear of social exclusion from it can spur their motivation for group cooperation.
2879:, 15% of the division was made of nineteen to twenty-year-old military men, 27% had served previously and 41% had no prior military experience. In February 1915, the 1st Australian Division were in Egypt, engaging in brigade exercises and moving into the battalion. At the same time, the 2nd Australian and New Zealand Division practised division-level exercises including marching and entrenching. No corps-level exercises nor combined arms training was undertaken by either division. The ANZACs did not use naval gunfire proficiently or communicate messages proficiently. In Malaya during
2826:
their unit may decrease. Soldiers who are unwilling to fight may face consequences of sanctions and in rare circumstances they are prosecuted for the refusal of deployment such as the case with
British military members, Lance Corporal Glenton and Flight Lieutenant Kendall-Smith, who were charged and faced imprisonment for refusing to return to their deployments in Afghanistan and Iraq.
3129:) provided unique codes for packages and systems and were attached to small radio transponders. The tags allowed for the speedy updates of online databases worldwide. Armoured uniforms have been developed to protect soldiers from incoming bullets and damage from explosions as well as military robots to aid in reconnaissance and bomb disposal.
2199:. He analyses the measure against three main factors: capabilities—the quality and quantity of human and material resources of both friendly and enemy forces; environment—weather and terrain; and missions—region to hold in the specified objective and the latest time to do it while minimising the costs of achieving the objective. Hayward defines
3053:, rams and throwing machines were advantageous to armies during the period between 70 BC to 15 AD when fighting against those who were less technologically advanced. Throwing machines posed as useful and versatile tools that were used not only in sieges but open battlefields and infantry support weapons. Throwing machines include the
2976:
integration of weapon types), and at the operational level (depth, reserves and differential concentration). Biddle rejects that merely possessing superior military capabilities confers a battlefield advantage, arguing that combat effectiveness is in large part due to non-material variables, such as the tactics deployed.
2883:, the 8th Australian Division fought alongside India and Britain against Japanese forces. The headquarters of the 8th Australian Division issued instructions for training their soldiers to prepare for harsh jungle conditions and soldiers were able to coordinate their attacks, took initiative in patrolling and utilising
3045:
losing them to injury and overworking them. Additionally, food needed to be transported for both men and animals and if they were not sufficiently fed, they would struggle to perform tasks effectively and efficiently. In terms of artillery and weapons used in Greece and Rome, a wide range of war machines such as
3168:
combat power, as the soldiers will lack belief in a shared common purpose, as well as lower trust. Lyall shows that as a state's pre-war ethnic repression and marginalization is higher, the military will have greater casualties, mass defections, and mass desertions. Such militaries will also be more likely to use
3087:. In the 19th and the 20th centuries, improved means of communication were introduced in the forms of radio, television, high-performance computer systems and telephones. Radio communication was one of the main forms of communication used on the battlefield. It became a factor for the Allied victory in the
3180:
According to Allan C. Stam and Dan Reiter, liberal democracies have an advantage in battlefield performance than non-democracies and illiberal democracies. They argue that this democratic advantage is derived from the fact that democratic soldiers fight harder, democratic states tend to ally together
2895:
Effective military tactics involve the consideration of different forms of terrain, enemy, surrounding dangers and the physical states of soldiers. Effective tactics are adaptable and flexible in the sense that the commander in charge of executing a military plan can adapt it to conform with changing
2851:
occurred, to reinforce accomplishments of past comrades. Leonard
Wainstein says morale may be threatened by sudden or traumatic losses. These losses may involve individuals of a military force turned into casualties by their own weapons such as artillery and mines. The death of a commander could have
2821:
During wartime, resources and supplies including food, medical aid and technical equipment may be limited which can affect a military unit's resilience. As well as access to a sufficient level of resources, the adequate fulfilment of social needs aids survival in periods of hardship. Henderson states
2428:
Another measure for combat effectiveness is developed by
Youngwoo Lee and Taesik Lee who use a "meta-network representation" approach with regards to the opportunities available for military units to make an attack. The number of enemy casualties is one of the main indicators of success in combat and
3044:
in past militaries. The limitations varied depending on the type of animal and its travelling speed, the amount of time needed for the animal to travel throughout the campaign, the weight to be carried, weather and terrain. Weight needed to be distributed evenly on either side of the animal to avoid
2925:, the country's geographical landscape influenced the ways armies fought battles. Rivers and mountain ranges that divided the land could be used to defend cities or towns. The terrain of valleys allowed ambushing soldiers at great heights to roll enormous stones onto armies passing below. During the
3167:
According to research by Jason Lyall, state discrimination against the ethnic groups that comprise the state's military adversely affects the military's battlefield performance. In societies where ethnic groups are marginalized or repressed, militaries struggle to simultaneously obtain cohesion and
2920:
situated in the front and rear lines, each unit separated by a gap that was covered by the line before them, and the front lines took the brunt of the attack. The rear line was only called to assist if their preceding ones failed. The front lines could use the open order formation to retreat behind
2975:
argues that states that master and use the "modern system" of force employment have greater battlefield performance. The modern system of force employment entails interrelated techniques at the tactical level (cover and concealment, dispersion and small-unit independent maneuvers, suppression, and
2813:
of the relationships formed between soldiers can affect their performance in combat and help them realise common goals. Cohesion relates to motivation and a group becomes stronger as they become more motivated. The organisation or structure of a military unit can contribute to cohesion, as
William
3039:
In ancient times, adequate supplies of consumables including food and water for both men and animals was considered a basic aspect of military success, strategically and tactically. Donald Engels comments that an adequate supply could support the morale and combat potential of an army. There were
2825:
Henderson states that some soldiers may experience the urge to desert their duties or responsibilities for the return to civilian life before the duration of their service ends—if there are ways of attaining escape from service with little consequence or light punishment, a soldier's devotion to
3181:
in war, and democracies can employ more economic resources towards combat. However, critics argue that democracy itself makes little difference in war and that some other factors, such as overall power, determine whether a country would achieve victory or face defeat. In some cases, such as the
3000:
in 1916 wherein one platoon performed better than the other. The better platoon was led by
British officer Lieutenant Hill who inspired his troops to continue fighting while the other platoon which had less leadership surrendered. In 1914, a medical officer named William Tyrrell noted that many
2988:
and are required to possess the fast decision-making skills necessary especially in high pressure environments both on the battlefield and in training. Effective military leadership requires leaders to maintain considerations such as the material welfare of their troops and they are expected to
2800:
may carry out the attack through the organisation between the two friendly forces. Lee and Lee say that more complex combat situations can see these networks expand to include more combat units, locations, capabilities and actions, but the base structure is of an isolated or coordinated attack
2842:
aims to uphold the values of "responsibility," "credibility," "professionalism" and "sense of mission." They place emphasis on strengthening the cohesion and spirit of their units through the oath a soldier takes at the beginning of their military service. Oaths for some brigades are taken at
3185:, democracy may even have contributed to defeat. Jasen Castillo argues that autocratic states may in certain circumstances have an advantage over democracies; for example, authoritarian regimes may have ideologies that require unconditional loyalty, which may contribute to military cohesion.
2957:, there were four battalions that were separated into three sections, one in front of the other, and each battalion had another behind it in the same formation. The standard layout of the lines consisted of at least six men and the formation was adopted in most battles of the war such as the
3137:
A number of scholars have posited that domestic political factors strongly affect the skills, cohesion, will, and organizational structures of military organizations, with implications for their combat effectiveness. The implication of this scholarship is that military capabilities are not
3112:
improved target acquisition and could predict map-shooting. The maintenance of operating histories for each gun had an improved accuracy since each weapon could be individually calibrated in reference to factors of weather such as wind speed, wind direction, humidity, and temperature.
2818: : a small unit creates stronger bonds between its members than a larger one and the higher the frequency of their interactions with one another, the stronger the bond. Soldiers become aware of the distinction between their groups through the structured associations between them.
3142:
pushed on this scholarship, finding that economic development (an indicator) of power was a strong predictor of victory in war, and that factors such as "democracy, Western culture, high levels of human capital, and amicable civil-military relations" were not consequential.
3172:. It is not ethnic diversity that undermines battlefield performance, but whether ethnic groups are discriminated against. Elizabeth Kier similarly argued in 1995 that the U.S. military's discrimination against LGBT service members undermined U.S. military readiness.
