1242:
698:
1271:
1640:
1813:
952:: one with an orbit lasting 200 years or less. This contrasts it with long-period comets, whose orbits last for thousands of years. Periodic comets have an average inclination to the ecliptic of only ten degrees, and an orbital period of just 6.5 years, so Halley's orbit is atypical. Most short-period comets (those with orbital periods shorter than 20 years and inclinations of 30 degrees or less) are called Jupiter-family comets. Those resembling Halley, with orbital periods of between 20 and 200 years and inclinations extending from zero to more than 90 degrees, are called Halley-type comets. As of 2024, 105 Halley-type comets have been observed, compared with 816 identified Jupiter-family comets.
2427:
2174:
9219:
6011:
1033:
2025:
1925:
1911:
1251:
2007:
1939:
47:
830:
1521:
2160:
1262:
11794:
9213:
1209:, for instance, is about 4%, meaning that it reflects only 4% of the sunlight hitting it – about what one would expect for coal. Thus, despite astronomers predicting that Halley would have an albedo of about 0.17 (roughly equivalent to bare soil), Halley's Comet is in fact pitch black. The "dirty ices" on the surface sublime at temperatures between 170 K (−103 °C) in sections of higher albedo to 220 K (−53 °C) at low albedo;
2217:
11844:
11868:
11820:
848:
11856:
11832:
8037:
2511:
numeral indicates which comet past perihelion it was for a given year, while the lower-case letter indicates which comet it was for a given year overall. The perihelion dates farther from the present are approximate, mainly because of uncertainties in the modelling of non-gravitational effects. Perihelion dates of 1531 and earlier are in the
2083:"The people believe that it indicates calamity such as war, fire, pestilence, and a change of dynasty. In some places on certain days the doors were unopened for half a day, no water was carried and many did not even drink water as it was rumoured that pestilential vapour was being poured down upon the earth from the comet."
8045:
6591:
2510:
In the designations, "1P/" refers to Halley's Comet; the first periodic comet discovered. The number represents the year, with negatives representing BC. The letter-number combination indicates which it was of the comets observed for a given segment of the year, divided into 24 equal parts. The Roman
2128:
I came in with Halley's comet in 1835. It is coming again next year, and I expect to go out with it. It will be the greatest disappointment of my life if I don't go out with Halley's comet. The
Almighty has said, no doubt: "Now here are these two unaccountable freaks; they came in together, they must
1588:
Not long after, a comet, portending (they say) a change in governments, appeared, trailing its long flaming hair through the empty sky: concerning which there was a fine saying of a monk of our monastery called Æthelmær. Crouching in terror at the sight of the gleaming star, "You've come, have you?",
2439:
December 1990, and then the comet brightened from about magnitude 25 to magnitude 19. Comets rarely show outburst activity at distances beyond 5 au from the Sun. Different mechanisms have been proposed for the outburst, ranging from interaction with the solar wind to a collision with an undiscovered
2438:
10 km) from the Sun, Halley displayed an outburst that lasted for several months. The comet released dust with a total mass of about 10 kg, which spread into an elongated cloud roughly 374,000 km (232,000 mi) by 269,000 km (167,000 mi) in size. The outburst likely started in
1858:
One difficulty was accounting for variations in the comet's orbital period, which was over a year longer between 1531 and 1607 than it was between 1607 and 1682. Newton had theorised that such delays were caused by the gravity of other comets, but Halley found that
Jupiter and Saturn would cause the
7681:
When Halley's comet made its appearance in 1910, an
Oklahoma religious group, known as the Sacred Followers, tried to sacrifice a virgin to ward off catastrophe. (They were stopped by the police.) The Daily Oklahoman newspaper quickly refuted the claim in their September 18 edition in an article on
5561:
Keller, H. U.; Delamere, W. A.; Huebner, W. F.; Reitsema, H. J.; Schmidt, H. U.; Whipple, F. L.; Wilhelm, K.; Curdt, W.; Kramm, R.; Thomas, N.; Arpigny, C.; Barbieri, C.; Bonnet, R. M.; Cazes, S.; Coradini, M.; Cosmovici, C. B.; Hughes, D. W.; Jamar, C.; Malaise, D.; Schmidt, K.; Schmidt, W. K. H.;
1165:
Halley's day side (the side facing the Sun) is far more active than the night side. Spacecraft observations showed that the gases ejected from the nucleus were 80% water vapour, 17% carbon monoxide and 3–4% carbon dioxide, with traces of hydrocarbons although more recent sources give a value of 10%
4194:
densities obtained by this procedure are in reasonable agreement with intuitive expectations of densities near 1 g/cm3, the uncertainties in several parameters and assumptions expand the error bars so far as to make the constraints on the density uniformative ... suggestion that cometary
2481:
The next perihelion of Halley's Comet is predicted for 28 July 2061, when it will be better positioned for observation than during the 1985–1986 apparition, as it will be on the same side of the Sun as Earth. The closest approach to Earth will be one day after perihelion. It is expected to have an
1955:
When the comet was first seen, it appeared in the western sky, its head toward the north and tail towards the south, about horizontal and considerably above the horizon and quite a distance south of the Sun. It could be plainly seen directly after sunset every day, and was visible for a long time,
1772:
A hairy and fiery star having then made its appearance for several days, the mathematicians declared that there would follow grievous pestilence, dearth and some great calamity. Calixtus, to avert the wrath of God, ordered supplications that if evils were impending for the human race He would turn
1360:
and R. Vardanyan, "a star with a curved tail may represent the passage of Halley's Comet in 87 BC." Gurzadyan and
Vardanyan argue that "Tigranes could have seen Halley's Comet when it passed closest to the Sun on August 6 in 87 BC" as the comet would have been a "most recordable event";
1161:
was about 7.4 days. Images taken by the various spacecraft, along with observations of the jets and shell, suggested a period of 52 hours. Given the irregular shape of the nucleus, Halley's rotation is likely to be complex. The flyby images revealed an extremely varied topography, with hills,
1023:
calculated in 1985 that Halley's nucleus has been reduced in mass by 80 to 90% over the last 2,000 to 3,000 revolutions, and that it will most likely disappear completely after another 2,300 perihelion passages. More recent work suggests that Halley will evaporate, or split in two, within the next
1854:
Halley's periodic returns have been subject to scientific investigation since the 16th century. The three apparitions from 1531 to 1682 were noted by Edmond Halley, enabling him to predict it would return. One key breakthrough occurred when Halley talked with Newton about his ideas of the laws of
1213:
found Halley's surface temperature to be in the range 300–400 K (27–127 °C). This suggested that only 10% of Halley's surface was active, and that large portions of it were coated in a layer of dark dust that retained heat. Together, these observations suggested that Halley was in fact
990:
Halley has probably been in its current orbit for 16,000–200,000 years, although it is not possible to numerically integrate its orbit for more than a few tens of apparitions, and close approaches before 837 AD can only be verified from recorded observations. The non-gravitational effects can be
2055:
by stating he claimed that, when Earth passed through the tail, the gas "would impregnate the atmosphere and possibly snuff out all life on the planet". Despite reassurances from scientists that the gas would not inflict harm on Earth, the damage had already been done with members of the public
1186:
in the water released by Halley was initially thought to be similar to that found in Earth's ocean water, suggesting that Halley-type comets may have delivered water to Earth in the distant past. Subsequent observations showed Halley's deuterium ratio to be far higher than that found in Earth's
2234:
from urbanization caused many people to fail in attempts to see the comet. With the help of binoculars, observation from areas outside cities was more successful. Further, the comet appeared brightest when it was almost invisible from the northern hemisphere in March and April 1986, with best
2229:
The 1986 apparition of Halley's Comet was the least favourable on record. In
February 1986, the comet and the Earth were on opposite sides of the Sun, creating the worst possible viewing circumstances for Earth observers during the previous 2,000 years. Halley's closest approach was 0.42 au.
3888:
1971:
At Yale
College in Connecticut, the comet was first reported on 31 August 1835 by astronomers D. Olmstead and E. Loomis. In Canada reports were made from Newfoundland and also Quebec. Reports came in from all over by later 1835, and often reported in newspapers of this time in Canada.
1413:, who wrote that in 66 AD "The signs ... were so evident, and did so plainly foretell their future desolation ... there was a star resembling a sword, which stood over the city, and a comet, that continued a whole year". This portent was in reference to the city of Jerusalem and the
8719:
2046:
data were obtained. Furthermore, the comet made a relatively close approach of 0.15 au, making it a spectacular sight. Indeed, on 19 May, Earth actually passed through the tail of the comet. One of the substances discovered in the tail by spectroscopic analysis was the toxic gas
3812:
1153:. Its mass is roughly 2.2 × 10 kg, with an average density of about 0.55 grams per cubic centimetre (0.32 oz/cu in). The low density indicates that it is made of a large number of small pieces, held together very loosely, forming a structure known as a
955:
The orbits of the Halley-type comets suggest that they were originally long-period comets whose orbits were perturbed by the gravity of the giant planets and directed into the inner Solar System. If Halley was once a long-period comet, it is likely to have originated in the
7805:
At the film's core, though, is a plot twist devised by the filmmakers themselves; it's Mark Twain himself who captains the zeppelin, in a suicidal mission to meet Halley's comet head-on and assure the truth of his famous prediction that his life would end with the comet's
3956:
2519:. The perihelion dates for some of the early apparitions (particularly before 837 AD) are uncertain by a couple of days. While Halley's Comet usually peaks at around 0th magnitude, there are indications that the comet got considerably brighter than that in the past.
803:
that refers to "a star which appears once in seventy years that makes the captains of the ships err". Others doubt this idea based on historical considerations about the exact timing of this alleged observation, and suggest it refers to other astronomical phenomena.
4146:
6583:
1629:
died in the month of May, and his son
Michael received the Empire. And in this year there appeared a comet star, and the Norman count Robert fought a battle with Harold, King of the English, and Robert was victorious and became king over the people of the
1777:
Platina's account is not mentioned in official records. In the 18th century, a
Frenchman further embellished the story, in anger at the Church, by claiming that the Pope had "excommunicated" the comet, though this story was most likely his own invention.
1963:
Famous astronomers across the world made observations starting August 1835, including Struve at Dorpat observatory, and Sir John
Herschel, who made of observations from the Cape of Good Hope. In the United States telescopic observations were made from
513:. The missions also provided data that substantially reformed and reconfigured these ideas; for instance, it is now understood that the surface of Halley is largely composed of dusty, non-volatile materials, and that only a small portion of it is icy.
6751:
Anno 1067. mense Maii mortuus est
Constantinus Ducas Imp. et Michael filius eius suscepit Imperium, et apparuit stella cometa, et Comes Normanniae Robertus fecit bellum cum Arnaldo Rege Anglorum, et vicit Robertus, qui et factus est Rex super gentem
689:
and motion. His work on comets was decidedly incomplete. Although he had suspected that two comets that had appeared in succession in 1680 and 1681 were the same comet before and after passing behind the Sun (he was later found to be correct; see
3880:
1773:
all upon the Turks, the enemies of the Christian name. He likewise ordered, to move God by continual entreaty, that notice should be given by the bells to call the faithful at midday to aid by their prayers those engaged in battle with the Turk.
1174:. The dust particles were found to be primarily a mixture of carbon–hydrogen–oxygen–nitrogen (CHON) compounds common in the outer Solar System, and silicates, such as are found in terrestrial rocks. The dust particles ranged in size down to the
2486:
of −0.3, compared with only +2.1 for the 1986 apparition. On 9 September 2060, Halley will pass within 0.98 au (147,000,000 km) of Jupiter, and then on 20 August 2061 will pass within 0.0543 au (8,120,000 km) of Venus.
8711:
1002:
and Vitold Vecheslavov performed an analysis of 46 apparitions of Halley's Comet taken from historical records and computer simulations, which showed that its dynamics were chaotic and unpredictable on long timescales. Halley's projected
1341:, which describes a comet that appeared in the east and moved north. The only surviving record of the 164 BC apparition is found on two fragmentary Babylonian tablets, which were rediscovered in August 1984 in the collection of the
1128:
Despite the vast size of its coma, Halley's nucleus is relatively small: barely 15 kilometres (9.3 mi) long, 8 kilometres (5.0 mi) wide and perhaps 8 kilometres (5.0 mi) thick. Based on a reanalysis of images taken by the
3804:
5527:
Brosius, J. W.; Holman, G. D.; Niedner, M. B.; Brandt, J. C.; Slavin, J. A.; Smith, E. J.; Zwick, R. D.; Bame, S. J. (1988). "The cause of two plasma-tail disconnection events in comet P/Halley during the ICE-Halley radial period".
3948:
4905:
T. Hromakina, I. Belskaya, Yu. Krugly, V. Rumyantsev, O. Golubov, I. Kyrylenko, O. Ivanova. S. Velichko, I. Izvekova, A. Sergeyev, I. Slyusarev and I. Molotov (March 2021). "Small Solar System objects on highly inclined orbits".
1859:
appropriate delays. In the decades that followed, more refined mathematics would be worked on, notable by Paris Observatory; the work on Halley also provided a boost to Newton and Kepler's rules for celestial motions. (See also
1471:(May) a white sign was seen in the sky, before early twilight, in the north-east , in the Zodiac which is called Aries, to the north from these three stars in it, which are very shining. And it resembled in its shape a broom
1855:
motion. Newton also helped Halley get John Flamsteed's data on the 1682 apparition. By studying data on the 1531, 1607, and 1682 comets, he came to the conclusion these were the same comet, and presented his findings in 1696.
1409:'s reference to "a star which arises once in seventy years and misleads the sailors" refers to Halley's Comet, he can only have witnessed the 66 AD appearance. Another possible report comes from Jewish historian
2041:
The 1910 approach, which came into naked-eye view around 10 April and came to perihelion on 20 April, was notable for several reasons: it was the first approach of which photographs exist, and the first for which
3265:
Passed within 10 degrees of the north celestial pole, more northerly than at any time during the past 2000 years. This is the last appearance of the comet for which eastern records are better than Western ones.
811:
starting from accurate observations in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries could not produce accurate results further back than 837 owing to a close approach to Earth in that year. It was necessary to use
2257:
The first visual observation of the comet on its 1986 return was by an amateur astronomer, Stephen James O'Meara, on 24 January 1985. O'Meara used a home-built 610-millimetre (24 in) telescope on top of
1096:
of this dirty ice releases dust particles, which travel with the gas away from the nucleus. Gas molecules in the coma absorb solar light and then re-radiate it at different wavelengths, a phenomenon known as
918:, with much of it lying south of the ecliptic. This is usually represented as 162°, to account for Halley's retrograde orbit. That retrograde orbit grants Halley one of the highest velocities relative to the
741:). Halley thus concluded that all three comets were, in fact, the same object returning about every 76 years, a period that has since been found to vary between 72 and 80 years. After a rough estimate of the
987:, whose orbit takes it from just outside that of Uranus to twice the distance of Pluto. It may be a member of a new population of small Solar System bodies that serves as the source of Halley-type comets.
1831:
described the comet's visit in 1531, with the former even including graphics in his publication. Through his observations, Apianus was able to prove that a comet's tail always points away from the Sun.
6535:
Neuhäuser, D.L.; Neuhäuser, R.; Mugrauer, M.; Harrak, A.; Chapman, J. (August 2021). "Orbit determination just from historical observations? Test case: The comet of AD 760 is identified as 1P/Halley".
2466:
at Paranal, Chile, when Halley's magnitude was 28.2. The telescopes observed Halley, at the faintest and farthest any comet had ever been imaged, in order to verify a method for finding very faint
10585:
1978:
The time to Halley's return in 1910 would be only 74.42 years, one of the shortest known periods of its return, which is calculated to be as long as 79 years owing to the effects of the planets.
1197:'s "dirty snowball" hypothesis for comet construction; Whipple postulated that comets are icy objects warmed by the Sun as they approach the inner Solar System, causing ices on their surfaces to
1989:. Arago recorded polarimetric observations of Halley, and suggested that the tail might be sunlight reflecting off a sparsely distributed material; he had earlier made similar observations of
1664:
was inspired to turn his conquests toward Europe by the westward-seeming trajectory of the 1222 apparition. In Korea, the comet was reportedly visible during the daylight on 9 September 1222.
1603:
of May, on Tuesday after Little Easter, than whose light the brilliance or light of The Moon was not greater; and it was visible to all in this manner till the end of four nights afterwards."
1589:
he said. "You've come, you source of tears to many mothers. It is long since I saw you; but as I see you now you are much more terrible, for I see you brandishing the downfall of my country."
9083:
4904:
3720:: "Whether Josephus means that this star was different from that comet which lasted a whole year, I cannot certainly determine. His words most favor their being different one from another."
3300:, who said its head was "as large as the eye of an ox", with a tail "fan-shaped like that of a peacock". Arabs said the tail resembled a Turkish scimitar. Turkish forces attacked Belgrade.
1785:
and depicted in great detail by Śrīvara, a Sanskrit poet and biographer to the Sultans of Kashmir. He read the apparition as a cometary portent of doom foreshadowing the imminent fall of
1348:
The apparition of 87 BC was recorded in Babylonian tablets which state that the comet was seen "day beyond day" for a month. This appearance may be recalled in the representation of
2495:
Halley will come to perihelion on 27 March 2134. Then on 7 May 2134, Halley will pass within 0.092 au (13,800,000 km) of Earth. Its apparent magnitude is expected to be −2.0.
991:
crucial; as Halley approaches the Sun, it expels jets of sublimating gas from its surface, which knock it very slightly off its orbital path. These orbital changes cause delays in its
2473:
On 9 December 2023, Halley's Comet reached the farthest and slowest point in its orbit from the Sun when it was travelling at 0.91 km/s (2,000 mph) with respect to the Sun.
2266:
19.6 comet. The first to observe Halley's Comet with the naked eye during its 1986 apparition were Stephen Edberg (then serving as the coordinator for amateur observations at the
729:, used Newton's new laws to calculate the gravitational effects of Jupiter and Saturn on cometary orbits. Having compiled a list of 24 comet observations, he calculated that the
7786:
5721:
Woods, Thomas N.; Feldman, Paul D.; Dymond, Kenneth F.; Sahnow, David J. (1986). "Rocket ultraviolet spectroscopy of comet Halley and abundance of carbon monoxide and carbon".
11723:
10915:
1757:
1698:, it is much more accurate than other contemporary descriptions, and was not equaled in painting until the 19th century. Olson's identification of Halley's Comet in Giotto's
780:. The confirmation of the comet's return was the first time anything other than planets had been shown to orbit the Sun. It was also one of the earliest successful tests of
8096:; Grinin, Vladimir P.; Zvereva, A. M.; Petrov, Peter P.; Sheikhet, A. I. (1986). "A model for the coma of Comet Halley, based on the Astron ultraviolet spectrophotometry".
11745:
10873:
7622:
From Drury Lane to Mecca. Being an Account of the Strange Life and Adventures of Hedley Churchward (also Known as Mahmoud Mobarek Churchward), an English Convert to Islam
7510:
1975:
Several accounts of the 1835 apparition were made by observers who survived until the 1910 return, where increased interest in the comet led to their being interviewed.
705:
what he has observed of the Comett of 1682 particularly in the month of September, for I am more and more confirmed that we have seen that Comett now three times, since
7715:
5457:
Altwegg, K.; Balsiger, H.; Geiss, J.; Goldstein, R.; Ip, W.-H.; Meier, A. (1993). "The ion population between 1300 km and 230000 km in the coma of comet P/Halley".
2356:
and Halley. ICE flew through the tail of Halley's Comet, coming within about 40.2 million km (25.0 million mi) of the nucleus on 28 March 1986.
3839:
2418:, who was 84. He had already seen it in 1910 when he was 8. He became one of the few people in human history to have seen Halley's Comet on two different cycles.
7665:
1503:
observed this appearance and devoted himself to prayer and penance, fearing that "by this token a change in the realm and the death of a prince are made known".
1621:
mentions that a "comet-star" appeared in the sky in the year 1067 (the chronicle is erroneous, as the event occurred in 1066, and by Robert he means William).
745:
the comet would sustain from the gravitational attraction of the planets, he predicted its return for 1758. While he had personally observed the comet around
768:
having caused a delay of 618 days. This effect was computed before its return (with a one-month error to 13 April) by a team of three French mathematicians,
2146:, which surpassed Halley in brilliance and was visible in broad daylight for a short period, approximately four months before Halley made its appearance.
1883:
lens telescope with an aperture of 340 millimetres (13.3 in) to sketch Halley's comet in 1835. The same apparition was sketched by German astronomer
11893:
1675:
wrote that the comet left "great trails of fumes behind", and that it remained visible from September 1301 until January 1302. It was seen by the artist
11681:
11018:
7460:
6714:
675:. Many were still unconvinced that comets orbited the Sun, and assumed instead that they must follow straight paths through the Solar System. In 1687,
7433:
5610:
Reitsema, H. J.; Delamere, W. A.; Huebner, W. F.; Keller, H. U.; Schmidt, H. U.; Schmidt, W. K. H.; Whipple, F. L.; Wilhelm, K. (1986). "ESA SP-250".
2709:
as "A comet of the kind called Xiphias, because their tails appear to represent the blade of a sword" that supposedly heralded the destruction of the
8436:
8267:
4723:
1072:, often referred to as a "dirty snowball". Like all comets, as Halley nears the Sun, its volatile compounds (those with low boiling points, such as
8476:
5664:
4943:
4702:
3776:
9360:
914:; it orbits the Sun in the opposite direction to the planets, or, clockwise from above the Sun's north pole. The orbit is inclined by 18° to the
7927:
7383:"From François Arago to small bodies exploration: Polarimetry as a tool to reveal properties of thin dust clouds in the Solar system and beyond"
3729:
There are doubts about the latter date. It is generally accepted that the comet was visible from about mid September until about early November.
4000:
1241:
681:
7520:
462:
have been observed and recorded by astronomers around the world since at least 240 BC, but it was not until 1705 that the English astronomer
1691:
cycle, completed in 1305. Giotto's depiction includes details of the coma, a sweeping tail, and the central condensation. According to the
1012:
5641:. Dust and Nucleus Proceedings of the 20th ESLAB Symposium held in Heidelberg, West Germany, 27-31 Oct. 1986: European Space Agency: 441.
466:
understood that these appearances were re-appearances of the same comet. As a result of this discovery, the comet is named after Halley.
11479:
1491:
In 837 AD, Halley's Comet may have passed as close as 0.03 astronomical units (2.8 million miles; 4.5 million kilometres) from
9856:
9073:
9539:
7078:
Kapoor, R.C. (10 July 2017). "Records of sighting of Halley's Comet in the 1531 apparition and an eclipse in Guru Nanak's references".
