4673:
796:
499:
371:
1076:
1067:
737:) makes up another 15%. Much of the remainder is frozen carbon dioxide, methane, and ammonia. Scientists think that other comets are chemically similar to Halley's Comet. The nucleus of Halley's Comet is also an extremely dark black. Scientists think that the surface of the comet, and perhaps most other comets, is covered with a black crust of dust and rock that covers most of the ice. These comets release gas only when holes in this crust rotate toward the Sun, exposing the interior ice to the warming sunlight.
411:
437:
1031:
58:
1049:
7248:
4667:
820:
699:
25:
1040:
1058:
314:
The Halley results exceeded even these—comets are not merely dark, but among the darkest objects in the Solar System
Furthermore, prior dust estimates were severe undercounts. Both finer grains and larger pebbles appeared in spacecraft detectors, but not ground telescopes. The volatile fraction also
382:
Comets, or their precursors, formed in the outer Solar System, possibly millions of years before planet formation. How and when comets formed is debated, with distinct implications for Solar System formation, dynamics, and geology. Three-dimensional computer simulations indicate the major structural
907:
surface reflects only 2.5–3.0% of the light that falls on it; by comparison, fresh asphalt reflects 7% of the light that falls on it. It is thought that complex organic compounds are the dark surface material. Solar heating drives off volatile compounds leaving behind heavy long-chain organics that
815:
comet, some of the resulting water vapour may escape from the nucleus, but 80% of it recondenses in layers beneath the surface. This observation implies that the thin ice-rich layers exposed close to the surface may be a consequence of cometary activity and evolution, and that global layering does
3828:
Kissel, J.; Sagdeev, R. Z.; Bertaux, J. L.; Angarov, V. N.; Audouze, J.; Blamont, J. E.; Buchler, K.; Evlanov, E. N.; Fechtig, H.; Fomenkova, M. N.; Hoerner, von H.; Inogamov, N. A.; Khromov, V. N.; Knabe, W.; Krueger, F. R.; Langevin, Y.; Leonasv, B. (1986). "Composition of comet Halley dust
950:
During its flyby, Giotto was hit at least 12,000 times by particles, including a 1-gram fragment that caused a temporary loss of communication with
Darmstadt. Halley was calculated to be ejecting three tonnes of material per second from seven jets, causing it to wobble over long time periods.
285:
against the front of the comet(s). But comets could return both early and late. Whipple argued that a gentle thrust from asymmetric emissions (now "nongravitational forces") better explained comet timing. This required that the emitter have cohesive strength- a single, solid nucleus with some
302:
It has been a long time since comet nuclei could be imagined as frozen snowballs. Whipple had already postulated a separate crust and interior. Before Halley's 1986 apparition, it appeared that an exposed ice surface would have some finite lifetime, even behind a coma. Halley's nucleus was
744:
volatiles, and against refractories, including heavy organic fractions. Our understanding has evolved more toward mostly rock; recent estimates show that water is perhaps only 20-30% of the mass in typical nuclei. Instead, comets are predominantly organic materials and minerals. Data from
494:
and found it to be about half the size (8×4×4 km) of the nucleus of Halley's Comet. Borrelly's nucleus was also potato-shaped and had a dark black surface. Like Halley's Comet, Comet
Borrelly only released gas from small areas where holes in the crust exposed the ice to sunlight.
323:
Three rendezvous missions aside, Halley was one example. Its unfavorable trajectory also caused brief flybys at extreme speed, at one time. More frequent missions broadened the sample of targets, using more advanced instruments. By chance, events such as the breakups of
257:, along with an origin. As the Sun passed through interstellar nebulosity, material would clump in wake eddies. Some would be lost, but some would remain in heliocentric orbits. The weak capture explained long, eccentric, inclined comet orbits. Ices
3539:
While the coma is clearly heterogeneous in composition, no firm statement can be made about the compositional heterogeneity of the nucleus at any given time." "what can be measured in their comas remotely may not be representative of their bulk
315:
included organics, not merely water and other gases. Dust-ice ratios appeared much closer than thought. Extremely low densities (0.1 to 0.5 g cm-3) were derived. The nucleus was still assumed to be majority-ice, perhaps overwhelmingly so.
252:
The "flying sandbank" model, first proposed in the late-1800s, posits a comet as a swarm of bodies, not a discrete object at all. Activity is the loss of both volatiles, and population members. This model was championed in midcentury by
1444:
243:
would give just a few pixels on target, assuming nuclei were not obscured by comae when near Earth. An understanding of the nucleus, versus the phenomenon of the coma, had to be deduced, from multiple lines of evidence.
882:
appear to be fragments of a parent comet. Numerical integrations have shown that both comets had a rather close approach to
Jupiter in January 1850, and that, before 1850, the two orbits were nearly identical.
3419:
In the past, it was believed that comets are dirty snowballs and that the dust is ejected when the ice retreats." "...it has become evident that comets have a much higher dust-to-ice ratio than previously
1496:
Bibring, J.-P.; Taylor, M.G.G.T.; Alexander, C.; Auster, U.; Biele, J.; Finzi, A. Ercoli; Goesmann, F.; Klingehoefer, G.; Kofman, W.; Mottola, S.; Seidenstiker, K.J.; Spohn, T.; Wright, I. (31 July 2015).
6039:
1452:
943:. This was the first time a nucleus was imaged at such proximity, coming as near as 596 km. The data was a revelation, showing for the first time the jets, the low-albedo surface, and
779:
in the water from the comet was determined to be three times that found for terrestrial water. This makes it unlikely that water on Earth came from comets such as
Churyumov–Gerasimenko.
3919:
729:
It was once thought that water-ice was the predominant constituent of the nucleus. In the dirty snowball model, dust is ejected when the ice retreats. Based on this, about 80% of the
3872:
Kissel, J.; Brownlee, D. E.; Buchler, K.; Clark, B.; Fechtig, H.; Grun, E.; Hornung, K.; Igenbergs, E. (1986). "Composition of comet Halley dust particles from Giotto observations".
847:
mission indicated that comets may be "rubble piles" of disparate material. Data were not conclusive concerning the collisional environment during the formation and right afterwards.
4149:
Jutzi, M; Benz, W; Toliou, A; Morbidelli, A; Brasser, R (2017). "How primordial is the structure of comet 67P? Combined collisional and dynamical models suggest a late formation".
831:
lander on 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko comet, indicate that the dust layer could be as much as 20 cm (7.9 in) thick. Beneath that is hard ice, or a mixture of ice and dust.
3483:
Molecular abundances are measured in cometary atmospheres. The extent to which they are representative of the nucleus composition has been the subject of many theoretical studies.
341:
This is a full reversal from the dirty snowball model. The
Rosetta science team has coined the term "mineral organices," for minerals and organics with a minor fraction of ices.
4366:
3945:
Filacchione, G.; de
Sanctis, M. C.; Capaccioni, F.; Raponi, A.; Tosi, F.; et al. (13 January 2016). "Exposed water ice on the nucleus of comet 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko".
7177:
6369:
4572:
4569:
4096:
Rickman, H; Marchi, S; AHearn, M; Barbieri, C; El-Maarry, M; Güttler, C; Ip, W (2015). "Comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko: Constraints on its origin from OSIRIS observations".
2338:
7199:
6327:
510:
was estimated to be 60 ± 20 km in diameter. Hale-Bopp appeared bright to the unaided eye because its unusually large nucleus gave off a great deal of dust and gas.
4047:
383:
features observed on cometary nuclei can be explained by pairwise low velocity accretion of weak cometesimals. The currently favored creation mechanism is that of the
871:
reported that a comet split apart as far back as the winter of 372–373 BC. Comets are suspected of splitting due to thermal stress, internal gas pressure, or impact.
835:
appears to increase toward the center of the comet. While most scientists thought that all the evidence indicated that the structure of nuclei of comets is processed
2053:
Tholen, D; Cruikshank, D; Hammel, H; Hartmann, W; Lark, N; Piscitelli, J (1986). "A comparison of the continuum colours of P/Halley, other comets and asteroids".
286:
proportion of volatiles. Lyttleton continued publishing flying-sandbank works as late as 1972. The death knell for the flying sandbank was Halley's Comet.
1226:
277:
quite precisely, yet comets were at times recovered "off-schedule," by as much as days. Early comets could be explained by a "resisting medium"—such as
7135:
6472:
3258:
3671:
Filacchione, G; Groussin, O; Herny, C; Kappel, D; Mottola, S; Oklay, N; Pommerol, A; Wright, I; Yoldi, Z; Ciarniello, M; Moroz, L; Raponi, A (2019).
3284:
4814:
444:
Most cometary nuclei are thought to be no more than about 16 kilometers (10 miles) across. The largest comets that have come inside the orbit of
2668:
Nuth, Joseph A.; Hill, Hugh G. M.; Kletetschka, Gunther (20 July 2000). "Determining the ages of comets from the fraction of crystalline dust".
240:
4257:
Sec. 6.3 Major Open Points Remain "data are not conclusive concerning the collisional environment during the formation and right afterwards"
3923:
908:
tend to be very dark, like tar or crude oil. The very darkness of cometary surfaces allows them to absorb the heat necessary to drive their
2130:
Trigo-Rodriguez, J; Blum, J (February 2009). "Tensile strength as an indicator of the degree of primitiveness of undifferentiated bodies".
524:(unstable, planet crossing, icy asteroids) are estimated to be 250 km to 300 km in diameter. Three of the largest would include
6933:
855:
The nucleus of some comets may be fragile, a conclusion supported by the observation of comets splitting apart. Splitting comets include
5310:
4993:
3618:
Recent estimates... show that water is less important, perhaps carrying only 20-30% of the mass in typical nuclei (Sykes et al., 1986).
1289:
4413:
Whitman, Kathryn; Morbidelli, Alessandro; Jedicke, Robert (2006). "The Size-Frequency
Distribution of Dormant Jupiter Family Comets".
3630:
Fulle, M; Della Corte, V; Rotundi, A; Green, S; Accolla, M; Colangeli, L; Ferrari, M; Ivanovski, S; Sordini, R; Zakharov, V (2017).
3148:
2721:
2296:
Fulle, M; Della Corte, V; Rotundi, A; Green, S; Accolla, M; Colangeli, L; Ferrari, M; Ivanovski, S; Sordini, R; Zakharov, V (2017).
7155:
4291:
4746:
1383:"Measurements of the near-nucleus coma of comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko with the Alice far-ultraviolet spectrograph on Rosetta"
4507:
J. A. M. McDonnell; et al. (15 May 1986). "Dust density and mass distribution near comet Halley from Giotto observations".
2973:
740:
This assumption was shown to be naive, starting at Halley. Coma composition does not represent nucleus composition, as activity
5290:
387:, which states that comets are probably a remnant of the original planetesimal "building blocks" from which the planets grew.
4370:
2763:
1474:
6906:
5878:
5370:
4857:
1866:
Hartmann, W; Cruikshank, D; Degewij, J (1982). "Remote comets and related bodies: VJHK colorimetry and surface materials".