2961:. Trench raiding was developed in World War I where surprise attacks were made on the enemy, usually at night for the purposes of stealth. Soldiers were equipped for light and stealthy manoeuvre through the trenches and were commonly equipped with
2833:
and motivation can give them needed leverage in combat situations. This leverage is also advantageous if their fighting force is not strong in numbers. Sergio
Catignani comments that the system of values an army upholds can boost
3096:, an infantry division had around 5,000 soldiers with up to 24 pieces of artillery, and the numbers grew by World War II, when an American division had up to 15,000 soldiers with 328 pieces of artillery. In 1918, on the
3091:
when codebreakers were able to decode the radio communications of German, Japanese and
Italian forces. Firepower grew from the 20th century since the number of soldiers and battle equipment increased rapidly. During the
3082:
and armoured warships that were powered by steam. Western countries such as the United States and France could produce transport, ammunition, food supplies and other resources with more ease than the period before the
3154:
may shape combat effectiveness, as adverse civil-military relations can lead to poor strategic assessments, and undermine battlefield flexibility and survivability. When regimes are concerned about the prospects of
3005:
prepared the U.S. Army for modern war by managing the organisational aspect of the Army including improving the Army's relations with their affiliates and improving its organisational efficiency. During the
3159:, military organizations may be constructed in a way so as to reduce the risk of a coup (through "coup-proofing"), but this limits the conventional military capabilities of those military organizations.
2860:
The abilities of a soldier such as their skill in utilising firearms, tactics and communications can affect their success in accomplishing a mission, and is described by
Kirstin J. H. Brathwaite in
2864:
the quality of communication between combat units are a determinant of how organised the mission will be while weapons handling and tactics employed determine the execution of the mission itself.
2334:
2852:
a large effect on their unit as they are relied upon to lead. Morale can also be undermined by individual level factors such as fatigue resulting from a lack of sleep, fear, and stress.
2153:
2237:
2798:
2751:
2704:
2677:
2630:
2583:
2536:
2489:
2462:
2403:
2993:, Gerat Barry, states in a 1634 military manual that some attributes of a commander include extensive military experience, courage, skill, authority and empathy.
2103:
Philip
Hayward proposes a measure for combat effectiveness, concentrating on the "probability of success" in a combat environment in relation to factors such as
2771:
2724:
2650:
2603:
2556:
2509:
2423:
2374:
2354:
2193:
2173:
2437:. According to Lee and Lee, there are two types of direct engagements with enemy forces in the network model: isolated attacks and coordinated attacks. Let
2079:. Combat effectiveness is an aspect of military effectiveness and can be attributed to the strength of combat support including the quality and quantity of
2945:
During World War I, British tactics consisted of concise objectives, large quantities of artillery and tools which involved the introduction of gas,
3022:
held moral authority over their troops who had confidence in their leadership and were highly motivated and prepared for battle. By 1648, the
4186:
How
Democracies Lose Small Wars: State, Society, and the Failures of France in Algeria, Israel in Lebanon, and the United States in Vietnam
3121:
In the United States, improvements in support vehicles and packaging for shipping allowed for greater mobility of U.S. forces. During the
4184:
1002:
1434:
3662:
Alex; Downes, er B.; Green, Brendan Rittenhouse; Haun, Phil; Long, Austin; Talmadge, Caitlin; Castillo, Jasen J. (2017-01-03).
22:
2067:, mission or objective. Determining optimal combat effectiveness is crucial in the armed forces, whether they are deployed on
4229:
4022:
3890:
3789:
3139:
2868:
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1790:
58:
3101:
2969:. The main intention of the raids was to eliminate enemies as silently as possible until the enemy trench was secured.
1985:
1763:
373:
4202:
4167:
3514:
1439:
4547:
Wallacker, B E, 2016, "Studies in Medieval Chinese Siegecraft: The Siege of Fengtian, A.D. 783", in P Lorge (ed.),
1517:
4378:
2996:
During World War I, German intelligence noted the difference between two British platoons in a German raid on the
2801:
structure. The larger the network, the greater chance of opportunities for offensive action to become available.
1862:
1500:
1287:
107:
2091:, the psychological states of soldiers, level of influence of leaders, skill and motivation that can arise from
1626:
3078:
In the early 19th century, weapons in general use included large-calibre ordnance, breech-loading artillery,
2043:
1490:
4581:
3151:
1980:
679:
439:
3097:
1990:
1177:
974:
845:
383:
4306:
Bland, L I 2008, "Institutional Leadership: George C. Marshall", in H Laver & J J Matthews (eds.),
2912:
and distinct military formation to gain an advantage over opposing armies. This formation consisted of
1454:
4576:
4534:
4498:
4473:
4462:
4402:
4325:
3916:"Different Threats, Different Militaries:Explaining Organizational Practices in Authoritarian Armies"
3001:
soldiers experienced mental breakdowns after their officer experienced one. In World War II, General
2848:
1564:
1072:
416:
290:
124:
2114:
2876:
2202:
2015:
1882:
1429:
1122:
935:
783:
2950:
1968:
1950:
1706:
1265:
1187:
1132:
1012:
725:
388:
267:
4556:
Enduring the Great War: Combat, Morale and Collapse in the German and British Armies, 1914-1918,
4397:
Gartner, S S & Myers, M E 1995, "Body Counts and 'Success' in the Vietnam and Korean Wars",
4320:
Brathwaite, K J H, 2018, "Effective in battle: conceptualizing soldiers' combat effectiveness",
4157:
3019:
1835:
1810:
1532:
1444:
1317:
1192:
788:
765:
191:
90:
4445:
The Combat Soldier: Infantry Tactics and Cohesion in the Twentieth and Twenty-First Centuries,
3504:
3084:
2934:
2839:
1424:
1357:
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959:
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755:
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449:
242:
146:
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2514:
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1815:
1717:
1574:
1569:
1387:
1352:
1087:
902:
760:
696:
550:
520:
97:
2379:
8:
4408:
Graff, D A, 2012, "State Making and State Breaking", in D A Graff & R Higham (eds.),
2958:
1666:
1651:
1527:
1414:
1392:
1367:
1327:
1237:
1047:
947:
897:
664:
654:
619:
411:
401:
151:
75:
4493:
Rossi, C, Savino, S, Messina, A, Reina, G 2015, "Performance of Greek-Roman artillery",
4048:"How Smart and Tough Are Democracies? Reassessing Theories of Democratic Victory in War"
4285:
4277:
4138:
4130:
4083:
4075:
4028:
3990:
3943:
3896:
3850:
3803:
3795:
3093:
2997:
2937:. Such strategies involved deception and trickery in the midst or confusion of battle.
2810:
2756:
2709:
2635:
2588:
2541:
2494:
2408:
2359:
2339:
2178:
2158:
2064:
2000:
1855:
1775:
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1641:
1616:
1537:
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1380:
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1207:
1112:
1057:
942:
907:
860:
735:
706:
659:
597:
572:
406:
200:
119:
4468:
Lee, Y & Lee, T 2014, "Network-based Metric for Measuring Combat Effectiveness",
4338:
Catignani, S 2004, "Motivating soldiers: the example of the Israeli defence forces",
4289:
4269:
4225:
4198:
4163:
4122:
4067:
4018:
3982:
3935:
3886:
3842:
3807:
3785:
3749:
3710:
3510:
3007:
2990:
2985:
2884:
2108:
2036:
1945:
1892:
1795:
1785:
1780:
1750:
1733:
1728:
1701:
1646:
1347:
1337:
1332:
1322:
1242:
1232:
1227:
1202:
1172:
1062:
1032:
1027:
1017:
1007:
997:
912:
865:
835:
674:
467:
444:
378:
4142:
3854:
3156:
2005:
4383:
Engels, D 2013, "Logistics: Sinews of War", in B Campbell & L A Tritle (eds.),
4333:
Military Leadership in the British Civil Wars, 1642-1651: "the Genius of this Age",
4261:
4245:
4190:
4114:
4087:
4059:
3974:
3947:
3927:
3878:
3834:
3777:
3741:
3700:
3194:
3100:, artillery of the Allied Forces became a major weapon suppressing enemy defences.
