Combined Bomber Offensive

504:" and not "designed to affect British operations in any substantive way." While the CBO Plan was being developed, the British independently drew up a plan in April 1943 entitled "The Attack on the GAF" which identified German fighter strength as "the most formidable weapon...against our bomber offensive" and advocated attacks on airfields and aircraft factories, The document recommended attacks on 34 airfields that were within range of the Rhubarb and Circus operations. The plan identified ten towns as suitable for attack by high level daytime bombing followed by RAF night attacks and may have influenced target selection by the Eighth AF (and, later, the Ninth AF). The Combined Chiefs of Staff approved the "Eaker Plan" on May 19, 1943, and identified six specific "target systems" such as the German aircraft industry (including fighter strength): 42: 199: 211: 155: 168: 131: 880: 118: 906:, a campaign of 16 major raids on the German capital, interspersed with many other major and minor raids across Germany to reduce the predictability of the British operations. In these 16 raids the RAF destroyed around 4,500 acres (18 km) of Berlin for the loss of 300 aircraft. Harris had planned to reduce most of the city to rubble, break German morale and so win the war. During the period of the battle of Berlin, the British lost 1,047 bombers across all its bombing operations in Europe with a further 1,682 aircraft damaged, culminating in the disastrous raid on 785: 453:"The progressive destruction and dislocation of the German military, industrial and economic systems and the undermining of the morale of the German people to a point where their capacity for armed resistance is fatally weakened. Every opportunity to be taken to attack Germany by day to destroy objectives that are unsuitable for night attack, to sustain continuous pressure on German morale, to impose heavy losses on German day fighter force and to conserve German fighter force away from the Russian and Mediterranean theatres of war." 1021:, Eisenhower permitted Spaatz to test that the Luftwaffe would defend oil targets more heavily. During the trial raids of May 12 and May 28, German fighters heavily defended the oil targets, and after the invasion had not begun during the good weather of May, Luftwaffe fighters in France were recalled to defend Reich industry. The German plan was to await the invasion and then, "on the cue words 'Threatening Danger West'," redeploy fighter strength back to unused French air bases when needed against the invasion. The last two 6911: 188: 690:, where the British refused a U.S. request to place the CBO under a "single Allied strategic air commander," as they did not want to interfere with, nor be part of, a decision they deemed unwise and purely of American military origin. After Arnold submitted the October 9, 1943 "Plan to Assure the Most Effective Exploitation of the Combined Bomber Offensive" on October 22 the "Allied Joint Chiefs of Staff" signed orders to raid "the aircraft industries in the southern Germany and Austria regions". 104: 485:, Jr.; and including Brig. Gen. Orvil A. Anderson completed a plan for the "Combined Bomber Offensive from the United Kingdom", which projected the US bomber strength for the four phases (944, 1,192, 1,746, & 2,702 bombers) through to 31 March 1944. Eaker added a summary and final changes such as: "If the growth of the German fighter strength is not arrested quickly, it may become literally impossible to carry out the destruction planned" ("Intermediate Objectives" section). 143: 983:

D-Day beaches. Harris rebutted that even after the planned rail attacks, German rail traffic would be sufficient to supply invasion defenses; and Spaatz proposed attacks on industry in Germany to require fighters to be moved away from the Overlord beaches to defend the plants. Tedder concluded that a committee needed to study the pre-Overlord targeting, but when the committee met in March, no consensus was reached.

773: 497:, drew up a plan for Combined Bomber Operations. Finished in April 1943, the plan recommended 18 operations during each three-month phase (12 in each phase were expected to be successful) against 76 specific targets. The plan also projected the US bomber strength for the four phases (944, 1,192, 1,746, and 2,702 bombers) through 31 March 1944. 836:, clearing each force of bomber destroyers from Germany's skies throughout early 1944. After the bombers had hit their targets, the USAAF fighters were then free to strafe German airfields and transport infrastructure when returning to base, contributing significantly to the achievement of air superiority by Allied air forces over Europe. 1001:, Eisenhower decided that "apart from the attack on the GAF the transportation plan was the only one which offered a reasonable chance of the air forces making an important contribution to the land battle during the first vital weeks of Overlord". Control of all air operations was transferred to Eisenhower on April 14 at noon. 274:

until the latter stages of the war when German fighter defences were so reduced that daylight bombing was possible without risking large losses. The US effort was by day – massed formations of bombers with escorting fighters. Together they made up a round-the-clock bombing effort except where weather

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However, after "very few German fighters rose to contest the early attacks on French rail yards" and the Ninth (tactical) AAF in England had dropped 33,000 tons of bombs through April on French railway targets, Churchill wrote to Roosevelt in May 1944 that he was not "convinced of the wisdom of this

973:

During the "winter campaign against the German aircraft industry ... January 11 February 22, 1944", review began on the initial air plan for the Overlord which omitted the requirement "to seek air superiority before the landings were attempted." Instead, the plan was to bomb communications targets

719:

It should be emphasized that the destruction of houses, public utilities, transport and lives, the creation of a refugee problem on an unprecedented scale, and the breakdown of morale both at home and at the battle fronts by fear of extended and intensified bombing, are accepted and intended aims of

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On 14 June 1943, the Combined Chiefs of Staff issued the Pointblank directive which modified the February 1943 Casablanca directive. Along with the single-engine fighters of the CBO plan, the highest priority Pointblank targets were the fighter aircraft factories since the Western Allied invasion of

2519:

Kuter quotes an Air Ministry memorandum for the July 5 meeting. (cited by Mets note 60, pp. 269, 394: at a "staff meeting the British Chiefs of Staff ... 5 July 1944 ... Portal had tried to move Harris away from area bombing to join in the attacks on oil. ... the recommendation that emerged was a

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On March 25, 1944 Portal chaired a meeting of the generals and restated the Pointblank objective of air superiority was still the highest CBO priority. Although the "Joint Chiefs of Staff" had previously argued that it was impossible to impede German military rail traffic due to the large reserve

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Overall reduction of German air combat strength in its factories, on the ground and in the air through mutually supporting attacks by both strategic air forces pursued with relentless determination against same target areas or systems so far as tactical conditions allow, in order to create the air

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was concentrated in fewer factories and would likely have been much more vulnerable. Despite bombing, "German single-engine fighter production ... for the first quarter of 1944 was 30% higher than for the third quarter of 1943, which we may take as a base figure. In the second quarter of 1944, it

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had been assigned the responsibility on June 26, 1943, for drafting the plan, and at the February 14, 1944, meeting regarding the Overlord air plan, he claimed German fighters would defend and be defeated during the attacks on rail yards, and if not, air superiority would instead be won over the

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on 30 March 1944. The campaign did not achieve its strategic objective, and coupled with the RAF's unsustainable losses (7–12% of aircraft committed to the large raids), the official British historians identified it as an operational defeat for the RAF. At the end of Battle of Berlin, Harris was

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Doolittle's major influence on the European air war occurred in early 1944 when he changed USAAF policy which required escorting fighters to remain with the bombers at all times. With his permission, some of the American fighters on bomber escort missions would fly further ahead of the bombers'

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commander. The COA report recommended 18 operations during each three-month phase (12 in each phase were expected to be successful) against a total of 6 vulnerable target systems consisting of 76 specific targets. The six systems were 1) German submarine construction yards and bases, 2) German

310:

had mostly been attacking German industry in their own way – the British by broad night attacks on industrial areas and the US in "precision attacks" on specific targets. The operational execution of the directive was left to the commanders of the forces and as such even after the directive the

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doubled; by the third quarter of 1944, it had tripled, in a year's time. In September 1944, monthly German single-engine fighter production reached its wartime peak – 3031 fighter aircraft. Total German single-engine fighter production for 1944 reached the amazing figure of 25,860

795:

Following the heavy losses (about a quarter of the aircraft) of "Black Thursday" (14 October 1943), the USAAF discontinued strikes deep into Germany until an escort was introduced that could follow the bombers to and from their targets. In 1944, the USAAF bombers—now escorted by

1029:

and his wingman Heinz Wodarczyk, that were to be recalled conducted two of the very sparse Luftwaffe day sorties over the Normandy beaches on D-day, and on June 7/8 the Luftwaffe began redeploying c. 600 aircraft to France for attacking the Normandy bridgehead.

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In practice the USAAF bombers made large scale daylight attacks on factories involved in the production of fighter aircraft. The Luftwaffe was forced into defending against these raids, and its fighters were drawn into battle with the bombers and their escorts.

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countered that the military fraction of rail traffic was so small that no amount of railyard bombing would significantly impact operations. As endorsed on March 6 by the MEW and the U.S. Mission for Economic Affairs, Spaatz again proposed that "execution of

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aircraft industry, 3) ball bearing manufacture, 4) oil production, 5) synthetic rubber and tires, and 6) military transport vehicle production. Using the COA report and information from the MEW, in April 1943 an Anglo-American committee (composed of British

728:

progressive destruction and dislocation of the German military, industrial and economic systems, the disruption of vital elements of lines of communication and the material reduction of German air combat strength, by the successful prosecution of the

1095:(the letter "included a report by Arnold's operations analysts about strategic targets in Europe" and was delivered by Col. C. P. Cabell, "It was ... a week before he took the letter to Portal, along with one signed by General Eaker" 693:

July 1943 was the first time that the USAAF would coordinate a raid on the same location as the RAF. They were to fly two daylight missions against industrial targets (U-boat pens and yards) in Hamburg following the opening raid of the

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Harris says that after the war the total damage to Berlin during the war was 6,380 acres, 500 before the Battle of Berlin, 1,000 by the Americans, and additional damage by Mosquito light bomber nuisance raids which is not quantified.

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initiated the primary portion of the Allied Combined Bomber Offensive intended to cripple or destroy the German aircraft fighter strength, thus drawing it away from frontline operations and ensuring it would not be an obstacle to the

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in September. Tedder's proposal to keep oil targets as the highest priority and place "Germany's rail system in second priority" was approved by the CSTC on November 1. On April 12, 1945, Strategic Bombing Directive No. 4 ended the

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capacity, for the secondary priority Portal identified that pre-invasion railyard attacks only needed to reduce traffic so tactical airpower could inhibit enemy defenses during the first 5 weeks of OVERLORD. Sir John Kennedy and

752:"The subject of morale had been dropped and gave me a wide range of choice. ... the new instructions therefore made no difference" to RAF Bomber Command operations (Arthur Harris). The February 13 plan was given the code name 657:". Pointblank operations against the "intermediate objective" began on 14 June, and the "Effects of Bombing Offensive on German War Effort" (J.I.C. (43) 294) by the Joint Intelligence Subcommittee was issued 22 July 1943. 965:" through threatening the bombing of strategic targets and "leaving the German fighters with no alternative other than to defend them" but "the combat was primarily fought and certainly won" by the US long range fighters. 716:"the aim of the Combined Bomber Offensive...should be unambiguously and publicly stated. That aim is the destruction of German cities, the killing of German workers, and the disruption of civilized life throughout Germany. 460:, the USAAF Commander requested target information from the British, and the "Report of Committee of Operations Analysts" was submitted to Arnold on March 8, 1943 and then to the Eighth Air Force commander as well as the 6957: 6962: 2228:

apart from the attack on the GAF, the transportation plan was the only one which offered a reasonable chance of the air forces making an important contribution to the land battle during the first vital weeks of

850:

Soon after Doolittle took command of the 8th Air Force, between February 20 and 25, 1944, as part of the Combined Bomber Offensive, the USAAF launched "Operation Argument", a series of missions against the

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the Committee of Operations Analysts submitted on 8 March 1943 a comprehensive report on Axis industry. ... Nineteen vital industries were selected ... which if destroyed would ... stagnate the German war

996:

would force the enemy to reduce oil consumption ... and ... fighting power" during Overlord. Although "concerned that military transportation experts of the British Army had not been consulted" about the

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through launching massive attacks by the bombers of the USAAF, protected by squadrons of Republic P-47 Thunderbolts and North American P-51 Mustangs, on the German aircraft industry. In defeating the

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and FW-190s" (William R. Emerson). Following Operation Pointblank, Germany dispersed works of its aircraft industry across 729 medium and very small plants (some in tunnels, caves, and mines).