1206:
4564:
6792:
6302:
5938:
3726:"Comet formation in collapsing pebble clouds What cometary bulk density implies for the cloud mass and dust-to-ice ratio"
1381:
Feldman, Paul D.; A'Hearn, Michael F.; Bertaux, Jean-Loup; Feaga, Lori M.; Parker, Joel Wm.; et al. (2 June 2015).
2032:
1849:
1557:
365:
4804:
4387:
2433:
Fulle, M; Blum, J; Green, S; Gundlach, B; Herique, A; Moreno, F; Mottola, S; Rotundi, A; Snodgrass, C (January 2019).
335:
Densities were confirmed as quite low, ~0.6 g cm3. Comets were highly porous, and fragile on micro- and macro-scales.
7194:
6386:
5465:
4888:
4074:
4030:
1689:
1664:
4604:
2392:
Fulle, M; Altobelli, N; Buratti, B; Choukroun, M; Fulchignoni, M; Grün, E; Taylor, M; et al. (November 2016).
7182:
6844:
6406:
6374:
5848:
5140:
4799:
4025:. World Scientific Series in Astronomy and Astrophysics, Volume 2 (2nd ed.). World Scientific. p. 364.
307:
to be dark, not bright, due to preferential destruction/escape of gases, and retention of refractories. The term
3334:
753:, and laboratory experiments on accretion, suggest refractories-to-ices ratios less than 1 may not be possible.
7125:
6725:
6411:
6292:
5868:
5818:
5355:
4809:
3776:
3672:
4493:
Organic compounds (usually referred to as organics) does not imply life, it is just a class of chemicals: see
3999:
1234:
236:
7204:
6332:
6112:
6097:
5420:
4736:
1183:
1128:
971:
812:
661:
273:
published his "icy conglomerate" model. This was soon popularized as "dirty snowball." Comet orbits had been
141:
3262:
7130:
7014:
6421:
6267:
5450:
5240:
5230:
2643:
864:
465:
3432:
3288:
2482:
2434:
974:
has no magnetic field, which suggests that magnetism may not have played a role in the early formation of
144:
has no magnetic field, which suggests that magnetism may not have played a role in the early formation of
6277:
4821:
4731:
4576:
3612:
Jewitt, D; Chizmadia, L; Grimm, R; Prialnik, D (2007). "Water in the Small Bodies of the Solar System".
7140:
7004:
6447:
6307:
5969:
5943:
5903:
5898:
5744:
5588:
5553:
5543:
4852:
4719:
4709:
4704:
1390:
979:
860:
149:
4666:
498:
7118:
7113:
7108:
6612:
6557:
5933:
5455:
5365:
5260:
4741:
3028:
3002:
2755:
2747:
1177:
761:
204:
4672:
3379:"Experiments on cometary activity: ejection of dust aggregates from a sublimating water-ice surface"
1259:
823:
Fragment B of Comet 73P/Schwassmann-Wachmann 3 disintegrating, as seen by the Hubble Space
Telescope
6874:
6061:
6049:
5888:
5445:
5345:
5320:
5215:
5190:
5058:
4903:
2487:"Dust-to-Gas and Refractory-to-ice Mass Ratios of Comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko from Rosetta Obs"
2394:"Unexpected and significant findings in comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko: an interdisciplinary view"
2182:"Experiment on cometary activity: ejection of dust aggregates from a sublimating water-ice surface"
1928:
Cruikshank, D; Hartmann, W; Tholen, D (1985). "Color, albedo, and nucleus size of Halley's comet".
952:
795:
4476:
3215:
RZ Sagdeev; PE Elyasberg; VI Moroz. (1988). "Is the nucleus of Comet Halley a low density body?".
3029:"Hubble Space Telescope STIS Observations of Comet 19P/BORRELLY during the Deep Space 1 Encounter"
2828:
Philosophical
Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences
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5693:
5598:
5480:
5390:
5375:
5300:
5200:
5071:
4988:
4831:
4694:
4689:
4552:
3311:
2607:
Weidenschilling, S. J. (June 1997). "The Origin of Comets in the Solar Nebula: A Unified Model".
370:
923:) which no longer experience outgassing. Two near-Earth asteroids with albedos this low include
121:
cause an enormous tail to form, which points away from the Sun. A typical comet nucleus has an
7145:
7103:
7041:
6730:
6627:
6622:
6442:
6344:
6317:
5893:
5563:
5485:
5275:
1075:
521:
329:
7071:
7036:
6765:
6707:
6657:
6637:
6517:
5995:
5873:
5750:
5668:
5603:
5405:
5360:
5175:
5007:
4968:
4898:
4873:
3075:
Fernández, Yanga R. (2002). "The Nucleus of Comet Hale-Bopp (C/1995 O1): Size and Activity".
746:
469:
270:
102:
4172:
4119:
3918:
Filacchione, Gianrico; Capaccioni, Fabrizio; Taylor, Matt; Bauer, Markus (13 January 2016).
3088:
2143:
1413:
1382:
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6839:
6780:
6750:
6572:
6562:
6477:
6364:
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5120:
4714:
4597:
4516:
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4230:
4168:
4115:
3956:
3881:
3838:
3687:
3643:
3565:
3448:
3400:
3224:
3084:
3040:
2905:
2835:
2788:
2779:
Dones, L; Brasser, R; Kaib, N; Rickman, H (2015). "Origi and Evolu of the Cometar Reserv".
2679:
2616:
2563:
2449:
2405:
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2252:
2203:
2139:
2096:
1984:
1937:
1875:
1786:
1753:
1714:
1627:
1586:
1512:
1409:
1151:
1133:
959:
765:
453:
129:
8:
7216:
6970:
6960:
6955:
6916:
6896:
6864:
6859:
6854:
6807:
6775:
6697:
6687:
6667:
6652:
6642:
6632:
6587:
6542:
6487:
6462:
6452:
6272:
6262:
6217:
6212:
6207:
6202:
6182:
6166:
6156:
6151:
6146:
6141:
5823:
5380:
5145:
5002:
4978:
4973:
4953:
4908:
4778:
3803:
3155:
2239:
Rotundi, A; Sierks H; Della Corte V; Fulle M; GutierrezP; et al. (23 January 2015).
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461:
291:
278:
274:
193:
135:
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3842:
3691:
3647:
3569:
3452:
3404:
3228:
3044:
2909:
2839:
2792:
2683:
2620:
2567:
2453:
2409:
2313:
2256:
2207:
2100:
1988:
1941:
1879:
1790:
1757:
1718:
1631:
1590:
1516:
712:
Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
38:
Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
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6879:
6802:
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6597:
6577:
6492:
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4958:
4948:
4938:
4918:
4878:
4532:
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4131:
4105:
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2112:
2025:
Origin and Evolution of Comets: 10 years after the Nice Model, and 1 year after Rosetta
2002:
1953:
1842:
Origin and Evolution of Comets: 10 years after the Nice Model, and 1 year after Rosetta
1550:
Origin and Evolution of Comets: 10 years after the Nice Model, and 1 year after Rosetta
1425:
1399:
1329:
879:
534:
384:
114:
7093:
6527:
4202:
Michel, P.; Schwartz, S.; Jutzi, M.; Marchi, S.; Zhang, Y.; Richardson, D. C. (2018).
2884:"Potential Themis-family Asteroid Contribution to the Jupiter-family Comet Population"
2165:
Weissman, P; Asphaug, E; Lowry, S (2004). "Structure and Density of Cometary Nuclei".
891:
Cometary nuclei are among the darkest objects known to exist in the Solar System. The
338:
Refractory-to-ice ratios are much higher, at least 3:1, possibly ~5:1, ~6:1, or more.
7211:
7009:
6832:
6827:
6682:
6567:
6359:
6349:
6322:
6297:
6131:
6055:
5985:
5628:
5613:
5090:
5030:
4933:
4928:
4883:
4681:
4536:
4494:
4252:
4188:
4135:
4052:
4026:
3972:
3901:
3858:
3761:
3707:
3591:
3530:
3466:
3104:
2977:
2945:
2933:
2863:
2808:
2759:
2695:
2581:
2554:
2512:
2375:
2358:
2282:
2270:
2241:"Dust Measurements in the coma of comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko inbound to the Sun"
2225:
2116:
2028:
1914:
1887:
1845:
1685:
1660:
1553:
1530:
1503:
1429:
1351:
1333:
1146:
944:
896:
843:
mission dispelled the idea that comets are "rubble piles" of disparate material. The
730:
581:
550:/cm. Below is a list of comets that have had estimated sizes, densities, and masses.
480:
422:
254:
220:
5245:
4452:
3118:
2593:
2006:
7170:
7165:
7160:
7150:
7024:
7019:
6901:
6692:
6592:
6532:
6512:
6502:
6467:
6437:
5964:
5100:
5025:
4913:
4794:
4762:
4758:
4524:
4440:
4238:
4176:
4123:
3984:
3964:
3947:
3889:
3846:
3747:
3695:
3651:
3581:
3573:
3520:
3512:
3478:
3456:
3408:
3244:
3232:
3092:
3048:
2923:
2913:
2853:
2843:
2796:
2750:. In McFadden, Lucy-Ann Adams; Weissman, Paul Robert; Johnson, Torrence V. (eds.).
2707:
2687:
2670:
2624:
2571:
2498:
2457:
2413:
2363:
2353:
2339:"Evolution of the dust size distribution of comet 67P/C-G from 2.2au to perihelion"
2317:
2260:
2211:
2147:
2104:
1992:
1957:
1945:
1910:
1883:
1761:
1722:
1635:
1594:
1520:
1417:
1321:
1316:
928:
353:
325:
304:
208:
122:
4340:
4180:
4127:
3752:
3725:
2550:"The shape and structure of cometary nuclei as a result of low-velocity accretion"
2087:
A'Hearn, M (2008). "Deep Impact and the Origin and Evolution of Cometary Nuclei".
1856:"It has been a long time since comet nuclei could be imagined as frozen snowballs"
1421:
7272:
7251:
7221:
6817:
6702:
6457:
5395:
5385:
5054:
4893:
4724:
4636:
4590:
4444:
3496:
2478:
1201:
1196:
1018:
991:
734:
410:
349:
224:
188:
161:
110:
5558:
4364:
436:
7066:
6992:
6982:
6869:
6537:
6522:
6391:
6085:
5928:
5813:
5793:
5771:
5723:
5713:
5678:
5633:
5340:
5205:
5115:
5035:
4346:. Lunar and Planetary Institute (Max-Planck-Institut für Astronomie Heidelberg)
4268:
3501:"Water Reservoirs in Small Planetary Bodies: Meteorites, Asteroids, and Comets"
2918:
2503:
2486:
1066:
1014:
920:
892:
741:
525:
395:
184:
86:
62:
4243:
4218:
3699:
3516:
3096:
2800:
2151:
2108:
1640:
1615:
1599:
1574:
1325:
1314:
Schiermeier, Quirin (14 April 2015). "Rosetta's comet has no magnetic field".