2088:
2084:
2010:
1975:
1907:
1800:
1738:
1631:
1559:
1552:
1409:
1342:
1292:
1282:
1157:
1077:
1037:
1022:
984:
969:
840:
825:
778:
686:
644:
587:
582:
540:
363:
340:
232:
156:
85:
68:
17:
3931:
4571:
4219:
3663:
3088:
3011:
3002:
2930:
2909:
2104:
1820:
1805:
1723:
1679:
1621:
1277:
1272:
1162:
1152:
1067:
1042:
979:
820:
750:
740:
592:
577:
500:
472:
262:
257:
237:
80:
4156:
Brown, Michael E.; Coté, Owen R.; Lynn-Jones, Sean M; Miller, Steven E. (2011).
3915:
3664:"Roundtable 9-9 on Endurance and War: The National Sources of Military Cohesion"
4424:
Battle Tactics of the Western Front: The British Army's Art of Attack, 1916-18,
4379:
https://www.britannica.com/topic/combat-effectiveness#accordion-article-history
4366:
Dreyer, E L 2012, "Continuity and Change", in D A Graff & R Higham (eds.),
4118:
3169:
3105:
3023:
3015:
2972:
2966:
2954:
2917:
2913:
1995:
1743:
1167:
1127:
1105:
1092:
1082:
1052:
964:
917:
720:
711:
602:
555:
535:
525:
495:
462:
350:
307:
272:
247:
114:
47:
4308:
The Art of Command: Military Leadership from George Washington to Colin Powell
3745:
3705:
3688:
4565:
4273:
4194:
4126:
4071:
4063:
3986:
3963:"Homosexuals in the U.S. Military: Open Integration and Combat Effectiveness"
3939:
3846:
3838:
3753:
3714:
3197:
argue that organizational cultures in the military shape military doctrines.
3109:
3062:
2946:
2922:
2196:
2111:. Combat effectiveness can be represented as a real and continuous function,
1842:
1830:
1686:
1606:
1522:
1505:
1362:
1217:
1197:
875:
870:
850:
830:
745:
716:
691:
567:
545:
530:
505:
345:
252:
210:
205:
102:
4265:
3900:
3872:
3822:
3799:
3771:
3730:"Technology, civil-military relations, and warfare in the developing world"
3057:
which was a torsion machine operated by a crew of two people including the
3050:
2929:, war chariots were used in conflicts with up to 500 allocated to an army.
2926:
2908:
used conquered land to expand their military force up to 40,000 men by the
2905:
2880:
2844:
2095:
to survival are all capable of contributing to success on the battlefield.
2029:
1955:
1935:
1930:
1825:
1770:
1404:
1399:
1222:
1137:
880:
614:
515:
312:
196:
4032:
4012:
3138:
necessarily the key determinant of combat effectiveness. In a 2010 study,
4438:
Cohesion: The Human Element in Combat, National Defense University Press,
4361:
The Oxford Handbook of Engineering and Technology in the Classical World,
3182:
3046:
3041:
2872:
2430:
2092:
1940:
1691:
1656:
1495:
1182:
1147:
855:
798:
701:
485:
186:
181:
4359:
Davies, G 2009, "Roman Warfare and Fortification", in J P Oleson (ed.),
4134:
4102:
4079:
4047:
3882:
3781:
4281:
4249:
3994:
3962:
2434:
1897:
1867:
1589:
953:
2875:
comprised a mix of soldiers with different levels of training. In the
2585:
must carry out the responsibility of both detecting and advancing on
2080:
2072:
1887:
1711:
1661:
1611:
1601:
1596:
1461:
1252:
1247:
1212:
649:
335:
302:
171:
26:
Soldier in cover between rubble during the Battle of Stalingrad, 1942
4221:
Imagining War: French and British Military Doctrine Between the Wars
3978:
3773:
Divided Armies: Inequality and Battlefield Performance in Modern War
2862:
Effective in Battle: Conceptualizing Soldiers' Combat Effectiveness:
4457:
Kirke, C 2010, "Military Cohesion, Culture and Social Psychology",
4313:
Bourne, J 2005, “Total War I: The Great War” in C Townshend (ed.),
3122:
3058:
3054:
2060:
1902:
1877:
1510:
1142:
1117:
730:
285:
227:
139:
4479:
Millett, A R 2000, "Combat effectiveness", in J W Chambers (ed.),
4250:"Which Norms Matter? Revisiting the "Failure" of Internationalism"
2239:
to be the average probability of success in combat, summarised as
2962:
2887:
and were able to adapt to their opponent's infiltration tactics.
1912:
1872:
1636:
1470:
1466:
808:
793:
669:
330:
325:
295:
214:
176:
4349:, Center for Strategic and International Studies, Washington, DC
2989:
overcome obstacles and utilise their strengths. A member of the
4513:
Military Communications: From Ancient Times to the 21st Century
3079:
2835:
2830:
2706:
does not have the capability or is not in a position to detect
1419:
815:
632:
368:
3506:
Military Power: Explaining Victory and Defeat in Modern Battle
4542:
The Relationship of Battle Damage to Unit Combat Performance,
890:
426:
421:
4520:
Finnish Military Effectiveness in the Winter War, 1939-1940,
4429:
Hayward, P 1968, "The Measurement of Combat Effectiveness",
3874:
Endurance and War: The National Sources of Military Cohesion
4506:
The Logistics of the Roman Army at War: 264 B.C. - A.D. 235
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2076:
2068:
166:
161:
4101:
Reiter, Dan; Stam, Allan C.; Downes, Alexander B. (2009).
4155:
4103:"Another Skirmish in the Battle over Democracies and War"
39:
4452:
Frontline: Combat and Cohesion in Twenty-First Century
4385:
The Oxford Handbook of Warfare in the Classical World,
4354:
The Science of War: Strategies, Tactics, and Logistics
3528:
3526:
3026:
had high combat effectiveness and military expertise.
2933:
was superseded by a focus on military strategy in the
4370:
The University Press of Kentucky, USA, pp. 19–38
4347:
The Iraq War: Strategy, Tactics, and Military Lessons
3823:"Democracy and Military Effectiveness: A Deeper Look"
2779:
2759:
2732:
2712:
2685:
2658:
2638:
2611:
2591:
2564:
2544:
2517:
2497:
2470:
2443:
2411:
2382:
2362:
2342:
2245:
2205:
2181:
2161:
2117:
4412:
The University Press of Kentucky, USA, p. 39-56
2329:{\displaystyle {\bar {P(S)}}=\int f(x,z)p(z)dz=G(x)}
4310:, University Press of Kentucky, USA, pp. 61–92
3661:
3523:
2921:the rear and allow them to take charge. In ancient
4481:The Oxford Companion to American Military History,
2792:
2765:
2745:
2718:
2698:
2671:
2644:
2624:
2597:
2577:
2550:
2530:
2503:
2483:
2456:
2417:
2397:
2368:
2348:
2328:
2231:
2187:
2167:
2147:
4529:van der Dennen, J M G 2005, "Combat Motivation",
4162:. International Security Readers. The MIT Press.
3689:"Economic Development and Military Effectiveness"
2605:. On the other hand, a coordinated attack allows
4563:
4100:
2511:be an enemy unit. In an isolated attack between
4317:, Oxford University Press, US, pp. 117–137
2949:and wireless signals for communication. In the
2843:historically significant locations such as the
4387:Oxford University Press, USA, pp. 351–368
4544:Institute for Defense Analyses, Virginia, USA
4356:, Britannica Educational Publishing, New York
3776:. Vol. 164. Princeton University Press.
3132:
2037:
3727:
4490:, Vij Books India Pvt Ltd, New Delhi, India
4488:A Handbook of Military Strategy and Tactics
3146:
2867:The Australian and New Zealand Army Corps (
2838:and improve motivation. As an example, the
4551:Routledge, Abingdon, Oxon, p. 329-337
4531:Peace Review: A Journal of Social Justice,
4010:
3820:
3073:
3029:
2429:was used by the United States army in the
2044:
2030:
4483:Oxford University Press, pp. 160–163
4399:The Journal of Interdisciplinary History,
4392:Ottoman Army Effectiveness in World War I
3704:
3188:
2896:situations such as an enemy's reactions.
4363:Oxford University Press, p. 691-712
3913:
3870:
3728:Biddle, Stephen; Zirkle, Robert (1996).
2804:
2356:is the capabilities of friendly forces,
2098:
1003:List of military strategies and concepts
21:
3821:Biddle, Stephen; Long, Stephen (2004).