698:. However fires started by the night's bombing obscured the targets and the USAAF " were not keen to follow immediately on the heels of RAF raids in the future because of the smoke problem". 760:" (February 20–25). Harris claimed the Argument plan was not "a reasonable operation of war", and the Air Staff had to order Harris to bomb the Pointblank targets at Schweinfurt. 927:

Operation Pointblank showed that Germany's aircraft and ball bearings plants were not very vulnerable to air attack. Its production of synthetic rubber, ammunition, nitrogen, and

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was the only one which offered a reasonable chance of the air forces making an important contribution to the land battle during the first vital weeks of OVERLORD"

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The wording of both the Casablanca directive and the Pointblank directive allowed Harris sufficient leeway to continue the British campaign of night-time

5264: 4753: 4369: 804:—renewed their operation. Eaker gave the order to "Destroy the enemy air force wherever you find them, in the air, on the ground and in the factories." 712:

writing to his superior urged the British government to be honest to the public regarding the purpose of the bombing campaign and openly announce that:

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General Carl Spaatz had been insistent—and correct. The enemy would fight for oil, and the enemy would lose his fighters, his crews, and his fuel.

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had only 80 operational aircraft on the North French Coast, which managed about 250 combat sorties against the 13,743 Allied sorties that day.

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The Combined Bomber Offensive began on 10 June 1943 during the British bombing campaign against German industry in the Ruhr area known as the "

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against German industrial cities which targeted both the factories and - indirectly through destruction of housing - the factory workers.

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fighter opposition heading towards the formations. This greater freedom for the fighters inflicted heavy losses on the less maneuverable

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On February 13, 1944, the CCS issued a new plan for the "Bomber Offensive", which no longer included German morale in the objective:

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Pointblank operations ended on the fifth day of the Invasion. and the highest priority of the Combined Bomber Offensive became

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targets which was the highest priority from June 1943 to 1 April 1944. The subsequent highest priority campaigns were against

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fighter had both the range to escort bomber formations deep into Germany and the performance to take on German fighters.

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Another copy is in the National Archives". p. 343: "Powell, Jr. was a member of General Spaatz's staff in England")

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Losses during the first months of Pointblank operations and lower-than-planned U.S. bomber production resulted in

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Eaker's "Combined Bomber Offensive Plan" was "a document devised to help Arnold get more planes and men for the

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Hughes, Richard D. (15 February 1944), "Conference Held at A.E.A.F Headquarters, Stanmore 15 February 1944 ",

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USAF Historical Studies No. 122 (formerly AAFRH-22) "The Combined Bomber Offensive: 1 January to 6 June 1944"

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and the RAF would not return to begin the systematic destruction of Germany until the last quarter of 1944.

501: 6923: 6819: 6194: 6155: 5074: 4902: 4887: 4814: 4793: 4611: 4289: 4075: 4068: 4052: 3763: 3722: 3694: 3242: 2557: 2514: 2289: 2241: 2152: 1710: 1345: 1060: 1038: 587: 431: 334: 3252: 6886: 6210: 6162: 5780: 5752: 5605: 5220: 5199: 4713: 4376: 4282: 3772: 3411: 3302: 2714:"No. 118 "The Early Operations of the Eighth Air Force and the Origins of the Combined Bomber Offensive"" 1944:(quoted by Jablonski p. 52 of Tragic Victories volume (Book I: Target Germany, Kites over Berlin chapter) 1908: 954: 801: 777: 47: 2643:, Army Air Force Research Histories, AAF Historical Offices, 19xx–AFHS No. 103 - AAFRH-3, archived from 2002: 6684: 6180: 6099: 6044: 5932: 5888: 5538: 5164: 5088: 4983: 4860: 4732: 4725: 4685: 4658: 4390: 4323: 3918: 3729: 3659: 3625: 3334: 3112:

The Pointblank Directive : three generals and the untold story of the daring plan that saved D-Day

1860: 633: 6503: 6288: 6148: 6120: 5953: 5858: 5648: 5081: 4148: 3802: 797: 470: 4346: 3127: 2620:, The Army Air Forces In World War II (1983 imprint ed.), Air Force Historical Studies Office, 961:, Big Week and the subsequent attack on the aircraft industry reduced "the fighting capacity of the 756:, and after the weather became favorable on February 19, Argument operations were conducted during " 6325: 6302: 5554: 5355: 5348: 5005: 4665: 4637: 4630: 4017: 3597: 3060: 3046: 3034: 2975: 2946: 2872: 2713: 2644: 2594: 2157:("letter" cited by Mets notes 49 & 50, pp. 190,383; "notes" cited by Mets note 89, pp. 201,385) 1845:

JCS 524, Plan to Assure the Most Effective Exploitation of the Combined Bomber Offensive, 9 Oct 43.

435: 4362: 4339: 2936:"AFHS No. 110 "The War Against the Luftwaffe: AAF Counter-Air Operations, April 1943 – June 1944"" 1831: 456:

After initiating the preparation of a U.S. targeting plan on December 9, 1942; on March 24, 1943,

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Bombing the European Axis Powers: A Historical Digest of the Combined Bomber Offensive 1939–1945

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British continued in night attacks on the majority of the attacks on German fighter production.

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The Early Operations of the Eighth Air Force and the Origins of the Combined Bomber Offensive

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cites "Strategic air offensives. The Oxford Companion to World War II". Accessed 14 July 2008

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Eaker was replaced at the start of 1944 as 8th Air Force commander by then-Major General

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United States Strategic Bombing Survey Summary Report (European War) September 30, 1945

1783: 1685: 1472:"THE ANGLO-AMERICAN COMBINED BOMBER OFFENSIVE IN EUROPE DURING WORLD WAR II, 1942-1945" 1471: 1055: 1034: 868: 784: 709: 654: 575: 482: 288: 6856: 6740: 6630: 6570: 6531: 6464: 6446: 6412: 6355: 6309: 6253: 6078: 5816: 5808: 5745: 5598: 5192: 4717: 4178: 4157: 3867: 3576: 3472: 3442: 3115: 3090: 3033:, Army Air Force Research Histories, AAF Historical Offices, AAFRH-18, archived from 3011: 2912: 2843: 2812: 2790: 2772: 2754: 2736: 2682: 2664: 2621: 2581: 2551: 2508: 2496: 2283: 2235: 2146: 1912: 1022: 916: 788: 702: 494: 284: 295:

to bomb specific targets such as aircraft factories; the order was confirmed at the

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The First and the Last: The Rise and Fall of the German Fighter Forces, 1938–1945

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Leaping the Atlantic Wall: Army Air Forces Campaigns in Western Europe, 1942–1945

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attacks on lines of communications in France as part of the preparations for the

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Allied aerial bombing campaign of German infrastructure during later half of WWII

6910: 1446:"KNOCKOUT BLOW?: THE ARMY AIR FORCE'S OPERATIONS AGAINST PLOESTI AND BALIKPAPAN" 741:

situation most propitious for OVERLORD is immediate purpose of Bomber Offensive.

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ULTRA History of U.S. Strategic Air Force Europe vs. German Air Forces, SRH-013

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plan" Although Tedder's original Overlord air directive in mid-April listed no

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Decision over Schweinfurt: The U.S. 8th Air Force Battle for Daylight Bombing

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France could not take place without fighter superiority. In August 1943, the

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Piercing the Fog: Intelligence and Army Air Forces Operations in World War 2

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The British bombing campaign was chiefly waged by night by large numbers of

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our bombing policy. They are not by-products of attempts to hit factories."

664:(German: Kruppsche Nachtscheinanlage) which was a German decoy-site of the 478: 461: 443: 408: 328: 271: 240: 210: 173: 6958:

Aerial operations and battles of World War II involving the United Kingdom

2911:, vol. III Outraged Skies, Garden City, NY: Doubleday & Company, 2545:, ordnance depots; and M.T. (motor transport) production plants and depots 902:

Between 18 November 1943 and 31 March 1944, RAF Bomber Command fought the

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to conduct the "Bomber Offensive from the United Kingdom" and the British

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Aerial operations and battles of World War II involving the United States

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Getting MAD: Nuclear Mutual Assured Destruction, Its Origins and Practice

1138: 974:(primary) and rail yards and repair facilities (secondary). Air Marshal 928: 852: 203: 529: 5909: 5662: 5641: 4527: 3860: 3788: 2562:

became the secondary priorities. (quoted by Mets note 23, pp. 260,393)

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Volume Two – Europe: Torch to Pointblank: August 1942 – December 1943

2376:(cited by Mets, pp. 212,386,392: "copy provided to author by Justice 2119:

Shugg, Roger W.; DeWeerd, H. A.; Lieutenant Colonel (January 1947) ,

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was the main aircraft in service with RAF Bomber Command during the

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Volume Three – Europe: Argument to V-E Day: January 1944 – May 1945

1154: 845: 757: 344: 248: 2123:(Second ed.), Washington: Infantry Journal Press, p. 266 1638: 1636: 1142: 1134: 1104:

Col. Richard D. Hughes was Eaker's "target-selection specialist."

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A committee under Eaker, led by Hansell and including Brig. Gen.

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Carl Spaatz: A Register of His Papers in the Library of Congress

2040:"The 'Transportation Plan': Preparing for the Normandy invasion" 6973:

Aerial operations and battles of World War II involving Germany

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s threat against the Allies, and by the Normandy Landings, the

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in Europe. The primary portion of the CBO was directed against

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Aerial operations and battles of World War II involving Canada

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formations with the intention of "clearing the skies" of any

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Despatch on War Operations: 23 February 1942, to 8 May 1945

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Craven, Wesley Frank, and Cate, James Lea, editors (1983).

1947: 1534: 1204:"French Air Force Crews flew from RAF Elvington during WW2" 1113:

The "Bradley Plan" was for Eighth Air Force troop build-up.

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aircraft factory at Malbork, Poland (Marienburg in German).

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The Combined Bomber Offensive: April through December 1943

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The Poltava Affair: A Russian Warning, An American Tragedy

1983: 1959: 1546: 660:

The Germans built large-scale night-time decoys like the

427:) had drawn up their plans for attacking the Axis powers. 2445: 1807: 1509: 1507: 1380:

USAFA McDermott Library, Clark Special Collections Branch

2098:"The Strategic Air Offensive against Germany, 1939–1945" 1939: 1575: 1573: 1524: 1522: 1344: 672:. During World War II, it was designed to divert Allied 3062:

The Combined Bomber Offensive: 1 January to 6 June 1944

2388: 2386: 2095: 1386: 1234: 939:

However, Operation Pointblank did help to diminish the

4306:

Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany

2945:, Air Force Historical Research Agency, archived from 2697:"Operation Pointblank: A Tale of Bombers and Fighters" 2424: 2422: 2407: 2395: 2352: 2342: 2340: 2057: 1504: 1251: 1249: 320:

COA report "vital industries" and the CBO target types

2102:

The Strategic Air Offensive Against Germany 1939-1945

1780:"Effects of Bombing Offensive on German War Effort", 1597: 1570: 1519: 1427: 1425: 1410: 1398: 676:

from the actual production site of the arms factory.