4247:
2276:
The 1986 apparition gave scientists the opportunity to study the comet closely, and several probes were launched to do so. The Soviet
1649:(circa 1305) by Giotto, who purportedly modelled the star of Bethlehem on Halley, which had been sighted 4 years before that painting.
7959:
2503:
Halley's calculations enabled the comet's earlier appearances to be found in the historical record. The following table sets out the
8011:
7742:
6842:
Cook, David (15 April 2008). "Apocalyptic Incidents during the Mongol Invasions". In Brandes, Wolfram; Schmieder, Felicitas (eds.).
1667:
The 1301 apparition was visually spectacular, and may be the first that resulted in convincing portraits of a particular comet. The
1331:
The first certain appearance of Halley's Comet in the historical record is a description from 240 BC, in the Chinese chronicle
11701:
6669:, edited and translated by Mynors, R. A. B.; Thomson, R. M.; and Winterbottom, M.; 2 vols., Oxford Medieval Texts (1998–99), p. 121
2135:
8067:
9292:
4345:
1985:
Halley's Comet 1835 apparition was observed with a Lerebours telescope of 24.4 cm (9.6 in) aperture by the astronomer
1105:
the solar light. Both processes are responsible for making the coma visible. As a fraction of the gas molecules in the coma are
7822:
1604:
1044:
March 1986. The dark colouration of the nucleus can be observed, as well as the jets of dust and gas erupting from its surface.
813:
733:
of a second comet that had appeared in 1682 were nearly the same as those of two comets that had appeared in 1531 (observed by
9836:
8395:
Prialnik, Dina; Bar-Nun, Akiva (1992). "Crystallization of amorphous ice as the cause of Comet P/Halley's outburst at 14 AU".
8293:
1007:
is estimated to be about 10 million years. The dynamics of its orbit can be approximately described by a two-dimensional
697:
11898:
8996:
8973:
8898:
8872:
8843:
8801:
8715:
6624:
6587:
6483:
6350:
5591:
5545:
4140:
4050:
3952:
3884:
3808:
1607:
926:
of 70.56 km/s (157,800 mph). Because its orbit comes close to Earth's in two places, Halley is associated with two
7719:
7020:; inter alia, realia: "An Apparition of Halley's Comet in Kashmir observed by Śrīvara in AD 1456" in Steiner, Roland (ed.);
1499:
across the sky. It was recorded by astronomers in China, Japan, Germany, the Byzantine Empire, and the Middle East; Emperor
11452:
10424:
9916:
9403:
8098:
7554:
Ting Chen and Lingfeng Lü (2022). "Astronomical or political: Interpretation of comets in times of crisis in Qing China".
7181:
2235:
opportunities occurring when the comet could be sighted close to the horizon at dawn and dusk, if not obscured by clouds.
1960:
They go on to describe the comet's tail as being more broad and not as long as the comet of 1843 they had also witnessed.
1121:, which may extend more than 100 million kilometres into space. Changes in the flow of the solar wind can cause
11338:
10848:
10484:
6817:
4282:
233:
2459:, which raised the temperature of the nucleus enough for some of the more volatile compounds on its surface to sublime.
784:, and a clear demonstration of its explanatory power. The comet was first named in Halley's honour by French astronomer
11908:
6163:
5678:
Sagdeev, Roald Z.; Elyasberg, Pavel E.; Moroz, Vasily I. (1988). "Is the nucleus of Comet Halley a low density body?".
3847:
3032:
Closest-ever approach to the Earth (5 million km). Tail stretched halfway across the sky. Appeared as bright as Venus.
1786:
31:
9350:
7643:
7341:
11740:
10932:
10011:
9434:
9051:
9024:
8952:
8920:
8822:
8780:
8757:
8158:
6859:
6453:
3191:
Described by Japanese astronomers as being "as large as the half Moon... Its colour was white but its rays were red"
2392:
2113:
religious group, attempted to sacrifice a virgin to ward off the impending disaster, but were stopped by the police.
1378:
who tracked it from August through October. It passed within 0.16 au of Earth. According to the Roman historian
7901:
6251:
752:
Halley's prediction of the comet's return proved to be correct, although it was not seen until 25 December 1758, by
9150:
485:
formation. These observations supported a number of longstanding hypotheses about comet construction, particularly
469:
During its 1986 visit to the inner Solar System, Halley's Comet became the first comet to be observed in detail by
62:
8233:
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11390:
10952:
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10394:
9686:
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4958:
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195:
11671:
11271:
10957:
10838:
10414:
10364:
9901:
9355:
7382:
7378:
7047:
Barker, Peter (2008). "Stoic alternatives to Aristotelian cosmology : Pena, Rothmann and Brahe, Summary".
6906:
1968:. The new observations helped confirm early appearances of this comet including its 1456 and 1378 apparitions.
1333:
1283:
1198:
1093:
906:, or farthest distance from the Sun, is 35 au (5.2 billion km), roughly the orbital distance of
134:
7591:
5872:
Weaver, Harold A.; et al. (1997). "The Activity and Size of the Nucleus of Comet Hale–Bopp (C/1995 O1)".
3582:
on 9 February, closest to Earth (63 million km) on 10 April. Nucleus photographed by the European space probe
1270:
1024:
few tens of thousands of years, or will be ejected from the Solar System within a few hundred thousand years.
11750:
10878:
10658:
10643:
9966:
9282:
8655:
Revised extracts from "A Comet Called Halley" by Ian Ridpath, published by Cambridge University Press in 1985
7412:
Revised extracts from "A Comet Called Halley" by Ian Ridpath, published by Cambridge University Press in 1985
4667:
David W. Hughes, P. H. Fowler, B. Lovell, D. Lynden-Bell (September 1987). "The History of Halley's Comet ".
4436:
Revised extracts from "A Comet Called Halley" by Ian Ridpath, published by Cambridge University Press in 1985
1762:
1016:
795:
astronomers already had recognised Halley's Comet as periodic. This theory notes a passage in the Babylonian
6706:
6445:
The Battle of the Catalaunian Fields, 451 AD: Flavius Aetius, Attila the Hun, and the Transformation of Gaul
6100:; Vardanyan, Ruben (4 August 2004). "Halley's Comet of 87 BC on the coins of Armenian king Tigranes?".
1812:
1201:(change directly from a solid to a gas), and jets of volatile material to burst outward, creating the coma.
11676:
11560:
10967:
10813:
9996:
9786:
9776:
5660:
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First known Japanese records of the comet. Attempts have been made to connect an ancient Maya depiction of
1386:
in that year. Halley's appearance in 12 BC, only a few years distant from the conventionally assigned
911:
17:
8323:
8271:
3334:, who noted that its tail always pointed away from the Sun. This sighting was included in Halley's table.
1851:" at Ang 1110, and it is believed by some Sikh scholars to be a reference to Halley's appearance in 1531.
11903:
10823:
9367:
9277:
8608:
8466:"Why we include a preview of Halley's next apparition after our current comet show, Comets and Discovery"
6380:
4070:
3996:
2173:
2143:
11888:
8465:
8368:; Smette, A. (June 1991). "Post-perihelion observations of P/Halley. III - an outburst at R = 14.3 AU".
3688:
2133:
Twain died on 21 April 1910, the day following the comet's subsequent perihelion. The 1985 fantasy film
1951:
An interview in 1910, of someone who was a teenager at the time of the 1835 apparition had this to say:
490:
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9398:
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2095:. However, his explanation of its scientific predictability did not meet with favour in the Holy City.
1595:
1414:
1387:
9212:
9102:
8891:
Science and Civilisation in China: Volume 3, Mathematics and the Sciences of the Heavens and the Earth
2403:
mission carrying the ASTRO-1 platform to study the comet, but the mission was cancelled following the
11664:
11659:
11654:
11158:
11103:
10479:
10001:
9911:
9806:
9287:
8689:
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7506:
2388:
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1313:'s mention of Halley's Comet in 760 AD, with an illustration that includes the relative positions of
1020:
785:
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7211:
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nuclei tend to by very fluffy, ... should not yet be adopted as a paradigm of cometary physics.
1792:
After witnessing a bright light in the sky which most historians have identified as Halley's Comet,
1639:
1555:
as a star. Surviving accounts from the period describe it as appearing to be four times the size of
11923:
11918:
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10607:
10595:
10434:
9991:
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exploded in flight, killing all seven astronauts onboard. Scheduled for March 1986, STS-61-E was a
1884:
1736:
1684:
1383:
742:
245:
4893:
Figure 4. The minimum and maximum intervals are 74.42 years (1835-1910) and 79.25 years (451-530).
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1880:
1552:
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1065:
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494:
425:
381:
305:
263:
173:
163:
119:
104:
9043:
7985:
5039:
Morbidelli, Alessandro (2005). "Origin and dynamical evolution of comets and their reservoirs".
4863:
2426:
1402:, and there are also records of other comets that appeared closer to the date of Jesus's birth.
11691:
11649:
11587:
11276:
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11168:
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8569:
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from the Sun. Conversely the Jupiter-family comets are generally believed to originate in the
870:
Halley's orbital period has varied between 74 and 80 years since 240 BC. Its orbit around the
11933:
11617:
11582:
11311:
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11203:
11183:
11063:
10541:
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10214:
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9951:
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9721:
9553:
9514:
9444:
9419:
8768:
7314:
Smith, J. A. (1986). "Halley's Comet: Canadian Observations and Reactions 1835–36 and 1910".
6736:
5654:
4937:
4875:
Yeomans, Donald Keith; Rahe, Jürgen; Freitag, Ruth S. (1986). "The History of Comet Halley".
4851:
4696:
4592:
Yeomans, Donald Keith; Rahe, Jürgen; Freitag, Ruth S. (1986). "The History of Comet Halley".
4473:
3624:
Next return with perihelion on 28 July 2061 and Earth approach one day later on 29 July 2061
3227:
2296:
2280:
probe began returning images of Halley on 4 March 1986, captured the first-ever image of its
1703:
1645:
1618:
1581:
1572:
1544:
1399:
1314:
1110:
808:
221:
8963:
8791:
8408:
8381:
8339:
8174:
6506:"New information on Comet Halley as depicted by Giotto di Bondone and other Western artists"
6123:
5850:
5575:
5470:
5306:
5276:
5227:
5141:
4251:
2507:
for every apparition of Halley's Comet from 240 BC, the earliest documented sighting.
663:, was that they were disturbances in Earth's atmosphere. This idea was disproven in 1577 by
11543:
11385:
11326:
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11108:
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10910:
10778:
10139:
9876:
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9143:
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8581:
8547:
8404:
8377:
8335:
8130:
8107:
7883:
7563:
7323:
7289:
7257:
7131:
7000:
6876:
6782:
6554:
6517:
6424:
6119:
6071:
6026:
5936:
5881:
5846:
5776:
5730:
5687:
5642:
5571:
5493:
5466:
5374:
5333:
5302:
5272:
5223:
5183:
5119:
5083:
4970:
4884:
4834:
4732:
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4601:
4387:
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4177:
4082:
4038:
2463:
2353:
1876:
1748:
1577:
1536:
1092:, or atmosphere, at distances up to 230,000 kilometres (140,000 mi) from the nucleus.
1060:
missions gave planetary scientists their first view of Halley's surface and structure. The
968:, a flat disc of icy debris between 30 au (Neptune's orbit) and 50 au from the Sun (in the
886:). The perihelion, the point in the comet's orbit when it is nearest the Sun, is 0.59
883:
879:
777:
145:
7759:
7590:
1117:, a stream of charged particles emitted by the Sun, pulls the coma's ions out into a long
8:
11872:
11762:
11516:
11506:
11501:
11462:
11442:
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11405:
11400:
11353:
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9926:
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9548:
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9519:
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9324:
8361:
7022:
Highland Philology: Results of a Text-Related Kashmir Panel at the 31st DOT, Marburg 2010
6964:
6773:
6619:. Translated by Cabaniss, Allen. Syracuse: Syracuse University Press. 1961. p. 113.
5767:; Sagan, Carl (1987). "Infrared emission by organic grains in the coma of comet Halley".
3772:
3583:
2323:
2300:
2289:
1872:
1828:
1708:
1406:
1361:
for ancient Armenians it could have heralded the New Era of the brilliant King of Kings.
1122:
1050:
1037:
773:
691:
284:
184:
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8859:. The Linda Schele Series in Maya and Pre-Columbian Studies. University of Texas Press.
8624:
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8551:
8134:
8111:
7887:
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7327:
7293:
7261:
7135:
7004:
6786:
6586:(Earth approach occurs when deldot flips from negative to positive @ 837-Apr-10 12:13).
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5293:
Chirikov, R. V.; Vecheslavov, V. V. (August 1989). "Chaotic dynamics of Comet Halley".
5101:
5040:
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4756:
4748:
4544:
4071:"The nucleus of comet Halley: Surface structure, mean density, gas and dust production"
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1752:
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materials, and thus more closely resembled a "snowy dirtball" than a "dirty snowball".
459:
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11639:
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8347:
6740:
6302:
5630:
5505:
5196:
5171:
4431:
4353:
3883:(Perihelion occurs when rdot flips from negative to positive @ 2061-Jul-28 17:20 UT).
1891:
of evaporating material could be great enough to significantly alter a comet's orbit.
11757:
11555:
11378:
11373:
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11113:
10905:
10895:
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10843:
10677:
10531:
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9474:
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9227:
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5105:
4859:
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4189:
4136:
4124:
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4046:
2299:, made the closest pass of the comet's nucleus. There also were two Japanese probes,
2088:
2068:
1982:
1840:
1680:
1626:
1564:
1432:
1424:
1395:
1371:
1008:
1004:
923:
910:. Unlike the overwhelming majority of objects in the Solar System, Halley's orbit is
887:
781:
749:
in September 1682, Halley died in 1742 before he could observe its predicted return.
110:
96:
9791:
8749:
Comet Madness. How the 1910 Return of Halley's Comet (Almost) Destroyed Civilization
7826:
6679:
6640:
6510:
In ESA, Proceedings of the 20th ESLAB Symposium on the Exploration of Halley's Comet
6046:
5909:
5612:
In ESA, Proceedings of the 20th ESLAB Symposium on the Exploration of Halley's Comet
5403:
4822:
3650:
Subsequent return with perihelion on 27 March 2134 and Earth approach on 7 May 2134
1986:
1938:
11824:
11716:
11711:
11706:
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11447:
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11013:
10983:
10510:
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9304:
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8812:
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8138:
7700:
Mark Twain, a biography: the personal and literary life of Samuel Langhorne Clemens
7597:
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7139:
7052:
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6790:
6562:
6298:
6127:
6079:
6062:
6060:
Walker, C. B. F. (18 April 1985). "Archaeoastronomy: Halley's comet in Babylonia".
6034:
5944:
5889:
5854:
5796:
5784:
5750:
5738:
5707:
5695:
5579:
5533:
5501:
5439:
5382:
5341:
5191:
5167:
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4684:
4536:
4405:
4228:
4208:
4185:
4168:
4163:
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3297:
3161:, with the remark that such "hairy stars" appeared rarely, "and then as a portent"
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2448:
2349:
1688:
1672:
1668:
1508:
1443:
1310:
1290:
1141:
of 11 kilometres (6.8 mi). Its shape has been variously compared to that of a
972:). Another point of origin for the Halley-type comets was proposed in 2008, when a
895:
730:
588:
554:
524:
373:
89:
6742:
Rerum in Regno Neapolitano Gestarum Breve Chronicon ab Anno Sal. 860 vsque ad 1102
5893:
5583:
4929:
3742:
in the 17th century, this is the time when the comet was visible to the naked eye.
3535:
Photographed for the first time. Earth passed through the comet's tail on 20 May.
3231:. Chinese astronomers compared its brilliance to that of the first-magnitude star
2343:
2328:, in December 1985, a group of Soviet scientists developed a model of the comet's
2109:. One that reached major newspapers claimed that the Sacred Followers, a supposed
2099:
2006:
11797:
11767:
11363:
11248:
11003:
9941:
9931:
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9439:
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Seen for over two months in China. Recorded in England and depicted on the later
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2329:
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1500:
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1077:
769:
738:
478:
366:
10104:
8650:
2537:
1438:
The 684 AD apparition was reported in Chinese records as the "broom star".
1382:, a comet appeared suspended over Rome for several days portending the death of
1205:
showed that this model was broadly correct, though with modifications. Halley's
1032:
11612:
11538:
11528:
11415:
11083:
11068:
10937:
10631:
10474:
10359:
10339:
10317:
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10259:
10224:
10179:
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9581:
8882:
8007:
7848:
7818:
7189:
7143:
6614:
6375:
6097:
6007:
5346:
5321:
5253:
3925:
2705:
2444:
2380:
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1824:
1728:
1496:
1428:
1357:
1342:
1081:
999:
969:
734:
702:
643:, so its contemporary pronunciation is uncertain, but the version rhyming with
502:
493:
model, which correctly predicted that Halley would be composed of a mixture of
156:
73:
8450:
8142:
7744:
A Magnificent Old Conflagration: Comet Halley in Washington D.C. and Elsewhere
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6851:
5387:
5362:
4286:
4123:
Keller, Horst Uwe; Britt, Daniel; Buratti, Bonnie J.; Thomas, Nicolas (2005).
4029:
Lamy, Philippe L.; Toth, Imre; Fernández, Yanga R.; Weaver, Harold A. (2004).
11882:
11634:
11577:
11496:
11358:
11291:
10927:
10900:
10885:
10723:
10494:
10454:
10409:
10344:
10323:
10219:
10124:
9766:
9469:
9314:
9202:
9177:
8609:"Halley's comet: Tendencies in its orbital evolution and its ancient history"
8501:
7852:
7064:
6469:
6393:
6156:
5443:
4278:
4128:
3489:
3485:
3399:
2710:
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2360:
2312:
2281:
2043:
1990:
1695:
1692:
1138:
1061:
931:
927:
829:
722:
710:
474:
463:
69:
8150:
7037:(Pankhurst, Richard; Oxford University Press, Addis Ababa, 1967, pp. 36–38).
6159:
5214:
Olsson-Steel, Duncan I. (1987). "The dynamical lifetime of comet P/Halley".
1804:(tr. City of Light) and made it his capital for the remainder of his reign.
1474:
And the sign itself remained for fifteen nights, until dawn of the feast of
709:
Yeare 1531, he will not deny it you, though I know he will me." —Excerpt of
11836:
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11043:
10773:
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10464:
10459:
10404:
10334:
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10114:
10094:
10084:
10016:
10006:
9861:
9851:
9781:
9731:
9726:
9716:
9038:
Comets: A Chronological History of Observation, Science, Myth, and Folklore
8944:
8416:
7694:
7637:
7017:
6415:
Ravené, Gustave (1897). "The Appearance of Halley's Comet in AD 141".
5924:
4959:"The interaction of the solar wind with Comet Halley – Upwind and downwind"
4744:
4688:
4540:
4315:
3693:
3569:
Astronomers are now able to observe the comet at every point in its orbit.
2774:
2470:. Astronomers are now able to observe the comet at any point in its orbit.
2072:
2057:
1965:
1801:
1661:
1520:
1453:
1394:
and astronomers to suggest that it might explain the biblical story of the
1194:
1098:
1056:
714:
676:
486:
440:
295:
11592:
11208:
8938:
8835:
François Arago: A 19th Century French Humanist and Pioneer in Astrophysics
5901:
5072:"From Kuiper Belt Object to Cometary Nucleus: The Missing Ultrared Matter"
5010:
2504:
2087:
The 1910 visitation is also recorded as being the travelling companion of
694:), he was initially unable to completely reconcile comets into his model.
439:, appearing every 72–80 years. It last appeared in the inner parts of the
11644:
11523:
11368:
11331:
11098:
10571:
10566:
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10312:
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9871:
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9811:
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8908:
8646:
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7403:
7056:
6846:. Millennium-Studien / Millennium Studies. De Gruyter. pp. 293–312.
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1379:
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1366:
1154:
965:
807:
Researchers in 1981 attempting to calculate the past orbits of Halley by
792:
664:
656:
582:
510:
8712:"Horizons Batch for 1P/Halley (90000030) on 2209-Feb-03 and 2209-Apr-10"
7091:
6802:
6768:
6401:
6227:
6201:
6114:
5513:
4378:
Brady, Joseph L. (1982). "Halley's Comet AD 1986 to 2647 BC".
2159:
1887:. Observations of streams of vapour prompted Bessel to propose that the
1747:
ordered special prayers be said for the city's protection. In 1470, the
1304:
1261:
1019:
for highly eccentric orbits. Based on records from the 1910 apparition,
800:
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11597:
11395:
11301:
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11153:
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9816:
9796:
9711:
9706:
9696:
9681:
9656:
9489:
9372:
9245:
9197:
9187:
8934:
8930:
7243:
7241:
5484:
Biermann, Ludwig F.; Lüst, Rhea (October 1958). "The Tails of Comets".
4721:
Hughes, David W.; et al. (1987). "The History of Halley's Comet".
3676:
Best-fit for February 2209 perihelion passage and April Earth approach
2251:
2117:
1844:
1793:
1740:
1611:
1391:
1356:
king who is depicted on coins with a crown that features, according to
1157:. Ground-based observations of coma brightness suggested that Halley's
1118:
1114:
1106:
1102:
992:
957:
746:
482:
470:
8027:(Horizons shows the nucleus @ APmag +20.5; the coma up to APmag +14.3)
7480:
5629:
Mendis, D. A. (1986). Battrick, B.; Rolfe, E. J.; Reinhard, R. (ed.).
4548:
4524:
1427:
of Earth. The 451 AD apparition was said to herald the defeat of
756:, a German farmer and amateur astronomer. It did not pass through its
11627:
11607:
11602:
11511:
11489:
11472:
11343:
11316:
11286:
11163:
11148:
11128:
11093:
11053:
10858:
10833:
10828:
10803:
10798:
10793:
10788:
10783:
10768:
10743:
10738:
10733:
10718:
10707:
10682:
10329:
10307:
10234:
10229:
10209:
10194:
10189:
10164:
10119:
9986:
9881:
9741:
9671:
9509:
6875:
Choi, Go-Eun; Lee, Ki-Won; Mihn, Byeong-Hee; Ahn, Young Sook (2017).
6083:
6038:
5948:
5788:
5742:
5699:
4752:
2259:
1888:
1475:
1179:
978:
891:
857:
706:
660:
432:
278:
274:
270:
7238:
7122:
Broughton, P. (1985). "The First Predicted Return of Comet Halley".