3686:
3125:, radio frequency identification tags (
4564:
4045:
3502:
3498:
3496:
3494:
3492:
3162:
2855:
4515:, ABC-CLIO, Santa Barbara, California
4244:
4182:
4006:
4004:
3866:
3864:
3769:
3765:
3763:
3612:
3610:
3410:
3408:
3398:
3396:
3296:
3294:
2816:Cohesion: The Human Element in Combat
4558:Cambridge University Press, New York
4217:
4011:Reiter, Dan; Stam, Allan C. (2002).
3960:
3239:
3237:
3193:Scholars such as Elizabeth Kier and
2965:, trench knives, homemade clubs and
2059:is the capacity or performance of a
4454:, Oxford University Press, New York
4447:Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK
3489:
3040:limitations to the load carried by
2063:force to succeed in undertaking an
13:
4472:vol. 64, no. 2, pp. 115–122,
4461:vol. 26, no. 2, pp. 143–159,
4401:vol. 25, no. 3, p. 377-395,
4001:
3861:
3760:
3607:
3405:
3393:
3291:
3102:Aerial photographic reconnaissance
3010:in 1642, military leaders such as
2899:
14:
4593:
3288:Gartner & Myers 1995, pp. 377
3273:
3234:
2940:
4533:vol. 17, no. 1, pp. 81–89,
4501::10.1179/1741612415Z.00000000050
4497:vol. 12, no. 1, pp. 67–89,
4459:Defence & Security Analysis,
4433:vol. 16, no. 2, pp. 314–323
4419:, Evans Brothers Limited, London
4342:vol. 34, no. 3, pp. 108–121
4335:Psychology Press, Abingdon, Oxon
4315:The Oxford History of Modern War
2984:Effective leaders reinforce the
2632:to communicate the detection of
2491:be two friendly force units and
2405:is the probability of situation
57:
4373:Encyclopædia Britannica, 2019,
4324:vol. 18, no. 1, pp. 1–18,
4238:
4211:
4176:
4149:
4094:
4039:
3954:
3907:
3814:
3721:
3680:
3655:
3646:
3637:
3628:
3619:
3598:
3589:
3580:
3571:
3562:
3553:
3544:
3535:
3480:
3471:
3462:
3453:
3444:
3435:
3426:
3417:
3384:
3375:
3366:
3357:
3348:
3339:
3330:
3321:
3312:
3303:
3116:
4328::10.1080/14702436.2018.1425090
4224:. Princeton University Press.
4189:. Cambridge University Press.
4159:Do Democracies Win Their Wars?
4017:. Princeton University Press.
3827:Journal of Conflict Resolution
3541:Carpenter 2005, pp. 3 & 13
3509:. Princeton University Press.
3282:
3264:
3255:
3246:
3225:
3216:
3207:
3175:
2392:
2386:
2323:
2317:
2302:
2296:
2290:
2278:
2263:
2259:
2253:
2223:
2219:
2213:
2148:{\displaystyle F(x)\geqq F(y)}
2142:
2136:
2127:
2121:
1:
4465::10.1080/14751798.2010.488856
4300:
4046:Downes, Alexander B. (2009).
3932:10.1080/09636412.2016.1134192
3877:. Stanford University Press.
3213:Encyclopedia Britannica, 2019
2979:
2814:Henderson wrote in his work,
2232:{\displaystyle {\bar {P(S)}}}
4410:A Military History of China,
4368:A Military History of China,
3734:Journal of Strategic Studies
3693:Journal of Strategic Studies
3604:Rossi et al. 2015, pp. 67–68
2847:in Jerusalem where the 1948
7:
3871:Castillo, Jasen J. (2014).
3381:Catignani 2004, pp. 110-111
3300:Lee & Lee 2014, pp. 117
3279:Lee & Lee 2014, pp. 115
2753:is in a position to engage
1501:Military–industrial complex
975:Operational manoeuvre group
10:
4598:
4537::10.1080/14631370500292177
4511:Sterling, C H (ed.) 2008,
4254:International Organization
4119:10.1162/isec.2009.34.2.194
3914:Talmadge, Caitlin (2016).
3423:Brathwaite 2018, pp. 13-15
3345:van der Dennen 2005, p. 82
3327:Henderson, 1985, pp. 10-11
3133:Domestic political factors
3034:
2991:Holy Roman Imperial Forces
2890:
2376:is the other factors, and
15:
4549:Warfare in China to 1600,
4426:Yale University Press, UK
4377:, retrieved 26 May 2019,
3746:10.1080/01402399608437634
3706:10.1080/01402391003603581
3687:Beckley, Michael (2010).
3625:Sterling 2008, p. 369-373
3390:Wainstein 1986, pp. 15-16
3354:Henderson 1985, pp. 16-17
3336:Henderson 1985, pp. 10-14
3318:King 2013, pp. 30–31
3231:Millett 2000, pp. 160-161
3068:
2087:and equipment as well as
1565:Loss-of-strength gradient
417:Combat information center
4470:Defence Science Journal,
4331:Carpenter, S D M, 2005,
4218:Kier, Elizabeth (1997).
4195:10.1017/CBO9780511808227
4064:10.1162/isec.2009.33.4.9
3961:Kier, Elizabeth (1998).
3839:10.1177/0022002704266118
3550:Watson 2008, pp. 109-111
3503:Biddle, Stephen (2006).
3441:Davies 2009, pp. 693-694
3402:Brathwaite 2018, pp. 2-3
3200:
3152:Civil-military relations
3147:Civil-military relations
1883:Military science fiction
1368:Technology and equipment
784:List of military tactics
4266:10.1162/002081897550294
3074:19th and 20th centuries
3030:Logistics and firepower
2951:9th (Scottish) Division
2877:1st Australian Division
1951:Wartime sexual violence
1707:Full-spectrum dominance
1518:Supply-chain management
4352:Curley, R (ed.) 2011,
4107:International Security
4052:International Security
3967:International Security
3643:Cordesman 2003, p. 205
3616:Curley 2011, pp. 82-84
3568:Carpenter 2005, p. 119
3468:Dreyer 2012, pp. 20-21
3459:Wallacker 2016, p. 331
3372:Catignani 2004, p. 108
3363:King 2015, pp. 101-103
3189:Organizational culture
2829:The level of a unit's
2794:
2767:
2747:
2720:
2700:
2673:
2646:
2626:
2599:
2579:
2552:
2532:
2505:
2485:
2458:
2419:
2399:
2370:
2350:
2330:
2233:
2189:
2169:
2149:
1863:Awards and decorations
1836:Peace through strength
1811:Low-intensity conflict
1445:Conscientious objector
1318:Area of responsibility
27:
4476::10.14429/dsj.64.5534
4436:Henderson, W D 1985,
4345:Cordesman, A H 2003,
3770:Lyall, Jason (2020).
3270:Hayward 1968, pp. 319
3243:Tuunainen 2016, p. 26
3222:Brathwaite 2019, p. 2
3085:Industrial Revolution
2840:Israeli Defence Force
2805:Psychological factors
2795:
2793:{\displaystyle A_{1}}
2768:
2748:
2746:{\displaystyle A_{1}}
2721:
2701:
2699:{\displaystyle A_{1}}
2674:
2672:{\displaystyle A_{1}}
2647:
2627:
2625:{\displaystyle A_{2}}
2600:
2580:
2578:{\displaystyle A_{1}}
2553:
2533:
2531:{\displaystyle A_{1}}
2506:
2486:
2484:{\displaystyle A_{2}}
2459:
2457:{\displaystyle A_{1}}
2425:occurring in combat.
2420:
2400:
2371:
2351:
2331:
2234:
2190:
2170:
2150:
2099:Quantitative measures
450:Torpedo data computer
440:Ship gun fire-control
25:
4450:King, A (ed.) 2015,
4431:Operations Research,
4390:Erickson, E J 2007,
4375:Combat effectiveness
3595:Engels 2013, pp. 355
3477:Griffith 1996, p. 53
3414:Erickson 2007, p. 35
3261:Hayward 1968, p. 317
3252:Hayward 1968, p. 315
2927:Western Zhou dynasty
2777:
2757:
2730:
2710:
2683:
2656:
2636:
2609:
2589:
2562:
2542:
2515:
2495:
2468:
2441:
2409:
2398:{\displaystyle p(z)}
2380:
2360:
2340:
2243:
2203:
2179:
2159:
2115:
2057:Combat effectiveness
1981:Military occupations
1816:Military engineering
1718:Unrestricted Warfare
1575:Force multiplication
468:Military manoeuvrers
4582:Military operations
4540:Wainstein, L 1986,
4518:Tuunainen, P 2016,
4417:Military Technology
4394:, Routledge, London
4183:Merom, Gil (2003).