2611:

Craven, Wesley Frank; Cate, James Lea, eds. (1951),

2383: 1971: 1795: 1609: 1326: 1222: 1169:

Doolittle had first struck Japan in April 1942 with

2419: 2337: 2297: 2191: 2179: 1302: 1246: 1210: 255:(September 1944). Additional CBO targets included 3008:Operation Pointblank 1944; Defeating the Luftwaffe 2203: 1621: 1585: 1558: 1492: 1422: 419:List of air operations during the Battle of Europe 3158:RAF strategic bombing during the Second World War 2309: 1648: 6944: 3089:. Atlanta: Higgins-McArthur/Longino and Porter. 2434: 1372: 1314: 2749:Harris, Arthur Travers; Cox, Sebastian (1995), 2096:Webster, Sir Charles; Frankland, Noble (1961). 2078:D-Day 6 June 1944 The Air operations: Time line 686:complaining about the 3-month CBO delay at the 287:. The directive issued on 14 June 1943 ordered 6968:Military history of France during World War II 1940:Combined Chiefs of Staff (February 13, 1944), 1706:"LeMay and Harris the "Objective" Exemplified" 1669: 1667: 1665: 1663: 867:, the Allies achieved air superiority and the 3660: 3143: 791:single-engine fighter targeted by Pointblank. 636:and also causing heavy USAAF losses) and the 604: 522:The remainder of the German aircraft industry 2897: 2789:, New York: Macmillan Publishing Co., Inc., 2657:Aircraft of the 8th Army Air Force 1942–1945 1965: 1953: 1933: 1734: 1732: 1540: 1035:operations against the German rocket weapons 253:petroleum, oil, and lubrication (POL) plants 2839:The Strategic Bombing of Germany, 1940–1945 2681:, Air University Press, p. 202,554–5, 2633: 1714:. Chronicles Online Journal. Archived from 1699: 1697: 1686:Background: Combined Bomber – World War Two 1660: 1270: 1268: 1266: 1264: 980:tactical element of the invasion air forces 911:obliged to commit his heavy bombers to the 745:Combined Chiefs of Staff, February 13, 1944 325:single-engine fighter aircraft (22 targets) 3667: 3653: 3608:Air operations during the Battle of Europe 3150: 3136: 2864:Master of Airpower: General Carl A. Spaatz 2610: 2371:Haines, William (Lt. Col.) (6 June 1945), 2174:, New York: Harper and Row, pp. 217–9 1357: 1240: 648: 257:railyards and other transportation targets 2924: 2906: 2888: 2748: 2166: 1729: 1363: 423:Both the British and the US (through the 3045:Stormont, John F. (Capt) (March 1946) , 3023: 2962: 2711: 2256: 2254: 2252: 2132: 2130: 1740:"Birth of the Combined Bomber Offensive" 1694: 1552: 1513: 1261: 1011:USAF historian Herman S. Wolk, June 1974 878: 783: 771: 767: 566:Combined Operational Planning Committee 3079: 2784: 2727: 2694: 2580:, Air Force Historical Studies Office, 2413: 2401: 2358: 2063: 1856: 1615: 1443: 314: 6945: 5521: 5499:Romanian prisoners in the Soviet Union 3109: 3005: 2870: 2835: 2766: 2723:, Air Force Historical Research Agency 2567: 2370: 2330:Prelude to D-Day: The Bomber Offensive 2215: 2136: 2022:Wartime Magazine: The battle of Berlin 1989: 1977: 1642: 1603: 1528: 1416: 1404: 1392: 1308: 1228: 828:and their replacement, single-engined 645:(WNF) which produced Bf 109 fighters. 50:during raid of October 9, 1943 on the 6370:Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign 5802:Japanese invasion of French Indochina 5448:Italian prisoners in the Soviet Union 5404:Finnish prisoners in the Soviet Union 4502:Rape during the occupation of Germany 3648: 3603:United States Army Air Forces (USAAF) 3131: 3059:Norris, Joe L. (Capt) (April 1947) , 2800: 2676: 2495: 2477:, Manuscript Division, archived from 2451: 2334:(cited by Mets note 140, pp. 216,387) 2249: 2127: 1818: 1801: 1767: 1654: 1470:LIEUTENANT COLONEL SON M. LE (2002). 1332: 1255: 1216: 922: 859:was lured into a decisive battle for 855:that became known as "Big Week". The 598:Combined Strategic Targets Committee 528:Oil (contingent upon attacks against 5492:Polish prisoners in the Soviet Union 4517:Rape during the liberation of France 3598:Aerial defence of the United Kingdom 3058: 3044: 2933: 2861: 2637:The Ploesti Mission of 1 August 1943 2428: 2346: 2327: 2315: 2303: 2209: 2197: 2185: 2176:(cited by Mets note 87, pp. 200,385) 1703: 1627: 1591: 1579: 1564: 1498: 1479:Defense Technical Information Center 1431: 1320: 1044:strategic bombing campaign in Europe 968: 824:("destroyer wings") of twin-engined 617:Among the factories listed were the 558:US Committee of Operations Analysts 34:Strategic bombing campaign in Europe 3263:Combined Bomber Offensive (1943–44) 3010:, Campaign 236, Osprey Publishing, 2801:Kreis, John F; et al. (1996), 2654: 2578:The Army Air Forces In World War II 1673: 1488:from the original on July 27, 2018. 1173:, partly to damage Japanese morale. 1171:a force of 16 B-25 Mitchell bombers 874: 13: 5718:German invasion of the Netherlands 3991:Weather events during World War II 3619:Death by Moonlight: Bomber Command 3073: 2523: 2488: 2466: 2440: 2081:, RAF, 6 July 2004, archived from 2013: 614:upheld this change of priorities. 450:on 4 February with the object of: 359:submarine construction plants and 14: 6989: 6349:Northern Burma and Western Yunnan 3086:The Air Plan That Defeated Hitler 2985: 2543:tank production plants and depots 2270:apart from the attack on the GAF, 834:heavily armed and armored Fw 190s 543:Military motor transport vehicles 392:optical precision instruments (3) 275:conditions prevented operations. 6909: 3674: 3248:Area bombing of cities (1942–43) 2677:Davis, Richard G. (April 2006), 2108:. London: II: 280–281, III: 131. 2003:"Bomber Harris Pre-World War II" 519:German submarine yards and bases 263:and, along with army equipment, 209: 197: 186: 166: 153: 141: 129: 116: 102: 76:European Theatre of World War II 40: 3176:RAF strategic bombing 1942–1945 2871:Norris, Joe L. (Capt) (1947) , 2767:Harris, Arthur Travers (2005), 2572:, New York: David McKay Company 2537:The German rail and waterborne 2497:Kuter, Laurence S. (Brig. Gen.) 2364: 2321: 2160: 2121:World War II: A Concise History 2112: 2089: 2069: 2032: 1995: 1924: 1895: 1878:Bomber Command 60th Anniversary 1866: 1824: 1773: 1679: 1463: 1437: 1338: 1176: 1163: 1116: 1107: 1098: 1083: 366:military transport vehicles (7) 22:Combined Bomber Offensive (CBO) 6953:World War II strategic bombing 6596:Vietnamese famine of 1944–1945 4299:Territorial changes of Germany 4207:Indonesian National Revolution 2842:, Greenwood Publishing Group, 2525: 2490: 1832:"Cross-Channel Attack, p. 212" 1277: 1196: 251:installations (June 1944) and 66:June 10, 1943 – April 12, 1945 1: 5996:Japanese invasion of Thailand 5947:Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran 5711:German invasion of Luxembourg 4085:Mediterranean and Middle East 3181:Area Bombing Directive (1942) 2701:USAFA Harmon Memorial Lecture 2659:, Big Bird Aviation, p. 2535:, Box 15, 23 September 1944, 2483:(cited by Mets, p. 409): 2460: 1711:Air & Space Power Journal 630:Schweinfurter Kugellagerwerke 308:United States Army Air Forces 5903:Invasion of the Soviet Union 5592:Occupation of Czechoslovakia 4903:Independent State of Croatia 2712:Ferguson, Arthur B. (1946), 2695:Emerson, William R. (1962), 2328:Wolk, Herman S (June 1974), 1346:Ministry of Economic Warfare 1061:Oil Campaign of World War II 802:North American P-51 Mustangs 696:RAF campaign against Hamburg 578:Target Priorities Committee 432:Ministry of Economic Warfare 285:invasion of Northwest Europe 259:, particularly prior to the 7: 6887:End of World War II in Asia 6727:Western invasion of Germany 6234:Chinese famine of 1942–1943 6211:Second Battle of El Alamein 5781:Hundred Regiments Offensive 5753:Battle of the Mediterranean 5606:Italian invasion of Albania 3773:Air warfare of World War II 3191:Casablanca directive (1943) 3110:Keeney, L. Douglas (2012), 3024:Ferguson, Arthur B (1946), 2520:gigantic attack on Berlin") 1909:Strategic Studies Institute 1880:, RAF, 2004, archived from 1049: 839: 778:North American P-51 Mustang 733:from all convenient bases. 508:1. Intermediate objectives 488: 481:; led by Brigadier General 477:) under Lieutenant General 438:agreed at the January 1943 10: 6994: 6813:Naval bombardment of Japan 6181:First Battle of El Alamein 6100:Battle of Christmas Island 6045:Japanese invasion of Burma 5809:Italian invasion of Greece 5725:German invasion of Belgium 5697:German invasion of Denmark 5670:1939–1940 Winter Offensive 5539:Second Italo-Ethiopian War 3796:Comparative military ranks 3268:Battle of Berlin (1943–44) 3212:Frederick "Prof" Lindemann 3006:Zaloga, Steven J. (2011), 2963:Stormont, John F. (1946), 2925:Jablonski, Edward (1972), 2907:Jablonski, Edward (1971), 2898:Jablonski, Edward (1971), 2889:Jablonski, Edward (1971), 2785:Infield, Glenn B. (1973), 2634:Cruickshank, Earl (1944), 2568:Coffey, Thomas M. (1977), 1790:J.I.C. reports 5, vil. 185 1091:Letter to Portal in London 869:invasion of Western Europe 843: 798:Republic P-47 Thunderbolts 605:Pointblank directive (PBD) 540:Synthetic rubber and tires 416: 6902: 6734:Bratislava–Brno offensive 6674: 6665:Dutch famine of 1944–1945 6402: 6289:Allied invasion of Sicily 6243: 6149:Aleutian Islands campaign 6121:Zhejiang-Jiangxi campaign 6068: 6059:Greek famine of 1941–1944 5954:Second Battle of Changsha 5859:German invasion of Greece 5827: 5704:Battle of Zaoyang–Yichang 5679: 5617: 5512: 5393: 5119: 5029: 4870: 4573: 4564: 4322: 4147: 4039:North and Central Pacific 4000: 3762: 3755: 3682: 3590: 3539: 3493: 3420: 3354: 3311: 3258:Battle of the Ruhr (1943) 3235: 3199: 3163: 2246:(quoted by Mets, p. 208) 1874:"Hamburg, 28th July 1943" 1770:, pp. 154, 185, 242. 