46:
10625:
10619:
10556:
10036:
9956:
9946:
9801:
9701:
9676:
9382:
9319:
9192:
9121:
8864:
6549:
6443:
5096:
5071:
4920:
2700:
2443:. The most likely explanation is a combination of two effects, the
2440:
2415:
2368:
2364:
2307:
2216:
2110:
2061:
2048:
2013:
1797:
1495:, by far its closest approach. Its tail may have stretched 60
1410:
1183:
935:
915:
903:
853:
668:
659:, the philosophical consensus on the nature of comets, promoted by
655:
Halley was the first comet to be recognised as periodic. Until the
333:
8248:
5922:
4669:
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London Series A
2120:
was born on 30 November 1835, exactly two weeks after the comet's
9651:
7461:"Yerkes Observatory Finds Cyanogen in Spectrum of Halley's Comet"
4492:
3232:
2222:
Daily motion across sky during the 1986 passage of Halley's Comet
2076:
1782:
1600:
1353:
1294:
1171:
1167:
1150:
875:
761:
686:
506:
343:
9019:. United States: NASA History Program Office. pp. 149–150.
8856:
Star Gods of the Maya: Astronomy in Art, Folklore, and Calendars
7874:
Broughton, R. Peter (1979). "The visibility of Halley's comet".
7787:"One of the best animated films in recent years, a splendid job"
7604:. Shanghai: Far Eastern Geographical Establishment. p. 207.
7024:, Studia Indologica Universitatis Halensis, 4, Halle 2012: 33–48
6534:
5320:
Lages, José; Shepelyansky, Dima L.; Shevchenko, Ivan I. (2018).
4648:
4560:
4558:
4386:. Lawrence Livermore Laboratory, University of California: 209.
2242:
and G. Edward Danielson on 16 October 1982 using the 5.1 m
443:
in 1986 and will next appear in mid-2061. Officially designated
10713:
C/1680 V1 (Great Comet of 1680, Kirsch's Comet, Newton's Comet)
8714:(Perihelion occurs when rdot flips from negative to positive).
7596:
6303:"Astronomy in Israel: From Og's Circle to the Wise Observatory"
3951:(Perihelion occurs when rdot flips from negative to positive).
3593:
3589:
3222:
2869:
2724:
2591:
2562:
2408:
2285:
2277:
2106:
2091:, the first known English Muslim to make the Haj pilgrimage to
1676:
1420:
The 141 AD apparition was recorded in Chinese chronicles.
1322:
1300:
1210:
1206:
1187:
oceans, making such comets unlikely sources for Earth's water.
1146:
1142:
835:
The orbital path of Halley, against the orbits of the planets (
796:
765:
473:, providing the first observational data on the structure of a
392:
8125:
Murdin, Paul (2000). "International Cometary Explorer (ICE)".
6844:
Endzeiten: Eschatologie in den monotheistischen Weltreligionen
6351:"Flavius Josephus, The Wars of the Jews, Book VI, section 288"
1599:
recorded the comet as "A star appeared on the seventh of the
1423:
The 374 AD and 607 approaches each came within 0.09
1281:
1. Report of Halley's Comet by Chinese astronomers in 240 BC (
9159:
7747:. Department of the Navy, U.S. Naval Observatory. p. 20.
7163:
7161:
6941:, ed. Ludovico Antonio Muratori (Milan, 1730) v. 16 col. 770.
5609:
5560:
5456:
4624:
4612:
4570:
4555:
4504:
3807:(Aphelion occurs when rdot flips from positive to negative).
2968:
2680:
2649:
2620:
2092:
1897:
Illustrations of prior comet appearances in the January 1910
1559:, and shining with a light equal to a quarter of that of the
1556:
1492:
1073:
948:
922:
of any object in the Solar System. The 1910 passage was at a
919:
907:
899:
861:
847:
757:
597:
498:
436:
428:
207:
8092:
8012:"Telescope Builders See Halley's Comet From Vermont Hilltop"
4825:(1982). "La comète de Halley et Mira Ceti dans le Talmud?".
2238:
The approach of the comet was first detected by astronomers
1820:, noting that a comet's tail always points away from the sun
1614:
may have recorded the 1066 apparition in their petroglyphs.
1531:
In 1066, the comet was seen in England and thought to be an
1125:, in which the tail completely breaks off from the nucleus.
976:
with a retrograde orbit similar to Halley's was discovered,
856:
originating from Halley's Comet streaking the sky below the
10729:
C/1743 X1 (Great Comet of 1744, Comet Klinkenberg-Chéseaux)
8542:(1996). "Catalogue of Cometary Orbits 1996. 11th edition".
8192:
7933:. Australian Astronomical Association. 2004. Archived from
7639:
chromolithographie publicitaire au Bon Marché (titre forgé)
7226:
6478:. Vol. 4. Cambridge University Press. pp. 81–82.
5837:
Mendis, D. Asoka (1988). "A Postencounter view of comets".
5319:
4248:"Comet Borrelly Puzzle: Darkest Object in the Solar System"
4031:"The Sizes, Shapes, Albedos, and Colors of Cometary Nuclei"
3606:
3558:
3515:
3465:
3422:
3379:
3345:
3311:
3277:
3246:
3202:
3172:
3138:
3103:
2267:
1836:
1560:
1532:
1398:. There are other explanations for the phenomenon, such as
1318:
1069:
672:
603:
569:
563:
539:
318:
11831:
8070:. Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency. 2008. Archived from
7158:
6991:
Botley, Cicely M. (1971). "The Legend of 1P/Halley 1456".
6672:
6616:
Son of Charlemagne: A Contemporary Life of Louis the Pious
5526:
5234:
4033:. In Festou, M.; Keller, H. U.; Weaver, Harold A. (eds.).
2462:
Halley was most recently observed in 2003 by three of the
1512:, which states "A dark and rainy year. A comet appeared."
721:
Ultimately, it was Newton's friend, editor and publisher,
615:. Spellings of Halley's name during his lifetime included
9128:
7553:
6944:
6735:
6584:"Horizons Batch for 1P/Halley (90000015) on 837AD-Apr-10"
5172:"Discovery of the first retrograde transneptunian object"
4803:
4636:
3073:
3043:
3012:
2982:
2948:
2917:
2887:
2849:
2818:
2788:
2754:
2342:, the spacecraft was renamed, and departed the Sun-Earth
2270:
2067:
The comet added to the unrest in China on the eve of the
1175:
1162:
mountains, ridges, depressions, and at least one crater.
871:
647:
seems to be preferred by current bearers of the surname.
533:
9074:
Image of Halley in 1986 by Giotto spacecraft (NASA link)
8668:
7535:
7511:"Ten Notable Apocalypses That (Obviously) Didn't Happen"
7214:. Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum. 9 June 2016
6378:(1996). "Halley's Comet and Judaean Revolts Revisited".
5720:
4854:; Yau, Kevin K. C., "Oriental tales of Halley's Comet",
4122:
3949:"Horizons Batch for 1P/Halley (90000030) on 2134-Mar-27"
3881:"Horizons Batch for 1P/Halley (90000030) on 2061-Jul-28"
3805:"Horizons Batch for 1P/Halley (90000030) on 2023-Dec-09"
2434:
On 12 February 1991, at a distance of 14.3 au (2.14
2311:. Unofficially, the numerous probes became known as the
2284:, and made its flyby on 6 March. It was followed by the
7359:
7248:
Todd, William G. (1910). "Saw Halley's Comet in 1835".
7098:
6667:
Gesta regum Anglorum / The history of the English Kings
4028:
3999:(11 January 1994 last obs). Jet Propulsion Laboratory.
1816:
Illustration of the 1531 appearance in Petrus Apianus'
1653:
The 1145 apparition may have been recorded by the monk
2407:
disaster and ASTRO-1 would not fly until late 1990 on
11808:
8687:
Dumouchel, Etienne (1836). "Vermischte Nachrichten".
8516:
8038:"First Naked-Eye Sighting of Halley's Comet Reported"
5677:
5363:"The size, mass, mass loss and age of Halley's comet"
3926:"1P/Halley past, present and future orbital elements"
2430:
Halley's Comet observed in 2003 at 28 au from the Sun
2288:
probe, making its flyby on 9 March. On 14 March, the
1580:
may have seen Halley in 989 and 1066, as recorded by
1293:
on a clay tablet between 22 and 28 September 164 BC,
1088:
from the surface. This causes the comet to develop a
671:
measurements to show that comets must lie beyond the
6969:. New York, Printed by the Schilling press. p.
2124:. In his autobiography, published in 1909, he said,
1547:
claimed the throne. The comet is represented on the
600:
566:
536:
9016:
Beyond Earth: A Chronicle of Deep Space Exploration
8769:"The First Anticipated Return: Halley's Comet 1758"
7876:
Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society of Canada
7614:
7316:
Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society of Canada
6966:
Comet lore, Halley's comet in history and astronomy
6005:
5434:Brandt, John C. (February 2018). "Halley's Comet".
5292:
5252:
4963:
Quarterly Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society
4877:
Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society of Canada
4858:, vol. 103, no. 1423, pp. 30–32, 27 September 1984
4594:
Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society of Canada
2743:Described by the Chinese as bluish-white in colour
2515:, while perihelion dates 1607 and after are in the
2371:—had been scheduled to observe Halley's Comet from
1727:In 1456, the year of Halley's next apparition, the
594:
591:
560:
557:
530:
527:
9035:
8570:"On the nongravitational motion of Comet P/Halley"
8317:
8315:
8313:
8311:
7642:, Bibliothèque numérique - Observatoire de Paris,
6096:
5984:
5631:"Exploration of Halley's Comet: Symposium Summary"
4874:
4591:
1781:Halley's apparition of 1456 was also witnessed in
1570:This appearance of the comet is also noted in the
9086:from the Lick Observatory Records Digital Archive
8437:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
8360:
7904:. Jet Propulsion Laboratory. 1985. Archived from
7377:
7033:The founding of Debre Berhan is described in the
6012:"Records of Halley's Comet on Babylonian tablets"
6001:
5999:
5570:. Vol. 187, no. 1–2. pp. 807–823.
5367:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
5146:"List of Jupiter-Family and Halley-Family Comets"
5034:
5032:
5030:
5028:
4724:Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A
4318:. European Southern Observatory. 1 September 2003
4156:
4135:. University of Arizona Press. pp. 211–222.
4037:. University of Arizona Press. pp. 223–264.
3840:"Let's Plan For a Rendezvous With Halley's Comet"
3001:Seen in China, at the same time as another comet
2937:Comet passed 13.5 million kilometres from Earth.
2838:Comet passed 13.5 million kilometres from Earth.
2098:The comet was used in an advertising campaign of
1464:The year one thousand seventy one (AD 759/760).
1364:The apparition of 12 BC was recorded in the
11880:
8893:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 430–433.
8706:
8704:
8563:
8561:
7186:The history of the telescope & the binocular
6633:
6578:
6576:
4529:Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London
3368:. This sighting was included in Halley's table.
2332:. The comet also was observed from space by the
2012:Halley's Comet in April 1910, photographed from
585:, one of Edmond Halley's biographers, preferred
8810:
8534:
8394:
8308:
6881:The Bulletin of the Korean Astronomical Society
5288:
5286:
4654:
4630:
4618:
4576:
4564:
4510:
4498:
4380:Journal of the British Astronomical Association
2906:Noted in China and Europe, but not spectacular
2387:(HCED). The mission to capture the ultraviolet
1166:for carbon monoxide and also include traces of
791:Some scholars have proposed that first-century
8982:
8254:
7825:. Sky & Telescope Magazine. Archived from
7740:
7666:"Comets Breed Fear, Fascination and Web Sites"
7434:"This Week in Science History: Halley's Comet"
7280:Lynn, W. T. (1909). "Halley's Comet in 1835".
6877:"Daytime Visibility of Halley's Comet in 1222"
6874:
6818:"Comets Breed Fear, Fascination and Web Sites"
6503:
6195:
6193:
6191:
6189:
6187:
6185:
6183:
6181:
5996:
5025:
3943:
3941:
3939:
3875:
3873:
3871:
3869:
3867:
3865:
3799:
3797:
3795:
2179:Animation of 1P/Halley orbit - 1986 apparition
2142:Halley's 1910 apparition is distinct from the
1289:2. Observation of Halley's Comet, recorded in
882:of 0.967 (with 0 being a circle and 1 being a
9144:
8701:
8599:
8597:
8595:
8558:
8388:
7121:
6573:
6504:Olson, Roberta J.; Pasachoff, Jay M. (1986).
5923:Michael J. S. Belton; Harvey Butcher (1982).
5209:
5207:
5062:
5060:
5058:
5056:
4716:
4714:
4712:
4206:
2051:, which led press to misquote the astronomer
1036:The nucleus of Halley's Comet, imaged by the
8236:. NASA Kennedy Space Center. 5 December 2005
7966:. Associated Press. 1 April 1986. p. 14
6762:
6760:
6475:Cometography: A Catalog of Comets. 1933-1959
5483:
5283:
5213:
4942:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
4701:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
4522:
4373:
4371:
4339:
4337:
4335:
4333:
4166:(1989). "On the density of Halley's comet".
3997:"JPL Small-Body Database Browser: 1P/Halley"
3833:
3831:
2414:In Japan, the comet was observed by Emperor
1715:Halley's 1378 appearance is recorded in the
1299:3. Possible record of Halley's Comet in the
1027:
701:"I must entreat you to procure for me of Mr
27:Short-period comet visible every 75–77 years
8929:
8423:
8324:"Outbursts of comets—the case of 1P/Halley"
7841:
7778:
7232:
7167:
7117:
7115:
7113:
6887:(2). The Korean Astronomical Society: 70–71
6297:
6221:
6219:
6178:
5839:Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics
5663:) CS1 maint: multiple names: editors list (
5605:
5603:
5450:
5160:
4950:
4642:
3936:
3919:
3917:
3915:
3913:
3911:
3909:
3907:
3862:
3792:
3092:Seen in China, Japan, and (possibly) Korea
682:Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica
11894:Astronomical objects known since antiquity
9599:
9151:
9137:
8983:Shayler, David J.; Burgess, Colin (2007).
8592:
8321:
8127:Encyclopedia of Astronomy and Astrophysics
7811:
7436:. pfizer: ThinkScience Now. Archived from
6441:
6435:
6053:
6006:Stephenson, F. Richard; Yau, Kevin K. C.;
5763:
5622:
5554:
5354:
5204:
5134:
5053:
5038:
4709:
4587:
4585:
4310:
4308:
4306:
4304:
4024:
4022:
4020:
4018:
3441:Return predicted by Halley. First seen by
2102:, a well-known department store in Paris.
2075:in 1911. As James Hutson, a missionary in
1441:The 760 AD apparition was recorded in the
1193:provided the first evidence in support of
291:15.3 km × 7.21 km × 7.21 km
45:
8775:. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
8686:
8680:
8449:
8354:
7873:
7784:
7757:
7501:
7499:
7458:
6899:
6757:
6548:
6462:
6246:
6113:
5925:"Limits on the nucleus of Halley's Comet"
5564:Comet P/Halley's nucleus and its activity
5386:
5345:
5195:
5140:
5095:
5044:
4919:
4368:
4330:
4200:
4125:"In Situ Observations of Cometary Nuclei"
3991:
3989:
3987:
3985:
3983:
3981:
3979:
3977:
3975:
3923:
3828:
3127:which portrayed the events of that year.
2352:in 1982 in order to intercept the comets
2273:) and Charles Morris on 8 November 1985.
1860:
238:0.075 au (11.2 million km)
10814:C/1887 B1 (Great Southern Comet of 1887)
10789:C/1865 B1 (Great Southern Comet of 1865)
10724:C/1729 P1 (Comet of 1729, Comet Sarabat)
8852:
8745:
8674:
8567:
7541:
7490:
7486:
7431:
7396:
7179:
7110:
6448:. Pen & Sword Military. p. 70.
6374:
6225:
6216:
6151:
6149:
5600:
5401:
5148:. University of Central Florida: Physics
4777:. "Astronomy in the Babylonian Talmud".
4127:. In Festou, Michel; Keller, Horst Uwe;
3904:
2425:
2030:A photograph of Halley's Comet taken at
1811:
1638:
1519:
1031:
717:about comet's orbits (28 September 1695)
696:
10824:C/1910 A1 (Great January Comet of 1910)
9033:
9012:
8961:
8881:
8831:
8645:
8522:
8494:
8198:
7795:. Fourth Castle Micromedia. p. 108
7718:. Smithsonian Libraries. Archived from
7663:
7505:
7425:
7402:
7365:
6815:
6659:
6641:"The Annals of Ulster AD 431–1201"
6199:
5832:
5830:
5828:
5671:
5429:
5427:
5425:
5423:
5421:
5419:
5417:
5240:
5166:
4956:
4582:
4426:
4316:"New Image of Comet Halley in the Cold"
4301:
4273:
4271:
4269:
4118:
4116:
4114:
4112:
4110:
4108:
4106:
4104:
4068:
4015:
2318:Based on data retrieved by the largest
2165:Halley's Comet as seen on 21 March 1986
1800:from 1434 to 1468, founded the city of
1524:Halley's Comet in 1066 depicted on the
760:until 13 March 1759, the attraction of
650:
14:
11881:
8907:
8429:
8294:"Hirohito up before dawn to see comet"
8124:
8006:
8000:
7847:
7817:
7703:. Harper & Brothers. p. 1511.
7588:
7496:
7309:
7307:
7305:
7303:
7275:
7273:
7271:
7077:
7046:
6990:
6704:
6499:
6497:
6495:
6442:Schultheis, Evan Michael (2019). "5".
6414:
6323:
6059:
5871:
5836:
5628:
5433:
5360:
5066:
4809:
4720:
4246:Britt, Robert Roy (29 November 2001).
4211:(1989). "Rotation of Halley's Comet".
4064:
4062:
3972:
2105:The comet was also fertile ground for
1137:spacecraft, Lamy et al. determined an
10764:C/1843 D1 (Great March Comet of 1843)
9598:
9132:
9070:(1706 reprint of Halley's 1705 paper)
8789:
8766:
8603:
7693:
7646:from the original on 23 February 2022
7635:
7599:Chinese Life in the Tibetan Foothills
7313:
7104:
6950:
6769:"Giotto's portrait of Halley's Comet"
6766:
6468:
6166:from the original on 23 November 2017
6146:
5990:
4821:
4773:
4459:and in some accents homophonous with
4377:
4343:
4245:
4162:
3837:
3763:
3761:
3759:
3484:First seen at the Observatory of the
1506:In 912 AD, Halley is recorded in the
1486:, fol.136v; Neuhäuser et al. (trans.)
960:, a sphere of cometary bodies around
196:Longitude of ascending node
167:75y 5m 19d (perihelion to perihelion)
9404:List of comets visited by spacecraft
8915:. Berghahn Books. pp. 108–111.
8546:. International Astronomical Union.
8212:"Spartan 203 (Spartan Halley, HCED)"
7960:"Last Chance For Good Comet-Viewing"
7766:. The University of Virginia Library
7279:
7247:
7124:Journal for the History of Astronomy
6841:
5825:
5414:
4277:
4266:
4239:
4101:
2868:Comet appeared before the defeat of
2638:Seen by the Babylonians and Chinese
2385:Halley's Comet Experiment Deployable
1234:Early descriptions of Halley's comet
431:that is consistently visible to the
10849:C/1941 B2 (de Kock-Paraskevopoulos)
9068:Synopsis of the Astronomy of Comets
8913:A Jewish Understanding of the World
8129:. Institute of Physics Publishing.
7785:McCracken, Harry (5 October 1986).
7713:
7556:Journal of the History of Astronomy
7300:
7268:
7182:"History of the Cauchoix objective"
7051:(in French). Tome 61 (2): 265–286.
6962:
6717:from the original on 9 January 2021
6492:
5859:10.1146/annurev.aa.26.090188.000303
4868:
4346:"Comets, awesome celestial objects"
4059:
3924:Kinoshita, Kazuo (3 October 2003).
2807:Seen in China, but not spectacular
2375:. The STS-51-L mission carried the
1706:to name their mission to the comet
819:
727:Synopsis of the Astronomy of Comets
685:, in which he outlined his laws of
521:Comet Halley is usually pronounced
24:
8793:Cometography, vol. 1: Ancient-1799
8044:. 12 November 1985. Archived from
7823:"The Great Daylight Comet of 1910"
6795:10.1038/scientificamerican0579-160
6329:"Science: Historic Cometary Tales"
5258:"Chaotic dynamics of comet Halley"
4283:"When will Halley's Comet return?"
4003:from the original on 27 April 2015
3756:
2669:Watched by Chinese for two months
2377:Shuttle-Pointed Tool for Astronomy
2340:International Sun-Earth Explorer 3
2338:(ICE). Originally launched as the
1719:as well as in East Asian sources.
814:ancient Chinese comet observations
126:(last perihelion: 9 February 1986)
25:
11945:
10989:C/1992 J1 (Spacewatch–Rabinowitz)
10769:C/1847 T1 (Miss Mitchell's Comet)
9061:
8887:"Comets, meteors, and meteorites"
8752:. Prometheus Books. p. 188.
8722:from the original on 30 June 2022
8099:Pis'ma v Astronomicheskii Zhurnal
7664:Johnson, George (28 March 1997).
6816:Johnson, George (28 March 1997).
6705:Brazil, Ben (18 September 2005).
6594:from the original on 30 June 2022
6155:
5635:The Exploration of Halley's Comet
5566:. Exploration of Halley’s Comet.
5506:10.1038/scientificamerican1058-44
5256:; Vecheslavov, Vitold V. (1989).
4152:from the original on 1 July 2024.
3959:from the original on 28 June 2022
2773:Described by the Roman historian
1617:The Italo-Byzantine chronicle of
1388:date of the birth of Jesus Christ
995:passage of four days on average.
894:). This is between the orbits of
816:to constrain their calculations.
458:Halley's periodic returns to the
84:1758 (first predicted perihelion)
11866:
11854:
11842:
11830:
11818:
11793:
11792:
10839:C/1927 X1 (Skjellerup–Maristany)
9217:
9211:
8639:
8528:
8482:from the original on 16 May 2024
8458:
8286:
8260:
8226:
8204:
8167:
8118:
8086:
8060:
8030:
7978:
7952:
7920:
7894:
7867:
7751:
7734:
7707:
7687:
7657:
7629:
7608:
7582:
7547:
7452:
7371:
7334:
7204:
7180:Abrahams, Peter (15 June 2009).