955:'s nucleus was visited after Halley, with Giotto approaching 100–200 km.
819:
7266:
7088:
7031:
6950:
6812:
6745:
6381:
6354:
6339:
6177:
5948:
5908:
5863:
5798:
5777:
5673:
5578:
5220:
4923:
4768:
4656:
4365:
J. Pittichova; K.J. Meech; G.B. Valsecch; E.M. Pittich (1–6 September 2003).
3358:
ESA Proceedings of an ESA workshop on the Comet Nucleus Sample Return Mission
3146:
507:
457:
429:
125:
of 0.04. This is blacker than coal, and may be caused by a covering of dust.
3413:
3378:
3205:
of 5.5x4.0x3.3 km * a density of 0.6 g/cm yields a mass of 2.28E+13 kg.
2576:
2549:
2462:
2418:
2393:
2265:
2240:
2216:
2181:
1525:
1498:
6938:
6497:
6227:
6091:
6067:
6015:
6000:
5923:
5918:
5913:
5858:
5788:
5623:
5583:
5568:
5548:
5538:
5470:
5460:
5315:
5305:
5235:
5185:
5180:
5170:
3976:
3656:
3631:
3595:
3577:
3534:
3470:
3461:
3436:
2937:
2867:
2848:
2699:
2628:
2585:
2526:
2322:
2297:
2274:
1811:. ESA Workshop on the Comet Nucleus Sample Return Mission. pp. 123–31.
1680:
Bailey, M; Clube, S; Napier, W (1990). "8.3 Lyttleton's Accretion Theory".
1534:
1172:
1162:
1119:
1101:
975:
924:
904:
900:
621:
491:
487:
425:
415:
375:
145:
7046:
6662:
4558:
4204:
Catastrophic Disruptions As The Origin Of 67PC-G And Small Bilobate Comets
7098:
6977:
6822:
6785:
6552:
6025:
6020:
6005:
5808:
5766:
5756:
5738:
5733:
5703:
5698:
5658:
5653:
5638:
5533:
5510:
5500:
5495:
5475:
5425:
5415:
5325:
5295:
5265:
5225:
5210:
5095:
4753:
4427:
3184:
2367:
1048:
875:
836:
757:
529:
473:
235:
Comet nuclei, at ~1 km to at times tens of kilometers, could not be
4314:
3968:
3202:
3196:
3190:
3180:
1705:
Whipple, F (1950). "A Comet Model. I: the Acceleration of Comet Encke".
990:(within 1 km (0.62 mi) above the comet nucleus) produced from
160:(within 1 km (0.62 mi) above the comet nucleus) produced from
7189:
7051:
6849:
6755:
6672:
6607:
6396:
5990:
5883:
5853:
5833:
5803:
5528:
5505:
5435:
5430:
5280:
5270:
5250:
5165:
5160:
5150:
5135:
5110:
4943:
4826:
4699:
4651:
4641:
1901:
Fanale, F; Salvail, J (1984). "An idealized short-period comet model".
909:
449:
391:
345:
282:
197:
118:
106:
4369:. Bulletin of the American Astronomical Society, 35 #4. Archived from
2068:
Whipple, F (October 1987). "The Cometary Nucleus - Current Concepts".
1030:
939:
The first relatively close mission to a comet nucleus was space probe
294:
images showed a single body, emitting through a small number of jets.
57:
7081:
7061:
7056:
6965:
6943:
6926:
6797:
6770:
6740:
6617:
6602:
6582:
6547:
6507:
6312:
6287:
6282:
6257:
6252:
6247:
6242:
6237:
6222:
6197:
6192:
6187:
6172:
6161:
6136:
5783:
5761:
5688:
5683:
5663:
5648:
5643:
5618:
5573:
5440:
5335:
5195:
5125:
4963:
4528:
4367:"Are Comets 42P/Neujmin 3 and 53P/Van Biesbroeck Parts of one Comet?"
3944:
3893:
3850:
3236:
2691:
1997:
1972:
1949:
1013:
as thought earlier, are responsible for the degradation of water and
899:
nucleus reflects approximately 4% of the light that falls on it, and
800:
772:
514:
399:
212:
183:
as thought earlier, are responsible for the degradation of water and
771:, is substantially different from that found on Earth. The ratio of
6079:
6073:
6010:
5490:
5410:
5400:
5255:
5155:
5130:
4836:
4773:
4646:
4163:
4110:
3742:
3395:
3053:
2900:
2238:
2198:
1766:
1741:
1726:
1404:
1167:
1156:
1110:
1085:
1002:
998:
987:
856:
832:
776:
750:
641:
601:
574:
546:
Known comets have been estimated to have an average density of 0.6
172:
168:
157:
1499:"Philae's First Days on the Comet – Introduction to Special Issue"
1039:
5105:
3673:"Comet 67P/CG Nucleus Composition and Comparison to Other Comets"
3494:
2337:
Fulle, M; Marzari, F; Della Corte, V; Fornasier, S (April 2016).
1350:
Agle, DC; Brown, Dwayne; Fohn, Joe; Bauer, Markus (2 June 2015).
868:
414:
Size and color comparison of the largest known comets, including
216:
3917:
2336:
6167:
C/1680 V1 (Great Comet of 1680, Kirsch's Comet, Newton's Comet)
3377:
Bischoff, D; Gundlach, B; Neuhaus, M; Blum, J (February 2019).
3214:
3199:
of 8x4x4km * a density of 0.3 g/cm yields a mass of 2.0E+13 kg.
3026:
3005:. Astronomical Society of the Pacific (No. 6 – Fall 1986). 1986
2180:
Bischoff, D; Gundlach, B; Neuhaus, M; Blum, J (February 2019).
1827:
ESA SP-278: Symposium on the Diversity and Similarity of Comets
1006:
445:
287:
176:
3670:
3356:
Wood, J A (December 1986). "Comet nucleus models: a review.".
2881:
2391:
2052:
1781:
Delsemme, A (1 July 1972). "Present Understanding of Comets".
1742:"A Comet Model. II: Physical Relations for Comets and Meteors"
1380:
816:
not necessarily occur early in the comet's formation history.
4613:
1352:"NASA Instrument on Rosetta Makes Comet Atmosphere Discovery"
995:
483:(15 × 8 × 8 km) contains equal amounts of ice and dust.
418:
261:
were lacking; volatiles were stored by adsorption on grains.
201:
165:
74:
3629:
3611:
2295:
1495:
1445:"Philae probe finds evidence that comets can be cosmic labs"
6183:
C/1743 X1 (Great Comet of 1744, Comet Klinkenberg-Chéseaux)
4095:
3827:
3807:
3600:
our understanding has been evolving more toward mostly rock
3376:
2179:
1356:
1227:"Comet Borrelly Puzzle: Darkest Object in the Solar System"
839:
of smaller ice planetesimals of a previous generation, the
566:
547:
90:
3871:
3632:"The dust-to-ices ratio in comets and Kuiper belt objects"
3147:
D. T. Britt; G. J. Consol-magno SJ; W. J. Merline (2006).
2476:
2298:"The dust-to-ices ratio in comets and Kuiper belt objects"
1057:
4582:
4266:
4201:
4148:
3187:
density of 0.6 g/cm yields a mass (m=d*v) of 3.02E+14 kg.
3149:"Small Body Density and Porosity: New Data, New Insights"
2882:
Hsieh, H; Novaković, B; Walsh, K; Schörghofer, N (2020).
1865:
1263:
1010:
180:
98:
94:
4412:
4206:. 42nd COSPAR Scientific Assembly. p. B1.1–0002–18.
3723:
1927:
733:
nucleus would be water-ice, and frozen carbon monoxide (
3804:"Rosetta Instrument Reignites Debate on Earth's Oceans"
3724:
Lorek, S.; Gundlach, B.; Lacerda, P.; Blum, J. (2018).
3119:"SOHO's new catch: its first officially periodic comet"
2778:
1616:"On the Structure of Comets and the Formation of Tails"
3922:(Press release). European Space Agency. Archived from
3777:"The mystery of where Earth's water came from deepens"
3189:
Tempel 1: Using a spherical diameter of 6.25 km;
2432:
3913:
3911:
3193:* a density of 0.62 g/cm yields a mass of 7.9E+13 kg.
2824:"Setting the scene: what did we know before Rosetta?"
3431:
3154:. Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVII. Archived from
2974:"Comets (World Book Online Reference Center 125580)"
2754:(2nd ed.). Amsterdam: Academic Press. pp.
2644:"Comets: Facts About The 'Dirty Snowballs' of Space"
2600:
2164:
1802:
1800:
3920:"Exposed ice on Rosetta's comet confirmed as water"
3027:Weaver, H. A.; Stern, S.A.; Parker, J. Wm. (2003).
2667:
2169:. Tucson: University of Arizona Press. p. 337.
2129:
1017:molecules released from the comet nucleus into its
366:
Accretion (astrophysics) § Accretion of comets
187:molecules released from the comet nucleus into its
4506:
3908:
2541:
1840:Rickman, H (2017). "2.2.3 Dust Production Rates".
1349:
4312:
3795:
3712:a predominance of organic materials and minerals.
1797:
1679:
311:has been in common use since more than 35 years.
7264:
3616:. University of Arizona Press. pp. 863–78.
2043:has been in common use since more than 35 years"
1309:
1307:
1224:
919:are thought to be extinct nuclei of comets (see
191:. On 30 July 2015, scientists reported that the
4039:
3938:
3802:Agle, D. C.; Bauer, Markus (10 December 2014).
2606:
1824:
1345:
1343:
390:Astronomers think that comets originate in the
227:) were detected for the first time on a comet.
4292:"Spitzer Telescope Sees Trail of Comet Crumbs"
4289:
3768:
1648:
1548:Rickman, H (2017). "1.1.1 The Comet Nucleus".
1290:"Rosetta and Philae Find Comet Not Magnetised"
247:
4598:
4020:
3068:
3022:
3020:
2872:Special issue: Cometary science after Rosetta
2745:
2018:
2016:
1900:
1376:
1374:
1304:
1283:
1281:
517:is probably only 100–200 meters in diameter.
502:C/2006 W3 (Christensen) – emitting carbon gas
264:
113:. The force exerted on the coma by the Sun's
3142:
3140:
3138:
3136:
3003:"What Have We Learned About Halley's Comet?"
2547:
2435:"The refractory-to-ice mass ratio in comets"
2387:
2385:
2027:. World Scientific Publishing Co Singapore.
1844:. World Scientific Publishing Co Singapore.
1820:
1818:
1552:. World Scientific Publishing Co Singapore.
1340:
934:
332:contributed further to human understanding.
4565:International Comet Quarterly: Split Comets
4382:
4380:
4283:
4216:
4067:
4014:
3991:
3551:
3326:
3303:
2739:
2519:
2086:
1673:
1489:
1436:
1313:
297:
5053:
4605:
4591:
4388:"Comet May Be the Darkest Object Yet Seen"
3774:
3121:. European Space Agency. 25 September 2007
3017:
2967:
2965:
2963:
2961:
2959:
2957:
2955:
2013:
1467:
1371:
1278:
356:separating the two categories of objects.