1444:Bunnell, John G. (2005). 1354:(cited by Coffey, p. 237) 1352:, PRO London, AIR 14/2662 731:combined bomber offensive 537:3. Secondary objectives: 389:electrical equipment (16) 380:iron and steel works (14) 225:Combined Bomber Offensive 179: 94: 58: 39: 31: 21: 6326:Allied invasion of Italy 6303:Solomon Islands campaign 6052:Third Battle of Changsha 5649:First Battle of Changsha 5555:Second Sino-Japanese War 4488:German military brothels 4354:United States war crimes 3582:Light Night Strike Force 3081:Hansell, Haywood S. (Jr) 2934:Ramsey, John F. (1945), 2862:Mets, David R. (1997) , 2556:: CS1 maint: location ( 2513:: CS1 maint: location ( 2294:(quoted by Mets, p. 208) 2288:: CS1 maint: location ( 2240:: CS1 maint: location ( 2151:: CS1 maint: location ( 1645:, pp. 149, 197–198. 1071: 978:, who would command the 624:factory (which would be 555:1942 December 9 onwards 436:Combined Chiefs of Staff 6748:Second Guangxi campaign 6603:Philippines (1944–1945) 6107:Battle of the Coral Sea 6010:Fall of the Philippines 5656:Battle of South Guangxi 5562:Battles of Khalkhin Gol 4961:Italian Social Republic 2972:USAF Historical Studies 2943:USAF Historical Studies 2836:Levine, Alan J (1992), 2721:USAF Historical Studies 2027:Australian War Memorial 649:Beginning of operations 516:2. Primary objectives: 511:German fighter strength 297:Quebec Conference, 1943 27:Allied Bomber offensive 6333:Armistice of Cassibile 6135:Battle of Dutch Harbor 6086:Battle of the Java Sea 5989:Attack on Pearl Harbor 5889:Syria–Lebanon campaign 5882:Battle of South Shanxi 5852:Invasion of Yugoslavia 5635:Battle of the Atlantic 5249:Korean Liberation Army 4955:(until September 1943) 4912:(until September 1944) 4890:(until September 1944) 3222:Sir Archibald Sinclair 3207:Arthur "Bomber" Harris 3186:Dehousing paper (1942) 2539:transportation systems 2044:Maxwell Air Force Base 1241:Craven & Cate 1951 1008: 976:Trafford Leigh-Mallory 892: 792: 781: 750: 681:Chief of the Air Staff 425:Air War Plans Division 414: 350:nonferrous metals (13) 267:of the war in Europe. 180:Commanders and leaders 148:Free French Air Forces 6497:Second Battle of Guam 6393:Bengal famine of 1943 6363:Second Battle of Kiev 6319:Battle of the Dnieper 6024:Battle of Wake Island 5896:East African campaign 5838:Battle of South Henan 5483:atrocities by Germans 5256:Korean Volunteer Army 4230:Occupation of Germany 3984:Music in World War II 3367:Boston (Douglas DB-7) 3253:U-boat pens (1943–44) 3243:Oil targets (1940-45) 3114:, Osprey Publishing, 2499:(9 August 1944), "", 2172:From Apes to Warlords 1364:Harris & Cox 1995 1350:The Bomber's Baedeker 1037:in June 1944 and the 1025:Fw 190As, piloted by 1004: 882: 787: 775: 768:Pointblank operations 726: 626:attacked at high cost 475:Joint Chiefs of Staff 466:Royal Air Force (RAF) 440:Casablanca Conference 356:and rubber tires (12) 322: 302:Up to that point the 6783:Surrender of Germany 6261:Battle of West Hubei 6218:Guadalcanal campaign 6188:Battle of Stalingrad 6114:Battle of Madagascar 4881:Albania protectorate 4668:(formerly Swaziland) 4377:Wehrmacht war crimes 4193:Expulsion of Germans 3977:Art and World War II 3875:British contribution 3824:Governments in exile 3613:Defence of the Reich 2866:(paperback ed.) 2454:, pp. 554, 555. 2392:Jablonski Vol IV p78 2378:Lewis F. Powell, Jr. 1992:, pp. 187, 188. 1911:, 2004, p. 36, 1821:, pp. 208, 123. 737:Section 2, "Concept" 462:British Air Ministry 458:General "Hap" Arnold 448:Casablanca directive 315:Casablanca directive 280:Pointblank directive 261:invasion of Normandy 6873:Potsdam Declaration 6762:Italy (Spring 1945) 6525:Liberation of Paris 5982:Siege of Sevastopol 4993:(until August 1944) 4896:Wang Jingwei regime 4718:from September 1943 4678:from September 1944 4616:from September 1944 4476:Romanian war crimes 4467:Persecution of Jews 4453:Croatian war crimes 4423:Japanese war crimes 4237:Occupation of Japan 4186:First Indochina War 3898:Military production 3810:Declarations of war 3516:Intruder operations 3330:("Dambusters" raid) 2771:, Pen & Sword, 2475:Library of Congress 2275:transportation plan 1689:valourandhorror.com 1066:Transportation Plan 999:Transportation Plan 822:Zerstörergeschwader 634:attacked in October 551: 386:electric power (55) 265:in the final stages 6866:Surrender of Japan 6699:Battle of Iwo Jima 6548:Belgrade offensive 5961:Siege of Leningrad 5845:Battle of Shanggao 5774:British Somaliland 5739:Dunkirk evacuation 5690:Norwegian campaign 5628:Invasion of Poland 5455:Japanese prisoners 4416:Italian war crimes 4347:British war crimes 4262:Soviet occupations 4046:South-West Pacific 3933:Allied cooperation 3891:Military equipment 3633:Target for Tonight 3217:Sir Charles Portal 3171:Butt Report (1941) 2650:on 19 January 2016 2602:2015-08-10 at the 1784:William J. Donovan 1555:, pp. 13, 15. 1056:Operation Crossbow 923:Pointblank outcome 893: 793: 782: 710:RAF Bomber Command 684:Sir Charles Portal 655:Battle of the Ruhr 549: 483:Haywood S. Hansell 464:, the MEW and the 430:After the British 383:machine tools (12) 335:petroleum products 289:RAF Bomber Command 6940: 6939: 6898: 6897: 6741:Battle of Okinawa 6640:Burma (1944–1945) 6474:Mariana and Palau 6254:Tunisian campaign 6079:Fall of Singapore 6003:Fall of Hong Kong 5746:Battle of Britain 5599:Operation Himmler 5508: 5507: 5172:Dutch East Indies 4808:Southern Rhodesia 4560: 4559: 4460:Genocide of Serbs 4363:German war crimes 4340:Soviet war crimes 4333:Allied war crimes 4179:Division of Korea 4158:Chinese Civil War 3956:Strategic bombing 3868:Manhattan Project 3642: 3641: 3577:No. 100 Group RAF 3322:(Friedrichshafen) 3017:978-1-84908-385-0 2849:978-0-275-94319-6 2818:978-1-4289-1405-6 2707:on March 25, 2009 2670:978-0-9559840-0-6 2533:Spaatz Collection 2501:Spaatz Collection 2467:Cooney, Charles, 2263:Spaatz Collection 2224:Spaatz Collection 2139:Spaatz Collection 2085:on 11 August 2006 1918:978-1-4289-1033-1 1582:, pp. 18–19. 1023:Jagdgeschwader 26 969:Overlord air plan 917:Normandy Landings 891:(Winter 1943/44). 789:Focke Wulf Fw 190 703:Air Chief Marshal 639:Wiener Neustädter 612:Quebec Conference 602: 601: 495:Orvil A. Anderson 473:and the American 237:strategic bombing 221: 220: 90: 89: 26: 6985: 6933: 6926: 6919: 6916:World portal 6914: 6913: 6889: 6882: 6875: 6868: 6859: 6852: 6845: 6836: 6829: 6822: 6815: 6808: 6801: 6792: 6785: 6778: 6776:Prague offensive 6771: 6769:Battle of Berlin 6764: 6757: 6750: 6743: 6736: 6729: 6722: 6715: 6713:Vienna offensive 6708: 6701: 6694: 6692:Battle of Manila 6687: 6667: 6658: 6649: 6642: 6633: 6626: 6619: 6612: 6605: 6598: 6591: 6582: 6573: 6566: 6557: 6550: 6543: 6536: 6527: 6520: 6513: 6506: 6499: 6492: 6485: 6476: 6469: 6460: 6451: 6442: 6435: 6433:Korsun–Cherkassy 6428: 6417: 6395: 6386: 6379: 6372: 6365: 6358: 6351: 6344: 6335: 6328: 6321: 6314: 6305: 6298: 6291: 6284: 6277: 6275:Bombing of Gorky 6270: 6263: 6256: 6236: 6229: 6220: 6213: 6206: 6197: 6190: 6183: 6176: 6165: 6158: 6151: 6144: 6142:Battle of Midway 6137: 6130: 6128:Battle of Gazala 6123: 6116: 6109: 6102: 6095: 6088: 6081: 6061: 6054: 6047: 6040: 6038:Battle of Borneo 6033: 6031:Malayan campaign 6026: 6019: 6012: 6005: 5998: 5991: 5984: 5977: 5975:Bombing of Gorky 5970: 5968:Battle of Moscow 5963: 5956: 5949: 5942: 5935: 5928: 5912: 5905: 5898: 5891: 5884: 5877: 5868: 5861: 5854: 5847: 5840: 5820: 5811: 5804: 5797: 5790: 5783: 5776: 5769: 5762: 5755: 5748: 5741: 5734: 5732:Battle of France 5727: 5720: 5713: 5706: 5699: 5692: 5672: 5665: 5658: 5651: 5644: 5637: 5630: 5608: 5601: 5594: 5587: 5585:Munich Agreement 5580: 5573: 5564: 5557: 5550: 5541: 5534: 5519: 5518: 5501: 5494: 5485: 5478: 5471: 5470:Soviet prisoners 5464: 5457: 5450: 5441: 5434: 5425: 5418: 5411: 5410:German prisoners 5406: 5386: 5377: 5370: 5363: 5358: 5351: 5344: 5337: 5330: 5323: 5316: 5309: 5302: 5295: 5288: 5281: 5274: 5267: 5258: 5251: 5244: 5237: 5230: 5223: 5216: 5209: 5202: 5195: 5188: 5181: 