7173:
7071:
7040:
7027:
7011:
6984:
6956:
6932:
6868:
6680:"The Annals of the Four Masters"
6132:10.1046/j.1468-4004.2003.45406.x
4474:"New York Times Science Q&A"
3891:from the original on 27 May 2022
3815:from the original on 1 July 2022
3779:from the original on 4 July 2022
3732:
3723:
3433:25 December 1758 – 22 June 1759
3062:Seen briefly in China and Japan
2215:
2172:
2158:
2079:Province at the time, recorded:
2023:
2005:
1937:
1923:
1909:
1683:as a fire-coloured comet in the
1269:
1260:
1249:
1240:
846:
828:
587:
553:
523:
516:
10933:C/1970 K1 (White–Ortiz–Bolelli)
10819:C/1901 G1 (Great Comet of 1901)
10809:C/1882 R1 (Great Comet of 1882)
10784:C/1861 J1 (Great Comet of 1861)
10759:C/1823 Y1 (Great Comet of 1823)
10754:C/1819 N1 (Great Comet of 1819)
10749:C/1811 F1 (Great Comet of 1811)
10744:C/1807 R1 (Great Comet of 1807)
10739:C/1769 P1 (Great Comet of 1769)
10734:C/1760 A1 (Great Comet of 1760)
10703:C/1577 V1 (Great Comet of 1577)
10698:C/1471 Y1 (Great Comet of 1472)
10693:C/1402 D1 (Great Comet of 1402)
10688:C/1264 N1 (Great Comet of 1264)
10683:X/1106 C1 (Great Comet of 1106)
9346:Observational history of comets
8811:Lancaster-Brown, Peter (1985).
8739:
8732:(JPL#73 Soln.date: 2022-Jun-07)
8504:. International Comet Quarterly
7855:. International Comet Quarterly
7432:Nunnally, Brian (16 May 2011).
6835:
6809:
6729:
6698:
6607:
6528:
6408:
6368:
6343:
6317:
6291:
6266:
6240:
6232:. The Clarenden Press. p.
6090:
5962:
5916:
5865:
5803:
5757:
5714:
5520:
5477:
5402:Williams, Matt (12 June 2015).
5395:
5313:
5246:
5112:
5003:
4981:
4898:
4845:
4815:
4789:
4767:
4660:
4516:
4466:
4449:
4420:
4398:
3969:(JPL#73 Soln.date: 2022-Jun-07)
3901:(JPL#73 Soln.date: 2022-Jun-07)
3825:(JPL#73 Soln.date: 2022-Jun-07)
3711:
2335:International Cometary Explorer
2139:was inspired by the quotation.
1563:. Halley came within 0.10
1178:(≈0.001 μm). The ratio of
128:(next perihelion: 28 July 2061)
32:Halley's Comet (disambiguation)
10968:C/1989 Y1 (Skorichenko–George)
10958:C/1989 W1 (Aarseth-Brewington)
10365:P/2013 R3 (Catalina-PANSTARRS)
9034:Yeomans, Donald Keith (1991).
8965:Comets and How to Observe Them
8796:. Cambridge University Press.
8502:"Comet names and designations"
7928:"Australian Astronomy: Comets"
6200:Yeomans, Donald Keith (1998).
3526:25 August 1909 – 16 June 1911
2699:May be the comet described in
2498:
1460:), calling it a "white sign":
1334:Records of the Grand Historian
1226:
1214:predominantly composed of non-
51:Halley's Comet on 8 March 1986
13:
1:
10953:C/1983 H1 (IRAS–Araki–Alcock)
9435:C/2023 A3 (Tsuchinshan–ATLAS)
8746:Goodrich, Richard J. (2023).
8348:10.1016/S0032-0633(02)00003-X
8179:NASA Solar System Exploration
7988:. European Space Agency. 2006
7853:"The Bright Comet Chronicles"
7459:anonymous (8 February 1910).
7346:NASA Solar System Exploration
7049:Revue d'histoire des sciences
6767:Olson, Roberta J. M. (1979).
6737:Lupus Protospatarius Barensis
5894:10.1126/science.275.5308.1900
5813:. European Space Agency. 2006
5584:10.1007/978-3-642-82971-0_138
5530:Exploration of Halley's Comet
4989:"Chapter 5: Planetary Orbits"
3749:
3225:and included in his painting
2421:
2383:) satellite, also called the
2322:space telescope of the time,
2116:American satirist and writer
1017:restricted three-body problem
447:, it is also commonly called
11899:Comets visited by spacecraft
10994:C/1993 Y1 (McNaught–Russell)
10916:C/1969 T1 (Tago-Sato-Kosaka)
10516:D/1993 F2 (Shoemaker–Levy 9)
10425:57P/du Toit–Neujmin–Delporte
9917:57P/du Toit–Neujmin–Delporte
9084:Photographs of 1910 approach
8962:Schmude, Richard M. (2010).
8633:10.1016/0146-6364(79)90084-7
8544:Catalogue of Cometary Orbits
6907:"New Names of Minor Planets"
6567:10.1016/j.icarus.2020.114278
6256:Science and Christian Belief
6226:Chambers, George F. (1909).
5538:10.1007/978-3-642-82971-0_48
5361:Hughes, D. W. (March 1985).
4957:Russell, C. T. (June 1988).
4797:"Tractate Horioth chapter 3"
4525:"The 'Principia' and Comets"
4233:10.1016/0019-1035(89)90085-7
4190:10.1016/0019-1035(89)90021-3
4095:10.1016/0273-1177(89)90241-X
3476:5 August 1835 – 19 May 1836
2144:Great Daylight Comet of 1910
2136:The Adventures of Mark Twain
1807:
1634:
581:. As to the surname Halley,
7:
10485:226P/Pigott–LINEAR–Kowalski
9857:45P/Honda–Mrkos–Pajdušáková
9837:41P/Tuttle–Giacobini–Kresák
9368:Extraterrestrial atmosphere
9042:. Wiley and Sons. pp.
8989:NASA's Scientist-Astronauts
8651:"Returns of Halley's Comet"
8328:Planetary and Space Science
7592:"Eclipses and Comets"
7390:EPSC-DPS Joint Meeting 2019
6939:Rerum Italicarum Scriptores
6707:"Chaco Canyon mystery tour"
6381:Catholic Biblical Quarterly
6204:. Jet Propulsion Laboratory
5197:10.1088/0004-637X/697/2/L91
5120:"Small Body Database Query"
5013:. Jet Propulsion Laboratory
4930:10.1051/0004-6361/202039737
4455:That is, with the vowel of
4250:. Space.com. Archived from
3682:
1843:, the founder of the faith
1739:in July of that year. In a
222:Argument of perihelion
114:(aphelion: 9 December 2023)
10:
11950:
10874:C/1961 O1 (Wilson-Hubbard)
10854:C/1947 X1 (Southern Comet)
10794:X/1872 X1 (Pogson's Comet)
10779:C/1861 G1 (Comet Thatcher)
9399:List of missions to comets
9158:
9112:(periodic comet navigator)
8767:Grier, David Alan (2005).
8397:Astronomy and Astrophysics
8370:Astronomy and Astrophysics
8255:Shayler & Burgess 2007
7408:"Through the comet's tail"
7144:10.1177/002182868501600203
7035:Ethiopian Royal Chronicles
6684:Corpus of Electronic Texts
6645:Corpus of Electronic Texts
6102:Astronomy & Geophysics
5568:Astronomy and Astrophysics
5459:Astronomy and Astrophysics
5347:10.4249/scholarpedia.33238
5295:Astronomy and Astrophysics
5265:Astronomy and Astrophysics
5216:Astronomy and Astrophysics
4075:Advances in Space Research
3838:DNews (3 September 2013).
3789:(epoch 451 is 79.29 years)
3740:invention of the telescope
3699:List of Halley-type comets
3492:at the Cape of Good Hope.
3356:21 September – 26 October
3257:26 September – 11 October
2523:
1849:a long star that has risen
1596:Annals of the Four Masters
1279:Clockwise from upper left:
1221:
941:Halley is classified as a
29:
11909:Meteor shower progenitors
11788:
11262:
11159:C/2013 A1 (Siding Spring)
11104:C/2007 Q3 (Siding Spring)
10976:
10804:C/1881 K1 (Comet Tebbutt)
10719:C/1702 H1 (Comet of 1702)
10678:C/-43 K1 (Caesar's Comet)
10670:
10657:
10644:67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko
10584:
10524:
10503:
10387:
10378:
10268:
10065:
10012:76P/West–Kohoutek–Ikemura
9967:67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko
9627:
9616:
9612:
9594:
9562:
9544:(Bernardinelli–Bernstein)
9412:
9391:
9333:
9226:
9209:
9170:
9166:
9101:
9013:Siddiqi, Asif A. (2018).
8773:When Computers Were Human
8690:Astronomische Nachrichten
8432:"Comet Halley's outburst"
8430:Hughes, David W. (1991).
7760:"The Death of Mark Twain"
7576:10.1177/00218286211070275
6852:10.1515/9783110209709.293
6686:. University College Cork
6647:. University College Cork
6202:"Great Comets in History"
5404:"What Is Halley's Comet?"
5176:The Astrophysical Journal
4908:Atronomy and Astrophysics
3689:Halley's Comet in fiction
3390:15 August – 21 September
3228:The Adoration of the Magi
3213:1 September – 31 October
2898:29 August – 23 September
2777:as "a very fearful star"
2580:First confirmed sighting
2505:astronomical designations
2271:Jet Propulsion Laboratory
1619:Lupus the Protospatharios
1101:, whereas dust particles
1084:and other ices) begin to
1028:Structure and composition
786:Nicolas-Louis de Lacaille
415:
401:
391:
379:
364:
340:
317:
303:
262:
257:
244:
231:
219:
205:
193:
183:
171:
157:Orbital period (sidereal)
154:
144:
132:
118:
103:
99:4 August 2061 (2474040.5)
95:
88:
80:
67:Prehistoric (observation)
61:
56:
44:
10864:C/1956 R1 (Arend–Roland)
10799:C/1874 H1 (Comet Coggia)
10774:C/1858 L1 (Comet Donati)
9997:73P/Schwassmann–Wachmann
9787:31P/Schwassmann–Wachmann
9777:29P/Schwassmann–Wachmann
9450:C/2021 J1 (Maury-Attard)
8853:Milbrath, Susan (1999).
7986:"Comet Halley Recovered"
7379:Levasseur-Regourd, A. C.
5659:: CS1 maint: location (
5444:10.1036/1097-8542.305800
5076:The Astronomical Journal
4432:"Saying Hallo to Halley"
4408:. Merriam–Webster Online
3704:
3183:3 September – 8 October
2230:Additionally, increased
1885:Friedrich Wilhelm Bessel
1384:Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa
737:) and 1607 (observed by
258:Physical characteristics
11339:de Kock–Paraskevopoulos
11194:C/2015 ER61 (PanSTARRS)
10395:11P/Tempel–Swift–LINEAR
9687:11P/Tempel–Swift–LINEAR
9535:C/2015 ER61 (PanSTARRS)
9378:Small Solar System body
8968:. Springer. p. 3.
8832:Lequeux, James (2015).
8790:Kronk, Gary W. (1999).
8451:10.1093/mnras/251.1.26P
8409:1992A&A...258L...9P
8382:1991A&A...246L..77W
8340:2002P&SS...50..247G
8322:Gronkowski, P. (2002).
8175:"In Depth | ISEE-3/ICE"
8143:10.1888/0333750888/4650
8094:Boyarchuk, Alexander A.
7741:Gail S. Cleere (1985).
7716:"Mark Twain's birthday"
7233:Sagan & Druyan 1985
7168:Sagan & Druyan 1985
6920:(2): 9. 7 February 2022
6665:William of Malmesbury;
6252:"The Star of Bethlehem"
6229:The Story of the Comets
6124:2004A&G....45d...6G
5851:1988ARA&A..26...11M
5576:1987A&A...187..807K
5471:1993A&A...279..260A
5388:10.1093/mnras/213.1.103
5307:1989A&A...221..146C
5277:1989A&A...221..146C
5228:1987A&A...187..909O
4643:Sagan & Druyan 1985
3322:1 August – 8 September
2660:26 August – 20 October
2490:
2476:
2468:trans-Neptunian objects
2395:when the Space Shuttle
2149:
1996:
1900:Popular Science Monthly
1866:
1722:
1567:of Earth at that time.
1515:
382:Synodic rotation period
208:Time of perihelion
90:Orbital characteristics
11174:C/2013 V5 (Oukaimeden)
11169:C/2013 US10 (Catalina)
11014:C/1998 H1 (Stonehouse)
10911:C/1965 S1 (Ikeya-Seki)
10891:C/1962 C1 (Seki-Lines)
10490:271P/van Houten–Lemmon
10450:107P/Wilson–Harrington
10445:97P/Metcalf–Brewington
10415:54P/de Vico–Swift–NEAT
10291:4015 Wilson–Harrington
10135:147P/Kushida–Muramatsu
10100:107P/Wilson–Harrington
10090:97P/Metcalf–Brewington
9902:54P/de Vico–Swift–NEAT
8814:Halley & His Comet
8270:. NASA. Archived from
7902:"Comet Halley Summary"
7625:. London: Sampson Low.
7589:Hutson, James (1921).
7342:"In Depth | 1P/Halley"
7212:"Comet Halley in 1835"
5170:; et al. (2009).
4852:Stephenson, F. Richard
4745:10.1098/rsta.1987.0091
4689:10.1098/rsta.1987.0091
4541:10.1098/rsnr.1988.0007
4285:. NASA. Archived from
3588:and the Soviet probes
3488:in August. Studied by
2735:27 March – late April
2691:31 January – 10 April
2431:
2131:
2085:
1958:
1821:
1818:Astronomicum Caesareum
1775:
1679:, who represented the
1650:
1632:
1591:
1528:
1489:
1415:First Jewish–Roman War
1400:planetary conjunctions
1045:
974:trans-Neptunian object
934:in early May, and the
890:(88 million
754:Johann Georg Palitzsch
718:
451:, or sometimes simply
11692:Spacewatch–Rabinowitz
11254:C/2023 P1 (Nishimura)
11204:C/2017 K2 (PanSTARRS)
11184:C/2014 Q1 (PanSTARRS)
11149:C/2012 K1 (PANSTARRS)
11129:C/2011 L4 (PANSTARRS)
11074:C/2006 A1 (Pojmański)
11064:C/2004 F4 (Bradfield)
11044:C/2001 OG108 (LONEOS)
11009:C/1997 L1 (Zhu–Balam)
11004:C/1996 B2 (Hyakutake)
10999:C/1995 O1 (Hale–Bopp)
10834:C/1911 S3 (Beljawsky)
10480:206P/Barnard–Boattini
10002:74P/Smirnova–Chernykh
9912:56P/Slaughter–Burnham
9807:35P/Herschel–Rigollet
9554:C/2014 Q1 (PanSTARRS)
9515:C/2017 K2 (PanSTARRS)
9445:C/2021 O3 (PanSTARRS)
9420:C/2023 P1 (Nishimura)
8568:Sitarski, G. (1988).
7695:Paine, Albert Bigelow
6355:www.perseus.tufts.edu
6305:. Tel-Aviv University
5765:Chyba, Christopher F.
4523:D. W. Hughes (1988).
3445:on 25 December 1758.
3296:Observed in Italy by
2765:early May – mid June
2542:Observation interval
2464:Very Large Telescopes
2429:
2297:European Space Agency
2126:
2081:
1953:
1815:
1789:(AD 1418/1420–1470).
1787:Sultan Zayn al-Abidin
1770:
1735:, culminating in the
1717:Annales Mediolanenses
1704:European Space Agency
1702:is what inspired the
1700:Adoration of the Magi
1660:According to legend,
1646:Adoration of the Magi
1642:
1623:
1586:
1582:William of Malmesbury
1573:Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
1551:and described in the
1545:William the Conqueror
1523:
1462:
1407:Yehoshua ben Hananiah
1111:ultraviolet radiation
1064:is a conglomerate of
1035:
809:numerical integration
700:
477:and the mechanism of
11672:Skjellerup–Maristany
11209:1I/2017 U1 ʻOumuamua
11119:C/2009 R1 (McNaught)
11109:C/2007 W1 (Boattini)
11084:C/2006 P1 (McNaught)
11069:C/2004 Q2 (Machholz)
11024:C/1999 F1 (Catalina)
10938:C/1973 E1 (Kohoutek)
10608:26P/Grigg–Skjellerup
10596:21P/Giacobini–Zinner
10435:72P/Denning–Fujikawa
9992:72P/Denning–Fujikawa
9892:52P/Harrington–Abell
9867:47P/Ashbrook–Jackson
9762:26P/Grigg–Skjellerup
9737:21P/Giacobini–Zinner
8296:. Upi. 18 March 1986
8214:. space.skyrocket.de
7057:10.3917/rhs.612.0265
6327:(16 December 1985).
6162:. cometography.com.
5532:. pp. 267–275.
4655:Lancaster-Brown 1985
4631:Lancaster-Brown 1985
4619:Lancaster-Brown 1985
4577:Lancaster-Brown 1985
4565:Lancaster-Brown 1985
4511:Lancaster-Brown 1985
4499:Lancaster-Brown 1985
4069:Rickman, H. (1989).
3023:22 March – 28 April
2959:September – October
2860:10 June – 15 August
2609:Seen by Babylonians
2354:21P/Giacobini-Zinner
2064:"anti-comet pills".
1956:perhaps a month ...
1877:Edward Joshua Cooper
1861:computation of orbit
1847:makes reference to "
1712:, after the artist.
1578:Eilmer of Malmesbury
1537:Harold II of England
1123:disconnection events
1113:, pressure from the
1015:, a solution to the
884:parabolic trajectory
880:orbital eccentricity
860:and to the right of
778:Nicole-Reine Lepaute
651:Computation of orbit
30:For other uses, see
11741:White–Ortiz–Bolelli
11244:C/2021 A1 (Leonard)
11234:C/2020 F3 (NEOWISE)
11214:C/2018 Y1 (Iwamoto)
11199:C/2015 V2 (Johnson)
11189:C/2014 Q2 (Lovejoy)
11179:C/2014 E2 (Jacques)
11164:C/2013 R1 (Lovejoy)
11134:C/2011 W3 (Lovejoy)
11114:C/2009 F6 (Yi–SWAN)
11089:C/2007 E2 (Lovejoy)
11034:C/2000 WM1 (LINEAR)
10928:C/1969 Y1 (Bennett)
10901:C/1963 R1 (Pereyra)
10886:C/1961 R1 (Humason)
10859:C/1948 V1 (Eclipse)
10370:(300163) 2006 VW139
10240:332P/Ikeya–Murakami
10145:156P/Russell–LINEAR
10027:79P/du Toit–Hartley
9937:61P/Shajn–Schaldach
9922:58P/Jackson–Neujmin
9847:43P/Wolf–Harrington
9747:23P/Brorsen–Metcalf
9549:C/2014 Q2 (Lovejoy)
9525:C/2015 V2 (Johnson)
9520:C/2016 U1 (NEOWISE)
9500:C/2018 Y1 (Iwamoto)
9470:C/2020 F3 (NEOWISE)
9455:C/2021 A1 (Leonard)
8817:. Blandford Press.
8625:1979ChA.....3..120C
8586:1988AcA....38..253S
8552:1996cco..book.....M
8540:Williams, Gareth V.
8257:, pp. 431–476.
8201:, pp. 149–150.
8135:2000eaa..bookE4650.
8112:1986PAZh...12..696B
7888:1979JRASC..73...24B
7821:(13 January 2010).
7568:2022JHA....53...13C
7440:on 17 December 2012
7328:1986JRASC..80....1S
7294:1909Obs....32..175L
7262:1910PA.....18..127T
7192:on 17 November 2020
7136:1985JHA....16..123B
7005:1971Obs....91..125B
6953:, pp. 253–255.
6787:1979SciAm.240e.160O
6774:Scientific American
6559:2021Icar..36414278N
6522:1986ESASP.250c.201O
6429:1897Obs....20..203R
6076:1985Natur.314..576W
6031:1985Natur.314..587S
5970:"Voyages to Comets"
5941:1982Natur.298..249B
5886:1997Sci...275.1900W
5880:(5308): 1900–1904.
5781:1987Natur.330..350C
5735:1986Natur.324..436W
5692:1988Natur.331..240S
5647:1986ESASP.250b.441M
5498:1958SciAm.199d..44B
5486:Scientific American
5379:1985MNRAS.213..103H
5338:2018SchpJ..1333238L
5243:, pp. 260–261.
5188:2009ApJ...697L..91G
5142:Fernández, Yanga R.
5088:2002AJ....123.1039J
4975:1988QJRAS..29..157R
4889:1986JRASC..80...62Y
4839:1982LAstr..96..351V
4812:, pp. 108–111.
4737:1987RSPTA.323..349H
4681:1987RSPTA.323..349H
4606:1986JRASC..80...62Y
4392:1982JBAA...92..209B
4356:on 4 September 2011
4225:1989Icar...79..396P
4207:Peale, Stanton J.;
4182:1989Icar...82...36P
4087:1989AdSpR...9c..59R
4043:2004come.book..223L
3850:on 28 November 2022
3773:Minor Planet Center
3084:August – September
2631:9 July – 24 August
2602:October – November
2548:Maximum brightness
2457:amorphous water ice
2071:that would end the
1873:Markree Observatory
1829:Girolamo Fracastoro
1372:Chinese astronomers
1176:limits of detection
725:, who, in his 1705
81:Discovery date
41:
11904:Halley-type comets
11677:Skorichenko–George
11272:Aarseth-Brewington
11224:C/2019 U6 (Lemmon)
11144:C/2012 F6 (Lemmon)
11124:C/2010 X1 (Elenin)
11094:C/2007 F1 (LONEOS)
11054:C/2002 T7 (LINEAR)
11039:C/2001 A2 (LINEAR)
11029:C/1999 S4 (LINEAR)
10963:C/1989 X1 (Austin)
10948:C/1980 E1 (Bowell)
10829:C/1911 O1 (Brooks)
10532:D/1770 L1 (Lexell)
10440:80P/Peters–Hartley
10155:162P/Siding Spring
10032:80P/Peters–Hartley
9897:53P/Van Biesbroeck
9822:38P/Stephan–Oterma
9530:C/2015 G2 (MASTER)
9505:C/2018 C2 (Lemmon)
9495:P/2019 LD2 (ATLAS)
9485:C/2019 U6 (Lemmon)
9465:C/2020 F5 (MASTER)
9425:C/2023 H2 (Lemmon)
8473:Abrams Planetarium
8074:on 14 January 2013
8016:The New York Times
8010:(20 August 1985).
8008:Browne, Malcolm W.
7829:on 4 February 2012
7758:anonymous (1910).
7714:Metcalf, Miranda.
7670:The New York Times
7617:Churchward, Hedley
7466:The New York Times
6822:The New York Times
6098:Gurzadyan, Vahe G.
5562:Seige, P. (1988).
5254:Chirikov, Boris V.
4501:, pp. 14, 25.