4470:
4468:
4466:
4464:
4462:
4426:
4338:
4260:
4242:
4219:"Cometary Nuclei- From Giotto to Rosetta"
4162:
4109:
3801:
3751:
3741:
3655:
3585:
3524:
3460:
3412:
3394:
3372:
3370:
3133:
3074:
3052:
2927:
2917:
2899:
2857:
2847:
2748:"Comet Populations and Cometary Dynamics"
2746:Levison, Harold F.; Donnes, Luke (2007).
2661:
2635:
2575:
2502:
2461:
2417:
2382:
2357:
2321:
2264:
2215:
2197:
1996:
1970:
1815:
1765:
1654:
1639:
1613:
1598:
1572:
1524:
1403:
1180:-unplanned encounter with Mars spacecraft
490:spacecraft observed the nucleus of Comet
6268:C/1887 B1 (Great Southern Comet of 1887)
6243:C/1865 B1 (Great Southern Comet of 1865)
6178:C/1729 P1 (Comet of 1729, Comet Sarabat)
4377:
3362:water-ice as the predominant constituent
2997:
2995:
2023:Rickman, H (2017). "4.2 Dust Mantling".
1780:
818:
794:
497:
435:
409:
369:
56:
6278:C/1910 A1 (Great January Comet of 1910)
4406:
3997:
3335:"Determining the mass of comet 67P/C-G"
3332:
3309:
3287:. The Planetary Society. Archived from
3261:. The Planetary Society. Archived from
3251:
2971:
2952:
2067:
2022:
1839:
1739:
1704:
1659:. Cambridge University Press New York.
1547:
1442:
207:in November 2014, detected at least 16
7265:
4459:
4075:"Rosetta's frequently asked questions"
3367:
1973:"Predicting that comet Halley is dark"
1260:"ESA Science & Technology: Halley"
486:During a flyby in September 2001, the
6218:C/1843 D1 (Great March Comet of 1843)
5052:
4586:
4358:
4332:
3775:Borenstein, Seth (10 December 2014).
3277:
2992:
2821:
2642:Choi, Charles Q. (15 November 2014).
1477:. European Space Agency. 30 July 2015
1287:
1254:
1252:
1225:Robert Roy Britt (29 November 2001).
109:surrounding the nucleus known as the
4858:List of comets visited by spacecraft
4294:. Spitzer Space Telescope at Caltech
4045:
4000:"Philae settles in dust-covered ice"
3355:
3173:
3111:
2641:
2548:Jutzi, M.; Asphaug, E. (June 2015).
1806:
1783:Comets: Scientific Data and Missions
1207:List of comets visited by spacecraft
970:spacecraft show that the nucleus of
692:
140:spacecraft show that the nucleus of
85:. A cometary nucleus is composed of
18:
6303:C/1941 B2 (de Kock-Paraskevopoulos)
4500:
3998:Baldwin, Emily (18 November 2014).
3829:particles from Vega observations".
1475:"Science on the Surface of a Comet"
1218:
867:from 1995 to 2006. Greek historian
13:
3437:"The composition of cometary ices"
2714:
1451:. Associated Press. Archived from
1249:
1074:
1065:
1056:
1047:
1038:
1029:
14:
7284:
6443:C/1992 J1 (Spacewatch–Rabinowitz)
6223:C/1847 T1 (Miss Mitchell's Comet)
4546:
4269:"Comet Shoemaker-Levy Background"
4021:Krishna Swamy, K. S. (May 1997).
3333:Baldwin, Emily (21 August 2014).
3310:Baldwin, Emily (6 October 2014).
2722:"How Asteroids and Comets Formed"
2529:. University of Bern. 29 May 2015
352:demonstrate that there may be no
7247:
7246:
6293:C/1927 X1 (Skjellerup–Maristany)
4671:
4665:
3495:O'D. Alexander, C; McKeegan, K;
2752:Encyclopedia of the Solar System
1825:Kresak, L; Kresakova, M (1987).
827:Measurements carried out by the
697:
318:
73:is the solid, central part of a
23:
6387:C/1970 K1 (White–Ortiz–Bolelli)
6273:C/1901 G1 (Great Comet of 1901)
6263:C/1882 R1 (Great Comet of 1882)
6238:C/1861 J1 (Great Comet of 1861)
6213:C/1823 Y1 (Great Comet of 1823)
6208:C/1819 N1 (Great Comet of 1819)
6203:C/1811 F1 (Great Comet of 1811)
6198:C/1807 R1 (Great Comet of 1807)
6193:C/1769 P1 (Great Comet of 1769)
6188:C/1760 A1 (Great Comet of 1760)
6157:C/1577 V1 (Great Comet of 1577)
6152:C/1471 Y1 (Great Comet of 1472)
6147:C/1402 D1 (Great Comet of 1402)
6142:C/1264 N1 (Great Comet of 1264)
6137:X/1106 C1 (Great Comet of 1106)
4800:Observational history of comets
4487:
4474:
4306:
4267:JPL Public Information Office.
4210:
4195:
4142:
4089:
3865:
3821:
3717:
3664:
3623:
3605:
3545:
3488:
3425:
3349:
3208:
2875:
2815:
2772:
2470:
2426:
2330:
2289:
2232:
2173:
2158:
2123:
2080:
2061:
2046:
1964:
1921:
1894:
1859:
1833:
1774:
1733:
1698:
1607:
1566:
1541:
1443:Jordans, Frank (30 July 2015).
1288:Bauer, Markus (14 April 2015).
440:Tempel 1 and Hartley 2 compared
6422:C/1989 Y1 (Skorichenko–George)
6412:C/1989 W1 (Aarseth-Brewington)
5819:P/2013 R3 (Catalina-PANSTARRS)
4290:Whitney Clavin (10 May 2006).
1809:Comet nucleus models: a review
688:
281:, or the cumulative action of
1:
6407:C/1983 H1 (IRAS–Araki–Alcock)
4889:C/2023 A3 (Tsuchinshan–ATLAS)
4077:. European Space Agency. 2015
1212:
479:The potato-shaped nucleus of
6448:C/1993 Y1 (McNaught–Russell)
6370:C/1969 T1 (Tago-Sato-Kosaka)
5970:D/1993 F2 (Shoemaker–Levy 9)
5879:57P/du Toit–Neujmin–Delporte
5371:57P/du Toit–Neujmin–Delporte
4445:10.1016/j.icarus.2006.02.016
4217:Keller, H; Kührt, E (2020).
4151:Astronomy & Astrophysics
4098:Astronomy & Astrophysics
4046:Khan, Amina (31 July 2015).
3730:Astronomy & Astrophysics
2070:Astronomy & Astrophysics
1915:10.1016/0019-1035(84)90157-X
1888:10.1016/0019-1035(82)90002-1
1142:Comets already visited are:
850:
790:
764:comet, as determined by the
239:by telescopes. Even current
7:
5939:226P/Pigott–LINEAR–Kowalski
5311:45P/Honda–Mrkos–Pajdušáková
5291:41P/Tuttle–Giacobini–Kresák
4822:Extraterrestrial atmosphere
4181:10.1051/0004-6361/201628963
4128:10.1051/0004-6361/201526093
3753:10.1051/0004-6361/201526565
2972:Yeomans, Donald K. (2005).
2527:"How comets were assembled"
1657:The Comets and Their Origin
1422:10.1051/0004-6361/201525925
1190:
915:Roughly six percent of the
803:from 10 km away as seen by
782:
230:
211:, of which four (including
10:
7289:
6328:C/1961 O1 (Wilson-Hubbard)
6308:C/1947 X1 (Southern Comet)
6248:X/1872 X1 (Pogson's Comet)
6233:C/1861 G1 (Comet Thatcher)
4853:List of missions to comets
4612:
4313:Donald K. Yeomans (1998).
2504:10.1007/s11214-020-00662-1
2359:10.3847/0004-637X/821/1/19
1391:Astronomy and Astrophysics
799:Surface of the nucleus of
363:
7242:
6716:
6613:C/2013 A1 (Siding Spring)
6558:C/2007 Q3 (Siding Spring)
6430:
6258:C/1881 K1 (Comet Tebbutt)
6173:C/1702 H1 (Comet of 1702)
6132:C/-43 K1 (Caesar's Comet)
6124:
6111:
6098:67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko
6038:
5978:
5957:
5841:
5832:
5722:
5519:
5466:76P/West–Kohoutek–Ikemura
5421:67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko
5081:
5070:
5066:
5048:
5016:
4998:(Bernardinelli–Bernstein)
4866:
4845:
4787:
4680:
4663:
4624:
4620:
4553:Nucleus of Halley's Comet
4319:Jet Propulsion Laboratory
4315:"Great Comets in History"
4244:10.1007/s11214-020-0634-6
4048:"After a bounce, Rosetta"
3700:10.1007/s11214-019-0580-3
3517:10.1007/s11214-018-0474-9
3312:"Measuring Comet 67P/C-G"
2801:10.1007/s11214-015-0223-2
2152:10.1016/j.pss.2008.02.011
2109:10.1007/s11214-008-9350-3
1971:Greenberg, J (May 1986).
1807:Wood, J (December 1986).
1575:"On the Origin of Comets"
1326:10.1038/nature.2015.17327
1184:67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko
1178:C/2013 A1 (Siding Spring)
972:67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko
935:Discovery and exploration
886:
813:67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko
706:This section needs to be
662:67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko
378:has a cometary Oort cloud
359:
205:67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko
142:67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko
32:This article needs to be
6318:C/1956 R1 (Arend–Roland)
6253:C/1874 H1 (Comet Coggia)
6228:C/1858 L1 (Comet Donati)
5451:73P/Schwassmann–Wachmann
5241:31P/Schwassmann–Wachmann
5231:29P/Schwassmann–Wachmann
4904:C/2021 J1 (Maury-Attard)
3686:(1): Article number 19.
3636:Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc
3614:Protostars and Planets V
3558:Philos. Trans. R. Soc. A
3441:Philos. Trans. R. Soc. A
3383:Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc
3360:. ESA. pp. 123–31.
3195:19P/Borrelly: Using the
3077:Earth, Moon, and Planets
3033:The Astronomical Journal
2919:10.3847/1538-3881/ab7899
2888:The Astronomical Journal
2442:Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc
2398:Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc
2302:Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc
2186:Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc
1620:Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc
1579:Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc
1159:(also hit with impactor)
865:73P/Schwassmann–Wachmann
269:Beginning in the 1950s,
6793:de Kock–Paraskevopoulos
6648:C/2015 ER61 (PanSTARRS)
5849:11P/Tempel–Swift–LINEAR
5141:11P/Tempel–Swift–LINEAR
4989:C/2015 ER61 (PanSTARRS)
4832:Small Solar System body
4559:Nucleus of Comet Wild 2
4173:2017A&A...597A..61J
4120:2015A&A...583A..44R
4002:. European Space Agency
3554:"Comets: looking ahead"
3552:A'Hearn, M (May 2017).