5174: 5167: 5160: 5153: 5146: 5139: 5132: 5112: 5105: 5098: 5091: 5084: 5077: 5070: 5063: 5056: 5049: 5042: 5022: 5015: 5008: 5001: 4994: 4986: 4979: 4972: 4963: 4956: 4948: 4941: 4939:French Indochina 4934: 4927: 4920: 4913: 4905: 4898: 4891: 4883: 4863: 4854: 4847: 4838: 4831: 4824: 4817: 4810: 4803: 4796: 4789: 4786:from August 1944 4777: 4770: 4763: 4756: 4749: 4742: 4735: 4728: 4721: 4709: 4702: 4695: 4688: 4681: 4669: 4661: 4654: 4647: 4640: 4633: 4626: 4619: 4607: 4600: 4593: 4586: 4571: 4570: 4551: 4544: 4537: 4530: 4523: 4512: 4497: 4490: 4483: 4478: 4469: 4462: 4455: 4446: 4439: 4432: 4430:Nanjing Massacre 4425: 4418: 4409: 4407:Nuremberg trials 4400: 4393: 4386: 4379: 4372: 4365: 4356: 4349: 4342: 4335: 4315: 4308: 4301: 4292: 4285: 4278: 4271: 4264: 4257: 4248: 4239: 4232: 4225: 4218: 4209: 4202: 4195: 4188: 4181: 4174: 4167: 4160: 4140: 4131: 4124: 4117: 4108: 4101: 4094: 4087: 4078: 4071: 4064: 4055: 4048: 4041: 4034: 4027: 4020: 4013: 4011:Asia and Pacific 3993: 3986: 3979: 3972: 3965: 3958: 3951: 3942: 3940:Mulberry harbour 3935: 3928: 3921: 3914: 3907: 3900: 3893: 3886: 3877: 3870: 3863: 3854: 3847: 3840: 3833: 3826: 3819: 3812: 3805: 3798: 3791: 3782: 3775: 3760: 3759: 3748: 3741: 3732: 3725: 3718: 3711: 3704: 3697: 3690: 3669: 3662: 3655: 3646: 3645: 3567:No. 6 Group RCAF 3501:Area bombardment 3485:Target indicator 3458:Blockbuster bomb 3273:Transport (1944) 3152: 3145: 3138: 3129: 3128: 3124: 3106: 3104: 3103: 3069: 3067: 3055: 3053: 3041: 3040:on 13 March 2013 3039: 3032: 3020: 3002: 3001: 3000: 2982: 2980: 2969: 2959: 2958: 2957: 2951: 2940: 2930: 2921: 2903: 2894: 2885: 2879: 2867: 2858: 2857: 2856: 2832: 2831: 2830: 2821:, archived from 2797: 2781: 2769:Bomber Offensive 2763: 2745: 2724: 2718: 2708: 2703:, archived from 2691: 2673: 2651: 2649: 2642: 2630: 2619: 2573: 2561: 2555: 2547: 2529: 2518: 2512: 2504: 2494: 2482: 2455: 2449: 2443: 2438: 2432: 2426: 2417: 2411: 2405: 2399: 2393: 2390: 2381: 2375: 2368: 2362: 2356: 2350: 2344: 2335: 2333: 2325: 2319: 2313: 2307: 2301: 2295: 2293: 2287: 2279: 2258: 2247: 2245: 2239: 2231: 2226:, Box 14, n.d., 2219: 2213: 2207: 2201: 2195: 2189: 2183: 2177: 2175: 2168:Zuckerman, Solly 2164: 2158: 2156: 2150: 2142: 2134: 2125: 2124: 2116: 2110: 2109: 2093: 2087: 2086: 2073: 2067: 2061: 2055: 2054: 2052: 2051: 2036: 2030: 2017: 2011: 2010: 1999: 1993: 1987: 1981: 1975: 1969: 1966:Jablonski Vol II 1963: 1957: 1954:Jablonski Vol II 1951: 1945: 1943: 1937: 1931: 1930:Jablonski p. 52 1928: 1922: 1921: 1899: 1893: 1892: 1891: 1889: 1870: 1864: 1859:, pp. 201, 1854: 1848: 1847: 1842: 1841: 1836: 1828: 1822: 1816: 1805: 1799: 1793: 1792: 1777: 1771: 1765: 1759: 1758: 1756: 1755: 1746:. Archived from 1736: 1727: 1726: 1724: 1723: 1704:Delleman, Paul. 1701: 1692: 1683: 1677: 1671: 1658: 1652: 1646: 1640: 1631: 1625: 1619: 1613: 1607: 1601: 1595: 1589: 1583: 1577: 1568: 1562: 1556: 1550: 1544: 1541:Jablonski Vol II 1538: 1532: 1526: 1517: 1511: 1502: 1496: 1490: 1489: 1487: 1476: 1467: 1461: 1460: 1458: 1456: 1451:. pp. 22–24 1450: 1441: 1435: 1429: 1420: 1414: 1408: 1402: 1396: 1395:, p. 203-4. 1390: 1384: 1382: 1376: 1370: 1361: 1355: 1353: 1342: 1336: 1330: 1324: 1318: 1312: 1306: 1300: 1299: 1297: 1296: 1287:. Archived from 1281: 1275: 1272: 1259: 1253: 1244: 1238: 1232: 1226: 1220: 1214: 1208: 1207: 1206:. 14 March 2022. 1200: 1184: 1180: 1174: 1167: 1161: 1129:(Braunschweig), 1120: 1114: 1111: 1105: 1102: 1096: 1094: 1093:, March 24, 1943 1087: 1012: 945: 904:Battle of Berlin 897:Area Bombardment 889:Battle of Berlin 875:Battle of Berlin 746: 701:In October 1943 688:Cairo Conference 662:Krupp decoy site 628:in August), the 552: 548: 354:synthetic rubber 293:Eighth Air Force 214: 213: 202: 201: 191: 190: 172: 170: 169: 159: 157: 156: 146: 145: 134: 133: 122: 120: 119: 108: 106: 105: 60: 59: 44: 24: 19: 18: 6993: 6992: 6988: 6987: 6986: 6984: 6983: 6982: 6943: 6942: 6941: 6936: 6929: 6922: 6908: 6906: 6894: 6885: 6878: 6871: 6864: 6855: 6848: 6841: 6832: 6827:Atomic bombings 6825: 6818: 6811: 6804: 6797: 6788: 6781: 6774: 6767: 6760: 6753: 6746: 6739: 6732: 6725: 6718: 6711: 6704: 6697: 6690: 6683: 6670: 6663: 6652: 6645: 6638: 6629: 6622: 6615: 6608: 6601: 6594: 6585: 6576: 6569: 6560: 6553: 6546: 6539: 6530: 6523: 6518:Eastern Romania 6516: 6511:Warsaw Uprising 6509: 6504:Tannenberg Line 6502: 6495: 6490:Western Ukraine 6488: 6479: 6472: 6463: 6454: 6445: 6438: 6431: 6420: 6411: 6398: 6391: 6382: 6375: 6368: 6361: 6354: 6347: 6340: 6331: 6324: 6317: 6308: 6301: 6294: 6287: 6282:Battle of Kursk 6280: 6273: 6266: 6259: 6252: 6239: 6232: 6223: 6216: 6209: 6200: 6193: 6186: 6179: 6170: 6161: 6154: 6147: 6140: 6133: 6126: 6119: 6112: 6105: 6098: 6093:St Nazaire Raid 6091: 6084: 6077: 6064: 6057: 6050: 6043: 6036: 6029: 6022: 6015: 6008: 6001: 5994: 5987: 5980: 5973: 5966: 5959: 5952: 5945: 5938: 5931: 5917: 5908: 5901: 5894: 5887: 5880: 5875:Anglo-Iraqi War 5873: 5866:Battle of Crete 5864: 5857: 5850: 5843: 5836: 5823: 5814: 5807: 5800: 5795:Eastern Romania 5793: 5786: 5779: 5772: 5765: 5758: 5751: 5744: 5737: 5730: 5723: 5716: 5709: 5702: 5695: 5688: 5675: 5668: 5661: 5654: 5647: 5640: 5633: 5626: 5613: 5604: 5597: 5590: 5583: 5576: 5569: 5560: 5553: 5546: 5537: 5530: 5504: 5497: 5490: 5481: 5474: 5469: 5460: 5453: 5446: 5437: 5430: 5421: 5414: 5409: 5402: 5389: 5382: 5373: 5366: 5361: 5356:Western Ukraine 5354: 5347: 5340: 5333: 5326: 5319: 5312: 5305: 5300:Northeast China 5298: 5291: 5284: 5277: 5270: 5263: 5254: 5247: 5240: 5233: 5226: 5219: 5212: 5205: 5198: 5191: 5184: 5177: 5170: 5163: 5156: 5149: 5142: 5135: 5128: 5115: 5108: 5101: 5094: 5087: 5080: 5073: 5066: 5059: 5052: 5045: 5038: 5025: 5018: 5011: 5004: 4999:Slovak Republic 4997: 4989: 4982: 4975: 4970:Empire of Japan 4968: 4959: 4951: 4944: 4937: 4930: 4923: 4916: 4908: 4901: 4894: 4886: 4879: 4866: 4859: 4850: 4843: 4834: 4827: 4820: 4813: 4806: 4799: 4792: 4780: 4773: 4766: 4759: 4752: 4745: 4738: 4731: 4724: 4712: 4705: 4698: 4691: 4684: 4672: 4664: 4657: 4650: 4643: 4636: 4629: 4622: 4610: 4603: 4596: 4589: 4582: 4556: 4547: 4540: 4533: 4526: 4515: 4500: 4493: 4486: 4482:Sexual violence 4481: 4474: 4465: 4458: 4451: 4442: 4435: 4428: 4421: 4414: 4405: 4396: 4389: 4382: 4375: 4368: 4361: 4352: 4345: 4338: 4331: 4318: 4311: 4304: 4297: 4288: 4281: 4274: 4267: 4260: 4251: 4242: 4235: 4228: 4221: 4212: 4205: 4200:Greek Civil War 4198: 4191: 4184: 4177: 4170: 4163: 4156: 4143: 4136: 4127: 4120: 4113: 4104: 4097: 4090: 4083: 4074: 4067: 4060: 4051: 4044: 4037: 4030: 4025:South-East Asia 4023: 4016: 4009: 3996: 3989: 3982: 3975: 3968: 3961: 3954: 3947: 3938: 3931: 3924: 3917: 3910: 3903: 3896: 3889: 3884:Military awards 3882: 3873: 3866: 3859: 3850: 3843: 3836: 3829: 3822: 3815: 3808: 3801: 3794: 3787: 3778: 3771: 3751: 3744: 3737: 3728: 3721: 3714: 3709: 3700: 3693: 3686: 3678: 3673: 3643: 3638: 3586: 3572:No. 8 Group RAF 3562:No. 5 Group RAF 3557:No. 4 Group RAF 3552:No. 3 Group RAF 3547:No. 1 Group RAF 3535: 3531:Shuttle bombing 3489: 3463:Earthquake bomb 3416: 3350: 3307: 3231: 3195: 3159: 3156: 3122: 3101: 3099: 3097: 3076: 3074:Further reading 3065: 3051: 3037: 3030: 3018: 2998: 2996: 2978: 2967: 2955: 2953: 2949: 2938: 2919: 2877: 2854: 2852: 2850: 2828: 2826: 2819: 2779: 2761: 2743: 2716: 2689: 2671: 2647: 2640: 2628: 2617: 2604:Wayback Machine 2549: 2548: 2530: 2506: 2505: 2463: 2458: 2450: 2446: 2439: 2435: 2427: 2420: 2412: 2408: 2400: 2396: 2391: 2384: 2369: 2365: 2357: 2353: 2345: 2338: 2326: 2322: 2314: 2310: 2302: 2298: 2281: 2280: 2260: 2259: 2250: 2233: 2232: 2221: 2220: 2216: 2208: 2204: 2196: 2192: 2184: 2180: 2165: 2161: 2144: 2143: 2135: 2128: 2117: 2113: 2094: 2090: 2075: 2074: 2070: 2062: 2058: 2049: 2047: 2038: 2037: 2033: 2018: 2014: 2001: 2000: 1996: 1988: 1984: 1976: 1972: 1964: 1960: 1952: 1948: 1938: 1934: 1929: 1925: 1919: 1901: 1900: 1896: 1887: 1885: 1872: 1871: 1867: 1855: 1851: 1839: 1837: 1834: 1830: 1829: 1825: 1817: 1808: 1800: 1796: 1779: 1778: 1774: 1766: 1762: 1753: 1751: 1738: 1737: 1730: 1721: 1719: 1702: 1695: 1684: 1680: 1672: 1661: 1653: 1649: 1641: 1634: 1626: 1622: 1614: 1610: 1602: 1598: 1590: 1586: 1578: 1571: 1563: 1559: 1551: 1547: 1539: 1535: 1527: 1520: 1512: 1505: 1497: 1493: 1485: 1474: 1468: 1464: 1454: 1452: 1448: 1442: 1438: 1430: 1423: 1415: 1411: 1403: 1399: 1391: 1387: 1378: 1377: 1373: 1362: 1358: 1343: 1339: 1331: 1327: 1319: 1315: 1307: 1303: 1294: 1292: 1283: 1282: 1278: 1273: 1262: 1254: 1247: 1239: 1235: 1227: 1223: 1215: 1211: 1202: 1201: 1197: 1188: 1187: 1181: 1177: 1168: 1164: 1121: 1117: 1112: 1108: 1103: 1099: 1089: 1088: 1084: 1074: 1052: 1014: 1010: 971: 959:Noble Frankland 955:Charles Webster 943: 925: 877: 871:could proceed. 