4478:The New York Times
3149:15 April – 6 July
2993:17 May – mid June
2829:4 March – 2 April
2538:Date of perihelion
2517:Gregorian calendar
2484:apparent magnitude
2432:
2295:, launched by the
2053:Camille Flammarion
2032:Yerkes Observatory
1839:scriptures of the
1822:
1758:Lives of the Popes
1753:Bartolomeo Platina
1745:Pope Callixtus III
1733:Kingdom of Hungary
1651:
1541:Battle of Hastings
1535:: later that year
1529:
1350:Tigranes the Great
1139:effective diameter
1046:
1005:dynamical lifetime
938:in late October.
719:
460:inner Solar System
424:is the only known
404:Apparent magnitude
387:2.2 d (52.8 h) (?)
63:Discovered by
39:
11929:Star of Bethlehem
11914:Near-Earth comets
11806:
11805:
11784:
11783:
11780:
11779:
11776:
11775:
11391:IRAS–Araki–Alcock
11229:C/2019 Y4 (ATLAS)
11099:C/2007 N3 (Lulin)
10906:C/1964 N1 (Ikeya)
10896:C/1963 A1 (Ikeya)
10869:C/1957 P1 (Mrkos)
10844:C/1931 P1 (Ryves)
10653:
10652:
10580:
10579:
10542:18D/Perrine–Mrkos
10420:55P/Tempel–Tuttle
10297:7968 Elst–Pizarro
10215:273P/Pons–Gambart
10160:168P/Hergenrother
10150:161P/Hartley–IRAS
10110:109P/Swift–Tuttle
9952:64P/Swift–Gehrels
9907:55P/Tempel–Tuttle
9722:18D/Perrine–Mrkos
9590:
9589:
9577:Comets in fiction
9480:C/2019 Y1 (ATLAS)
9475:C/2019 Y4 (ATLAS)
9430:C/2023 E1 (ATLAS)
9356:Comet discoverers
9127:
9126:
8998:978-0-387-21897-7
8975:978-1-4419-5790-0
8900:978-0-521-05801-8
8874:978-0-292-79793-2
8845:978-3-319-20723-0
8803:978-0-521-58504-0
8613:Chinese Astronomy
8536:Marsden, Brian G.
8274:on 14 August 2011
7964:Ocala Star-Banner
7615:Rosenthal, Eric;
7509:(November 2009).
7250:Popular Astronomy
7107:, pp. 11–25.
6747:The Latin Library
6626:978-0-8156-2031-0
6485:978-0-521-58504-0
6070:(6012): 576–577.
6025:(6012): 587–592.
6010:(18 April 1985).
5935:(5871): 249–251.
5775:(6146): 350–353.
5729:(6096): 436–438.
5686:(6153): 240–242.
5593:978-3-642-82973-4
5547:978-3-642-82973-4
5168:Gladman, Brett J.
4731:(1572): 349–367.
4675:(1572): 349–367.
4657:, pp. 84–85.
4344:Delehanty, Marc.
4254:on 4 January 2014
4209:Lissauer, Jack J.
4164:Peale, Stanton J.
4142:978-0-8165-2450-1
4129:Weaver, Harold A.
4052:978-0-8165-2450-1
3769:"1P/Halley Orbit"
3680:
3679:
3223:Giotto di Bondone
3114:3 April – 7 June
2874:Battle of Chalons
2393:ended in disaster
2129:go out together."
2089:Hedley Churchward
2069:Xinhai Revolution
1983:Paris Observatory
1881:Cauchoix of Paris
1841:Guru Granth Sahib
1737:siege of Belgrade
1681:Star of Bethlehem
1677:Giotto di Bondone
1627:Constantine Ducas
1433:Battle of Chalons
1396:Star of Bethlehem
924:relative velocity
782:Newtonian physics
419:
418:
358:0.2–1.5 g/cm
16:(Redirected from
11941:
11871:
11870:
11869:
11859:
11858:
11857:
11847:
11846:
11845:
11835:
11834:
11823:
11822:
11821:
11814:
11796:
11795:
11754:
11732:
11724:Tago-Sato-Kosaka
11551:McNaught–Russell
11239:C/2020 F8 (SWAN)
11154:C/2012 S1 (ISON)
11139:C/2012 E2 (SWAN)
11079:C/2006 M4 (SWAN)
11059:C/2002 V1 (NEAT)
11049:C/2001 Q4 (NEAT)
11019:C/1998 J1 (SOHO)
10984:C/1990 K1 (Levy)
10943:C/1975 V1 (West)
10924:
10882:
10668:
10667:
10385:
10384:
10140:153P/Ikeya–Zhang
9877:49P/Arend–Rigaux
9667:7P/Pons–Winnecke
9625:
9624:
9614:
9613:
9596:
9595:
9572:Antimatter comet
9460:C/2020 F8 (SWAN)
9341:Naming of comets
9221:
9215:
9168:
9167:
9153:
9146:
9139:
9130:
9129:
9099:
9098:
9057:
9041:
9030:
9009:
9007:
9005:
8985:"Ending of Eras"
8979:
8958:
8926:
8904:
8878:
8849:
8828:
8807:
8786:
8763:
8733:
8731:
8729:
8727:
8708:
8699:
8698:
8684:
8678:
8672:
8666:
8665:
8663:
8661:
8643:
8637:
8636:
8601:
8590:
8589:
8574:Acta Astronomica
8565:
8556:
8555:
8532:
8526:
8520:
8514:
8513:
8511:
8509:
8498:
8492:
8491:
8489:
8487:
8481:
8470:
8462:
8456:
8455:
8453:
8427:
8421:
8420:
8392:
8386:
8385:
8358:
8352:
8351:
8319:
8306:
8305:
8303:
8301:
8290:
8284:
8283:
8281:
8279:
8264:
8258:
8252:
8246:
8245:
8243:
8241:
8230:
8224:
8223:
8221:
8219:
8208:
8202:
8196:
8190:
8189:
8187:
8185:
8171:
8165:
8164:
8151:2060/19920003890
8122:
8116:
8115:
8090:
8084:
8083:
8081:
8079:
8064:
8058:
8057:
8055:
8053:
8034:
8028:
8026:
8024:
8022:
8004:
7998:
7997:
7995:
7993:
7982:
7976:
7975:
7973:
7971:
7956:
7950:
7949:
7947:
7945:
7939:
7932:
7924:
7918:
7917:
7915:
7913:
7908:on 8 August 2008
7898:
7892:
7891:
7871:
7865:
7864:
7862:
7860:
7845:
7839:
7838:
7836:
7834:
7815:
7809:
7808:
7802:
7800:
7782:
7776:
7775:
7773:
7771:
7755:
7749:
7748:
7738:
7732:
7731:
7729:
7727:
7711:
7705:
7704:
7691:
7685:
7684:
7678:
7676:
7661:
7655:
7654:
7653:
7651:
7633:
7627:
7626:
7612:
7606:
7605:
7603:
7594:
7586:
7580:
7579:
7551:
7545:
7539:
7533:
7532:
7530:
7528:
7523:on 6 August 2017
7519:. Archived from
7503:
7494:
7484:
7478:
7477:
7475:
7473:
7456:
7450:
7449:
7447:
7445:
7429:
7423:
7422:
7420:
7418:
7400:
7394:
7393:
7387:
7375:
7369:
7363:
7357:
7356:
7354:
7352:
7338:
7332:
7331:
7311:
7298:
7297:
7277:
7266:
7265:
7245:
7236:
7230:
7224:
7223:
7221:
7219:
7208:
7202:
7201:
7199:
7197:
7188:. Archived from
7177:
7171:
7165:
7156:
7155:
7119:
7108:
7102:
7096:
7095:
7075:
7069:
7068:
7044:
7038:
7031:
7025:
7015:
7009:
7008:
6988:
6982:
6981:
6979:
6977:
6963:Emerson, Edwin.
6960:
6954:
6948:
6942:
6936:
6930:
6929:
6927:
6925:
6911:
6903:
6897:
6896:
6894:
6892:
6872:
6866:
6865:
6839:
6833:
6832:
6830:
6828:
6813:
6807:
6806:
6764:
6755:
6754:
6733:
6727:
6726:
6724:
6722:
6702:
6696:
6695:
6693:
6691:
6676:
6670:
6663:
6657:
6656:
6654:
6652:
6637:
6631:
6630:
6611:
6605:
6603:
6601:
6599:
6580:
6571:
6570:
6552:
6532:
6526:
6525:
6501:
6490:
6489:
6466:
6460:
6459:
6439:
6433:
6432:
6412:
6406:
6405:
6372:
6366:
6365:
6363:
6361:
6347:
6341:
6340:
6338:
6336:
6321:
6315:
6314:
6312:
6310:
6295:
6289:
6288:
6286:
6284:
6274:"Horayot 10a:19"
6270:
6264:
6263:
6248:Humphreys, Colin
6244:
6238:
6237:
6223:
6214:
6213:
6211:
6209:
6197:
6176:
6175:
6173:
6171:
6153:
6144:
6143:
6117:
6094:
6088:
6087:
6084:10.1038/314576b0
6057:
6051:
6050:
6039:10.1038/314587a0
6016:
6003:
5994:
5988:
5982:
5981:
5979:
5977:
5966:
5960:
5959:
5957:
5955:
5949:10.1038/298249a0
5920:
5914:
5913:
5869:
5863:
5862:
5834:
5823:
5822:
5820:
5818:
5807:
5801:
5800:
5789:10.1038/330350a0
5761:
5755:
5754:
5743:10.1038/324436a0
5718:
5712:
5711:
5700:10.1038/331240a0
5675:
5669:
5668:
5658:
5650:
5626:
5620:
5619:
5607:
5598:
5597:
5558:
5552:
5551:
5524:
5518:
5517:
5481:
5475:
5474:
5454:
5448:
5447:
5431:
5412:
5411:
5399:
5393:
5392:
5390:
5358:
5352:
5351:
5349:
5317:
5311:
5310:
5290:
5281:
5280:
5262:
5250:
5244:
5238:
5232:
5231:
5222:(1–2): 909–912.
5211:
5202:
5201:
5199:
5164:
5158:
5157:
5155:
5153:
5144:(28 July 2015).
5138:
5132:
5131:
5129:
5127:
5116:
5110:
5109:
5099:
5082:(2): 1039–1049.
5068:Jewitt, David C.
5064:
5051:
5050:
5048:
5046:astro-ph/0512256
5036:
5023:
5022:
5020:
5018:
5011:"Meteor Streams"
5007:
5001:
5000:
4998:
4996:
4985:
4979:
4978:
4954:
4948:
4947:
4941:
4933:
4923:
4902:
4896:
4895:
4872:
4866:
4849:
4843:
4842:
4819:
4813:
4807:
4801:
4800:
4793:
4787:
4786:
4775:Brodetsky, Selig
4771:
4765:
4764:
4718:
4707:
4706:
4700:
4692:
4664:
4658:
4652:
4646:
4640:
4634:
4628:
4622:
4616:
4610:
4609:
4589:
4580:
4574:
4568:
4562:
4553:
4552:
4520:
4514:
4508:
4502:
4496:
4490:
4489:
4487:
4485:
4470:
4464:
4453:
4447:
4446:
4444:
4442:
4424:
4418:
4417:
4415:
4413:
4402:
4396:
4395:
4375:
4366:
4365:
4363:
4361:
4352:. Archived from
4341:
4328:
4327:
4325:
4323:
4312:
4299:
4298:
4296:
4294:
4289:on 6 August 2011
4275:
4264:
4263:
4261:
4259:
4243:
4237:
4236:
4204:
4198:
4197:
4160:
4154:
4153:
4151:
4120:
4099:
4098:
4066:
4057:
4056:
4026:
4013:
4012:
4010:
4008:
3993:
3970:
3968:
3966:
3964:
3945:
3934:
3933:
3921:
3902:
3900:
3898:
3896:
3877:
3860:
3859:
3857:
3855:
3846:. Archived from
3835:
3826:
3824:
3822:
3820:
3801:
3790:
3788:
3786:
3784:
3765:
3743:
3736:
3730:
3727:
3721:
3715:
3443:Johann Palitzsch
3298:Paolo Toscanelli
3288:27 May – 8 July
3157:Depicted on the
2522:
2521:
2453:phase transition
2449:hydrogen cyanide
2437:
2350:Lagrangian point
2219:
2208:
2206:
2197:
2195:
2186:
2184:
2176:
2162:
2027:
2009:
1941:
1927:
1913:
1766:
1673:Giovanni Villani
1608:Native Americans
1509:Annals of Ulster
1487:
1484:Zuqnin Chronicle
1467:In the month of
1444:Zuqnin Chronicle
1311:Zuqnin Chronicle
1273:
1264:
1253:
1244:
1043:
986:
984:
983:
962:20,000–50,000 au
850:
832:
820:Orbit and origin
731:orbital elements
677:Sir Isaac Newton
610:
609:
606:
605:
602:
599:
596:
593:
576:
575:
572:
571:
568:
565:
562:
559:
546:
545:
542:
541:
538:
535:
532:
529:
491:"dirty snowball"
359:
355:
353:
336:
331:
327:
313:
292:
281:
72:(recognition of
49:
42:
38:
21:
11949:
11948:
11944:
11943:
11942:
11940:
11939:
11938:
11924:Periodic comets
11919:Numbered comets
11879:
11878:
11877:
11867:
11865:
11855:
11853:
11843:
11841:
11829:
11819:
11817:
11809:
11807:
11802:
11772:
11748:
11726:
11264:
11258:
11249:C/2022 E3 (ZTF)
10972:
10918:
10876:
10662:
10660:
10649:
10587:
10576:
10520:
10499:
10374:
10271:
10264:
10067:
10061:
9942:62P/Tsuchinshan
9932:60P/Tsuchinshan
9927:59P/Kearns–Kwee
9692:12P/Pons–Brooks
9629:
9619:
9608:
9601:Lists of comets
9586:
9564:
9558:
9543:
9440:C/2022 E3 (ZTF)
9408:
9387:
9329:
9222:
9216:
9207:
9162:
9157:
9120:
9110:
9103:Numbered comets
9096:
9064:
9054:
9027:
9003:
9001:
8999:
8976:
8955:
8923:
8909:Rayner, John D.
8901:
8883:Needham, Joseph
8875:
8846:
8825:
8804:
8783:
8760:
8742:
8737:
8736:
8725:
8723:
8710:
8709:
8702:
8685:
8681:
8673:
8669:
8659:
8657:
8644:
8640:
8602:
8593:
8566:
8559:
8533:
8529:
8521:
8517:
8507:
8505:
8500:
8499:
8495:
8485:
8483:
8479:
8468:
8464:
8463:
8459:
8428:
8424:
8393:
8389:
8359:
8355:
8320:
8309:
8299:
8297:
8292:
8291:
8287:
8277:
8275:
8266:
8265:
8261:
8253:
8249:
8239:
8237:
8232:
8231:
8227:
8217:
8215:
8210:
8209:
8205:
8197:
8193:
8183:
8181:
8173:
8172:
8168:
8161:
8123:
8119:
8091:
8087:
8077:
8075:
8066:
8065:
8061:
8051:
8049:
8036:
8035:
8031:
8020:
8018:
8005:
8001:
7991:
7989:
7984:
7983:
7979:
7969:
7967:
7958:
7957:
7953:
7943:
7941:
7940:on 16 June 2005
7937:
7930:
7926:
7925:
7921:
7911:
7909:
7900:
7899:
7895:
7872:
7868:
7858:
7856:
7849:Bortle, John E.
7846:
7842:
7832:
7830:
7819:Bortle, John E.
7816:
7812:
7798:
7796:
7792:Cinefantastique
7783:
7779:
7769:
7767:
7756:
7752:
7739:
7735:
7725:
7723:
7722:on 11 June 2010
7712:
7708:
7692:
7688:
7674:
7672:
7662:
7658:
7649:
7647:
7634:
7630:
7613:
7609:
7587:
7583:
7552:
7548:
7540:
7536:
7526:
7524:
7504:
7497:
7485:
7481:
7471:
7469:
7457:
7453:
7443:
7441:
7430:
7426:
7416:
7414:
7401:
7397:
7385:
7376:
7372:
7364:
7360:
7350:
7348:
7340:
7339:
7335:
7312:
7301:
7282:The Observatory
7278:
7269:
7246:
7239:
7231:
7227:
7217:
7215:
7210:
7209:
7205:
7195:
7193:
7178:
7174:
7166:
7159:
7120:
7111:
7103:
7099:
7080:Current Science
7076:
7072:
7045:
7041:
7032:
7028:
7016:
7012:
6993:The Observatory
6989:
6985:
6975:
6973:
6961:
6957:
6949:
6945:
6937:
6933:
6923:
6921:
6909:
6905:
6904:
6900:
6890:
6888:
6873:
6869:
6862:
6840:
6836:
6826:
6824:
6814:
6810:
6765:
6758:
6734:
6730:
6720:
6718:
6703:
6699:
6689:
6687:
6678:
6677:
6673:
6664:
6660:
6650:
6648:
6639:
6638:
6634:
6627:
6613:
6612:
6608:
6597:
6595:
6582:
6581:
6574:
6533:
6529:
6502:
6493:
6486:
6467:
6463:
6456:
6440:
6436:
6417:The Observatory
6413:
6409:
6376:Horowitz, Wayne
6373:
6369:
6359:
6357:
6349:
6348:
6344:
6334:
6332:
6331:. Time Magazine
6322:
6318:
6308:
6306:
6296:
6292:
6282:
6280:
6278:www.sefaria.org
6272:
6271:
6267:
6245:
6241:
6224:
6217:
6207:
6205:
6198:
6179:
6169:
6167:
6154:
6147:
6115:physics/0405073
6095:
6091:
6058:
6054:
6014:
6008:Hunger, Hermann
6004:
5997:
5989:
5985:
5975:
5973:
5968:
5967:
5963:
5953:
5951:
5921:
5917:
5870:
5866:
5835:
5826:
5816:
5814:
5811:"Giotto:Halley"
5809:
5808:
5804:
5762:
5758:
5719:
5715:
5676:
5672:
5652:
5651:
5627:
5623:
5608:
5601:
5594:
5559:
5555:
5548:
5525:
5521:
5482:
5478:
5455:
5451:
5438:. McGraw Hill.