3883:10.2307/j.ctvqr1d70
3782:10.2307/j.ctvn96h88
3634:Bourne 2005, p. 133
3577:Engels 2013, p. 354
3532:Engels 2013, p. 351
3486:Phifer 2012, p. 155
3163:Military inequality
2959:Battle of the Somme
2856:Technical expertise
1667:Penal military unit
1652:Rules of engagement
1328:Command and control
948:Operations research
412:Director (military)
402:Fire-control system
152:Command and control
33:Part of a series on
4522:Palgrave Macmillan
4495:Arms & Armour,
4422:Griffith, P 1996,
4014:Democracies at War
3652:Graham 2008, p. 15
3432:Curley 2011, p. 34
3309:Kirke 2010, p. 143
3094:American Civil War
3003:George C. Marshall
2998:Royal Irish Rifles
2935:Warring States era
2790:
2763:
2743:
2716:
2696:
2669:
2642:
2622:
2595:
2575:
2548:
2528:
2501:
2481:
2454:
2415:
2395:
2366:
2346:
2326:
2229:
2185:
2165:
2145:
2109:military stratagem
1776:Counter-insurgency
1697:Command of the sea
1642:Jewish laws on war
1617:Geneva Conventions
1153:Divide and conquer
943:Military operation
908:Tactical objective
407:Fire-control radar
384:Electronic-warfare
28:
4246:Legro, Jeffrey W.
4231:978-0-691-01191-2
4024:978-0-691-08949-2
3892:978-0-8047-8910-3
3791:978-0-691-19244-4
3586:Roth 1999, p. 203
3559:Bland 2008, p. 63
3450:Graff 2012, p. 50
3008:English Civil War
2885:guerrilla tactics
2766:{\displaystyle B}
2719:{\displaystyle B}
2645:{\displaystyle B}
2598:{\displaystyle B}
2551:{\displaystyle B}
2504:{\displaystyle B}
2418:{\displaystyle z}
2369:{\displaystyle z}
2349:{\displaystyle x}
2266:
2226:
2195:are two distinct
2188:{\displaystyle y}
2168:{\displaystyle x}
2054:
2053:
1946:Horses in warfare
1893:Anti-war movement
1796:Gunboat diplomacy
1786:Disaster response
1734:Philosophy of war
1729:Principles of war
1702:Deterrence theory
1647:Right of conquest
1570:Lanchester's laws
1338:Principles of war
1028:Counter-offensive
1008:Military campaign
913:Target saturation
836:Counterinsurgency
445:Gun data computer
379:Close air support
341:Aircraft carriers
4589:
4577:Military science
4554:Watson, A 2008,
4504:Roth, J P 1999,
4486:Phifer, M 2012,
4415:Graham, I 2008,
4322:Defence Studies,
4294:
4293:
4242:
4236:
4235:
4215:
4209:
4208:
4180:
4174:
4173:
4153:
4147:
4146:
4098:
4092:
4091:
4043:
4037:
4036:
4008:
3999:
3998:
3958:
3952:
3951:
3920:Security Studies
3911:
3905:
3904:
3868:
3859:
3858:
3818:
3812:
3811:
3767:
3758:
3757:
3725:
3719:
3718:
3708:
3684:
3678:
3677:
3675:
3674:
3659:
3653:
3650:
3644:
3641:
3635:
3632:
3626:
3623:
3617:
3614:
3605:
3602:
3596:
3593:
3587:
3584:
3578:
3575:
3569:
3566:
3560:
3557:
3551:
3548:
3542:
3539:
3533:
3530:
3521:
3520:
3500:
3487:
3484:
3478:
3475:
3469:
3466:
3460:
3457:
3451:
3448:
3442:
3439:
3433:
3430:
3424:
3421:
3415:
3412:
3403:
3400:
3391:
3388:
3382:
3379:
3373:
3370:
3364:
3361:
3355:
3352:
3346:
3343:
3337:
3334:
3328:
3325:
3319:
3316:
3310:
3307:
3301:
3298:
3289:
3286:
3280:
3277:
3271:
3268:
3262:
3259:
3253:
3250:
3244:
3241:
3232:
3229:
3223:
3220:
3214:
3211:
2986:chain of command
2849:Arab–Israeli War
2799:
2797:
2796:
2791:
2789:
2788:
2772:
2770:
2769:
2764:
2752:
2750:
2749:
2744:
2742:
2741:
2725:
2723:
2722:
2717:
2705:
2703:
2702:
2697:
2695:
2694:
2678:
2676:
2675:
2670:
2668:
2667:
2651:
2649:
2648:
2643:
2631:
2629:
2628:
2623:
2621:
2620:
2604:
2602:
2601:
2596:
2584:
2582:
2581:
2576:
2574:
2573:
2557:
2555:
2554:
2549:
2537:
2535:
2534:
2529:
2527:
2526:
2510:
2508:
2507:
2502:
2490:
2488:
2487:
2482:
2480:
2479:
2463:
2461:
2460:
2455:
2453:
2452:
2424:
2422:
2421:
2416:
2404:
2402:
2401:
2396:
2375:
2373:
2372:
2367:
2355:
2353:
2352:
2347:
2335:
2333:
2332:
2327:
2268:
2267:
2262:
2248:
2238:
2236:
2235:
2230:
2228:
2227:
2222:
2208:
2194:
2192:
2191:
2186:
2174:
2172:
2171:
2166:
2154:
2152:
2151:
2146:
2089:military tactics
2046:
2039:
2032:
1801:Humanitarian aid
1739:Security dilemma
1560:Power projection
1343:Economy of force
1323:Chain of command
1038:Defence in depth
1023:Commerce raiding
841:Defeat in detail
157:Defense ministry
61:
52:
51:
42:
30:
29:
18:Military science
4597:
4596:
4592:
4591:
4590:
4588:
4587:
4586:
4562:
4561:
4405::10.2307/205692
4303:
4298:
4297:
4243:
4239:
4232:
4216:
4212:
4205:
4181:
4177:
4170:
4154:
4150:
4099:
4095:
4044:
4040:
4025:
4009:
4002:
3979:10.2307/2539378
3959:
3955:
3912:
3908:
3893:
3869:
3862:
3819:
3815:
3792:
3768:
3761:
3726:
3722:
3685:
3681:
3672:
3670:
3660:
3656:
3651:
3647:
3642:
3638:
3633:
3629:
3624:
3620:
3615:
3608:
3603:
3599:
3594:
3590:
3585:
3581:
3576:
3572:
3567:
3563:
3558:
3554:
3549:
3545:
3540:
3536:
3531:
3524:
3517:
3501:
3490:
3485:
3481:
3476:
3472:
3467:
3463:
3458:
3454:
3449:
3445:
3440:
3436:
3431:
3427:
3422:
3418:
3413:
3406:
3401:
3394:
3389:
3385:
3380:
3376:
3371:
3367:
3362:
3358:
3353:
3349:
3344:
3340:
3335:
3331:
3326:
3322:
3317:
3313:
3308:
3304:
3299:
3292:
3287:
3283:
3278:
3274:
3269:
3265:
3260:
3256:
3251:
3247:
3242:
3235:
3230:
3226:
3221:
3217:
3212:
3208:
3203:
3191:
3178:
3165:
3149:
3140:Michael Beckley
3135:
3119:
3089:First World War
3076:
3071:
3037:
3032:
2982:
2943:
2931:Chariot warfare
2910:First Punic War
2902:
2900:Ancient tactics
2893:
2858:
2807:
2784:
2780:
2778:
2775:
2774:
2758:
2755:
2754:
2737:
2733:
2731:
2728:
2727:
2711:
2708:
2707:
2690:
2686:
2684:
2681:
2680:
2663:
2659:
2657:
2654:
2653:
2637:
2634:
2633:
2616:
2612:
2610:
2607:
2606:
2590:
2587:
2586:
2569:
2565:
2563:
2560:
2559:
2543:
2540:
2539:
2522:
2518:
2516:
2513:
2512:
2496:
2493:
2492:
2475:
2471:
2469:
2466:
2465:
2448:
2444:
2442:
2439:
2438:
2410:
2407:
2406:
2381:
2378:
2377:
2361:
2358:
2357:
2341:
2338:
2337:
2249:
2247:
2246:
2244:
2241:
2240:
2209:
2207:
2206:
2204:
2201:
2200:
2180:
2177:
2176:
2160:
2157:
2156:
2116:
2113:
2112:
2101:
2050:
2021:
2020:
1971:
1961:
1960:
1926:
1918:
1917:
1858:
1848:
1847:
1821:Multilateralism
1806:Law enforcement
1766:
1756:
1755:
1724:Just war theory
1682:
1672:
1671:
1622:Geneva Protocol
1592:
1582:
1581:
1555:
1545:
1544:
1486:
1476:
1475:
1383:
1373:
1372:
1313:
1303:
1302:
1268:
1258:
1257:
1188:Network-centric
1108:
1098:
1097:
1000:
990:
989:
938:
928:
927:
876:Rapid dominance
781:
771:
770:
726:Electromagnetic
635:
625:
624:
611:
564:
512:
488:
478:
477:
473:Combat training
454:
431:
397:Combat systems:
393:
355:
351:Auxiliary ships
317:
277:
219:
142:
132:
131:
71:
45:
44:
43:
38:
20:
12:
11:
5:
4595:
4585:
4584:
4579:
4574:
4560:
4559:
4552:
4545:
4538:
4527:
4526:United Kingdom
4516:
4509:
4502:
4491:
4484:
4477:
4466:
4455:
4448:
4443:King, A 2013,
4441:
4440:Washington, DC
4434:
4427:
4420:
4413:
4406:
4395:
4388:
4381:
4371:
4364:
4357:
4350:
4343:
4336:
4329:
4318:
4311:
4302:
4299:
4296:
4295:
4237:
4230:
4210:
4203:
4175:
4168:
4148:
4113:(2): 194–204.