3435:; Biver, N (May 2017).
3337:. European Space Agency
3314:. European Space Agency
3097:10.1023/A:1021545031431
3089:2002EM&P...89....3F
2577:10.1126/science.aaa4747
2266:10.1126/science.aaa3905
2144:2009P&SS...57..243T
1641:10.1093/mnras/111.3.268
1600:10.1093/mnras/108.6.465
1526:10.1126/science.aac5116
1414:2015A&A...583A...8F
1292:. European Space Agency
405:
16:Central part of a comet
6628:C/2013 V5 (Oukaimeden)
6623:C/2013 US10 (Catalina)
6468:C/1998 H1 (Stonehouse)
6365:C/1965 S1 (Ikeya-Seki)
6345:C/1962 C1 (Seki-Lines)
5944:271P/van Houten–Lemmon
5904:107P/Wilson–Harrington
5899:97P/Metcalf–Brewington
5869:54P/de Vico–Swift–NEAT
5745:4015 Wilson–Harrington
5589:147P/Kushida–Muramatsu
5554:107P/Wilson–Harrington
5544:97P/Metcalf–Brewington
5356:54P/de Vico–Swift–NEAT
3578:10.1098/rsta.2016.0261
3462:10.1098/rsta.2016.0252
3203:volume of an ellipsoid
3197:volume of an ellipsoid
3181:volume of an ellipsoid
2976:. NASA. Archived from
2849:10.1098/rsta.2016.0247
2629:10.1006/icar.1997.5712
2485:; et al. (2020).
2481:; Kührt, E; Biver, N;
1573:Lyttleton, RA (1948).
1079:
1070:
1061:
1052:
1043:
1034:
953:Comet Grigg–Skjellerup
824:
808:
503:
441:
433:
379:
330:Schwassmann-Wachmann 3
66:
7146:Spacewatch–Rabinowitz
6708:C/2023 P1 (Nishimura)
6658:C/2017 K2 (PanSTARRS)
6638:C/2014 Q1 (PanSTARRS)
6603:C/2012 K1 (PANSTARRS)
6583:C/2011 L4 (PANSTARRS)
6528:C/2006 A1 (Pojmański)
6518:C/2004 F4 (Bradfield)
6498:C/2001 OG108 (LONEOS)
6463:C/1997 L1 (Zhu–Balam)
6458:C/1996 B2 (Hyakutake)
6453:C/1995 O1 (Hale–Bopp)
6288:C/1911 S3 (Beljawsky)
5934:206P/Barnard–Boattini
5456:74P/Smirnova–Chernykh
5366:56P/Slaughter–Burnham
5261:35P/Herschel–Rigollet
5008:C/2014 Q1 (PanSTARRS)
4969:C/2017 K2 (PanSTARRS)
4899:C/2021 O3 (PanSTARRS)
4874:C/2023 P1 (Nishimura)
4561:(5.5×4.0×3.3 km)
4481:European Space Agency
4223:Space Science Reviews
3680:Space Science Reviews
3505:Space Science Reviews
3414:10.1093/mnras/sty3182
2781:Space Science Reviews
2537:– via Phys.org.
2463:10.1093/mnras/sty2926
2419:10.1093/mnras/stw1663
2346:Astrophysical Journal
2217:10.1093/mnras/sty3182
2089:Space Science Reviews
1746:Astrophysical Journal
1707:Astrophysical Journal
1655:Lyttleton, R (1972).
1614:Lyttleton, R (1951).
1078:
1069:
1060:
1051:
1042:
1033:
822:
798:
762:Churyumov–Gerasimenko
747:Churyumov-Gerasimenko
506:The nucleus of comet
501:
439:
413:
373:
271:Fred Lawrence Whipple
97:. When heated by the
60:
7126:Skjellerup–Maristany
6663:1I/2017 U1 ʻOumuamua
6573:C/2009 R1 (McNaught)
6563:C/2007 W1 (Boattini)
6538:C/2006 P1 (McNaught)
6523:C/2004 Q2 (Machholz)
6478:C/1999 F1 (Catalina)
6392:C/1973 E1 (Kohoutek)
6062:26P/Grigg–Skjellerup
6050:21P/Giacobini–Zinner
5889:72P/Denning–Fujikawa
5446:72P/Denning–Fujikawa
5346:52P/Harrington–Abell
5321:47P/Ashbrook–Jackson
5216:26P/Grigg–Skjellerup
5191:21P/Giacobini–Zinner
3657:10.1093/mnras/stx983
3201:81P/Wild: Using the
2323:10.1093/mnras/stx983
1682:The Origin of Comets
1152:26P/Grigg-Skjellerup
917:near-Earth asteroids
454:C/2002 VQ94 (LINEAR)
77:, formerly termed a
7195:White–Ortiz–Bolelli
6698:C/2021 A1 (Leonard)
6688:C/2020 F3 (NEOWISE)
6668:C/2018 Y1 (Iwamoto)
6653:C/2015 V2 (Johnson)
6643:C/2014 Q2 (Lovejoy)
6633:C/2014 E2 (Jacques)
6618:C/2013 R1 (Lovejoy)
6588:C/2011 W3 (Lovejoy)
6568:C/2009 F6 (Yi–SWAN)
6543:C/2007 E2 (Lovejoy)
6488:C/2000 WM1 (LINEAR)
6382:C/1969 Y1 (Bennett)
6355:C/1963 R1 (Pereyra)
6340:C/1961 R1 (Humason)
6313:C/1948 V1 (Eclipse)
5824:(300163) 2006 VW139
5694:332P/Ikeya–Murakami
5599:156P/Russell–LINEAR
5481:79P/du Toit–Hartley
5391:61P/Shajn–Schaldach
5376:58P/Jackson–Neujmin
5301:43P/Wolf–Harrington
5201:23P/Brorsen–Metcalf
5003:C/2014 Q2 (Lovejoy)
4979:C/2015 V2 (Johnson)
4974:C/2016 U1 (NEOWISE)
4954:C/2018 Y1 (Iwamoto)
4924:C/2020 F3 (NEOWISE)
4909:C/2021 A1 (Leonard)
4521:1986Natur.321..338M
4437:2006Icar..183..101W
4235:2020SSRv..216...14K
3969:10.1038/nature16190
3961:2016Natur.529..368F
3886:1986Natur.321..336K
3843:1986Natur.321..280K
3692:2019SSRv..215...19F
3648:2017MNRAS.469S..45F
3570:2017RSPTA.37560261A
3453:2017RSPTA.37560252B
3405:2019MNRAS.483.1202B
3259:"Comet 9P/Tempel 1"
3229:1988Natur.331..240S
3161:on 17 December 2008
3045:2003AJ....126..444W
2910:2020AJ....159..179H
2840:2017RSPTA.37560247M
2834:(2097). Section 6.
2793:2015SSRv..197..191D
2684:2000Natur.406..275N
2621:1997Icar..127..290W
2568:2015Sci...348.1355J
2562:(6241): 1355–1358.
2454:2019MNRAS.482.3326F
2410:2016MNRAS.462S...2F
2314:2017MNRAS.469S..45F
2257:2015Sci...347a3905R
2208:2019MNRAS.483.1202B
2101:2008SSRv..138..237A
2057:. ESA. p. 503.
2055:ESA SP-250 Vol. III
1989:1986Natur.321..385G
1942:1985Natur.315..122C
1880:1982Icar...52..377H
1829:. ESA. p. 739.
1791:1972csdm.conf..174D
1758:1951ApJ...113..464W
1740:Whipple, F (1951).
1719:1950ApJ...111..375W
1632:1951MNRAS.111..268L
1591:1948MNRAS.108..465L
1517:2015Sci...349..493B
1455:on 23 December 2018
1449:The Washington Post
1025:
756:The composition of
532:(230 km), and
472:(≈26 km), and
7131:Skorichenko–George
6726:Aarseth-Brewington
6678:C/2019 U6 (Lemmon)
6598:C/2012 F6 (Lemmon)
6578:C/2010 X1 (Elenin)
6548:C/2007 F1 (LONEOS)
6508:C/2002 T7 (LINEAR)
6493:C/2001 A2 (LINEAR)
6483:C/1999 S4 (LINEAR)
6417:C/1989 X1 (Austin)
6402:C/1980 E1 (Bowell)
6283:C/1911 O1 (Brooks)
5986:D/1770 L1 (Lexell)
5894:80P/Peters–Hartley
5609:162P/Siding Spring
5486:80P/Peters–Hartley
5351:53P/Van Biesbroeck
5276:38P/Stephan–Oterma
4984:C/2015 G2 (MASTER)
4959:C/2018 C2 (Lemmon)
4949:P/2019 LD2 (ATLAS)
4939:C/2019 U6 (Lemmon)
4919:C/2020 F5 (MASTER)
4879:C/2023 H2 (Lemmon)
4394:. 14 December 2001
4392:The New York Times
4373:on 13 August 2009.
3926:on 18 January 2016
3783:. Associated Press
3433:Bockelée-Morvan, D
3285:"Comet 81P/Wild 2"
3265:on 9 February 2006
3191:volume of a sphere
3179:Halley: Using the
2483:Bockelée-Morvan, D
1684:. Pergamon Press.
1237:on 22 January 2009
1080:
1071:
1062:
1053:
1044:
1035:
1024:
980:ALICE spectrograph
880:53P/Van Biesbroeck
825:
809:
666:See article on 67P
504:
442:
434:
423:natural satellites
385:nebular hypothesis
380:
150:ALICE spectrograph
115:radiation pressure
67:
7260:
7259:
7238:
7237:
7234:
7233:
7230:
7229:
6845:IRAS–Araki–Alcock
6683:C/2019 Y4 (ATLAS)
6553:C/2007 N3 (Lulin)
6360:C/1964 N1 (Ikeya)
6350:C/1963 A1 (Ikeya)
6323:C/1957 P1 (Mrkos)
6298:C/1931 P1 (Ryves)
6107:
6106:
6034:
6033:
5996:18D/Perrine–Mrkos
5874:55P/Tempel–Tuttle
5751:7968 Elst–Pizarro
5669:273P/Pons–Gambart
5614:168P/Hergenrother
5604:161P/Hartley–IRAS
5564:109P/Swift–Tuttle
5406:64P/Swift–Gehrels
5361:55P/Tempel–Tuttle
5176:18D/Perrine–Mrkos
5044:
5043:
5031:Comets in fiction
4934:C/2019 Y1 (ATLAS)
4929:C/2019 Y4 (ATLAS)
4884:C/2023 E1 (ATLAS)
4810:Comet discoverers
4495:Organic chemistry
4477:"Giotto overview"
4229:(1): Article 14.
4053:Los Angeles Times
4023:Physics of Comets
3955:(7586): 368–372.
3499:(February 2019).
3291:on 6 January 2009
3223:(6153): 240–242.
2822:Meech, K (2017).
2765:978-0-12-088589-3
2726:Science Clarified
2678:(6793): 275–276.
2251:(6220): aaa3905.