5432:
5415:
5400:
5396:
5359:
5355:
5318:
5314:
5291:
5284:
5260:
5251:
5247:
5239:
5235:
5212:
5205:
5165:
5161:
5151:
5149:
5139:
5135:
5125:
5123:
5118:
5117:
5113:
5065:
5054:
5037:
5026:
5016:
5014:
5009:
5008:
5004:
4994:
4992:
4987:
4986:
4982:
4955:
4951:
4935:
4934:
4903:
4899:
4873:
4869:
4850:
4846:
4823:Veron, Phillipe
4820:
4816:
4808:
4804:
4795:
4794:
4790:
4772:
4768:
4719:
4710:
4694:
4693:
4665:
4661:
4653:
4649:
4641:
4637:
4629:
4625:
4617:
4613:
4590:
4583:
4575:
4571:
4563:
4556:
4521:
4517:
4509:
4505:
4497:
4493:
4483:
4481:
4472:
4471:
4467:
4454:
4450:
4440:
4438:
4425:
4421:
4411:
4409:
4404:
4403:
4399:
4376:
4369:
4359:
4357:
4342:
4331:
4321:
4319:
4314:
4313:
4302:
4292:
4290:
4276:
4267:
4257:
4255:
4244:
4240:
4205:
4201:
4161:
4157:
4149:
4143:
4121:
4102:
4067:
4060:
4053:
4027:
4016:
4006:
4004:
3995:
3994:
3973:
3962:
3960:
3947:
3946:
3937:
3922:
3905:
3894:
3892:
3879:
3878:
3863:
3853:
3851:
3836:
3829:
3818:
3816:
3803:
3802:
3793:
3782:
3780:
3767:
3766:
3757:
3752:
3747:
3746:
3737:
3733:
3728:
3724:
3718:William Whiston
3716:
3712:
3707:
3685:
3555:
3512:
3462:
3419:
3366:Johannes Kepler
3159:Eadwine Psalter
3125:Bayeux tapestry
2545:Earth approach
2513:Julian calendar
2501:
2493:
2479:
2435:
2424:
2373:low Earth orbit
2347:
2240:David C. Jewitt
2232:light pollution
2227:
2226:
2225:
2224:
2223:
2220:
2211:
2210:
2209:
2204:
2203:
2193:
2192:
2185: 1P/Halley
2182:
2181:
2180:
2177:
2168:
2167:
2166:
2163:
2152:
2039:
2038:
2037:
2036:
2035:
2028:
2019:
2018:
2017:
2010:
1999:
1949:
1948:
1947:
1946:
1945:
1942:
1933:
1932:
1931:
1928:
1919:
1918:
1917:
1914:
1905:
1904:
1869:
1810:
1760:
1725:
1687:section of his
1637:
1549:Bayeux Tapestry
1526:Bayeux Tapestry
1518:
1501:Louis the Pious
1488:
1482:
1390:, has led some
1329:
1328:
1327:
1326:
1308:
1298:
1288:
1280:
1276:
1275:
1274:
1266:
1265:
1256:
1255:
1254:
1246:
1245:
1236:
1235:
1229:
1224:
1159:rotation period
1078:carbon monoxide
1041:
1030:
1011:, known as the
981:
980:
977:
868:
867:
866:
865:
864:
851:
842:
841:
840:
833:
822:
770:Alexis Clairaut
739:Johannes Kepler
653:
611:, rhyming with
590:
586:
577:, rhyming with
556:
552:
551:, or sometimes
547:, rhyming with
526:
522:
519:
410:
406:
384:
369:
367:Escape velocity
357:
356:
351:
349:
346:
329:
325:
323:
311:
308:
290:
289:
268:
249:
239:
224:
214:
210:
198:
176:
166:
159:
137:
135:Semi-major axis
127:
125:
113:
68:
52:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
11947:
11937:
11936:
11931:
11926:
11921:
11916:
11911:
11906:
11901:
11896:
11891:
11889:Halley's Comet
11876:
11875:
11863:
11851:
11839:
11827:
11804:
11803:
11801:
11800:
11789:
11786:
11785:
11782:
11781:
11778:
11777:
11774:
11773:
11771:
11770:
11765:
11760:
11755:
11746:Wilson–Hubbard
11743:
11738:
11733:
11721:
11720:
11719:
11714:
11709:
11699:
11694:
11689:
11684:
11679:
11674:
11669:
11668:
11667:
11662:
11652:
11647:
11642:
11637:
11632:
11631:
11630:
11625:
11620:
11615:
11613:311P/PanSTARRS
11610:
11605:
11595:
11590:
11585:
11580:
11575:
11574:
11573:
11568:
11558:
11553:
11548:
11547:
11546:
11541:
11531:
11526:
11521:
11520:
11519:
11514:
11509:
11504:
11494:
11493:
11492:
11487:
11477:
11476:
11475:
11470:
11465:
11460:
11450:
11445:
11440:
11439:
11438:
11433:
11428:
11418:
11413:
11408:
11403:
11398:
11393:
11388:
11383:
11382:
11381:
11376:
11366:
11361:
11356:
11351:
11346:
11341:
11336:
11335:
11334:
11329:
11319:
11314:
11309:
11304:
11299:
11294:
11289:
11284:
11279:
11274:
11268:
11266:
11260:
11259:
11257:
11256:
11251:
11246:
11241:
11236:
11231:
11226:
11221:
11216:
11211:
11206:
11201:
11196:
11191:
11186:
11181:
11176:
11171:
11166:
11161:
11156:
11151:
11146:
11141:
11136:
11131:
11126:
11121:
11116:
11111:
11106:
11101:
11096:
11091:
11086:
11081:
11076:
11071:
11066:
11061:
11056:
11051:
11046:
11041:
11036:
11031:
11026:
11021:
11016:
11011:
11006:
11001:
10996:
10991:
10986:
10980:
10978:
10974:
10973:
10971:
10970:
10965:
10960:
10955:
10950:
10945:
10940:
10935:
10930:
10925:
10913:
10908:
10903:
10898:
10893:
10888:
10883:
10871:
10866:
10861:
10856:
10851:
10846:
10841:
10836:
10831:
10826:
10821:
10816:
10811:
10806:
10801:
10796:
10791:
10786:
10781:
10776:
10771:
10766:
10761:
10756:
10751:
10746:
10741:
10736:
10731:
10726:
10721:
10716:
10710:
10705:
10700:
10695:
10690:
10685:
10680:
10674:
10672:
10665:
10659:Near-Parabolic
10655:
10654:
10651:
10650:
10648:
10647:
10641:
10635:
10629:
10623:
10617:
10611:
10605:
10599:
10592:
10590:
10582:
10581:
10578:
10577:
10575:
10574:
10569:
10564:
10559:
10554:
10549:
10544:
10539:
10534:
10528:
10526:
10522:
10521:
10519:
10518:
10513:
10507:
10505:
10501:
10500:
10498:
10497:
10492:
10487:
10482:
10477:
10475:205P/Giacobini
10472:
10467:
10462:
10457:
10452:
10447:
10442:
10437:
10432:
10427:
10422:
10417:
10412:
10407:
10402:
10397:
10391:
10389:
10382:
10376:
10375:
10373:
10372:
10367:
10362:
10360:358P/PANSTARRS
10357:
10352:
10347:
10342:
10340:311P/PanSTARRS
10337:
10332:
10327:
10321:
10318:60558 Echeclus
10315:
10310:
10305:
10300:
10294:
10288:
10282:
10276:
10274:
10266:
10265:
10263:
10262:
10260:460P/PanSTARRS
10257:
10252:
10247:
10242:
10237:
10232:
10227:
10225:311P/PanSTARRS
10222:
10217:
10212:
10207:
10202:
10197:
10192:
10187:
10182:
10180:205P/Giacobini
10177:
10172:
10167:
10162:
10157:
10152:
10147:
10142:
10137:
10132:
10127:
10122:
10117:
10112:
10107:
10102:
10097:
10092:
10087:
10082:
10077:
10071:
10069:
10063:
10062:
10060:
10059:
10054:
10049:
10044:
10039:
10034:
10029:
10024:
10019:
10014:
10009:
10004:
9999:
9994:
9989:
9984:
9979:
9974:
9969:
9964:
9959:
9954:
9949:
9944:
9939:
9934:
9929:
9924:
9919:
9914:
9909:
9904:
9899:
9894:
9889:
9887:51P/Harrington
9884:
9879:
9874:
9869:
9864:
9859:
9854:
9849:
9844:
9839:
9834:
9829:
9824:
9819:
9814:
9809:
9804:
9799:
9794:
9792:32P/Comas Solà
9789:
9784:
9779:
9774:
9769:
9764:
9759:
9754:
9752:24P/Schaumasse
9749:
9744:
9739:
9734:
9729:
9724:
9719:
9714:
9709:
9704:
9699:
9694:
9689:
9684:
9679:
9674:
9669:
9664:
9659:
9654:
9649:
9644:
9639:
9633:
9631:
9622:
9610:
9609:
9592:
9591:
9588:
9587:
9585:
9584:
9582:Comet vintages
9579:
9574:
9568:
9566:
9560:
9559:
9557:
9556:
9551:
9546:
9541:
9537:
9532:
9527:
9522:
9517:
9512:
9507:
9502:
9497:
9492:
9487:
9482:
9477:
9472:
9467:
9462:
9457:
9452:
9447:
9442:
9437:
9432:
9427:
9422:
9416:
9414:
9410:
9409:
9407:
9406:
9401:
9395:
9393:
9389:
9388:
9386:
9385:
9380:
9375:
9370:
9365:
9364:
9363:
9353:
9348:
9343:
9337:
9335:
9331:
9330:
9328:
9327:
9322:
9317:
9312:
9302:
9297:
9296:
9295:
9290:
9285:
9283:Near-parabolic
9275:
9274:
9273:
9268:
9263:
9261:Jupiter-family
9258:
9253:
9248:
9243:
9232:
9230:
9224:
9223:
9210:
9208:
9206:
9205:
9200:
9195:
9190:
9185:
9180:
9174:
9172:
9164:
9163:
9156:
9155:
9148:
9141:
9133:
9125:
9124:
9117:
9114:
9106:
9105:
9094:
9093:
9087:
9081:
9076:
9071:
9063:
9062:External links
9060:
9059:
9058:
9052:
9031:
9025:
9010:
8997:
8980:
8974:
8959:
8953:
8927:
8921:
8905:
8899:
8879:
8873:
8865:10.7560/752252
8850:
8844:
8829:
8823:
8808:
8802:
8787:
8781:
8764:
8758:
8741:
8738:
8735:
8734:
8700:
8679:
8677:, p. 684.
8667:
8638:
8619:(1): 120–131.
8591:
8580:(3): 253–268.
8557:
8527:
8515:
8493:
8457:
8422:
8387:
8376:(2): L77–L80.
8353:
8334:(3): 247–256.
8307:
8285:
8259:
8247:
8225:
8203:
8191:
8166:
8159:
8117:
8102:(in Russian).
8085:
8059:
8048:on 11 May 2011
8042:New York Times
8029:
7999:
7977:
7951:
7919:
7893:
7866:
7840:
7810:
7777:
7750:
7733:
7706:
7686:
7656:
7628:
7607:
7581:
7546:
7544:, p. 188.
7534:
7495:
7493:, p. 238.
7489:, p. 83;
7479:
7451:
7424:
7395:
7392:, vol. 13
7370:
7368:, p. 180.
7358:
7333:
7299:
7267:
7237:
7235:, p. 117.
7225:
7203:
7172:
7157:
7130:(2): 123–132.
7109:
7097:
7086:(1): 173–179.
7070:
7039:
7026:
7010:
6983:
6955:
6943:
6931:
6914:WGSBN Bulletin
6898:
6867:
6860:
6834:
6808:
6781:(5): 160–171.
6756:
6728:
6697:
6671:
6658:
6632:
6625:
6606:
6572:
6527:
6491:
6484:
6470:Kronk, Gary W.
6461:
6454:
6434:
6407:
6388:(3): 456–459.
6367:
6342:
6316:
6299:Ne'eman, Yuval
6290:
6265:
6239:
6215:
6177:
6157:Kronk, Gary W.
6145:
6089:
6052:
5995:
5983:
5961:
5915:
5864:
5824:
5802:
5756:
5713:
5670:
5621:
5599:
5592:
5553:
5546:
5519:
5476:
5465:(1): 260–266.
5449:
5413:
5408:Universe today
5394:
5373:(1): 103–109.
5353:
5312:
5301:(1): 146–154.
5282:
5271:(1): 146–154.
5245:
5233:
5203:
5182:(2): L91–L94.
5159:
5133:
5111:
5097:10.1086/338692
5052:
5024:
5002:
4980:
4949:
4897:
4867:
4844:
4814:
4802:
4788:
4766:
4708:
4659:
4647:
4635:
4623:
4611:
4581:
4569:
4554:
4515:
4503:
4491:
4465:
4448:
4419:
4397:
4367:
4350:AstronomyToday
4329:
4300:
4279:Odenwald, Sten
4265:
4238:
4219:(2): 396–430.
4199:
4155:
4141:
4100:
4058:
4051:
4014:
3971:
3935:
3903:
3861:
3827:
3791:
3754:
3753:
3751:
3748:
3745:
3744:
3731:
3722:
3709:
3708:
3706:
3703:
3702:
3701:
3696:
3691:
3684:
3681:
3678:
3677:
3674:
3672:
3669:
3667:
3664:
3661:
3658:
3656:
3652:
3651:
3648:
3646:
3643:
3641:
3638:
3635:
3632:
3630:
3626:
3625:
3622:
3620:
3617:
3615:
3612:
3609:
3604:
3602:
3598:
3597:
3576:
3573:
3570:
3567:
3564:
3561:
3556:
3554:
3553:
3550:
3547:
3543:
3541:
3537:
3536:
3533:
3530:
3527:
3524:
3521:
3518:
3513:
3511:
3510:
3507:
3504:
3500:
3498:
3494:
3493:
3482:
3479:
3477:
3474:
3471:
3468:
3463:
3461:
3460:
3457:
3453:
3451:
3447:
3446:
3439:
3436:
3434:
3431:
3428:
3425:
3420:
3418:
3417:
3414:
3410:
3408:
3404:
3403:
3396:
3393:
3391:
3388:
3385:
3382:
3377:
3374:
3370:
3369:
3362:
3359:
3357:
3354:
3351:
3348:
3343:
3340:
3336:
3335:
3328:
3325:
3323:
3320:
3317:
3314:
3309:
3306:
3302:
3301:
3294:
3291:
3289:
3286:
3283:
3280:
3275:
3272:
3268:
3267:
3263:
3260:
3258:
3255:
3252:
3249:
3244:
3241:
3237:
3236:
3219:
3216:
3214:
3211:
3208:
3205:
3200:
3197:
3193:
3192:
3189:
3186:
3184:
3181:
3178:
3175:
3170:
3167:
3163:
3162:
3155:
3152:
3150:
3147:
3144:
3141:
3136:
3133:
3129:
3128:
3121:
3118:
3115:
3112:
3109:
3106:
3101:
3098:
3094:
3093:
3090:
3087:
3085:
3082:
3079:
3076:
3071:
3068:
3064:
3063:
3060:
3057:
3055:
3052:
3049:
3046:
3041:
3038:
3034:
3033:
3030:
3027:
3024:
3021:
3018:
3015:
3010:
3007:
3003:
3002:
2999:
2996:
2994:
2991:
2988:
2985:
2980:
2977:
2973:
2972:
2971:to the event.
2965:
2962:
2960:
2957:
2954:
2951:
2946:
2943:
2939:
2938:
2935:
2932:
2929:
2928:March – April
2926:
2923:
2920:
2915:
2912:
2908:
2907:
2904:
2901:
2899:
2896:
2893:
2890:
2885:
2882:
2878:
2877:
2870:Attila the Hun
2866:
2863:
2861:
2858:
2855:
2852:
2847:
2844:
2840:
2839:
2836:
2833:
2830:
2827:
2824:
2821:
2816:
2813:
2809:
2808:
2805:
2802:
2800:
2797:
2794:
2791:
2786:
2783:
2779:
2778:
2771:
2768:
2766:
2763:
2760:
2757:
2752:
2749:
2745:
2744:
2741:
2738:
2736:
2733:
2730:
2727:
2722:
2719:
2715:
2714:
2706:The Jewish War
2697:
2694:
2692:
2689:
2686:
2683:
2678:
2675:
2671:
2670:
2667:
2664:
2661:
2658:
2655:
2652:
2647:
2644:
2640:
2639:
2636:
2634:
2632:
2629:
2626:
2623:
2618:
2615:
2611:
2610:
2607:
2605:
2603:
2600:
2597:
2594:
2589:
2586:
2582:
2581:
2578:
2576:
2574:
2571:
2568:
2565:
2560:
2557:
2553:
2552:
2549:
2546:
2543:
2540:
2535:
2532:
2529:
2526:
2500:
2497:
2492:
2489:
2478:
2475:
2445:polymerization
2423:
2420:
2381:Spartan Halley
2345:
2262:to detect the
2244:Hale Telescope
2221:
2214:
2213:
2212:
2178:
2171:
2170:
2169:
2164:
2157:
2156:
2155:
2154:
2153:
2151:
2148:
2060:gas masks and
2034:on 29 May 1910
2029:
2022:
2021:
2020:
2011:
2004:
2003:
2002:
2001:
2000:
1998:
1995:
1987:François Arago
1943:
1936:
1935:
1934:
1929:
1922:
1921:
1920:
1915:
1908:
1907:
1906:
1896:
1895:
1894:
1893:
1868:
1865:
1825:Petrus Apianus
1809:
1806:
1729:Ottoman Empire
1724:
1721:
1636:
1633:
1517:
1514:
1480:
1429:Attila the Hun
1358:Vahe Gurzadyan
1343:British Museum
1278:
1277:
1268:
1267:
1259:
1258:
1257:
1248:
1247:
1239:
1238:
1237:
1233:
1232:
1231:
1230:
1228:
1225:
1223:
1220:
1082:carbon dioxide
1029:
1026:
1009:symplectic map
1000:Boris Chirikov
970:scattered disc
928:meteor showers
854:Orionid meteor
852:
845:
844:
843:
834:
827:
826:
825:
824:
823:
821:
818:
774:Joseph Lalande
735:Petrus Apianus
692:Newton's Comet
679:published his
652:
649:
518:
515:
503:carbon dioxide
422:Halley's Comet
417:
416:
413:
412:
411:28.2 (in 2003)
407:
402:
399:
398:
395:
389:
388:
385:
380:
377:
376:
370:
365:
362:
361:
354:0.25 g/cm
347:
341:
338:
337:
321:
315:
314:
309:
304:
301:
300:
266:
260:
259:
255:
254:
251:
247:
242:
241:
236:
229:
228:
225:
220:
217:
216:
215:≈27 March 2134
211:
206:
203:
202:
199:
194:
191:
190:
187:
181:
180:
177:
172:
169:
168:
160:
155:
152:
151:
148:
142:
141:
138:
133:
130:
129:
122:
116:
115:
107:
101:
100:
93:
92:
86:
85:
82:
78:
77:
65:
59:
58:
54:
53:
50:
40:Halley's Comet
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
11946:
11935:
11932:
11930:
11927:
11925:
11922:
11920:
11917:
11915:
11912:
11910:
11907:
11905:
11902:
11900:
11897:
11895:
11892:
11890:
11887:
11886:
11884:
11874:
11864:
11862:
11852:
11850:
11840:
11838:
11833:
11828:
11826:
11816:
11815:
11812:
11799:
11791:
11790:
11787:
11769:
11766:
11764:
11761:
11759:
11756:
11752:
11747:
11744:
11742:
11739:
11737:
11734:
11730:
11725:
11722:
11718:
11715:
11713:
11710:
11708:
11705:
11704:
11703:
11700:
11698:
11695:
11693:
11690:
11688:
11685:
11683:
11680:
11678:
11675:
11673:
11670:
11666:
11663:
11661:
11658:
11657:
11656:
11655:Siding Spring
11653:
11651:
11648:
11646:
11643:
11641:
11638:
11636:
11633:
11629:
11626:
11624:
11621:
11619:
11616:
11614:
11611:
11609:
11606:
11604:
11601:
11600:
11599:
11596:
11594:
11591:
11589:
11586:
11584:
11581:
11579:
11576:
11572:
11569:
11567:
11564:
11563:
11562:
11559:
11557:
11554:
11552:
11549:
11545:
11542:
11540:
11537:
11536:
11535:
11532:
11530:
11527:
11525:
11522:
11518:
11515:
11513:
11510:
11508:
11505:
11503:
11500:
11499:
11498:
11495:
11491:
11488:
11486:
11483:
11482:
11481:
11478:
11474:
11471:
11469:
11466:
11464:
11461:
11459:
11456:
11455:
11454:
11451:
11449:
11446:
11444:
11441:
11437:
11434:
11432:
11429:
11427:
11424:
11423:
11422:
11419:
11417:
11414:
11412:
11409:
11407:
11404:
11402:
11399:
11397:
11394:
11392:
11389:
11387:
11384:
11380:
11377:
11375:
11372:
11371:
11370:
11367:
11365:
11362:
11360:
11357:
11355:
11352:
11350:
11347:
11345:
11342:
11340:
11337:
11333:
11330:
11328:
11325:
11324:
11323:
11320:
11318:
11315:
11313:
11310:
11308:
11305:
11303:
11300:
11298:
11295:
11293:
11290:
11288:
11285:
11283:
11280:
11278:
11275:
11273:
11270:
11269:
11267:
11261:
11255:
11252:
11250:
11247:
11245:
11242:
11240:
11237:
11235:
11232:
11230:
11227:
11225:
11222:
11220:
11217:
11215:
11212:
11210:
11207:
11205:
11202:
11200:
11197:
11195:
11192:
11190:
11187:
11185:
11182:
11180:
11177:
11175:
11172:
11170:
11167:
11165:
11162:
11160:
11157:
11155:
11152:
11150:
11147:
11145:
11142:
11140:
11137:
11135:
11132:
11130:
11127:
11125:
11122:
11120:
11117:
11115:
11112:
11110:
11107:
11105:
11102:
11100:
11097:
11095:
11092:
11090:
11087:
11085:
11082:
11080:
11077:
11075:
11072:
11070:
11067:
11065:
11062:
11060:
11057:
11055:
11052:
11050:
11047:
11045:
11042:
11040:
11037:
11035:
11032:
11030:
11027:
11025:
11022:
11020:
11017:
11015:
11012:
11010:
11007:
11005:
11002:
11000:
10997:
10995:
10992:
10990:
10987:
10985:
10982:
10981:
10979:
10975:
10969:
10966:
10964:
10961:
10959:
10956:
10954:
10951:
10949:
10946:
10944:
10941:
10939:
10936:
10934:
10931:
10929:
10926:
10922:
10917:
10914:
10912:
10909:
10907:
10904:
10902:
10899:
10897:
10894:
10892:
10889:
10887:
10884:
10880:
10875:
10872:
10870:
10867:
10865:
10862:
10860:
10857:
10855:
10852:
10850:
10847:
10845:
10842:
10840:
10837:
10835:
10832:
10830:
10827:
10825:
10822:
10820:
10817:
10815:
10812:
10810:
10807:
10805:
10802:
10800:
10797:
10795:
10792:
10790:
10787:
10785:
10782:
10780:
10777:
10775:
10772:
10770:
10767:
10765:
10762:
10760:
10757:
10755:
10752:
10750:
10747:
10745:
10742:
10740:
10737:
10735:
10732:
10730:
10727:
10725:
10722:
10720:
10717:
10714:
10711:
10709:
10706:
10704:
10701:
10699:
10696:
10694:
10691:
10689:
10686:
10684:
10681:
10679:
10676:
10675:
10673:
10669:
10666:
10664:
10656:
10645:
10642:
10639:
10636:
10633:
10630:
10627:
10624:
10621:
10618:
10615:
10612:
10609:
10606:
10603:
10600:
10597:
10594:
10593:
10591:
10589:
10583:
10573:
10570:
10568:
10565:
10563:
10560:
10558:
10555:
10553:
10550:
10548:
10545:
10543:
10540:
10538:
10535:
10533:
10530:
10529:
10527:
10523:
10517:
10514:
10512:
10509:
10508:
10506:
10502:
10496:
10495:289P/Blanpain
10493:
10491:
10488:
10486:
10483:
10481:
10478:
10476:
10473:
10471:
10468:
10466:
10463:
10461:
10458:
10456:
10455:113P/Spitaler
10453:
10451:
10448:
10446:
10443:
10441:
10438:
10436:
10433:
10431:
10428:
10426:
10423:
10421:
10418:
10416:
10413:
10411:
10410:27P/Crommelin
10408:
10406:
10403:
10401:
10398:
10396:
10393:
10392:
10390:
10386:
10383:
10381:
10377:
10371:
10368:
10366:
10363:
10361:
10358:
10356:
10353:
10351:
10348:
10346:
10345:324P/La Sagra
10343:
10341:
10338:
10336:
10333:
10331:
10328:
10325:
10324:118401 LINEAR
10322:
10319:
10316:
10314:
10311:
10309:
10306:
10304:
10301:
10298:
10295:
10292:
10289:
10286:
10283:
10281:
10278:
10277:
10275:
10273:
10267:
10261:
10258:
10256:
10253:
10251:
10248:
10246:
10243:
10241:
10238:
10236:
10233:
10231:
10228:
10226:
10223:
10221:
10220:289P/Blanpain
10218:
10216:
10213:
10211:
10208:
10206:
10203:
10201:
10198:
10196:
10193:
10191:
10188:
10186:
10183:
10181:
10178:
10176:
10175:178P/Hug–Bell
10173:
10171:
10168:
10166:
10163:
10161:
10158:
10156:
10153:
10151:
10148:
10146:
10143:
10141:
10138:
10136:
10133:
10131:
10128:
10126:
10125:141P/Machholz
10123:
10121:
10118:
10116:
10113:
10111:
10108:
10106:
10103:
10101:
10098:
10096:
10093:
10091:
10088:
10086:
10083:
10081:
10078:
10076:
10073:
10072:
10070:
10064:
10058:
10055:
10053:
10050:
10048:
10045:
10043:
10040:
10038:
10035:
10033:
10030:
10028:
10025:
10023:
10020:
10018:
10015:
10013:
10010:
10008:
10005:
10003:
10000:
9998:
9995:
9993:
9990:
9988:
9985:
9983:
9980:
9978:
9975:
9973:
9970:
9968:
9965:
9963:
9960:
9958:
9955:
9953:
9950:
9948:
9945:
9943:
9940:
9938:
9935:
9933:
9930:
9928:
9925:
9923:
9920:
9918:
9915:
9913:
9910:
9908:
9905:
9903:
9900:
9898:
9895:
9893:
9890:
9888:
9885:
9883:
9880:
9878:
9875:
9873:
9870:
9868:
9865:
9863:
9860:
9858:
9855:
9853:
9850:
9848:
9845:
9843:
9840:
9838:
9835:
9833:
9830:
9828:
9825:
9823:
9820:
9818:
9815:
9813:
9810:
9808:
9805:
9803:
9800:
9798:
9795:
9793:
9790:
9788:
9785:
9783:
9780:
9778:
9775:
9773:
9770:
9768:
9767:27P/Crommelin
9765:
9763:
9760:
9758:
9755:
9753:
9750:
9748:
9745:
9743:
9740:
9738:
9735:
9733:
9730:
9728:
9725:
9723:
9720:
9718:
9715:
9713:
9710:
9708:
9705:
9703:
9700:
9698:
9695:
9693:
9690:
9688:
9685:
9683:
9680:
9678:
9675:
9673:
9670:
9668:
9665:
9663:
9660:
9658:
9655:
9653:
9650:
9648:
9645:
9643:
9640:
9638:
9635:
9634:
9632:
9626:
9623:
9621:
9615:
9611:
9606:
9602:
9597:
9593:
9583:
9580:
9578:
9575:
9573:
9570:
9569:
9567:
9561:
9555:
9552:
9550:
9547:
9545:
9538:
9536:
9533:
9531:
9528:
9526:
9523:
9521:
9518:
9516:
9513:
9511:
9508:
9506:
9503:
9501:
9498:
9496:
9493:
9491:
9488:
9486:
9483:
9481:
9478:
9476:
9473:
9471:
9468:
9466:
9463:
9461:
9458:
9456:
9453:
9451:
9448:
9446:
9443:
9441:
9438:
9436:
9433:
9431:
9428:
9426:
9423:
9421:
9418:
9417:
9415:
9411:
9405:
9402:
9400:
9397:
9396:
9394:
9390:
9384:
9381:
9379:
9376:
9374:
9371:
9369:
9366:
9362:
9359:
9358:
9357:
9354:
9352:
9349:
9347:
9344:
9342:
9339:
9338:
9336:
9332:
9326:
9323:
9321:
9318:
9316:
9313:
9310:
9306:
9303:
9301:
9298:
9294:
9293:Unknown-orbit
9291:
9289:
9286:
9284:
9281:
9280:
9279:
9276:
9272:
9269:
9267:
9264:
9262:
9259:
9257:
9254:
9252:
9249:
9247:
9244:
9242:
9239:
9238:
9237:
9234:
9233:
9231:
9229:
9225:
9220:
9214:
9204:
9203:Meteor shower
9201:
9199:
9196:
9194:
9191:
9189:
9186:
9184:
9181:
9179:
9176:
9175:
9173:
9169:
9165:
9161:
9154:
9149:
9147:
9142:
9140:
9135:
9134:
9131:
9123:
9118:
9115:
9113:
9108:
9107:
9104:
9100:
9097:
9091:
9088:
9085:
9082:
9080:
9077:
9075:
9072:
9069:
9066:
9065:
9055:
9053:0-471-61011-9
9049:
9045:
9040:
9039:
9032:
9028:
9026:9781626830424
9022:
9018:
9017:
9011:
9000:
8994:
8990:
8986:
8981:
8977:
8971:
8967:
8966:
8960:
8956:
8954:0-394-54908-2
8950:
8946:
8942:
8941:
8936:
8932:
8928:
8924:
8922:1-57181-973-8
8918:
8914:
8910:
8906:
8902:
8896:
8892:
8888:
8884:
8880:
8876:
8870:
8866:
8862:
8858:
8857:
8851:
8847:
8841:
8837:
8836:
8830:
8826:
8824:0-7137-1447-6
8820:
8816:
8815:
8809:
8805:
8799:
8795:
8794:
8788:
8784:
8782:0-691-09157-9
8778:
8774:
8770:
8765:
8761:
8759:9781633888579
8755:
8751:
8750:
8744:
8743:
8721:
8717:
8713:
8707:
8705:
8696:
8692:
8691:
8683:
8676:
8675:Milbrath 1999
8671:
8656:
8652:
8648:
8642:
8634:
8630:
8626:
8622:
8618:
8614:
8610:
8606:
8600:
8598:
8596:
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8549:
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8519:
8503:
8497:
8478:
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8467:
8461:
8452:
8447:
8443:
8439:
8438:
8433:
8426:
8418:
8414:
8410:
8406:
8403:(2): L9–L12.