4093:
4038:
4023:
4000:
3953:
3926:(1): 111–141.
3906:
3891:
3860:
3833:(4): 525–546.
3813:
3790:
3759:
3740:(2): 171–212.
3720:
3679:
3668:H-Diplo | ISSF
3654:
3645:
3636:
3627:
3618:
3606:
3597:
3588:
3579:
3570:
3561:
3552:
3543:
3534:
3522:
3515:
3488:
3479:
3470:
3461:
3452:
3443:
3434:
3425:
3416:
3404:
3392:
3383:
3374:
3365:
3356:
3347:
3338:
3329:
3320:
3311:
3302:
3290:
3281:
3272:
3263:
3254:
3245:
3233:
3224:
3215:
3205:
3204:
3202:
3199:
3190:
3187:
3177:
3174:
3170:barrier troops
3164:
3161:
3148:
3145:
3134:
3131:
3118:
3115:
3106:flash-spotting
3075:
3072:
3070:
3067:
3036:
3033:
3031:
3028:
3024:New Model Army
2981:
2978:
2973:Stephen Biddle
2967:brass knuckles
2955:Battle of Loos
2947:trench mortars
2942:
2941:Modern tactics
2939:
2918:light infantry
2901:
2898:
2892:
2889:
2857:
2854:
2806:
2803:
2787:
2783:
2762:
2740:
2736:
2715:
2693:
2689:
2666:
2662:
2641:
2619:
2615:
2594:
2572:
2568:
2547:
2525:
2521:
2500:
2478:
2474:
2451:
2447:
2414:
2394:
2391:
2388:
2385:
2365:
2345:
2325:
2322:
2319:
2316:
2313:
2310:
2307:
2304:
2301:
2298:
2295:
2292:
2289:
2286:
2283:
2280:
2277:
2274:
2271:
2265:
2261:
2258:
2255:
2252:
2225:
2221:
2218:
2215:
2212:
2197:military units
2184:
2164:
2144:
2141:
2138:
2135:
2132:
2129:
2126:
2123:
2120:
2100:
2097:
2052:
2051:
2049:
2048:
2041:
2034:
2026:
2023:
2022:
2019:
2018:
2013:
2008:
2003:
1998:
1993:
1988:
1986:Military terms
1983:
1978:
1972:
1967:
1966:
1963:
1962:
1959:
1958:
1953:
1948:
1943:
1938:
1933:
1927:
1924:
1923:
1920:
1919:
1916:
1915:
1910:
1905:
1900:
1895:
1890:
1885:
1880:
1875:
1870:
1865:
1859:
1854:
1853:
1850:
1849:
1846:
1845:
1840:
1839:
1838:
1833:
1823:
1818:
1813:
1808:
1803:
1798:
1793:
1788:
1783:
1778:
1773:
1767:
1762:
1761:
1758:
1757:
1754:
1753:
1748:
1747:
1746:
1744:Tripwire force
1736:
1731:
1726:
1721:
1714:
1709:
1704:
1699:
1694:
1689:
1683:
1678:
1677:
1674:
1673:
1670:
1669:
1664:
1659:
1654:
1649:
1644:
1639:
1634:
1629:
1624:
1619:
1614:
1609:
1604:
1599:
1593:
1588:
1587:
1584:
1583:
1580:
1579:
1578:
1577:
1567:
1562:
1556:
1551:
1550:
1547:
1546:
1543:
1542:
1541:
1540:
1535:
1530:
1520:
1515:
1514:
1513:
1508:
1498:
1493:
1487:
1482:
1481:
1478:
1477:
1474:
1473:
1464:
1459:
1458:
1457:
1447:
1442:
1437:
1432:
1427:
1422:
1417:
1412:
1407:
1402:
1397:
1396:
1395:
1384:
1379:
1378:
1375:
1374:
1371:
1370:
1365:
1360:
1355:
1350:
1345:
1340:
1335:
1330:
1325:
1320:
1314:
1309:
1308:
1305:
1304:
1301:
1300:
1295:
1290:
1285:
1280:
1275:
1269:
1266:Administrative
1264:
1263:
1260:
1259:
1256:
1255:
1250:
1245:
1240:
1235:
1230:
1225:
1220:
1215:
1210:
1205:
1200:
1195:
1193:New generation
1190:
1185:
1180:
1175:
1170:
1168:Fleet in being
1165:
1160:
1155:
1150:
1145:
1140:
1135:
1130:
1125:
1120:
1115:
1109:
1106:Grand strategy
1104:
1103:
1100:
1099:
1096:
1095:
1093:Scorched earth
1090:
1085:
1080:
1075:
1070:
1065:
1060:
1055:
1050:
1045:
1040:
1035:
1030:
1025:
1020:
1015:
1010:
1001:
996:
995:
992:
991:
988:
987:
982:
977:
972:
967:
965:Deep operation
962:
957:
950:
945:
939:
934:
933:
930:
929:
926:
925:
920:
915:
910:
905:
900:
895:
894:
893:
883:
878:
873:
868:
863:
858:
853:
848:
843:
838:
833:
828:
823:
818:
813:
812:
811:
806:
801:
791:
782:
777:
776:
773:
772:
769:
768:
766:Unconventional
763:
758:
753:
748:
743:
738:
733:
728:
723:
714:
712:Disinformation
709:
704:
699:
694:
689:
684:
683:
682:
677:
667:
662:
657:
652:
647:
642:
636:
631:
630:
627:
626:
623:
622:
617:
610:
609:
608:
607:
606:
605:
595:
590:
585:
580:
575:
563:
562:
561:
560:
559:
558:
548:
543:
538:
533:
528:
523:
511:
510:
509:
508:
503:
498:
489:
484:
483:
480:
479:
476:
475:
470:
465:
463:Basic training
460:
453:
452:
447:
442:
437:
430:
429:
424:
419:
414:
409:
404:
399:
392:
391:
389:Reconnaissance
386:
381:
376:
371:
366:
361:
354:
353:
348:
343:
338:
333:
328:
323:
316:
315:
310:
308:Special forces
305:
300:
299:
298:
288:
283:
276:
275:
270:
265:
260:
255:
250:
245:
240:
235:
230:
225:
218:
217:
208:
203:
194:
189:
184:
179:
174:
169:
164:
159:
154:
149:
143:
138:
137:
134:
133:
130:
129:
128:
127:
122:
112:
111:
110:
105:
95:
94:
93:
86:Post-classical
83:
78:
72:
67:
66:
63:
62:
54:
53:
35:
34:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4594:
4583:
4580:
4578:
4575:
4573:
4570:
4569:
4567:
4557:
4553:
4550:
4546:
4543:
4539:
4536:
4532:
4528:
4525:
4521:
4517:
4514:
4510:
4507:
4503:
4500:
4496:
4492:
4489:
4485:
4482:
4478:
4475:
4471:
4467:
4464:
4460:
4456:
4453:
4449:
4446:
4442:
4439:
4435:
4432:
4428:
4425:
4421:
4418:
4414:
4411:
4407:
4404:
4400:
4396:
4393:
4389:
4386:
4382:
4380:
4376:
4372:
4369:
4365:
4362:
4358:
4355:
4351:
4348:
4344:
4341:
4337:
4334:
4330:
4327:
4323:
4319:
4316:
4312:
4309:
4305:
4304:
4291:
4287:
4283:
4279:
4275:
4271:
4267:
4263:
4259:
4255:
4251:
4247:
4241:
4233:
4227:
4223:
4222:
4214:
4206:
4204:9780521804035
4200:
4196:
4192:
4188:
4187:
4179:
4171:
4169:9780262515900
4165:
4161:
4160:
4152:
4144:
4140:
4136:
4132:
4128:
4124:
4120:
4116:
4112:
4108:
4104:
4097:
4089:
4085:
4081:
4077:
4073:
4069:
4065:
4061:
4057:
4053:
4049:
4042:
4034:
4030:
4026:
4020:
4016:
4015:
4007:
4005:
3996:
3992:
3988:
3984:
3980:
3976:
3972:
3968:
3964:
3957:
3949:
3945:
3941:
3937:
3933:
3929:
3925:
3921:
3917:
3910:
3902:
3898:
3894:
3888:
3884:
3880:
3876:
3875:
3867:
3865:
3856:
3852:
3848:
3844:
3840:
3836:
3832:
3828:
3824:
3817:
3809:
3805:
3801:
3797:
3793:
3787:
3783:
3779:
3775:
3774:
3766:
3764:
3755:
3751:
3747:
3743:
3739:
3735:
3731:
3724:
3716:
3712:
3707:
3702:
3698:
3694:
3690:
3683:
3669:
3665:
3658:
3649:
3640:
3631:
3622:
3613:
3611:
3601:
3592:
3583:
3574:
3565:
3556:
3547:
3538:
3529:
3527:
3518:
3516:9781400837823
3512:
3508:
3507:
3499:
3497:
3495:
3493:
3483:
3474:
3465:
3456:
3447:
3438:
3429:
3420:
3411:
3409:
3399:
3397:
3387:
3378:
3369:
3360:
3351:
3342:
3333:
3324:
3315:
3306:
3297:
3295:
3285:
3276:
3267:
3258:
3249:
3240:
3238:
3228:
3219:
3210:
3206:
3198:
3196:
3195:Jeffrey Legro
3186:
3184:
3173:
3171:
3160:
3158:
3153:
3144:
3141:
3130:
3128:
3124:
3114:
3111:
3110:sound-ranging
3107:
3103:
3099:
3098:Western Front
3095:
3090:
3086:
3081:
3066:
3064:
3063:carroballista
3060:
3056:
3052:
3051:siege engines
3048:
3043:
3027:
3025:
3021:
3017:
3013:
3009:
3004:
2999:
2994:
2992:
2987:
2977:
2974:
2970:
2968:
2964:
2960:
2956:
2952:
2948:
2938:
2936:
2932:
2928:
2924:
2919:
2915:
2911:
2907:
2897:
2888:
2886:
2882:
2878:
2874:
2870:
2865:
2863:
2853:
2850:
2846:
2841:
2837:
2832:
2827:
2823:
2819:
2817:
2812:
2802:
2785:
2781:
2760:
2738:
2734:
2713:
2691:
2687:
2664:
2660:
2639:
2617:
2613:
2592:
2570:
2566:
2545:
2523:
2519:
2498:
2476:
2472:
2449:
2445:
2436:
2432:
2426:
2412:
2389:
2383:
2363:
2343:
2320:
2314:
2311:
2308:
2305:
2299:
2293:
2287:
2284:
2281:
2275:
2272:
2269:
2256:
2250:
2216:
2210:
2198:
2182:
2162:
2139:
2133:
2130:
2124:
2118:
2110:
2106:
2096:
2094:
2090:
2086:
2082:
2078:
2074:
2070:
2066:
2062:
2058:
2047:
2042:
2040:
2035:
2033:
2028:
2027:
2025:
2024:
2017:
2014:
2012:
2009:
2007:
2004:
2002:
1999:
1997:
1994:
1992:
1989:
1987:
1984:
1982:
1979:
1977:
1974:
1973:
1970:
1965:
1964:
1957:
1954:
1952:
1949:
1947:
1944:
1942:
1939:
1937:
1934:
1932:
1929:
1928:
1922:
1921:
1914:
1911:
1909:
1906:
1904:
1901:
1899:
1896:
1894:
1891:
1889:
1886:
1884:
1881:
1879:
1876:
1874:
1873:Warrior caste
1871:
1869:
1866:
1864:
1861:
1860:
1857:
1852:
1851:
1844:
1843:Show of force
1841:
1837:
1834:
1832:
1831:Peacebuilding
1829:
1828:
1827:
1824:
1822:
1819:
1817:
1814:
1812:
1809:
1807:
1804:
1802:
1799:
1797:
1794:
1792:
1789:
1787:
1784:
1782:
1779:
1777:
1774:
1772:
1769:
1768:
1765:
1760:
1759:
1752:
1749:
1745:
1742:
1741:
1740:
1737:
1735:
1732:
1730:
1727:
1725:
1722:
1720:
1719:
1715:
1713:
1710:
1708:
1705:
1703:
1700:
1698:
1695:
1693:
1690:
1688:
1687:Air supremacy
1685:
1684:
1681:
1676:
1675:
1668:
1665:
1663:
1660:
1658:
1655:
1653:
1650:
1648:
1645:
1643:
1640:
1638:
1635:
1633:
1630:
1628:
1627:Islamic rules
1625:
1623:
1620:
1618:
1615:
1613:
1610:
1608:
1607:Court-martial
1605:
1603:
1600:
1598:
1595:
1594:
1591:
1586:
1585:
1576:
1573:
1572:
1571:
1568:
1566:
1563:
1561:
1558:
1557:
1554:
1549:
1548:
1539:
1536:
1534:
1531:
1529:
1526:
1525:
1524:
1521:
1519:
1516:
1512:
1509:
1507:
1506:Arms industry
1504:
1503:
1502:
1499:
1497:
1494:
1492:
1489:
1488:
1485:
1480:
1479:
1472:
1468:
1465:
1463:
1460:
1456:
1453:
1452:
1451:
1448:
1446:
1443:
1441:
1438:
1436:
1433:
1431:
1428:
1426:
1423:
1421:
1418:
1416:
1413:
1411:
1408:
1406:
1403:
1401:
1398:
1394:
1391:
1390:
1389:
1386:
1385:
1382:
1377:
1376:
1369:
1366:
1364:
1361:
1359:
1356:
1354:
1351:
1349:
1346:
1344:
1341:
1339:
1336:
1334:
1331:
1329:
1326:
1324:
1321:
1319:
1316:
1315:
1312:
1307:
1306:
1299:
1296:
1294:
1291:
1289:
1286:
1284:
1281:
1279:
1276:
1274:
1271:
1270:
1267:
1262:
1261:
1254:
1251:
1249:
1246:
1244:
1241:
1239:
1236:
1234:
1231:
1229:
1226:
1224:
1221:
1219:
1216:
1214:
1211:
1209:
1206:
1204:
1201:
1199:
1196:
1194:
1191:
1189:
1186:
1184:
1181:
1179:
1176:
1174:
1171:
1169:
1166:
1164:
1161:
1159:
1156:
1154:
1151:
1149:
1146:
1144:
1141:
1139:
1136:
1134:
1131:
1129:
1126:
1124:
1123:Broken-backed
1121:
1119:
1116:
1114:
1111:
1110:
1107:
1102:
1101:
1094:
1091:
1089:
1086:
1084:
1081:
1079:
1076:
1074:
1071:
1069:
1066:
1064:
1061:
1059:
1056:
1054:
1051:
1049:
1046:
1044:
1041:
1039:
1036:
1034:
1031:
1029:
1026:
1024:
1021:
1019:
1016:
1014:
1011:
1009:
1006:
1005:
1004:
999:
994:
993:
986:
983:
981:
978:
976:
973:
971:
968:
966:
963:
961:
960:Expeditionary
958:
956:
955:
951:
949:
946:
944:
941:
940:
937:
932:
931:
924:
921:
919:
916:
914:
911:
909:
906:
904:
901:
899:
896:
892:
889:
888:
887:
884:
882:
879:
877:
874:
872:
869:
867:
864:
862:
859:
857:
854:
852:
849:
847:
844:
842:
839:
837:
834:
832:
831:Counterattack
829:
827:
824:
822:
819:
817:
814:
810:
807:
805:
802:
800:
797:
796:
795:
792:
790:
787:
786:
785:
780:
775:
774:
767:
764:
762:
759:
757:
756:Psychological
754:
752:
749:
747:
744:
742:
739:
737:
734:
732:
729:
727:
724:
722:
718:
715:
713:
710:
708:
705:
703:
700:
698:
695:
693:
692:Combined arms
690:
688:
685:
681:
678:
676:
673:
672:
671:
668:
666:
663:
661:
658:
656:
653:
651:
648:
646:
643:
641:
638:
637:
634:
629:
628:
621:
618:
616:
613:
612:
604:
601:
600:
599:
596:
594:
591:
589:
586:
584:
581:
579:
576:
574:
571:
570:
569:
566:
565:
557:
554:
553:
552:
549:
547:
544:
542:
539:
537:
534:
532:
531:Fortification
529:
527:
524:
522:
519:
518:
517:
514:
513:
507:
504:
502:
499:
497:
494:
493:
491:
490:
487:
482:
481:
474:
471:
469:
466:
464:
461:
459:
456:
455:
451:
448:
446:
443:
441:
438:
436:
433:
432:
428:
425:
423:
420:
418:
415:
413:
410:
408:
405:
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4260:(1): 31–63.