2132:Planet. Space Sci
1140:
1139:
1136:
1125:
1116:
1107:
1098:
1091:
958:Results from the
945:organic compounds
895:probe found that
787:"Missing Carbon"
727:
726:
686:
685:
470:109P/Swift–Tuttle
255:Raymond Lyttleton
248:"Flying sandbank"
221:methyl isocyanate
209:organic compounds
200:, that landed on
128:Results from the
53:
52:
7280:
7250:
7249:
7208:
7186:
7178:Tago-Sato-Kosaka
7005:McNaught–Russell
6693:C/2020 F8 (SWAN)
6608:C/2012 S1 (ISON)
6593:C/2012 E2 (SWAN)
6533:C/2006 M4 (SWAN)
6513:C/2002 V1 (NEAT)
6503:C/2001 Q4 (NEAT)
6473:C/1998 J1 (SOHO)
6438:C/1990 K1 (Levy)
6397:C/1975 V1 (West)
6378:
6336:
6122:
6121:
5839:
5838:
5594:153P/Ikeya–Zhang
5331:49P/Arend–Rigaux
5121:7P/Pons–Winnecke
5079:
5078:
5068:
5067:
5050:
5049:
5026:Antimatter comet
4914:C/2020 F8 (SWAN)
4795:Naming of comets
4675:
4669:
4622:
4621:
4607:
4600:
4593:
4584:
4583:
4555:(15×8×8 km)
4541:
4540:
4529:10.1038/321338a0
4504:
4498:
4491:
4485:
4484:
4472:
4457:
4456:
4430:
4428:astro-ph/0603106
4410:
4404:
4403:
4401:
4399:
4384:
4375:
4374:
4362:
4356:
4355:
4353:
4351:
4345:
4336:
4330:
4329:
4327:
4325:
4310:
4304:
4303:
4301:
4299:
4287:
4281:
4280:
4278:
4276:
4264:
4258:
4256:
4246:
4214:
4208:
4207:
4199:
4193:
4192:
4166:
4146:
4140:
4139:
4113:
4093:
4087:
4086:
4084:
4082:
4071:
4065:
4064:
4062:
4060:
4043:
4037:
4036:
4018:
4012:
4011:
4009:
4007:
3995:
3989:
3988:
3942:
3936:
3935:
3933:
3931:
3915:
3906:
3905:
3894:10.1038/321336a0
3869:
3863:
3862:
3851:10.1038/321280a0
3825:
3819:
3818:
3816:
3814:
3799:
3793:
3792:
3790:
3788:
3772:
3766:
3765:
3755:
3745:
3721:
3715:
3714:
3677:
3668:
3662:
3661:
3659:
3627:
3621:
3620:
3609:
3603:
3602:
3589:
3549:
3543:
3542:
3528:
3492:
3486:
3485:
3464:
3429:
3423:
3422:
3416:
3398:
3374:
3365:
3364:
3353:
3347:
3346:
3344:
3342:
3330:
3324:
3323:
3321:
3319:
3307:
3301:
3300:
3298:
3296:
3281:
3275:
3274:
3272:
3270:
3255:
3249:
3248:
3237:10.1038/331240a0
3212:
3206:
3183:of 15x8x8km * a
3177:
3171:
3170:
3168:
3166:
3160:
3153:
3144:
3131:
3130:
3128:
3126:
3115:
3109:
3108:
3072:
3066:
3065:
3063:
3061:
3056:
3024:
3015:
3014:
3012:
3010:
2999:
2990:
2989:
2987:
2985:
2980:on 29 April 2005
2969:
2950:
2949:
2931:
2921:
2903:
2879:
2873:
2871:
2861:
2851:
2819:
2813:
2812:
2776:
2770:
2769:
2743:
2737:
2736:
2734:
2732:
2718:
2712:
2711:
2692:10.1038/35018516
2665:
2659:
2658:
2656:
2654:
2639:
2633:
2632:
2604:
2598:
2597:
2579:
2545:
2539:
2538:
2536:
2534:
2523:
2517:
2516:
2506:
2474:
2468:
2467:
2465:
2439:
2430:
2424:
2423:
2421:
2389:
2380:
2379:
2361:
2343:
2334:
2328:
2327:
2325:
2293:
2287:
2286:
2268:
2236:
2230:
2229:
2219:
2201:
2177:
2171:
2170:
2162:
2156:
2155:
2127:
2121:
2120:
2084:
2078:
2077:
2065:
2059:
2058:
2050:
2044:
2038:
2020:
2011:
2010:
2000:
1998:10.1038/321385a0
1968:
1962:
1961:
1950:10.1038/315122a0
1925:
1919:
1918:
1898:
1892:
1891:
1863:
1857:
1855:
1837:
1831:
1830:
1822:
1813:
1812:
1804:
1795:
1794:
1778:
1772:
1771:
1769:
1737:
1731:
1730:
1702:
1696:
1695:
1677:
1671:
1670:
1652:
1646:
1645:
1643:
1611:
1605:
1604:
1602:
1570:
1564:
1563:
1545:
1539:
1538:
1528:
1493:
1487:
1486:
1484:
1482:
1471:
1465:
1464:
1462:
1460:
1440:
1434:
1433:
1407:
1387:
1378:
1369:
1368:
1366:
1364:
1347:
1338:
1337:
1311:
1302:
1301:
1299:
1297:
1285:
1276:
1275:
1273:
1271:
1256:
1247:
1246:
1244:
1242:
1233:. Archived from
1222:
1186:(also landed on)
1132:
1123:
1114:
1105:
1096:
1089:
1026:
1023:
986:determined that
929:3552 Don Quixote
905:Comet Borrelly's
903:discovered that
861:Shoemaker–Levy 9
722:
719:
713:
701:
700:
693:
682:
680:
676:
655:
635:
615:
595:
553:
552:
543:(≈220 km).
542:
540:
539:
535:(523727) 2014 NW
460:(≈100 km),
456:(≈100 km),
452:(≈200 km),
398:, and the outer
350:active asteroids
326:Shoemaker-Levy 9
265:"Dirty snowball"
241:giant telescopes
156:determined that
48:
45:
39:
27:
26:
19:
7288:
7287:
7283:
7282:
7281:
7279:
7278:
7277:
7263:
7262:
7261:
7256:
7226:
7202:
7180:
6718:
6712:
6703:C/2022 E3 (ZTF)
6426:
6372:
6330:
6116:
6114:
6103:
6041:
6030:
5974:
5953:
5828:
5725:
5718:
5521:
5515:
5396:62P/Tsuchinshan
5386:60P/Tsuchinshan
5381:59P/Kearns–Kwee
5146:12P/Pons–Brooks
5083:
5073:
5062:
5055:Lists of comets
5040:
5018:
5012:
4997:
4894:C/2022 E3 (ZTF)
4862:
4841:
4783:
4676:
4670:
4661:
4616:
4611:
4570:67/P by Rosetta
4549:
4544:
4505:
4501:
4492:
4488:
4473:
4460:
4411:
4407:
4397:
4395:
4386:
4385:
4378:
4363:
4359:
4349:
4347:
4343:
4339:H. Boehnhardt.
4337:
4333:
4323:
4321:
4311:
4307:
4297:
4295:
4288:
4284:
4274:
4272:
4265:
4261:
4215:
4211:
4200:
4196:
4147:
4143:
4094:
4090:
4080:
4078:
4073:
4072:
4068:
4058:
4056:
4044:
4040:
4033:
4019:
4015:
4005:
4003:
3996:
3992:
3943:
3939:
3929:
3927:
3916:
3909:
3870:
3866:
3826:
3822:
3812:
3810:
3800:
3796:
3786:
3784:
3773:
3769:
3722:
3718:
3675:
3669:
3665:
3628:
3624:
3610:
3606:
3550:
3546:
3493:
3489:
3430:
3426:
3375:
3368:
3354:
3350:
3340:
3338:
3331:
3327:
3317:
3315:
3308:
3304:
3294:
3292:
3283:
3282:
3278:
3268:
3266:
3257:
3256:
3252:
3213:
3209:
3200:
3194:
3188:
3178:
3174:
3164:
3162:
3158:
3151:
3145:
3134:
3124:
3122:
3117:
3116:
3112:
3073:
3069:
3059:
3057:
3025:
3018:
3008:
3006:
3001:
3000:
2993:
2983:
2981:
2970:
2953:
2880:
2876:
2820:
2816:
2777:
2773:
2766:
2744:
2740:
2730:
2728:
2720:
2719:
2715:
2666:
2662:
2652:
2650:
2640:
2636:
2605:
2601:
2546:
2542:
2532:
2530:
2525:
2524:
2520:
2475:
2471:
2437:
2431:
2427:
2390:
2383:
2341:
2335:
2331:
2294:
2290:
2237:
2233:
2178:
2174:
2163:
2159:
2128:
2124:
2085:
2081:
2066:
2062:
2051:
2047:
2035:
2021:
2014:
1969:
1965:
1926:
1922:
1899:
1895:
1864:
1860:
1852:
1838:
1834:
1823:
1816:
1805:
1798:
1779:
1775:
1738:
1734:
1703:
1699:
1692:
1678:
1674:
1667:
1653:
1649:
1612:
1608:
1571:
1567:
1560:
1546:
1542:
1494:
1490:
1480:
1478:
1473:
1472:
1468:
1458:
1456:
1441:
1437:
1385:
1379:
1372:
1362:
1360:
1348:
1341:
1312:
1305:
1295:
1293:
1286:
1279:
1269:
1267:
1266:. 10 March 2006
1258:
1257:
1250:
1240:
1238:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1202:Hypatia (stone)
1197:Coma (cometary)
1193:
1131:
1122:
1113:
1104:
1095:
1088:
1003:solar radiation
992:photoionization
978:. Further, the
937:
889:
853:
793:
785:
723:
717:
714:
711:
702:
698:
691:
678:
674:
672:
653:
633:
613:
593:
573:
565:
560:
537:
536:
533:
528:(258 km),
513:The nucleus of
476:(≈21 km).