861:air superiority 848: 842: 809:Jimmy Doolittle 770: 747: 744: 668:steel works in 651: 607: 550:CBO committees 491: 471:Chiefs of Staff 421: 415: 341:grinding wheels 321: 317: 304:Royal Air Force 208: 196: 195: 185: 167: 165: 154: 152: 140: 128: 117: 115: 103: 101: 78: 45: 23: 17: 12: 11: 5: 6991: 6981: 6980: 6975: 6970: 6965: 6960: 6955: 6938: 6937: 6935: 6934: 6927: 6920: 6903: 6900: 6899: 6896: 6895: 6893: 6892: 6891: 6890: 6883: 6876: 6862: 6861: 6860: 6846: 6843:South Sakhalin 6839: 6838: 6837: 6823: 6816: 6809: 6802: 6795: 6794: 6793: 6779: 6772: 6765: 6758: 6751: 6744: 6737: 6730: 6723: 6716: 6709: 6702: 6695: 6688: 6680: 6678: 6672: 6671: 6669: 6668: 6661: 6660: 6659: 6643: 6636: 6635: 6634: 6620: 6613: 6606: 6599: 6592: 6583: 6574: 6567: 6558: 6551: 6544: 6537: 6528: 6521: 6514: 6507: 6500: 6493: 6486: 6477: 6470: 6461: 6452: 6443: 6436: 6429: 6418: 6408: 6406: 6400: 6399: 6397: 6396: 6389: 6388: 6387: 6380: 6366: 6359: 6352: 6345: 6338: 6337: 6336: 6322: 6315: 6306: 6299: 6292: 6285: 6278: 6271: 6268:Battle of Attu 6264: 6257: 6249: 6247: 6241: 6240: 6238: 6237: 6230: 6221: 6214: 6207: 6198: 6191: 6184: 6177: 6168: 6167: 6166: 6159: 6145: 6138: 6131: 6124: 6117: 6110: 6103: 6096: 6089: 6082: 6074: 6072: 6066: 6065: 6063: 6062: 6055: 6048: 6041: 6034: 6027: 6020: 6017:Battle of Guam 6013: 6006: 5999: 5992: 5985: 5978: 5971: 5964: 5957: 5950: 5943: 5940:Battle of Kiev 5936: 5929: 5915: 5914: 5913: 5899: 5892: 5885: 5878: 5871: 5870: 5869: 5855: 5848: 5841: 5833: 5831: 5825: 5824: 5822: 5821: 5812: 5805: 5798: 5791: 5784: 5777: 5770: 5763: 5756: 5749: 5742: 5735: 5728: 5721: 5714: 5707: 5700: 5693: 5685: 5683: 5677: 5676: 5674: 5673: 5666: 5659: 5652: 5645: 5638: 5631: 5623: 5621: 5615: 5614: 5612: 5611: 5610: 5609: 5602: 5595: 5588: 5581: 5567: 5566: 5565: 5558: 5544: 5543: 5542: 5527: 5525: 5516: 5510: 5509: 5506: 5505: 5503: 5502: 5495: 5488: 5487: 5486: 5479: 5467: 5466: 5465: 5451: 5444: 5443: 5442: 5439:United Kingdom 5435: 5428: 5427: 5426: 5407: 5399: 5397: 5391: 5390: 5388: 5387: 5380: 5379: 5378: 5371: 5359: 5352: 5345: 5338: 5331: 5324: 5317: 5310: 5303: 5296: 5289: 5282: 5275: 5268: 5261: 5260: 5259: 5252: 5238: 5231: 5224: 5217: 5210: 5203: 5196: 5189: 5182: 5175: 5168: 5161: 5154: 5147: 5140: 5133: 5125: 5123: 5117: 5116: 5114: 5113: 5106: 5099: 5092: 5085: 5078: 5071: 5064: 5057: 5050: 5043: 5035: 5033: 5027: 5026: 5024: 5023: 5016: 5009: 5002: 4995: 4987: 4980: 4973: 4966: 4965: 4964: 4949: 4942: 4935: 4928: 4921: 4914: 4906: 4899: 4892: 4884: 4876: 4874: 4868: 4867: 4865: 4864: 4857: 4856: 4855: 4841: 4840: 4839: 4836:British Empire 4829:United Kingdom 4825: 4818: 4811: 4804: 4797: 4790: 4778: 4771: 4764: 4757: 4750: 4743: 4736: 4729: 4722: 4710: 4703: 4696: 4689: 4682: 4670: 4662: 4655: 4648: 4645:Czechoslovakia 4641: 4634: 4627: 4620: 4608: 4601: 4594: 4587: 4579: 4577: 4568: 4562: 4561: 4558: 4557: 4555: 4554: 4553: 4552: 4545: 4542:Rape of Manila 4538: 4531: 4524: 4513: 4498: 4491: 4479: 4472: 4471: 4470: 4463: 4449: 4448: 4447: 4440: 4433: 4419: 4412: 4411: 4410: 4403: 4402: 4401: 4394: 4380: 4373: 4359: 4358: 4357: 4350: 4343: 4328: 4326: 4320: 4319: 4317: 4316: 4313:United Nations 4309: 4302: 4295: 4294: 4293: 4286: 4279: 4272: 4258: 4249: 4240: 4233: 4226: 4219: 4210: 4203: 4196: 4189: 4182: 4175: 4172:Decolonization 4168: 4161: 4153: 4151: 4145: 4144: 4142: 4141: 4134: 4133: 4132: 4118: 4111: 4110: 4109: 4102: 4095: 4081: 4080: 4079: 4072: 4058: 4057: 4056: 4049: 4042: 4035: 4028: 4021: 4006: 4004: 3998: 3997: 3995: 3994: 3987: 3980: 3973: 3966: 3959: 3952: 3945: 3944: 3943: 3936: 3922: 3915: 3908: 3901: 3894: 3887: 3880: 3879: 3878: 3864: 3857: 3856: 3855: 3848: 3845:United Kingdom 3841: 3827: 3820: 3813: 3806: 3799: 3792: 3785: 3784: 3783: 3768: 3766: 3757: 3753: 3752: 3750: 3749: 3742: 3735: 3734: 3733: 3726: 3719: 3707: 3706: 3705: 3691: 3683: 3680: 3679: 3672: 3671: 3664: 3657: 3649: 3640: 3639: 3637: 3636: 3629: 3626:Into the Storm 3622: 3615: 3610: 3605: 3600: 3594: 3592: 3588: 3587: 3585: 3584: 3579: 3574: 3569: 3564: 3559: 3554: 3549: 3543: 3541: 3537: 3536: 3534: 3533: 3528: 3523: 3518: 3513: 3508: 3503: 3497: 3495: 3491: 3490: 3488: 3487: 3482: 3477: 3476: 3475: 3470: 3460: 3455: 3453:"Monica" radar 3450: 3445: 3440: 3435: 3430: 3424: 3422: 3418: 3417: 3415: 3414: 3409: 3404: 3399: 3394: 3389: 3384: 3379: 3374: 3369: 3364: 3358: 3356: 3352: 3351: 3349: 3348: 3340: 3332: 3324: 3315: 3313: 3309: 3308: 3306: 3305: 3300: 3295: 3290: 3285: 3280: 3275: 3270: 3265: 3260: 3255: 3250: 3245: 3239: 3237: 3233: 3232: 3230: 3229: 3224: 3219: 3214: 3209: 3203: 3201: 3197: 3196: 3194: 3193: 3188: 3183: 3178: 3173: 3167: 3165: 3161: 3160: 3155: 3154: 3147: 3140: 3132: 3126: 3125: 3120: 3107: 3095: 3075: 3072: 3071: 3070: 3056: 3042: 3021: 3016: 3003: 2983: 2960: 2931: 2922: 2917: 2904: 2895: 2886: 2868: 2859: 2848: 2833: 2817: 2798: 2782: 2777: 2764: 2759: 2746: 2741: 2729:Galland, Adolf 2725: 2709: 2692: 2687: 2674: 2669: 2655:Darling, Kev, 2652: 2631: 2626: 2607: 2606: 2590: 2589: 2574: 2564: 2563: 2521: 2485: 2484: 2462: 2459: 2457: 2456: 2444: 2433: 2431:, p. 260. 2418: 2416:, p. 214. 2406: 2404:, p. 211. 2394: 2382: 2363: 2361:, p. 207. 2351: 2349:, p. 211. 2336: 2320: 2308: 2306:, p. 208. 2296: 2248: 2214: 2202: 2200:, p. 203. 2190: 2188:, p. 201. 2178: 2159: 2126: 2111: 2088: 2068: 2066:, p. 237. 2056: 2031: 2019:Daniel Oakman 2012: 2007:The Dambusters 1994: 1982: 1970: 1958: 1956:, p. 154. 1946: 1932: 1923: 1917: 1894: 1884:on 6 July 2007 1865: 1849: 1823: 1806: 1804:, p. 202. 1794: 1772: 1760: 1728: 1693: 1678: 1659: 1647: 1632: 1620: 1608: 1606:, p. 207. 1596: 1584: 1569: 1557: 1545: 1543:, p. 155. 1533: 1531:, p. 206. 1518: 1503: 1491: 1462: 1436: 1421: 1419:, p. 237. 1409: 1407:, p. 205. 1397: 1385: 1371: 1356: 1337: 1335:, p. 154. 1325: 1313: 1301: 1276: 1260: 1258:, p. 241. 1245: 1233: 1231:, p. 346. 1221: 1219:, p. 465. 1209: 1194: 1193: 1192: 1186: 1185: 1175: 1162: 1115: 1106: 1097: 1081: 1080: 1079: 1078: 1073: 1070: 1069: 1068: 1063: 1058: 1051: 1048: 1003: 970: 967: 924: 921: 913:Transport Plan 885:Avro Lancaster 876: 873: 844:Main article: 841: 838: 826:heavy fighters 769: 766: 749: 748: 742: 738: 722: 721: 717: 650: 647: 632:ball-bearing ( 606: 603: 600: 599: 596: 592: 591: 584: 580: 579: 572: 568: 567: 564: 560: 559: 556: 547: 546: 545: 544: 541: 535: 534: 533: 526: 523: 520: 514: 513: 512: 490: 487: 413: 412: 402: 399: 396: 393: 390: 387: 384: 381: 378: 372: 370:transportation 367: 364: 357: 351: 348: 338: 332: 326: 319: 318: 316: 313: 219: 218: 216:Hermann Göring 206: 182: 181: 177: 176: 163: 151: 150: 138: 126: 110:United Kingdom 97: 96: 92: 91: 88: 87: 84: 80: 79: 74: 72: 68: 67: 64: 56: 55: 46:8th Air Force 37: 36: 29: 28: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6990: 6979: 6976: 6974: 6971: 6969: 6966: 6964: 6961: 6959: 6956: 6954: 6951: 6950: 6948: 6932: 6928: 6925: 6921: 6918: 6917: 6912: 6905: 6904: 6901: 6888: 6884: 6881: 6877: 6874: 6870: 6869: 6867: 6863: 6858: 6854: 6853: 6851: 6850:Kuril Islands 6847: 6844: 6840: 6835: 6831: 6830: 6828: 6824: 6821: 6817: 6814: 6810: 6807: 6803: 6800: 6796: 6791: 6787: 6786: 6784: 6780: 6777: 6773: 6770: 6766: 6763: 6759: 6756: 6752: 6749: 6745: 6742: 6738: 6735: 6731: 6728: 6724: 6721: 6717: 6714: 6710: 6707: 6703: 6700: 6696: 6693: 6689: 6686: 6682: 6681: 6679: 6677: 6673: 6666: 6662: 6657: 6656: 6651: 6650: 6648: 6644: 6641: 6637: 6632: 6628: 6627: 6625: 6621: 6618: 6617:Syrmian Front 6614: 6611: 6607: 6604: 6600: 6597: 6593: 6590: 6589: 6584: 6581: 6580: 6575: 6572: 6568: 6565: 6564: 6563:Market Garden 6559: 6556: 6552: 6549: 6545: 6542: 6538: 6535: 6534: 6529: 6526: 6522: 6519: 6515: 6512: 6508: 6505: 6501: 6498: 6494: 6491: 6487: 6484: 6483: 6478: 6475: 6471: 6468: 6467: 6462: 6459: 6458: 6453: 6450: 6449: 6444: 6441: 6437: 6434: 6430: 6427: 6423: 6422:Monte Cassino 6419: 6416: 6415: 6410: 6409: 6407: 6405: 6401: 6394: 6390: 6385: 6381: 6378: 6374: 6373: 6371: 6367: 6364: 6360: 6357: 6353: 6350: 6346: 6343: 6339: 6334: 6330: 6329: 6327: 6323: 6320: 6316: 6313: 6312: 6307: 6304: 6300: 6297: 6293: 6290: 6286: 6283: 6279: 6276: 6272: 6269: 6265: 6262: 6258: 6255: 6251: 6250: 6248: 6246: 6242: 6235: 6231: 6228: 6227: 6222: 6219: 6215: 6212: 6208: 6205: 6204: 6199: 6196: 6192: 6189: 6185: 6182: 6178: 6175: 6174: 6169: 6164: 6160: 6157: 6153: 6152: 6150: 6146: 6143: 6139: 6136: 6132: 6129: 6125: 6122: 6118: 6115: 6111: 6108: 6104: 6101: 6097: 6094: 6090: 6087: 6083: 6080: 6076: 6075: 6073: 6071: 6067: 6060: 6056: 6053: 6049: 6046: 6042: 6039: 6035: 6032: 6028: 6025: 6021: 6018: 6014: 6011: 6007: 6004: 6000: 5997: 5993: 5990: 5986: 5983: 5979: 5976: 5972: 5969: 5965: 5962: 5958: 5955: 5951: 5948: 5944: 5941: 5937: 5934: 