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3699:(1): 43–79.
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3671:. Retrieved
3667:
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3117:21st century
3077:
3047:siege towers
3042:pack animals
3038:
2995:
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2903:
2894:
2881:World War II
2866:
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2845:Western Wall
2828:
2824:
2820:
2815:
2811:cohesiveness
2808:
2427:
2102:
2056:
2055:
1956:Fifth column
1936:War resister
1931:Women in war
1826:Peacekeeping
1771:Arms control
1716:
1405:Mobilization
1400:Conscription
1358:Intelligence
1311:Organization
952:
881:Encirclement
761:Radiological
697:Conventional
551:Subterranean
458:Development:
457:
434:
396:
358:
321:Naval units:
320:
313:Signal corps
280:
243:Intelligence
223:Specialties:
222:
147:Organization
98:Early modern
4508:, BRILL, US
4340:Parameters,
4058:(4): 9–51.
3973:(2): 5–39.
3901:j.ctvqr1d70
3800:j.ctvn96h88
3183:Vietnam War
3176:Regime type
2953:during the
2873:World War I
2435:Korean wars
2093:nationalism
1941:War studies
1764:Non-warfare
1692:Appeasement
1657:Martial law
1496:War economy
1435:Transgender
1388:Recruitment
1148:Containment
1033:Culminating
1013:Anti-access
936:Operational
856:Envelopment
799:Air assault
680:Air cavalry
640:Air defence
620:Information
521:Cold-region
486:Battlespace
435:Historical:
281:Land units:
187:Space force
182:Coast guard
115:Late modern
76:Prehistoric
4566:Categories
4301:References
4033:j.ctt7s7tq
3673:2021-04-01
2980:Leadership
2001:War crimes
1991:Operations
1898:Foot drill
1868:Battle cry
1781:deterrence
1440:Harassment
1415:Specialism
1238:Technology
1233:Succession
1178:Liberation
1113:Asymmetric
1048:Empty fort
954:Blitzkrieg
923:Withdrawal
886:Investment
665:Camouflage
660:Biological
598:Underwater
573:Amphibious
492:Aerospace
359:Air units:
336:Submarines
125:fourth-gen
120:industrial
108:napoleonic
16:See also:
4290:154368865
4274:0020-8183
4127:0162-2889
4072:0162-2889
3987:0162-2889
3940:0963-6412
3847:0022-0027
3808:240691308
3754:0140-2390
3715:0140-2390
2273:∫
2264:¯
2224:¯
2131:≧
2081:logistics
2065:operation
1888:War novel
1791:Grey-zone
1751:War games
1712:Overmatch
1662:War crime
1612:Desertion
1602:Ceasefire
1597:Armistice
1484:Logistics
1462:Mercenary
1450:Volunteer
1381:Personnel
1353:Engineers
1298:Sociology
1253:World war
1248:Total war
1228:Strategic
1218:Religious
1203:Political
1198:Perpetual
1173:Irregular
1088:Offensive
1063:Defensive
1058:Deception
1018:Attrition
866:Guerrilla
861:Formation
804:Airbridge
736:Loitering
650:Artillery
303:Artillery
238:Engineers
201:Irregular
172:Air force
4248:(1997).
4143:18796232
4135:40389217
4080:40207151
3855:54034941
3123:Iraq War
3059:catapult
3055:ballista
3012:Cromwell
2963:bayonets
2105:manpower
2061:military
1903:War song
1878:War film
1511:Materiel
1430:Children
1410:Training
1348:Medicine
1333:Doctrine
1288:Training
1223:Resource
1208:Princely
1158:Economic
1143:Conquest
1138:Colonial
1133:Cold war
1118:Blockade
998:Strategy
970:Maneuver
731:Infantry
687:Chemical
541:Mountain
501:Airborne
364:Fighters
331:Warships
286:Infantry
228:Rifleman
192:Reserves
140:Military
4282:2703951
4088:5275270
3995:2539378
3948:3655994
3080:muskets
3035:Ancient
3020:Lambert
3016:Fairfax
2891:Tactics
2431:Vietnam
2085:weapons
2016:Writers
2011:Weapons
1976:Battles
1925:Related
1913:Wargame
1908:Uniform
1856:Culture
1637:Perfidy
1632:Justice
1553:Science
1538:Outpost
1491:History
1471:Warrior
1467:Soldier
1455:foreign
1393:counter
1293:Service
1243:Theater
1183:Limited
1163:Endemic
1078:Nuclear
846:Foxhole
821:Cavalry
809:Airdrop
794:Airlift
779:Tactics
751:Nuclear
741:Missile
670:Cavalry
655:Barrage
633:Weapons
593:Surface
374:Command
369:Bombers
326:Frogman
296:Cavalry
253:Medical
215:Militia
197:Regular
177:Marines
91:castles
81:Ancient
69:History
48:outline
4572:Combat
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3069:Modern
2906:Romans
2836:morale
2831:morale
2336:where
2155:where
1996:Sieges
1680:Theory
1420:Morale
1278:Policy
1273:Branch
1053:Mosaic
1043:Fabian
985:Covert
918:Trench
903:Screen
826:Charge
816:Battle
789:Aerial
707:Denial
675:Horses
603:Seabed
556:Tunnel
536:Jungle
526:Desert
496:Aerial
263:Diving
258:Police
4286:S2CID
4278:JSTOR
4139:S2CID
4131:JSTOR
4084:S2CID
4076:JSTOR
4029:JSTOR
3991:JSTOR
3944:S2CID
3897:JSTOR
3851:S2CID
3804:S2CID
3796:JSTOR
3201:Notes
3157:coups
2923:China
2914:heavy
2871:) in
2869:ANZAC
2726:. If
1969:Lists
1425:Women
1363:Ranks
1283:Staff
1213:Proxy
1128:Class
1083:Naval
1068:Depth
898:Swarm
891:Siege
871:Naval
851:Drone
746:Music
721:Robot
717:Drone
702:Cyber
645:Armor
615:Cyber
588:Green
583:Brown
546:Urban
506:Space
427:Radar
422:Sonar
291:Armor
273:Pilot
268:Comms
248:Recon
233:Staff
206:Ranks
4270:ISSN
4226:ISBN
4199:ISBN
4164:ISBN
4123:ISSN
4068:ISSN
4019:ISBN
3983:ISSN
3936:ISSN
3887:ISBN
3843:ISSN
3786:ISBN
3750:ISSN
3711:ISSN
3511:ISBN
3127:RFID
3108:and
3061:and
3049:and
3018:and
2916:and
2904:The
2809:The
2538:and
2464:and
2433:and
2175:and
2107:and
2069:land
2006:Wars
1523:Base
1073:Goal
980:Raid
578:Blue
516:Land
167:Navy
162:Army
4535:doi
4499:doi
4474:doi
4463:doi
4403:doi
4326:doi
4262:doi
4191:doi
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3879:doi
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