8402:
8398:
8391:
8383:
8379:
8375:
8371:
8367:
8363:
8357:
8349:
8345:
8341:
8337:
8333:
8329:
8325:
8318:
8316:
8314:
8312:
8295:
8289:
8273:
8269:
8268:"STS-35 (38)"
8263:
8256:
8251:
8235:
8229:
8213:
8207:
8200:
8195:
8180:
8176:
8170:
8162:
8160:0-333-75088-8
8156:
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8144:
8140:
8136:
8132:
8128:
8121:
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8109:
8105:
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7602:
7600:
7593:
7585:
7577:
7573:
7569:
7565:
7561:
7557:
7550:
7543:
7542:Goodrich 2023
7538:
7522:
7518:
7517:
7512:
7508:
7507:Strauss, Mark
7502:
7500:
7492:
7491:Goodrich 2023
7488:
7487:Goodrich 2023
7483:
7468:
7467:
7462:
7455:
7439:
7435:
7428:
7413:
7409:
7405:
7399:
7391:
7384:
7380:
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7337:
7329:
7325:
7321:
7317:
7310:
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7276:
7274:
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7255:
7251:
7244:
7242:
7234:
7229:
7213:
7207:
7191:
7187:
7183:
7176:
7170:, p. 57.
7169:
7164:
7162:
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7145:
7141:
7137:
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7129:
7125:
7118:
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7074:
7066:
7062:
7058:
7054:
7050:
7043:
7036:
7030:
7023:
7019:
7018:Slaje, Walter
7014:
7006:
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6998:
6994:
6987:
6972:
6968:
6967:
6959:
6952:
6947:
6940:
6935:
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6908:
6902:
6886:
6882:
6878:
6871:
6863:
6861:9783110186215
6857:
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6457:
6455:9781526745651
6451:
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5487:
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5441:
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5436:AccessScience
5430:
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4909:
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4894:
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4857:
4856:New Scientist
4853:
4848:
4840:
4836:
4832:
4828:
4824:
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4811:
4806:
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4792:
4784:
4780:
4779:Jewish Review
4776:
4770:
4762:
4758:
4754:
4750:
4746:
4742:
4738:
4734:
4730:
4726:
4725:
4717:
4715:
4713:
4704:
4698:
4690:
4686:
4682:
4678:
4674:
4670:
4663:
4656:
4651:
4645:, p. 74.
4644:
4639:
4633:, p. 86.
4632:
4627:
4621:, p. 88.
4620:
4615:
4607:
4603:
4599:
4595:
4588:
4586:
4579:, p. 78.
4578:
4573:
4567:, p. 76.
4566:
4561:
4559:
4550:
4546:
4542:
4538:
4534:
4530:
4526:
4519:
4513:, p. 35.
4512:
4507:
4500:
4495:
4480:. 14 May 1985
4479:
4475:
4469:
4462:
4458:
4452:
4437:
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4407:
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4340:
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4280:
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4270:
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4119:
4117:
4115:
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4111:
4109:
4107:
4105:
4096:
4092:
4088:
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4054:
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4021:
4019:
4002:
3998:
3992:
3990:
3988:
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3978:
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3870:
3868:
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3810:
3806:
3800:
3798:
3796:
3778:
3774:
3770:
3764:
3762:
3760:
3755:
3741:
3738:Prior to the
3735:
3726:
3719:
3714:
3710:
3700:
3697:
3695:
3692:
3690:
3687:
3686:
3675:
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3591:
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3525:
3522:
3519:
3517:
3514:
3508:
3505:
3502:
3501:
3499:
3496:
3495:
3491:
3490:John Herschel
3487:
3486:Roman College
3483:
3480:
3478:
3475:
3472:
3469:
3467:
3464:
3458:
3455:
3454:
3452:
3449:
3448:
3444:
3440:
3437:
3435:
3432:
3429:
3426:
3424:
3421:
3415:
3412:
3411:
3409:
3406:
3405:
3402:at Islington
3401:
3400:Edmond Halley
3397:
3394:
3392:
3389:
3387:15 September
3386:
3383:
3381:
3378:
3375:
3372:
3371:
3367:
3363:
3360:
3358:
3355:
3352:
3349:
3347:
3344:
3341:
3338:
3337:
3333:
3329:
3326:
3324:
3321:
3318:
3315:
3313:
3310:
3307:
3304:
3303:
3299:
3295:
3292:
3290:
3287:
3284:
3281:
3279:
3276:
3273:
3270:
3269:
3264:
3261:
3259:
3256:
3253:
3250:
3248:
3245:
3242:
3239:
3238:
3234:
3230:
3229:
3224:
3220:
3217:
3215:
3212:
3209:
3206:
3204:
3201:
3198:
3195:
3194:
3190:
3187:
3185:
3182:
3180:30 September
3179:
3176:
3174:
3171:
3168:
3165:
3164:
3160:
3156:
3153:
3151:
3148:
3145:
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3137:
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3131:
3130:
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3119:
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3110:
3107:
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3099:
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3050:
3047:
3045:
3042:
3039:
3036:
3035:
3031:
3028:
3025:
3022:
3019:
3016:
3014:
3011:
3008:
3005:
3004:
3000:
2997:
2995:
2992:
2989:
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2978:
2975:
2974:
2970:
2966:
2963:
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2958:
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2927:
2924:
2921:
2919:
2916:
2913:
2910:
2909:
2905:
2902:
2900:
2897:
2895:26 September
2894:
2891:
2889:
2886:
2883:
2880:
2879:
2875:
2871:
2867:
2864:
2862:
2859:
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2851:
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2842:
2841:
2837:
2834:
2831:
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2825:
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2820:
2817:
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2806:
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2798:
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2742:
2739:
2737:
2734:
2731:
2728:
2726:
2723:
2720:
2717:
2716:
2712:
2711:Second Temple
2708:
2707:
2702:
2698:
2695:
2693:
2690:
2687:
2684:
2682:
2679:
2676:
2673:
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2637:
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2630:
2627:
2624:
2622:
2619:
2616:
2613:
2612:
2608:
2606:
2604:
2601:
2599:17 November?
2598:
2595:
2593:
2590:
2587:
2584:
2583:
2579:
2577:
2575:
2572:
2569:
2566:
2564:
2561:
2558:
2555:
2554:
2550:
2547:
2544:
2541:
2539:
2536:
2533:
2530:
2527:
2525:Return cycle
2524:
2520:
2518:
2514:
2508:
2506:
2496:
2488:
2485:
2474:
2471:
2469:
2465:
2460:
2458:
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2450:
2446:
2442:
2428:
2419:
2417:
2412:
2410:
2406:
2402:
2398:
2394:
2391:of the comet
2390:
2386:
2382:
2378:
2374:
2370:
2366:
2362:
2361:Space Shuttle
2357:
2355:
2351:
2348:
2341:
2337:
2336:
2331:
2327:
2326:
2321:
2316:
2314:
2313:Halley Armada
2310:
2309:
2304:
2303:
2298:
2294:
2292:
2287:
2283:
2279:
2274:
2272:
2269:
2265:
2261:
2255:
2253:
2249:
2248:Mount Palomar
2245:
2241:
2236:
2233:
2218:
2201:
2190:
2175:
2161:
2147:
2145:
2140:
2138:
2137:
2130:
2125:
2123:
2119:
2114:
2112:
2108:
2103:
2101:
2100:Le Bon Marché
2096:
2094:
2090:
2084:
2080:
2078:
2074:
2070:
2065:
2063:
2059:
2054:
2050:
2045:
2044:spectroscopic
2033:
2026:
2015:
2008:
1994:
1992:
1991:Comet Tralles
1988:
1984:
1979:
1976:
1973:
1969:
1967:
1961:
1957:
1952:
1940:
1926:
1912:
1902:
1901:
1892:
1890:
1886:
1882:
1878:
1874:
1864:
1862:
1856:
1852:
1850:
1846:
1842:
1838:
1833:
1830:
1826:
1819:
1814:
1805:
1803:
1799:
1796:, Emperor of
1795:
1790:
1788:
1784:
1779:
1774:
1769:
1767:
1764:
1759:
1755:wrote in his
1754:
1750:
1746:
1742:
1738:
1734:
1730:
1720:
1718:
1713:
1711:
1710:
1705:
1701:
1697:
1696:Roberta Olson
1694:
1693:art historian
1690:
1686:
1682:
1678:
1674:
1670:
1665:
1663:
1658:
1656:
1648:
1647:
1641:
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1628:
1622:
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1615:
1613:
1609:
1606:
1602:
1598:
1597:
1590:
1585:
1583:
1579:
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1574:
1568:
1566:
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1558:
1554:
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1534:
1527:
1522:
1513:
1511:
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1504:
1502:
1498:
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1465:
1461:
1459:
1455:
1451:
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1426:
1421:
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1416:
1412:
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1401:
1397:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1377:
1373:
1369:
1368:
1362:
1359:
1355:
1351:
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1344:
1340:
1336:
1335:
1324:
1320:
1316:
1312:
1306:
1302:
1296:
1292:
1286:
1285:
1272:
1263:
1252:
1243:
1219:
1217:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1163:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1126:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1109:by the solar
1108:
1104:
1100:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1058:
1053:
1052:
1039:
1034:
1025:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1001:
996:
994:
988:
985:
975:
971:
967:
963:
959:
953:
951:
950:
947:short-period
944:
939:
937:
933:
932:Eta Aquariids
929:
925:
921:
917:
913:
909:
905:
901:
897:
893:
889:
885:
881:
877:
873:
863:
859:
855:
849:
838:
831:
817:
815:
810:
805:
802:
798:
794:
789:
787:
783:
779:
775:
771:
767:
763:
759:
755:
750:
748:
744:
743:perturbations
740:
736:
732:
728:
724:
723:Edmond Halley
716:
713:'s letter to
712:
708:
704:
699:
695:
693:
688:
684:
683:
678:
674:
670:
666:
662:
658:
648:
646:
642:
638:
634:
630:
626:
622:
618:
614:
608:
584:
580:
574:
550:
544:
517:Pronunciation
514:
512:
508:
504:
500:
496:
495:volatile ices
492:
488:
484:
480:
476:
475:comet nucleus
472:
467:
465:
464:Edmond Halley
461:
456:
454:
450:
446:
442:
438:
434:
430:
427:
423:
414:
409:2.1 (in 1986)
408:
405:
400:
396:
394:
390:
386:
383:
378:
375:
371:
368:
363:
348:
345:
339:
335:
322:
320:
316:
310:
307:
306:Mean diameter
302:
298:
297:
287:
286:
280:
276:
272:
267:
265:
261:
256:
252:
250:
243:
237:
235:
230:
226:
223:
218:
212:
209:
204:
200:
197:
192:
188:
186:
182:
178:
175:
170:
165:
161:
158:
153:
149:
147:
143:
139:
136:
131:
123:
121:
117:
112:
108:
106:
102:
98:
94:
91:
87:
83:
79:
75:
71:
70:Edmond Halley
66:
64:
60:
55:
48:
43:
37:
33:
19:
11934:Great comets
11873:Solar System
11485:C/2001 OG108
11277:Arend–Roland
10638:103P/Hartley
10628:(2005, 2011)
10614:19P/Borrelly
10601:
10562:75D/Kohoutek
10547:20D/Westphal
10470:177P/Barnard
10465:157P/Tritton
10460:122P/de Vico
10335:259P/Garradd
10170:177P/Barnard
10130:144P/Kushida
10115:122P/de Vico
10105:108P/Ciffréo
10095:103P/Hartley
10085:96P/Machholz
10017:77P/Longmore
10007:75D/Kohoutek
9862:46P/Wirtanen
9852:44P/Reinmuth
9782:30P/Reinmuth
9732:20D/Westphal
9727:19P/Borrelly
9636:
9325:Interstellar
9278:Non-periodic
9111:
9095:
9037:
9015:
9002:. Retrieved
8988:
8964:
8945:Random House
8939:
8912:
8890:
8855:
8838:. Springer.
8834:
8813:
8792:
8772:
8748:
8740:Bibliography
8724:. Retrieved
8716:JPL Horizons
8694:
8688:
8682:
8670:
8658:. Retrieved
8654:
8647:Ridpath, Ian
8641:
8616:
8612:
8605:Chang, Y. C.
8577:
8573:
8543:
8530:
8525:, p. 3.
8523:Schmude 2010
8518:
8506:. Retrieved
8496:
8484:. Retrieved
8472:
8460:
8441:
8435:
8425:
8400:
8396:
8390:
8373:
8369:
8356:
8331:
8327:
8298:. Retrieved
8288:
8276:. Retrieved
8272:the original
8262:
8250:
8238:. Retrieved
8228:
8216:. Retrieved
8206:
8199:Siddiqi 2018
8194:
8182:. Retrieved
8178:
8169:
8126:
8120:
8103:
8097:
8088:
8076:. Retrieved
8072:the original
8062:
8050:. Retrieved
8046:the original
8041:
8032:
8019:. Retrieved
8015:
8002:
7990:. Retrieved
7980:
7968:. Retrieved
7963:
7954:
7942:. Retrieved
7935:the original
7922:
7910:. Retrieved
7906:the original
7896:
7879:
7875:
7869:
7857:. Retrieved
7843:
7831:. Retrieved
7827:the original
7813:
7804:
7797:. Retrieved
7790:
7780:
7768:. Retrieved
7763:
7753:
7743:
7736:
7724:. Retrieved
7720:the original
7709:
7699:
7689:
7680:
7675:27 September
7673:. Retrieved
7669:
7659:
7648:, retrieved
7638:
7631:
7621:
7610:
7598:
7584:
7562:(1): 13–26.
7559:
7555:
7549:
7537:
7525:. Retrieved
7521:the original
7514:
7482:
7470:. Retrieved
7464:
7454:
7442:. Retrieved
7438:the original
7427:
7415:. Retrieved
7411:
7404:Ridpath, Ian
7398:
7389:
7373:
7366:Lequeux 2015
7361:
7349:. Retrieved
7345:
7336:
7319:
7315:
7285:
7281:
7253:
7249:
7228:
7216:. Retrieved
7206:
7194:. Retrieved
7190:the original
7185:
7175:
7127:
7123:
7100:
7083:
7079:
7073:
7048:
7042:
7034:
7029:
7021:
7013:
6996:
6992:
6986:
6974:. Retrieved
6965:
6958:
6946:
6938:
6934:
6922:. Retrieved
6917:
6913:
6901:
6889:. Retrieved
6884:
6880:
6870:
6843:
6837:
6827:27 September
6825:. Retrieved
6821:
6811:
6778:
6772:
6750:
6745:(in Latin),
6741:
6731:
6719:. Retrieved
6711:The LA Times
6710:
6700:
6688:. Retrieved
6683:
6674:
6666:
6661:
6649:. Retrieved
6644:
6635:
6615:
6609:
6596:. Retrieved
6588:JPL Horizons
6540:
6536:
6530:
6513:
6509:
6474:
6464:
6444:
6437:
6420:
6416:
6410:
6385:
6379:
6370:
6358:. Retrieved
6354:
6345:
6333:. Retrieved
6325:Jaroff, Leon
6319:
6307:. Retrieved
6293:
6281:. Retrieved
6277:
6268:
6259:
6255:
6242:
6228:
6206:. Retrieved
6168:. Retrieved
6105:
6101:
6092:
6067:
6061:
6055:
6022:
6018:
5993:, p. 6.
5986:
5974:. Retrieved
5972:. NASA. 2005
5964:
5952:. Retrieved
5932:
5928:
5918:
5877:
5873:
5867:
5845:(1): 11–49.
5842:
5838:
5815:. Retrieved
5805:
5772:
5768:
5759:
5726:
5722:
5716:
5683:
5679:
5673:
5655:cite journal
5638:
5634:
5624:
5615:
5611:
5567:
5563:
5556:
5529:
5522:
5492:(4): 44–51.
5489:
5485:
5479:
5462:
5458:
5452:
5435:
5407:
5397:
5370:
5366:
5356:
5332:(2): 33238.
5329:
5326:Scholarpedia
5325:
5322:"Kepler map"
5315:
5298:
5294:
5268:
5264:
5248:
5241:Yeomans 1991
5236:
5219:
5215:
5179:
5175:
5162:
5150:. Retrieved
5136:
5124:. Retrieved
5114:
5079:
5075:
5015:. Retrieved
5005:
4993:. Retrieved
4983:
4966:
4962:
4952:
4938:cite journal
4914:(A71): A71.
4911:
4907:
4900:
4892:
4880:
4876:
4870:
4855:
4847:
4830:
4827:L'Astronomie
4826:
4817:
4805:
4791:
4782:
4778:
4769:
4728:
4722:
4697:cite journal
4672:
4668:
4662:
4650:
4638:
4626:
4614:
4597:
4593:
4572:
4535:(1): 53–74.
4532:
4528:
4518:
4506:
4494:
4482:. Retrieved
4477:
4468:
4460:
4456:
4451:
4439:. Retrieved
4435:
4428:Ridpath, Ian
4422:
4410:. Retrieved
4400:
4383:
4379:
4358:. Retrieved
4354:the original
4349:
4320:. Retrieved
4291:. Retrieved
4287:the original
4256:. Retrieved
4252:the original
4241:
4216:
4212:
4202:
4193:
4176:(1): 36–49.
4173:
4167:
4158:
4132:
4081:(3): 59–71.