5930: 5926: 5925: 5920: 5916: 5911: 5907: 5906: 5904: 5900: 5897: 5893: 5890: 5886: 5883: 5879: 5876: 5872: 5867: 5863: 5862: 5860: 5856: 5853: 5849: 5846: 5842: 5839: 5835: 5834: 5832: 5830: 5826: 5819: 5818: 5813: 5810: 5806: 5803: 5799: 5796: 5792: 5789: 5788:Baltic states 5785: 5782: 5778: 5775: 5771: 5768: 5764: 5761: 5757: 5754: 5750: 5747: 5743: 5740: 5736: 5733: 5729: 5726: 5722: 5719: 5715: 5712: 5708: 5705: 5701: 5698: 5694: 5691: 5687: 5686: 5684: 5682: 5678: 5671: 5667: 5664: 5660: 5657: 5653: 5650: 5646: 5643: 5639: 5636: 5632: 5629: 5625: 5624: 5622: 5620: 5616: 5607: 5603: 5600: 5596: 5593: 5589: 5586: 5582: 5579: 5575: 5574: 5572: 5568: 5563: 5559: 5556: 5552: 5551: 5549: 5545: 5540: 5536: 5535: 5533: 5529: 5528: 5526: 5524: 5520: 5517: 5515: 5511: 5500: 5496: 5493: 5489: 5484: 5480: 5477: 5473: 5472: 5468: 5463: 5459: 5458: 5456: 5452: 5449: 5445: 5440: 5436: 5433: 5432:United States 5429: 5424: 5420: 5419: 5417: 5413: 5412: 5408: 5405: 5401: 5400: 5398: 5396: 5392: 5385: 5381: 5376: 5372: 5369: 5368:Quốc dân Đảng 5365: 5364: 5360: 5357: 5353: 5350: 5346: 5343: 5339: 5336: 5332: 5329: 5325: 5322: 5318: 5315: 5311: 5308: 5304: 5301: 5297: 5294: 5290: 5287: 5283: 5280: 5276: 5273: 5269: 5266: 5262: 5257: 5253: 5250: 5246: 5245: 5243: 5239: 5236: 5232: 5229: 5225: 5222: 5218: 5215: 5211: 5208: 5204: 5201: 5197: 5194: 5190: 5187: 5183: 5180: 5176: 5173: 5169: 5166: 5162: 5159: 5155: 5152: 5148: 5145: 5141: 5138: 5134: 5131: 5127: 5126: 5124: 5122: 5118: 5111: 5107: 5104: 5100: 5097: 5093: 5090: 5086: 5083: 5079: 5076: 5072: 5069: 5068:Liechtenstein 5065: 5062: 5058: 5055: 5051: 5048: 5044: 5041: 5037: 5036: 5034: 5032: 5028: 5021: 5020:Collaboration 5017: 5014: 5010: 5007: 5003: 5000: 4996: 4992: 4988: 4985: 4981: 4978: 4974: 4971: 4967: 4962: 4958: 4957: 4954: 4950: 4947: 4943: 4940: 4936: 4933: 4929: 4926: 4922: 4919: 4915: 4911: 4907: 4904: 4900: 4897: 4893: 4889: 4885: 4882: 4878: 4877: 4875: 4873: 4869: 4862: 4858: 4853: 4849: 4848: 4846: 4845:United States 4842: 4837: 4833: 4832: 4830: 4826: 4823: 4819: 4816: 4812: 4809: 4805: 4802: 4798: 4795: 4791: 4787: 4783: 4779: 4776: 4772: 4769: 4765: 4762: 4758: 4755: 4751: 4748: 4744: 4741: 4737: 4734: 4730: 4727: 4723: 4719: 4715: 4711: 4708: 4704: 4701: 4697: 4694: 4690: 4687: 4683: 4679: 4675: 4671: 4667: 4663: 4660: 4656: 4653: 4649: 4646: 4642: 4639: 4635: 4632: 4628: 4625: 4621: 4617: 4613: 4609: 4606: 4602: 4599: 4595: 4592: 4588: 4585: 4581: 4580: 4578: 4576: 4572: 4569: 4567: 4563: 4550: 4546: 4543: 4539: 4536: 4535:Comfort women 4532: 4529: 4525: 4522: 4519: / 4518: 4514: 4511: 4508: / 4507: 4504: / 4503: 4499: 4496: 4495:Camp brothels 4492: 4489: 4485: 4484: 4480: 4477: 4473: 4468: 4464: 4461: 4457: 4456: 4454: 4450: 4445: 4441: 4438: 4434: 4431: 4427: 4426: 4424: 4420: 4417: 4413: 4408: 4404: 4399: 4395: 4392: 4388: 4387: 4385: 4384:The Holocaust 4381: 4378: 4374: 4371: 4370:forced labour 4367: 4366: 4364: 4360: 4355: 4351: 4348: 4344: 4341: 4337: 4336: 4334: 4330: 4329: 4327: 4325: 4321: 4314: 4310: 4307: 4303: 4300: 4296: 4291: 4287: 4284: 4280: 4277: 4273: 4270: 4266: 4265: 4263: 4259: 4256: 4255: 4250: 4247: 4246: 4241: 4238: 4234: 4231: 4227: 4224: 4223:Marshall Plan 4220: 4217: 4216: 4211: 4208: 4204: 4201: 4197: 4194: 4190: 4187: 4183: 4180: 4176: 4173: 4169: 4166: 4162: 4159: 4155: 4154: 4152: 4150: 4146: 4139: 4135: 4130: 4126: 4125: 4123: 4119: 4116: 4112: 4107: 4103: 4100: 4096: 4093: 4089: 4088: 4086: 4082: 4077: 4076:Eastern Front 4073: 4070: 4069:Western Front 4066: 4065: 4063: 4059: 4054: 4050: 4047: 4043: 4040: 4036: 4033: 4029: 4026: 4022: 4019: 4015: 4014: 4012: 4008: 4007: 4005: 4003: 3999: 3992: 3988: 3985: 3981: 3978: 3974: 3971: 3967: 3964: 3963:Puppet states 3960: 3957: 3953: 3950: 3946: 3941: 3937: 3934: 3930: 3929: 3927: 3923: 3920: 3916: 3913: 3909: 3906: 3905:Naval history 3902: 3899: 3895: 3892: 3888: 3885: 3881: 3876: 3872: 3871: 3869: 3865: 3862: 3858: 3853: 3852:United States 3849: 3846: 3842: 3839: 3835: 3834: 3832: 3828: 3825: 3821: 3818: 3814: 3811: 3807: 3804: 3800: 3797: 3793: 3790: 3786: 3781: 3777: 3776: 3774: 3770: 3769: 3767: 3765: 3761: 3758: 3754: 3747: 3743: 3740: 3736: 3731: 3727: 3724: 3720: 3717: 3713: 3712: 3708: 3703: 3699: 3698: 3696: 3692: 3689: 3685: 3684: 3681: 3677: 3670: 3665: 3663: 3658: 3656: 3651: 3650: 3647: 3635: 3634: 3630: 3628: 3627: 3623: 3621: 3620: 3616: 3614: 3611: 3609: 3606: 3604: 3601: 3599: 3596: 3595: 3593: 3589: 3583: 3580: 3578: 3575: 3573: 3570: 3568: 3565: 3563: 3560: 3558: 3555: 3553: 3550: 3548: 3545: 3544: 3542: 3538: 3532: 3529: 3527: 3524: 3522: 3521:Master Bomber 3519: 3517: 3514: 3512: 3509: 3507: 3506:Bomber stream 3504: 3502: 3499: 3498: 3496: 3492: 3486: 3483: 3481: 3480:Bouncing bomb 3478: 3474: 3471: 3469: 3466: 3465: 3464: 3461: 3459: 3456: 3454: 3451: 3449: 3446: 3444: 3441: 3439: 3436: 3434: 3431: 3429: 3426: 3425: 3423: 3419: 3413: 3410: 3408: 3405: 3403: 3400: 3398: 3395: 3393: 3390: 3388: 3385: 3383: 3380: 3378: 3375: 3373: 3370: 3368: 3365: 3363: 3360: 3359: 3357: 3353: 3347: 3345: 3341: 3339: 3337: 3333: 3331: 3329: 3325: 3323: 3321: 3317: 3316: 3314: 3310: 3304: 3301: 3299: 3296: 3294: 3291: 3289: 3286: 3284: 3281: 3279: 3276: 3274: 3271: 3269: 3266: 3264: 3261: 3259: 3256: 3254: 3251: 3249: 3246: 3244: 3241: 3240: 3238: 3234: 3228: 3227:Arthur Tedder 3225: 3223: 3220: 3218: 3215: 3213: 3210: 3208: 3205: 3204: 3202: 3198: 3192: 3189: 3187: 3184: 3182: 3179: 3177: 3174: 3172: 3169: 3168: 3166: 3162: 3153: 3148: 3146: 3141: 3139: 3134: 3133: 3130: 3123: 3121:9781849089333 3117: 3113: 3108: 3098: 3096:0-405-12178-4 3092: 3088: 3087: 3082: 3078: 3077: 3064: 3063: 3057: 3050: 3049: 3043: 3036: 3029: 3028: 3022: 3019: 3013: 3009: 3004: 2994: 2993: 2988: 2984: 2981:on 2012-09-02 2977: 2973: 2966: 2961: 2952:on 2012-09-02 2948: 2944: 2937: 2932: 2928: 2923: 2920: 2918:9780385041560 2914: 2910: 2905: 2901: 2896: 2892: 2887: 2884: 2876: 2875: 2869: 2865: 2860: 2851: 2845: 2841: 2840: 2834: 2825:on 2011-07-17 2824: 2820: 2814: 2810: 2806: 2805: 2799: 2796: 2792: 2788: 2783: 2780: 2778:1-84415-210-3 2774: 2770: 2765: 2762: 2760:0-7146-4692-X 2756: 2753:, Routledge, 2752: 2747: 2744: 2742:0-553-11709-2 2738: 2734: 2730: 2726: 2722: 2715: 2710: 2706: 2702: 2698: 2693: 2690: 2688:1-58566-148-1 2684: 2680: 2675: 2672: 2666: 2662: 2658: 2653: 2646: 2639: 2638: 2632: 2629: 2627:0-912799-03-X 2623: 2616: 2615: 2609: 2608: 2605: 2601: 2598: 2597: 2592: 2591: 2587: 2586:0-912799-03-X 2583: 2579: 2575: 2571: 2566: 2565: 2559: 2553: 2546: 2544: 2540: 2534: 2528: 2527: 2522: 2516: 2510: 2502: 2498: 2493: 2492: 2487: 2486: 2481:on 2009-06-29 2480: 2476: 2472: 2471: 2465: 2464: 2453: 2448: 2442: 2437: 2430: 2425: 2423: 2415: 2410: 2403: 2398: 2389: 2387: 2379: 2374: 2367: 2360: 2355: 2348: 2343: 2341: 2331: 2324: 2317: 2312: 2305: 2300: 2291: 2285: 2278: 2276: 2272: 2269: 2264: 2257: 2255: 2253: 2243: 2237: 2230: 2225: 2218: 2212:, p. 23. 2211: 2206: 2199: 2194: 2187: 2182: 2173: 2169: 2163: 2154: 2148: 2140: 2133: 2131: 2122: 2115: 2107: 2103: 2099: 2092: 2084: 2080: 2079: 2072: 2065: 2060: 2045: 2041: 2035: 2028: 2024: 2023: 2016: 2008: 2004: 1998: 1991: 1986: 1980:, p. 85. 1979: 1974: 1968:, p. 53. 1967: 1962: 1955: 1950: 1942: 1936: 1927: 1920: 1914: 1910: 1906: 1905: 1898: 1883: 1879: 1875: 1869: 1862: 1858: 1853: 1846: 1833: 1827: 1820: 1815: 1813: 1811: 1803: 1798: 1791: 1787: 1785: 1776: 1769: 1764: 1750:on 2008-05-16 1749: 1745: 1741: 1735: 1733: 1718:on 2009-09-26 1717: 1713: 1712: 1707: 1700: 1698: 1690: 1687: 1682: 1676:, p. 181 1675: 1670: 1668: 1666: 1664: 1656: 1651: 1644: 1639: 1637: 1630:, p. 40. 1629: 1624: 1617: 1612: 1605: 1600: 1594:, p. 17. 1593: 1588: 1581: 1576: 1574: 1567:, p. 84. 1566: 1561: 1554: 1553:Stormont 1946 1549: 1542: 1537: 1530: 1525: 1523: 1516:, p. 15. 1515: 1514:Stormont 1946 1510: 1508: 1501:, p. 13. 1500: 1495: 1484: 1480: 1473: 1466: 1447: 1440: 1434:, p. 13. 1433: 1428: 1426: 1418: 1413: 1406: 1401: 1394: 1389: 1381: 1375: 1369: 1365: 1360: 1351: 1347: 1341: 1334: 1329: 1322: 1317: 1311:, p. 12. 1310: 1305: 1291:on 2012-10-13 1290: 1286: 1280: 1271: 1269: 1267: 1265: 1257: 1252: 1250: 1243:, p. 56. 1242: 1237: 1230: 1225: 1218: 1213: 1205: 1199: 1195: 1190: 1189: 1179: 1172: 1166: 1160: 1156: 1152: 1148: 1144: 1140: 1136: 1132: 1128: 1124: 1119: 1110: 1101: 1092: 1086: 1082: 1076: 1075: 1067: 1064: 1062: 1059: 1057: 1054: 1053: 1047: 1045: 1040: 1036: 1031: 1028: 1027:Josef Priller 1024: 1020: 1013: 1007: 1002: 1000: 995: 990: 984: 981: 977: 966: 964: 960: 956: 953:According to 951: 949: 942: 937: 935: 930: 920: 918: 914: 909: 905: 900: 898: 890: 886: 881: 872: 870: 866: 862: 858: 854: 847: 837: 835: 831: 827: 823: 819: 815: 810: 805: 803: 799: 790: 786: 779: 774: 765: 761: 759: 755: 739: 736: 735: 734: 732: 725: 718: 715: 714: 713: 711: 707: 706:Arthur Harris 704: 699: 697: 691: 689: 685: 682: 677: 675: 671: 667: 663: 658: 656: 646: 644: 643:Flugzeugwerke 641: 640: 635: 631: 627: 623: 622:Messerschmitt 620: 615: 613: 597: 595:1944 October 594: 593: 589: 585: 582: 581: 577: 573: 571:1943 July 21 570: 569: 565: 562: 561: 557: 554: 553: 542: 539: 538: 536: 531: 527: 525:Ball bearings 524: 521: 518: 517: 515: 510: 509: 507: 506: 505: 503: 502:8th Air Force 498: 496: 486: 484: 480: 476: 472: 467: 463: 459: 454: 451: 449: 445: 441: 437: 433: 428: 426: 420: 410: 406: 405:anti-aircraft 403: 401:nitrogen (21) 400: 397: 394: 391: 388: 385: 382: 379: 376: 375:coking plants 373: 371: 368: 365: 362: 358: 355: 352: 349: 346: 342: 339: 336: 333: 330: 329:ball bearings 327: 324: 323: 312: 309: 305: 300: 298: 294: 291:and the U.S. 290: 286: 281: 276: 273: 272:heavy bombers 268: 266: 262: 258: 254: 250: 246: 242: 238: 235:offensive of 234: 230: 226: 217: 212: 207: 205: 200: 194: 193:Arthur Harris 189: 184: 183: 178: 175: 164: 162: 161:United States 149: 144: 139: 137: 132: 127: 125: 114: 113: 112: 111: 99: 98: 93: 85: 82: 81: 77: 73: 70: 69: 65: 62: 61: 57: 53: 49: 43: 38: 35: 30: 20: 6924:Bibliography 6907: 6720:Project Hula 6685:Vistula–Oder 6654: 6587: 6586: 6578: 6562: 6532: 6481: 6465: 6456: 6447: 6413: 6310: 6225: 6201: 6171: 5922: 5815: 5760:North Africa 5462:Soviet Union 5416:Soviet Union 5342:Soviet Union 5110:Vatican City 5013:Vichy France 4918:German Reich 4815:Soviet Union 4801:South Africa 4794:Sierra Leone 4747:Newfoundland 4566:Participants 4549:Marocchinate 4253: 4244: 4214: 4092:North Africa 4053:Indian Ocean 3912:Nazi plunder 3803:Cryptography 3676:World War II 3631: 3624: 3617: 3346:(Peenemünde) 3343: 3335: 3327: 3319: 3262: 3111: 3100:. Retrieved 3085: 3061: 3047: 3035:the original 3026: 3007: 2997:, retrieved 2991: 2976:the original 2971: 2954:, retrieved 2947:the original 2942: 2926: 2908: 2899: 2890: 2881: 2873: 2863: 2853:, retrieved 2838: 2827:, retrieved 2823:the original 2803: 2786: 2768: 2750: 2732: 2720: 2705:the original 2700: 2678: 2656: 2645:the original 2636: 2613: 2595: 2577: 2569: 2536: 2532: 2524: 2500: 2489: 2479:the original 2469: 2447: 2436: 2414:Galland 1968 2409: 2402:Galland 1968 2397: 2372: 2366: 2359:Galland 1968 2354: 2332:, p. 65 2329: 2323: 2318:, p. 5. 2311: 2299: 2271: 2267: 2266: 2262: 2227: 2223: 2217: 2205: 2193: 2181: 2171: 2162: 2138: 2120: 2114: 2105: 2101: 2091: 2083:the original 2077: 2071: 2064:Galland 1968 2059: 2048:. Retrieved 2046:. 2019-03-25 2043: 2034: 2020: 2015: 2006: 1997: 1985: 1973: 1961: 1949: 1941: 1935: 1926: 1903: 1897: 1886:, retrieved 1882:the original 1877: 1868: 1857:Galland 1968 1852: 1844: 1838:. Retrieved 1826: 1797: 1789: 1781: 1775: 1763: 1752:. Retrieved 1748:the original 1743: 1720:. Retrieved 1716:the original 1709: 1681: 1650: 1623: 1618:, p. 9. 1616:Infield 1973 1611: 1599: 1587: 1560: 1548: 1536: 1494: 1478: 1465: 1453:. Retrieved 1439: 1412: 1400: 1388: 1379: 1374: 1359: 1349: 1340: 1328: 1323:, p. 6. 1316: 1304: 1293:. Retrieved 1289:the original 1279: 1274:Emerson p. 4 1236: 1224: 1212: 1198: 1178: 1165: 1159:Oschersleben 1118: 1109: 1100: 1090: 1085: 1039:Oil Campaign 1032: 1015: 1009: 1005: 994:the oil plan 989:Andrew Noble 985: 972: 962: 952: 947: 940: 938: 926: 901: 894: 864: 856: 849: 830:Sturmgruppen 829: 821: 806: 794: 762: 753: 751: 730: 727: 723: 708:, C-in-C of 700: 692: 678: 659: 652: 642: 637: 629: 616: 608: 583:1944 July 7 499: 492: 479:Ira C. Eaker 455: 452: 444:Air Ministry 429: 422: 301: 277: 269: 241:World War II 228: 224: 222: 100: 95:Belligerents 32:Part of the 6655:Bodenplatte 6541:Gothic Line 5767:West Africa 5314:Philippines 5293:Netherlands 5158:Czech lands 5096:Switzerland 5040:Afghanistan 4984:Philippines 4852:Puerto Rico 4768:Philippines 4754:New Zealand 4740:Netherlands 4693:Free France 4444:Prosecution 4245:Osoaviakhim 4115:West Africa 4099:East Africa 3746:Conferences 3526:Pathfinders 3511:Firebombing 2995:, USAAF.net 1990:Harris 2005 1978:Zaloga 2011 1643:Levine 1992 1604:Coffey 1977 1529:Coffey 1977 1417:Coffey 1977 1405:Coffey 1977 1393:Coffey 1977 1309:Zaloga 2011 1229:Coffey 1977 1139:Schweinfurt 1019:oil targets 929:ethyl fluid 853:Third Reich 588:Oil Targets 446:issued the 204:Carl Spaatz 6947:Categories 6755:West Hunan 6588:Pointblank 5924:Silver Fox 5910:Summer War 5663:Winter War 5642:Phoney War 5423:Azerbaijan 5384:Yugoslavia 5279:Luxembourg 5121:Resistance 4861:Yugoslavia 4726:Luxembourg 4528:Sook Ching 4324:War crimes 3926:Technology 3919:Opposition 3861:Lend-Lease 3838:Australian 3831:Home front 3789:Blitzkrieg 3739:Casualties 3730:Commanders 3702:Operations 3473:Grand Slam 3421:Technology 3407:Wellington 3387:Manchester 3312:Operations 3102:2007-01-17 2999:2010-11-23 2956:2009-06-17 2855:2006-06-30 2829:2008-11-28 2461:References 2452:Davis 2006 2265:, Box 14, 2050:2024-06-20 1840:2024-06-20 1819:Davis 2006 1802:Davis 2006 1768:Kreis 1996 1754:2009-06-24 1722:2008-07-14 1655:Kreis 1996 1366:, p. 1333:Kreis 1996 1295:2007-01-16 1256:Kreis 1996 1217:Davis 2006 814:combat box 674:airstrikes 619:Regensburg 590:Committee 417:See also: 343:and crude 52:Focke-Wulf 6820:Manchuria 6706:Indochina 6482:Bagration 5933:Lithuania 5578:Anschluss 5375:Viet Minh 5272:Lithuania 5214:Hong Kong 4977:Manchukuo 4932:Azad Hind 4591:Australia 4391:Aftermath 4254:Paperclip 4149:Aftermath 3949:Total war 3817:Diplomacy 3780:In Europe 3433:H2S radar 3382:Lancaster 3336:Hurricane 3320:Bellicose 3303:The Hague 3293:Pforzheim 3283:Heilbronn 3236:Campaigns 3164:Overviews 2731:(1968) , 2588:(Vol. 1). 2429:Mets 1997 2347:Mets 1997 2304:Mets 1997 2229:OVERLORD" 2198:Mets 1997 2186:Mets 1997 1191:Citations 1147:Stuttgart 1127:Brunswick 963:Luftwaffe 948:Luftwaffe 941:Luftwaffe 908:Nuremberg 865:Luftwaffe 857:Luftwaffe 818:Luftwaffe 411:artillery 409:anti-tank 398:food (21) 395:chemicals 345:abrasives 245:Luftwaffe 231:) was an 6931:Category 6880:document 6790:document 6647:Ardennes 6631:Budapest 6579:Crossbow 6457:Overlord 6296:Smolensk 5514:Timeline 5349:Slovakia 5335:Thailand 5186:Ethiopia 5151:Bulgaria 5075:Portugal 5006:Thailand 4888:Bulgaria 4666:Eswatini 4659:Ethiopia 4612:Bulgaria 4437:Unit 731 4398:Response 4215:Keelhaul 4165:Cold War 4138:Americas 4129:timeline 4122:Atlantic 4002:Theaters 3591:See also 3397:Stirling 3392:Mosquito 3362:Blenheim 3355:Aircraft 3328:Chastise 3083:(1972). 2883:machine. 2795:72-93628 2600:Archived 2593:(1949). 2552:citation 2509:citation 2503:, Box 15 2316:AAFRH-22 2284:citation 2236:citation 2210:AAFRH-22 2170:(1972), 2147:citation 2141:, Box 14 1628:AAFRH-19 1592:AAFRH-10 1580:AAFRH-10 1565:AAFRH-10 1499:AAFRH-19 1483:Archived 1432:AAFRH-10 1321:AAFRH-22 1155:Eisenach 1050:See also 846:Big Week 840:Big Week 758:Big Week 754:Argument 743:— 576:Crossbow 530:Ploiești 489:CBO Plan 249:V-weapon 86:Disputed 71:Location 6857:Shumshu 6624:Hungary 6571:Estonia 6555:Lapland 6533:Dragoon 6466:Neptune 6448:Ichi-Go 6414:Tempest 6356:Changde 6311:Cottage 6203:Jubilee 5919:Finland 5817:Compass 5523:Prelude 5476:Finland 5362:Vietnam 5328:Romania 5200:Germany 5179:Estonia 5165:Denmark 5144:Belgium 5137:Austria 5130:Albania 5061:Ireland 5047:Andorra 5031:Neutral 4991:Romania 4925:Hungary 4910:Finland 4782:Romania 4674:Finland 4652:Denmark 4598:Belgium 4584:Algeria 4290:Romania 4276:Hungary 4032:Pacific 3756:General 3710:Leaders 3695:Battles 3688:Outline 3494:Tactics 3468:Tallboy 3412:Whitley 3402:Ventura 3377:Hampden 3372:Halifax 3298:Dresden 3278:Hamburg 3200:Leaders 2811:, 242, 2029:website 2025:on the 1888:17 June 1674:Darling 1455:20 June 1143:Hanover 1135:Hamburg 934:ME-109s 239:during 174:Germany 6834:Debate 6806:Taipei 6799:Borneo 6377:Tarawa 5571:Europe 5532:Africa 5321:Poland 5307:Norway 5286:Malaya 5265:Latvia 5207:Greece 5193:France 5089:Sweden 5054:Bhutan 4775:Poland 4761:Norway 4733:Mexico 4700:Greece 4686:France 4624:Canada 4605:Brazil 4575:Allies 4521:Serbia 4510:Poland 4283:Poland 4269:Baltic 4062:Europe 3764:Topics 3716:Allied 3443:"Oboe" 3338:(1944) 3288:Kassel 3118: 3093: 3014: 2927:Airwar 2915: 2909:Airwar 2900:Airwar 2891:Airwar 2846: 2815: 2793: 2775: 2757: 2739: 2685: 2667: 2624: 2584: 2526:^19.70 2491:^19.60 2441:Cooney 1915: 1786:Papers 1131:Kassel 1123:Bremen 586:Joint 574:Joint 233:Allied 171: 158: 136:Poland 124:Canada 121: 107: 83:Result 25:alias: 6610:Leyte 6440:Narva 6426:Anzio 6384:Makin 6342:Burma 6226:Torch 6195:Rzhev 6156:Kiska 5242:Korea 5228:Japan 5221:Italy 5103:Tibet 5082:Spain 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Combined Bomber Offensive

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