4078:
4074:
4034:
4005:. Retrieved
3961:. Retrieved
3953:JPL Horizons
3929:
3893:. Retrieved
3885:JPL Horizons
3852:. Retrieved
3848:the original
3843:
3817:. Retrieved
3809:JPL Horizons
3781:. Retrieved
3734:
3725:
3713:
3694:Kepler orbit
3584:
3473:16 November
3226:
3081:9 September
3020:28 February
2826:17 February
2775:Dion Cassius
2704:
2551:Description
2534:Gap (years)
2528:Designation
2509:
2502:
2494:
2480:
2472:
2461:
2433:
2413:
2404:
2400:
2396:
2384:
2376:
2358:
2339:
2333:
2324:
2317:
2306:
2301:
2290:
2275:
2256:
2237:
2228:
2199:
2188:
2141:
2134:
2132:
2127:
2115:
2104:
2097:
2086:
2082:
2073:last dynasty
2066:
2058:panic buying
2040:
1980:
1977:
1974:
1970:
1966:Yale College
1962:
1959:
1954:
1950:
1898:
1875:in Ireland,
1870:
1857:
1853:
1848:
1834:
1823:
1802:Debre Berhan
1791:
1780:
1776:
1771:
1756:
1731:invaded the
1726:
1716:
1714:
1707:
1699:
1689:Arena Chapel
1666:
1662:Genghis Khan
1659:
1652:
1644:
1625:The Emperor
1624:
1616:
1594:
1592:
1587:
1571:
1569:
1539:died at the
1530:
1507:
1505:
1490:
1483:
1473:
1468:
1466:
1463:
1449:
1448:s entry for
1442:
1440:
1437:
1422:
1419:
1404:
1365:
1363:
1347:
1338:
1332:
1330:
1282:
1202:
1195:Fred Whipple
1190:
1189:
1164:
1134:
1130:
1127:
1099:fluorescence
1055:
1049:
1047:
1038:Giotto probe
1021:David Hughes
997:
989:
954:
946:
942:
940:
869:
836:
806:
793:Mesopotamian
790:
751:
726:
720:
680:
654:
644:
640:
636:
632:
628:
624:
620:
616:
612:
578:
548:
520:
487:Fred Whipple
468:
457:
452:
449:Comet Halley
448:
444:
441:Solar System
426:short-period
421:
420:
294:
283:
240:(epoch 1968)
213:28 July 2061
174:Mean anomaly
146:Eccentricity
36:
18:Comet Halley
11861:Outer space
11849:Spaceflight
11749: [
11727: [
11623:C/2015 ER61
11332:C/2013 US10
10919: [
10877: [
10572:85D/Boethin
10567:83D/Russell
10552:25D/Neujmin
10355:354P/LINEAR
10313:167P/CINEOS
10303:165P/LINEAR
10285:2060 Chiron
10280:596 Scheila
10250:354P/LINEAR
10245:333P/LINEAR
10205:252P/LINEAR
10200:249P/LINEAR
10185:209P/LINEAR
10080:92P/Sanguin
10057:85D/Boethin
10047:83D/Russell
10042:82P/Gehrels
10022:78P/Gehrels
9972:68P/Klemola
9962:66P/du Toit
9872:48P/Johnson
9842:42P/Neujmin
9832:40P/Väisälä
9812:36P/Whipple
9772:28P/Neujmin
9757:25D/Neujmin
9662:6P/d'Arrest
9565:speculation
9563:Culture and
9392:Exploration
9300:Great Comet
9256:Halley-type
9251:Long period
8935:Druyan, Ann
8931:Sagan, Carl
8366:Hainaut, O.
8362:West, R. M.
8218:6 September
8106:: 291–296.
7770:16 December
7764:Chautauquan
7726:16 December
7636:anonymous,
7527:14 November
7516:Smithsonian
7472:15 November
7322:(1): 1–15.
7288:: 175–177.
7218:18 November
6999:: 125–126.
6721:11 November
6516:: 201–213.
6423:: 203–205.
6283:14 February
6160:"1P/Halley"
6108:(4): 4.06.
5152:6 September
4969:: 157–173.
4833:: 351–355.
4810:Rayner 1998
4412:21 December
4322:26 February
4293:29 November
4258:16 December
3930:Comet Orbit
3666:3 February
3566:9 February
3376:1P/1682 Q1
3353:27 October
3342:1P/1607 S1
3332:Peter Apian
3308:1P/1531 P1
3274:1P/1456 K1
3254:9 November
3243:1P/1378 S1
3210:24 October
3199:1P/1301 R1
3169:1P/1222 R1
3135:1P/1145 G1
3100:1P/1066 G1
2956:28 October
2688:26 January
2588:1P/−163 U1
2573:May – June
2559:1P/−239 K1
2531:Year BC/AD
2499:Apparitions
2320:ultraviolet
2293:space probe
2196: Earth
1761: [
1671:chronicler
1392:theologians
1380:Cassius Dio
1376:Han dynasty
1367:Book of Han
1325:in the sky.
1227:Before 1066
1155:rubble pile
1094:Sublimation
966:Kuiper belt
799:, tractate
667:, who used
665:Tycho Brahe
657:Renaissance
583:Colin Ronan
277:× 7.4
273:× 7.4
269:14.42
232:Earth
185:Inclination
74:periodicity
11883:Categories
11697:Stonehouse
11650:Seki–Lines
11598:Pan-STARRS
11588:Oukaimeden
11463:C/2000 WM1
11386:Ikeya-Seki
11263:After 1910
11219:2I/Borisov
10977:After 1990
10671:Until 1990
10588:spacecraft
10586:Visited by
10537:5D/Brorsen
10430:69P/Taylor
10405:17P/Holmes
10400:15P/Finlay
10350:331P/Gibbs
10270:Comet-like
10075:88P/Howell
10066:After 1985
10052:84P/Giclas
9982:70P/Kojima
9977:69P/Taylor
9827:39P/Oterma
9817:37P/Forbes
9797:33P/Daniel
9717:17P/Holmes
9712:16P/Brooks
9707:15P/Finlay
9697:13P/Olbers
9682:10P/Tempel
9657:5D/Brorsen
9628:Until 1985
9490:2I/Borisov
9373:Oort cloud
9305:Sungrazing
9288:Hyperbolic
9266:Encke-type
9198:Comet dust
9116:1P/Halley
8991:. Praxis.
8660:15 January
8508:20 January
8078:2 December
8021:10 January
7992:16 January
7970:2 December
7944:2 December
7859:24 October
7833:15 January
7351:7 November
7105:Grier 2005
6951:Kronk 1999
6550:2107.07241
6543:: 114278.
6170:13 October
5991:Kronk 1999
5976:5 December
5817:5 December
4921:2101.04541
3854:29 October
3750:References
3580:perihelion
3546:1P/1982 U1
3503:1P/1909 R1
3456:1P/1835 P1
3413:1P/1758 Y1
3319:25 August
3070:1P/989 N1
3040:1P/912 J1
3009:1P/837 F1
2979:1P/760 K1
2945:1P/684 R1
2914:1P/607 H1
2884:1P/530 Q1
2846:1P/451 L1
2815:1P/374 E1
2785:1P/295 J1
2751:1P/218 H1
2721:1P/141 F1
2713:in 70 AD.
2657:5 October
2646:1P/−11 Q1
2617:1P/−86 Q1
2422:After 1986
2405:Challenger
2397:Challenger
2252:CCD camera
2122:perihelion
2118:Mark Twain
1889:jet forces
1845:Guru Nanak
1794:Zara Yaqob
1741:papal bull
1669:Florentine
1612:New Mexico
1593:The Irish
1115:solar wind
1013:Kepler map
993:perihelion
958:Oort cloud
912:retrograde
878:, with an
876:elliptical
874:is highly
758:perihelion
747:perihelion
471:spacecraft
312:11 km
264:Dimensions
124:0.59278 au
120:Perihelion
11825:Astronomy
11763:Zhu–Balam
11717:C/2020 F8
11712:C/2012 E2
11707:C/2006 M4
11665:C/2013 A1
11660:C/2007 Q3
11640:Pojmański
11628:C/2017 K2
11618:C/2014 Q1
11608:C/2012 K1
11603:C/2011 L4
11593:ʻOumuamua
11583:Nishimura
11571:C/2002 V1
11566:C/2001 Q4
11544:C/2009 R1
11539:C/2006 P1
11517:C/2014 Q2
11512:C/2013 R1
11507:C/2011 W3
11502:C/2007 E2
11490:C/2007 F1
11473:C/2002 T7
11468:C/2001 A2
11458:C/1999 S4
11436:C/2019 U6
11431:C/2018 C2
11426:C/2012 F6
11379:C/1964 N1
11374:C/1963 A1
11364:Hyakutake
11354:Hale-Bopp
11327:C/1999 F1
11312:Bradfield
11287:Beljawsky
11265:(by name)
10708:C/1652 Y1
10663:(notable)
10632:C/2006 P1
10626:9P/Tempel
10602:1P/Halley
10525:Not found
10504:Destroyed
10388:Recovered
10330:238P/Read
10308:166P/NEAT
10272:asteroids
10235:323P/SOHO
10230:322P/SOHO
10210:255P/Levy
10195:246P/NEAT
10190:238P/Read
10165:169P/NEAT
10120:126P/IRAS
10068:(notable)
9987:71P/Clark
9882:50P/Arend
9742:22P/Kopff
9677:9P/Tempel
9672:8P/Tuttle
9637:1P/Halley
9540:C/2014 UN
9510:C/2017 U7
9271:Main-belt
9090:Ephemeris
9004:7 January
8444:: 26–29.
8300:21 August
8278:7 January
8240:7 January
8234:"STS-51L"
7882:: 24–36.
7152:118670662
7065:0151-4105
6976:1 October
6752:Anglorum.
6604:(SAO/837)
6394:0008-7912
6262:: 83–101.
6140:119357985
5106:122240711
4995:31 August
4864:0262-4079
4761:123592786
4484:9 January
4133:Comets II
4035:Comets II
3671:0.515 au
3645:0.092 au
3640:27 March
3619:0.477 au
3572:0.417 au
3529:0.151 au
3523:20 April
3430:13 March
3146:21 April
3111:23 March
3026:0.033 au
2925:13 March
2799:1–30 May
2796:20 April
2732:22 March
2677:1P/66 B1
2628:2 August
2570:30 March
2363:missions—
2359:Two U.S.
2264:magnitude
2260:Mauna Kea
2207: Sun
1993:of 1819.
1808:1531-1759
1635:1145–1378
1476:Pentecost
1456:(May 760
1291:cuneiform
1180:deuterium
1086:sublimate
998:In 1989,
858:Milky Way
837:animation
788:in 1759.
703:Flamsteed
661:Aristotle
497:—such as
445:1P/Halley
433:naked eye
140:17.737 au
57:Discovery
11798:Category
11687:Southern
11534:McNaught
11529:Machholz
11416:Kohoutek
11322:Catalina
11297:Boattini
10620:81P/Wild
10557:34D/Gale
10511:3D/Biela
10037:81P/Wild
9957:65P/Gunn
9947:63P/Wild
9802:34D/Gale
9702:14P/Wolf
9647:3D/Biela
9642:2P/Encke
9618:Periodic
9383:Asteroid
9320:Exocomet
9241:Numbered
9236:Periodic
9193:Antitail
9171:Features
9122:2P/Encke
9109:Previous
9092:from JPL
9079:seds.org
8937:(1985).
8911:(1998).
8885:(1959).
8720:Archived
8697:(1): 16.
8649:(1985).
8607:(1979).
8477:Archived
8417:11538062
8068:"Suisei"
7851:(1998).
7697:(1912).
7682:page 37.
7644:archived
7619:(1931).
7406:(1985).
7381:(2019),
7092:26163925
6803:24965203
6715:Archived
6690:25 March
6651:25 March
6592:Archived
6472:(2009).
6402:43722716
6309:15 March
6301:(1983).
6250:(1995).
6208:15 March
6164:Archived
6047:33251962
5910:25489175
5514:24944791
5070:(2002).
5017:15 March
4430:(1985).
4406:"Halley"
4360:15 March
4147:Archived
4131:(eds.).
4001:Archived
3957:Archived
3889:Archived
3813:Archived
3777:Archived
3683:See also
3614:28 July
3578:Reached
3549:1986 III
3459:1835 III
3398:Seen by
3364:Seen by
3330:Seen by
3221:Seen by
3117:0.10 au
2931:0.09 au
2857:24 June
2832:0.09 au
2701:Josephus
2663:0.16 au
2441:asteroid
2416:Hirohito
2401:Columbia
2389:spectrum
2369:STS-61-E
2365:STS-51-L
2308:Sakigake
2111:Oklahoma
2049:cyanogen
2014:Arequipa
1903:magazine
1798:Ethiopia
1751:scholar
1749:humanist
1685:Nativity
1630:English.
1481:—
1411:Josephus
1354:Armenian
1216:volatile
1184:hydrogen
1149:, or an
943:periodic
936:Orionids
916:ecliptic
904:aphelion
669:parallax
332:10
179:0.07323°
105:Aphelion
11811:Portals
11758:Yi–SWAN
11635:Pereyra
11578:NEOWISE
11497:Lovejoy
11443:Leonard
11411:Johnson
11406:Jacques
11401:Iwamoto
11359:Humason
11344:Eclipse
11302:Borisov
11292:Bennett
9652:4P/Faye
9351:Centaur
9334:Related
9315:Extinct
9178:Nucleus
9044:260–261
8726:30 June
8621:Bibcode
8582:Bibcode
8548:Bibcode
8405:Bibcode
8378:Bibcode
8336:Bibcode
8184:25 June
8131:Bibcode
8108:Bibcode
8052:21 July
7912:11 July
7884:Bibcode
7806:return.
7650:30 June
7564:Bibcode
7444:19 June
7417:19 June
7324:Bibcode
7290:Bibcode
7258:Bibcode
7256:: 127.
7196:24 July
7132:Bibcode
7001:Bibcode
6783:Bibcode
6598:29 June
6555:Bibcode
6518:Bibcode
6425:Bibcode
6360:30 June
6335:29 June
6120:Bibcode
6072:Bibcode
6027:Bibcode
5954:14 July
5937:Bibcode
5902:9072959
5882:Bibcode
5874:Science
5847:Bibcode
5797:4351413
5777:Bibcode
5751:4333809
5731:Bibcode
5708:4335780
5688:Bibcode
5643:Bibcode
5572:Bibcode
5494:Bibcode
5467:Bibcode
5375:Bibcode
5334:Bibcode
5303:Bibcode
5273:Bibcode
5224:Bibcode
5184:Bibcode
5126:15 July
5084:Bibcode
4971:Bibcode
4885:Bibcode
4835:Bibcode
4733:Bibcode
4677:Bibcode
4602:Bibcode
4388:Bibcode
4221:Bibcode
4178:Bibcode
4083:Bibcode
4039:Bibcode
4007:28 June
3963:28 June
3895:28 June
3783:28 June
3575:+2 mag
3506:1910 II
3438:-1 mag
3327:-1 mag
3285:9 June
3262:-1 mag
3233:Procyon
3218:-1 mag
3188:-1 mag
3154:-2 mag
3120:-4 mag
3089:-1 mag
3059:-2 mag
3051:9 July
3029:-3 mag
2998:-2 mag
2990:22 May
2964:-2 mag
2934:-4 mag
2903:-3 mag
2872:at the
2865:-3 mag
2835:-3 mag
2804:-3 mag
2770:-4 mag
2762:17 May
2740:-4 mag
2696:-7 mag
2666:-5 mag
2282:nucleus
2077:Sichuan
1879:used a
1835:In the
1783:Kashmir
1655:Eadwine
1601:Calends
1497:degrees
1431:at the
1374:of the
1309:4. The
1305:Horayot
1295:Babylon
1222:History
1199:sublime
1172:ammonia
1168:methane
1151:avocado
1107:ionised
1103:scatter
1062:nucleus
979:2008 KV
896:Mercury
801:Horayot
762:Jupiter
687:gravity
507:ammonia
372:~0.002
344:density
248:Jupiter
227:112.05°
201:59.396°
189:161.96°
150:0.96658
11480:LONEOS
11453:LINEAR
11421:Lemmon
11349:Elenin
11317:Brooks
11307:Bowell
11282:Austin
10661:comets
10646:(2014)
10640:(2010)
10634:(2007)
10622:(2004)
10616:(2001)
10610:(1992)
10604:(1986)
10598:(1985)
10326:(176P)
10320:(174P)
10299:(133P)
10293:(107P)
9620:comets
9413:Latest
9361:LINEAR
9309:Kreutz
9160:Comets
9050:
9023:
8995:
8972:
8951:
8919:
8897:
8871:
8842:
8821:
8800:
8779:
8756:
8486:9 July
8415:
8157:
7799:7 July
7601:
7150:
7090:
7063:
6924:5 July
6891:6 July
6858:
6801:
6623:
6537:Icarus
6482:
6452:
6400:
6392:
6138:
6063:Nature
6045:
6019:Nature
5929:Nature
5908:
5900:
5795:
5769:Nature
5749:
5723:Nature
5706:
5680:Nature
5618:: 351.
5590:
5544:
5512:
5122:. NASA
5104:
4991:. NASA
4883:: 70.
4862:
4759:
4751:
4600:: 81.
4549:531369
4547:
4213:Icarus
4169:Icarus
4139:
4049:
3844:Seeker
3819:1 July
3590:Vega 1
3585:Giotto
3532:0 mag
3481:0 mag
3416:1759 I
3395:0 mag
3361:0 mag
3293:0 mag
2592:164 BC
2563:240 BC
2451:and a
2409:STS-35
2325:Astron
2302:Suisei
2291:Giotto
2286:Vega 2
2278:Vega 1
2250:and a
2205:
2200:·
2198:
2194:
2189:·
2187:
2183:
2107:hoaxes
2016:, Peru
1768:that,
1709:Giotto
1553:tituli
1323:Saturn
1301:Talmud
1297:, Iraq
1211:Vega 1
1207:albedo
1203:Giotto
1191:Giotto
1147:potato
1143:peanut
1131:Giotto
1051:Giotto
1042:
930:: the
902:. Its
797:Talmud
776:, and
766:Saturn
715:Newton
711:Halley
645:valley
639:, and
637:Hawley
629:Halley
625:Hayley
617:Hailey
613:crawly
549:valley
453:Halley
393:Albedo
360:(est.)
285:Giotto
253:-0.598
109:35.14
11837:Stars
11753:]
11731:]
11645:Ryves
11556:Mrkos
11524:Lulin
11369:Ikeya
10923:]
10881:]
10287:(95P)
9630:(all)
9228:Types
9188:Tails
8940:Comet
8480:(PDF)
8469:(PDF)
7938:(PDF)
7931:(PDF)
7386:(PDF)
7148:S2CID
7088:JSTOR
6910:(PDF)
6799:JSTOR
6545:arXiv
6398:JSTOR
6136:S2CID
6110:arXiv
6043:S2CID
6015:(PDF)
5906:S2CID
5793:S2CID
5747:S2CID
5704:S2CID
5510:JSTOR
5261:(PDF)
5102:S2CID
5041:arXiv
4916:arXiv
4785:: 60.
4757:S2CID
4753:37959
4749:JSTOR
4545:JSTOR
4461:holly
4441:8 May
4150:(PDF)
3705:Notes
3660:2209
3634:2134
3552:1982i
3509:1909c
3054:July
2969:God L
2650:12 BC
2621:87 BC
2202:
2191:
2093:Mecca
2062:quack
1765:]
1605:Chaco
1557:Venus
1493:Earth
1469:iyyōr
1452:1071
1450:iyyōr
1352:, an
1339:Shiji
1315:Aries
1284:Shiji
1074:water
1040:on 14
949:comet
920:Earth
908:Pluto
900:Venus
862:Venus
641:Hawly
621:Haley
579:daily
509:—and
499:water
437:Earth
435:from
429:comet
342:Mean
162:74.7
97:Epoch
11736:West
11702:SWAN
11682:SOHO
11561:NEAT
11448:Levy
11396:ISON
10380:Lost
10255:362P
9605:more
9246:Lost
9183:Coma
9119:Next
9048:ISBN
9021:ISBN
9006:2009
8993:ISBN
8970:ISBN
8949:ISBN
8917:ISBN
8895:ISBN
8869:ISBN
8840:ISBN
8819:ISBN
8798:ISBN
8777:ISBN
8754:ISBN
8728:2022
8662:2022
8510:2011
8488:2024
8413:PMID
8302:2024
8280:2010
8242:2010
8220:2011
8186:2021
8155:ISBN
8080:2009
8054:2010
8023:2008
7994:2010
7972:2009
7946:2009
7914:2011
7861:2010
7835:2010
7801:2024
7772:2009
7728:2009
7677:2009
7652:2024
7529:2009
7474:2009
7446:2011
7419:2011
7353:2019
7220:2019
7198:2020
7061:ISSN
6978:2017
6926:2024
6893:2024
6856:ISBN
6829:2009
6723:2021
6692:2024
6653:2024
6621:ISBN
6600:2022
6480:ISBN
6450:ISBN
6390:ISSN
6362:2024
6337:2024
6311:2007
6285:2022
6210:2007
6172:2008
5978:2009
5956:2024
5898:PMID
5819:2009
5665:link
5661:link
5588:ISBN
5542:ISBN
5154:2015
5128:2024
5019:2007
4997:2024
4944:link
4860:ISSN
4783:1911
4703:link
4486:2011
4457:hall
4443:2015
4414:2009
4362:2007
4324:2018
4295:2009
4260:2008
4137:ISBN
4047:ISBN
4009:2022
3965:2022
3897:2022
3856:2019
3821:2022
3785:2022
3607:2061
3592:and
3559:1986
3516:1910
3466:1835
3423:1758
3380:1682
3346:1607
3312:1531
3278:1456
3247:1378
3203:1301
3173:1222
3166:−10
3139:1145
3132:−11
3104:1066
3097:−12
3067:−13
3037:−14
3006:−15
2976:−16
2942:−17
2911:−18
2881:−19
2843:−20
2812:−21
2782:−22
2748:−23
2718:−24
2674:−25
2643:−26
2614:−27
2585:−28
2556:−29
2491:2134
2477:2061
2367:and
2330:coma
2305:and
2268:NASA
2150:1986
1997:1910
1944:1835
1930:1759
1916:1682
1867:1835
1837:Sikh
1827:and
1723:1456
1643:The
1561:Moon
1543:and
1533:omen
1516:1066
1321:and
1319:Mars
1307:10a)
1303:(b.
1170:and
1145:, a
1135:Vega
1133:and
1119:tail
1090:coma
1070:dust
1068:and
1066:ices
1057:Vega
1054:and
1048:The
898:and
764:and
673:Moon
633:Haly
511:dust
483:tail
481:and
479:coma
397:0.04
374:km/s
350:0.55
328:0.9)
324:(2.2
319:Mass
296:Vega
234:MOID
11768:ZTF
9542:271
8861:doi
8629:doi
8446:doi
8442:251
8401:258
8374:246
8344:doi
8147:hdl
8139:doi
7572:doi
7140:doi
7084:113
7053:doi
6848:doi
6791:doi
6779:240
6563:doi
6541:364
6234:123
6128:doi
6080:doi
6068:314
6035:doi
6023:314
5945:doi
5933:298
5890:doi
5878:275
5855:doi
5785:doi
5773:330
5739:doi
5727:324
5696:doi
5684:331
5580:doi
5534:doi
5502:doi
5490:199
5463:279
5440:doi
5383:doi
5371:213
5342:doi
5299:221
5269:221
5220:187
5192:doi
5180:697
5092:doi
5080:123
4926:doi
4912:647
4741:doi
4729:323
4685:doi
4673:323
4537:doi
4229:doi
4186:doi
4091:doi
3663:75
3637:73
3611:75
3563:76
3520:75
3497:−1
3470:77
3450:−2
3427:76
3407:−3
3384:75
3373:−4
3350:76
3339:−5
3316:75
3305:−6
3282:78
3271:−7
3251:77
3240:−8
3207:79
3196:−9
3177:77
3143:79
3108:77
3078:77
3074:989
3048:75
3044:912
3017:77
3013:837
2987:76
2983:760
2953:77
2949:684
2922:77
2918:607
2892:79
2888:530
2854:77
2850:451
2823:79
2819:374
2793:77
2789:295
2759:77
2755:218
2729:75
2725:141
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