468:(≈60 km),
464:(≈60 km),
408:
368:
362:
321:
300:
267:
250:
233:
225:propionaldehyde
173:solar radiation
162:photoionization
148:. Further, the
105:and produce an
61:The nucleus of
49:
43:
40:
37:
28:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
7286:
7276:
7275:
7258:
7257:
7255:
7254:
7243:
7240:
7239:
7236:
7235:
7232:
7231:
7228:
7227:
7225:
7224:
7219:
7214:
7209:
7200:Wilson–Hubbard
7197:
7192:
7187:
7175:
7174:
7173:
7168:
7163:
7153:
7148:
7143:
7138:
7133:
7128:
7123:
7122:
7121:
7116:
7106:
7101:
7096:
7091:
7086:
7085:
7084:
7079:
7074:
7069:
7067:311P/PanSTARRS
7064:
7059:
7049:
7044:
7039:
7034:
7029:
7028:
7027:
7022:
7012:
7007:
7002:
7001:
7000:
6995:
6985:
6980:
6975:
6974:
6973:
6968:
6963:
6958:
6948:
6947:
6946:
6941:
6931:
6930:
6929:
6924:
6919:
6914:
6904:
6899:
6894:
6893:
6892:
6887:
6882:
6872:
6867:
6862:
6857:
6852:
6847:
6842:
6837:
6836:
6835:
6830:
6820:
6815:
6810:
6805:
6800:
6795:
6790:
6789:
6788:
6783:
6773:
6768:
6763:
6758:
6753:
6748:
6743:
6738:
6733:
6728:
6722:
6720:
6714:
6713:
6711:
6710:
6705:
6700:
6695:
6690:
6685:
6680:
6675:
6670:
6665:
6660:
6655:
6650:
6645:
6640:
6635:
6630:
6625:
6620:
6615:
6610:
6605:
6600:
6595:
6590:
6585:
6580:
6575:
6570:
6565:
6560:
6555:
6550:
6545:
6540:
6535:
6530:
6525:
6520:
6515:
6510:
6505:
6500:
6495:
6490:
6485:
6480:
6475:
6470:
6465:
6460:
6455:
6450:
6445:
6440:
6434:
6432:
6428:
6427:
6425:
6424:
6419:
6414:
6409:
6404:
6399:
6394:
6389:
6384:
6379:
6367:
6362:
6357:
6352:
6347:
6342:
6337:
6325:
6320:
6315:
6310:
6305:
6300:
6295:
6290:
6285:
6280:
6275:
6270:
6265:
6260:
6255:
6250:
6245:
6240:
6235:
6230:
6225:
6220:
6215:
6210:
6205:
6200:
6195:
6190:
6185:
6180:
6175:
6170:
6164:
6159:
6154:
6149:
6144:
6139:
6134:
6128:
6126:
6119:
6113:Near-Parabolic
6109:
6108:
6105:
6104:
6102:
6101:
6095:
6089:
6083:
6077:
6071:
6065:
6059:
6053:
6046:
6044:
6036:
6035:
6032:
6031:
6029:
6028:
6023:
6018:
6013:
6008:
6003:
5998:
5993:
5988:
5982:
5980:
5976:
5975:
5973:
5972:
5967:
5961:
5959:
5955:
5954:
5952:
5951:
5946:
5941:
5936:
5931:
5929:205P/Giacobini
5926:
5921:
5916:
5911:
5906:
5901:
5896:
5891:
5886:
5881:
5876:
5871:
5866:
5861:
5856:
5851:
5845:
5843:
5836:
5830:
5829:
5827:
5826:
5821:
5816:
5814:358P/PANSTARRS
5811:
5806:
5801:
5796:
5794:311P/PanSTARRS
5791:
5786:
5781:
5775:
5772:60558 Echeclus
5769:
5764:
5759:
5754:
5748:
5742:
5736:
5730:
5728:
5720:
5719:
5717:
5716:
5714:460P/PanSTARRS
5711:
5706:
5701:
5696:
5691:
5686:
5681:
5679:311P/PanSTARRS
5676:
5671:
5666:
5661:
5656:
5651:
5646:
5641:
5636:
5634:205P/Giacobini
5631:
5626:
5621:
5616:
5611:
5606:
5601:
5596:
5591:
5586:
5581:
5576:
5571:
5566:
5561:
5556:
5551:
5546:
5541:
5536:
5531:
5525:
5523:
5517:
5516:
5514:
5513:
5508:
5503:
5498:
5493:
5488:
5483:
5478:
5473:
5468:
5463:
5458:
5453:
5448:
5443:
5438:
5433:
5428:
5423:
5418:
5413:
5408:
5403:
5398:
5393:
5388:
5383:
5378:
5373:
5368:
5363:
5358:
5353:
5348:
5343:
5341:51P/Harrington
5338:
5333:
5328:
5323:
5318:
5313:
5308:
5303:
5298:
5293:
5288:
5283:
5278:
5273:
5268:
5263:
5258:
5253:
5248:
5246:32P/Comas Solà
5243:
5238:
5233:
5228:
5223:
5218:
5213:
5208:
5206:24P/Schaumasse
5203:
5198:
5193:
5188:
5183:
5178:
5173:
5168:
5163:
5158:
5153:
5148:
5143:
5138:
5133:
5128:
5123:
5118:
5113:
5108:
5103:
5098:
5093:
5087:
5085:
5076:
5064:
5063:
5046:
5045:
5042:
5041:
5039:
5038:
5036:Comet vintages
5033:
5028:
5022:
5020:
5014:
5013:
5011:
5010:
5005:
5000:
4995:
4991:
4986:
4981:
4976:
4971:
4966:
4961:
4956:
4951:
4946:
4941:
4936:
4931:
4926:
4921:
4916:
4911:
4906:
4901:
4896:
4891:
4886:
4881:
4876:
4870:
4868:
4864:
4863:
4861:
4860:
4855:
4849:
4847:
4843:
4842:
4840:
4839:
4834:
4829:
4824:
4819:
4818:
4817:
4807:
4802:
4797:
4791:
4789:
4785:
4784:
4782:
4781:
4776:
4771:
4766:
4756:
4751:
4750:
4749:
4744:
4739:
4737:Near-parabolic
4729:
4728:
4727:
4722:
4717:
4715:Jupiter-family
4712:
4707:
4702:
4697:
4686:
4684:
4678:
4677:
4664:
4662:
4660:
4659:
4654:
4649:
4644:
4639:
4634:
4628:
4626:
4618:
4617:
4610:
4609:
4602:
4595:
4587:
4581:
4580:
4567:
4562:
4556:
4548:
4547:External links
4545:
4543:
4542:
4499:
4486:
4458:
4421:(1): 101–114.
4405:
4376:
4357:
4341:"Split Comets"
4331:
4305:
4282:
4259:
4209:
4194:
4141:
4104:: Article 44.
4088:
4066:
4038:
4031:
4013:
3990:
3937:
3907:
3864:
3820:
3794:
3767:
3716:
3663:
3622:
3604:
3544:
3487:
3424:
3389:(1): 1202–10.
3366:
3348:
3325:
3302:
3276:
3250:
3207:
3172:
3132:
3110:
3067:
3054:10.1086/375752
3039:(1): 444–451.
3016:
2991:
2951:
2874:
2814:
2771:
2764:
2738:
2713:
2660:
2634:
2615:(2): 290–306.
2599:
2540:
2518:
2477:Choukroun, M;
2469:
2448:(3): 3326–40.
2425:
2381:
2329:
2288:
2231:
2172:
2157:
2122:
2079:
2060:
2045:
2034:978-9813222571
2033:
2012:
1963:
1920:
1893:
1858:
1851:978-9813222571
1850:
1832:
1814:
1796:
1773:
1767:10.1086/145416
1732:
1727:10.1086/145272
1697:
1690:
1672:
1665:
1647:
1606:
1565:
1559:978-9813222571
1558:
1540:
1488:
1466:
1435:
1370:
1339:
1303:
1277:
1248:
1216:
1214:
1211:
1210:
1209:
1204:
1199:
1192:
1189:
1188:
1187:
1181:
1175:
1170:
1165:
1160:
1154:
1149:
1147:Halley's Comet
1138:
1137:
1126:
1117:
1108:
1099:
1092:
1082:
1081:
1072:
1063:
1054:
1045:
1036:
1015:carbon dioxide
936:
933:
921:Extinct comets
897:Comet Halley's
888:
885:
852:
849:
792:
789:
784:
781:
731:Halley's Comet
725:
724:
705:
703:
696:
690:
687:
684:
683:
670:
667:
664:
658:
657:
650:
647:
644:
638:
637:
630:
627:
624:
618:
617:
610:
607:
604:
598:
597:
590:
587:
584:
582:Halley's Comet
578:
577:
570:
562:
557:
526:10199 Chariklo
481:Halley's comet
407:
404:
396:scattered disk
364:Main article:
361:
358:
320:
317:
299:
298:"Icy dirtball"
296:
266:
263:
249:
246:
232:
229:
185:carbon dioxide
79:dirty snowball
63:Comet Tempel 1
51:
50:
31:
29:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7285:
7274:
7271:
7270:
7268:
7253:
7245:
7244:
7241:
7223:
7220:
7218:
7215:
7213:
7210:
7206:
7201:
7198:
7196:
7193:
7191:
7188:
7184:
7179:
7176:
7172:
7169:
7167:
7164:
7162:
7159:
7158:
7157:
7154:
7152:
7149:
7147:
7144:
7142:
7139:
7137:
7134:
7132:
7129:
7127:
7124:
7120:
7117:
7115:
7112:
7111:
7110:
7109:Siding Spring
7107:
7105:
7102:
7100:
7097:
7095:
7092:
7090:
7087:
7083:
7080:
7078:
7075:
7073:
7070:
7068:
7065:
7063:
7060:
7058:
7055:
7054:
7053:
7050:
7048:
7045:
7043:
7040:
7038:
7035:
7033:
7030:
7026:
7023:
7021:
7018:
7017:
7016:
7013:
7011:
7008:
7006:
7003:
6999:
6996:
6994:
6991:
6990:
6989:
6986:
6984:
6981:
6979:
6976:
6972:
6969:
6967:
6964:
6962:
6959:
6957:
6954:
6953:
6952:
6949:
6945:
6942:
6940:
6937:
6936:
6935:
6932:
6928:
6925:
6923:
6920:
6918:
6915:
6913:
6910:
6909:
6908:
6905:
6903:
6900:
6898:
6895:
6891:
6888:
6886:
6883:
6881:
6878:
6877:
6876:
6873:
6871:
6868:
6866:
6863:
6861:
6858:
6856:
6853:
6851:
6848:
6846:
6843:
6841:
6838:
6834:
6831:
6829:
6826:
6825:
6824:
6821:
6819:
6816:
6814:
6811:
6809:
6806:
6804:
6801:
6799:
6796:
6794:
6791:
6787:
6784:
6782:
6779:
6778:
6777:
6774:
6772:
6769:
6767:
6764:
6762:
6759:
6757:
6754:
6752:
6749:
6747:
6744:
6742:
6739:
6737:
6734:
6732:
6729:
6727:
6724:
6723:
6721:
6715:
6709:
6706:
6704:
6701:
6699:
6696:
6694:
6691:
6689:
6686:
6684:
6681:
6679:
6676:
6674:
6671:
6669:
6666:
6664:
6661:
6659:
6656:
6654:
6651:
6649:
6646:
6644:
6641:
6639:
6636:
6634:
6631:
6629:
6626:
6624:
6621:
6619:
6616:
6614:
6611:
6609:
6606:
6604:
6601:
6599:
6596:
6594:
6591:
6589:
6586:
6584:
6581:
6579:
6576:
6574:
6571:
6569:
6566:
6564:
6561:
6559:
6556:
6554:
6551:
6549:
6546:
6544:
6541:
6539:
6536:
6534:
6531:
6529:
6526:
6524:
6521:
6519:
6516:
6514:
6511:
6509:
6506:
6504:
6501:
6499:
6496:
6494:
6491:
6489:
6486:
6484:
6481:
6479:
6476:
6474:
6471:
6469:
6466:
6464:
6461:
6459:
6456:
6454:
6451:
6449:
6446:
6444:
6441:
6439:
6436:
6435:
6433:
6429:
6423:
6420:
6418:
6415:
6413:
6410:
6408:
6405:
6403:
6400:
6398:
6395:
6393:
6390:
6388:
6385:
6383:
6380:
6376:
6371:
6368:
6366:
6363:
6361:
6358:
6356:
6353:
6351:
6348:
6346:
6343:
6341:
6338:
6334:
6329:
6326:
6324:
6321:
6319:
6316:
6314:
6311:
6309:
6306:
6304:
6301:
6299:
6296:
6294:
6291:
6289:
6286:
6284:
6281:
6279:
6276:
6274:
6271:
6269:
6266:
6264:
6261:
6259:
6256:
6254:
6251:
6249:
6246:
6244:
6241:
6239:
6236:
6234:
6231:
6229:
6226:
6224:
6221:
6219:
6216:
6214:
6211:
6209:
6206:
6204:
6201:
6199:
6196:
6194:
6191:
6189:
6186:
6184:
6181:
6179:
6176:
6174:
6171:
6168:
6165:
6163:
6160:
6158:
6155:
6153:
6150:
6148:
6145:
6143:
6140:
6138:
6135:
6133:
6130:
6129:
6127:
6123:
6120:
6118:
6110:
6099:
6096:
6093:
6090:
6087:
6084:
6081:
6078:
6075:
6072:
6069:
6066:
6063:
6060:
6057:
6054:
6051:
6048:
6047:
6045:
6043:
6037:
6027:
6024:
6022:
6019:
6017:
6014:
6012:
6009:
6007:
6004:
6002:
5999:
5997:
5994:
5992:
5989:
5987:
5984:
5983:
5981:
5977:
5971:
5968:
5966:
5963:
5962:
5960:
5956:
5950:
5949:289P/Blanpain
5947:
5945:
5942:
5940:
5937:
5935:
5932:
5930:
5927:
5925:
5922:
5920:
5917:
5915:
5912:
5910:
5909:113P/Spitaler
5907:
5905:
5902:
5900:
5897:
5895:
5892:
5890:
5887:
5885:
5882:
5880:
5877:
5875:
5872:
5870:
5867:
5865:
5864:27P/Crommelin
5862:
5860:
5857:
5855:
5852:
5850:
5847:
5846:
5844:
5840:
5837:
5835:
5831:
5825:
5822:
5820:
5817:
5815:
5812:
5810:
5807:
5805:
5802:
5800:
5799:324P/La Sagra
5797:
5795:
5792:
5790:
5787:
5785:
5782:
5779:
5778:118401 LINEAR
5776:
5773:
5770:
5768:
5765:
5763:
5760:
5758:
5755:
5752:
5749:
5746:
5743:
5740:
5737:
5735:
5732:
5731:
5729:
5727:
5721:
5715:
5712:
5710:
5707:
5705:
5702:
5700:
5697:
5695:
5692:
5690:
5687:
5685:
5682:
5680:
5677:
5675:
5674:289P/Blanpain
5672:
5670:
5667:
5665:
5662:
5660:
5657:
5655:
5652:
5650:
5647:
5645:
5642:
5640:
5637:
5635:
5632:
5630:
5629:178P/Hug–Bell
5627:
5625:
5622:
5620:
5617:
5615:
5612:
5610:
5607:
5605:
5602:
5600:
5597:
5595:
5592:
5590:
5587:
5585:
5582:
5580:
5579:141P/Machholz
5577:
5575:
5572:
5570:
5567:
5565:
5562:
5560:
5557:
5555:
5552:
5550:
5547:
5545:
5542:
5540:
5537:
5535:
5532:
5530:
5527:
5526:
5524:
5518:
5512:
5509:
5507:
5504:
5502:
5499:
5497:
5494:
5492:
5489:
5487:
5484:
5482:
5479:
5477:
5474:
5472:
5469:
5467:
5464:
5462:
5459:
5457:
5454:
5452:
5449:
5447:
5444:
5442:
5439:
5437:
5434:
5432:
5429:
5427:
5424:
5422:
5419:
5417:
5414:
5412:
5409:
5407:
5404:
5402:
5399:
5397:
5394:
5392:
5389:
5387:
5384:
5382:
5379:
5377:
5374:
5372:
5369:
5367:
5364:
5362:
5359:
5357:
5354:
5352:
5349:
5347:
5344:
5342:
5339:
5337:
5334:
5332:
5329:
5327:
5324:
5322:
5319:
5317:
5314:
5312:
5309:
5307:
5304:
5302:
5299:
5297:
5294:
5292:
5289:
5287:
5284:
5282:
5279:
5277:
5274:
5272:
5269:
5267:
5264:
5262:
5259:
5257:
5254:
5252:
5249:
5247:
5244:
5242:
5239:
5237:
5234:
5232:
5229:
5227:
5224:
5222:
5221:27P/Crommelin
5219:
5217:
5214:
5212:
5209:
5207:
5204:
5202:
5199:
5197:
5194:
5192:
5189:
5187:
5184:
5182:
5179:
5177:
5174:
5172:
5169:
5167:
5164:
5162:
5159:
5157:
5154:
5152:
5149:
5147:
5144:
5142:
5139:
5137:
5134:
5132:
5129:
5127:
5124:
5122:
5119:
5117:
5114:
5112:
5109:
5107:
5104:
5102:
5099:
5097:
5094:
5092:
5089:
5088:
5086:
5080:
5077:
5075:
5069:
5065:
5060:
5056:
5051:
5047:
5037:
5034:
5032:
5029:
5027:
5024:
5023:
5021:
5015:
5009:
5006:
5004:
5001:
4999:
4992:
4990:
4987:
4985:
4982:
4980:
4977:
4975:
4972:
4970:
4967:
4965:
4962:
4960:
4957:
4955:
4952:
4950:
4947:
4945:
4942:
4940:
4937:
4935:
4932:
4930:
4927:
4925:
4922:
4920:
4917:
4915:
4912:
4910:
4907:
4905:
4902:
4900:
4897:
4895:
4892:
4890:
4887:
4885:
4882:
4880:
4877:
4875:
4872:
4871:
4869:
4865:
4859:
4856:
4854:
4851:
4850:
4848:
4844:
4838:
4835:
4833:
4830:
4828:
4825:
4823:
4820:
4816:
4813:
4812:
4811:
4808:
4806:
4803:
4801:
4798:
4796:
4793:
4792:
4790:
4786:
4780:
4777:
4775:
4772:
4770:
4767:
4764:
4760:
4757:
4755:
4752:
4748:
4747:Unknown-orbit
4745:
4743:
4740:
4738:
4735:
4734:
4733:
4730:
4726:
4723:
4721:
4718:
4716:
4713:
4711:
4708:
4706:
4703:
4701:
4698:
4696:
4693:
4692:
4691:
4688:
4687:
4685:
4683:
4679:
4674:
4668:
4658:
4657:Meteor shower
4655:
4653:
4650:
4648:
4645:
4643:
4640:
4638:
4635:
4633:
4630:
4629:
4627:
4623:
4619:
4615:
4608:
4603:
4601:
4596:
4594:
4589:
4588:
4585:
4578:
4574:
4571:
4568:
4566:
4563:
4560:
4557:
4554:
4551:
4550:
4538:
4534:
4530:
4526:
4522:
4518:
4514:
4510:
4503:
4496:
4490:
4482:
4478:
4471:
4469:
4467:
4465:
4463:
4454:
4450:
4446:
4442:
4438:
4434:
4429:
4424:
4420:
4416:
4409:
4393:
4389:
4383:
4381:
4372:
4368:
4361:
4342:
4335:
4320:
4316:
4309:
4293:
4286:
4270:
4263:
4254:
4250:
4245:
4240:
4236:
4232:
4228:
4224:
4220:
4213:
4205:
4198:
4190:
4186:
4182:
4178:
4174:
4170:
4165:
4160:
4156:
4152:
4145:
4137:
4133:
4129:
4125:
4121:
4117:
4112:
4107:
4103:
4099:
4092:
4076:
4070:
4055:
4054:
4049:
4042:
4034:
4032:981-02-2632-2
4028:
4024:
4017:
4001:
3994:
3986:
3982:
3978:
3974:
3970:
3966:
3962:
3958:
3954:
3950:
3949:
3941:
3925:
3921:
3914:
3912:
3903:
3899:
3895:
3891:
3887:
3883:
3879:
3875:
3868:
3860:
3856:
3852:
3848:
3844:
3840:
3836:
3832:
3824:
3809:
3805:
3798:
3782:
3778:
3771:
3763:
3759:
3754:
3749:
3744:
3739:
3735:
3731:
3727:
3720:
3713:
3709:
3705:
3701:
3697:
3693:
3689:
3685:
3681:
3674:
3667:
3658:
3653:
3649:
3645:
3641:
3637:
3633:
3626:
3619:
3615:
3608:
3601:
3597:
3593:
3588:
3583:
3579:
3575:
3571:
3567:
3563:
3559:
3555:
3548:
3541:
3540:compositions.
3536:
3532:
3527:
3522:
3518:
3514:
3510:
3506:
3502:
3498:
3491:
3484:
3480:
3476:
3472:
3468:
3463:
3458:
3454:
3450:
3446:
3442:
3438:
3434:
3428:
3421:
3415:
3410:
3406:
3402:
3397:
3392:
3388:
3384:
3380:
3373:
3371:
3363:
3359:
3352:
3336:
3329:
3313:
3306:
3290:
3286:
3280:
3264:
3260:
3254:
3246:
3242:
3238:
3234:
3230:
3226:
3222:
3218:
3211:
3204:
3198:
3192:
3186:
3182:
3176:
3157:
3150:
3143:
3141:
3139:
3137:
3120:
3114:
3106:
3102:
3098:
3094:
3090:
3086:
3082:
3078:
3071:
3055:
3050:
3046:
3042:
3038:
3034:
3030:
3023:
3021:
3004:
2998:
2996:
2979:
2975:
2968:
2966:
2964:
2962:
2960:
2958:
2956:
2947:
2943:
2939:
2935:
2930:
2925:
2920:
2915:
2911:
2907:
2902:
2897:
2893:
2889:
2885:
2878:
2869:
2865:
2860:
2855:
2850:
2845:
2841:
2837:
2833:
2829:
2825:
2818:
2810:
2806:
2802:
2798:
2794:
2790:
2786:
2782:
2775:
2767:
2761:
2757:
2753:
2749:
2742:
2727:
2723:
2717:
2709:
2705:
2701:
2697:
2693:
2689:
2685:
2681:
2677:
2673:
2672:
2664:
2649:
2645:
2638:
2630:
2626:
2622:
2618:
2614:
2610:
2603:
2595:
2591:
2587:
2583:
2578:
2573:
2569:
2565:
2561:
2557:
2556:
2551:
2544:
2528:
2522:
2514:
2510:
2505:
2500:
2496:
2492:
2491:Space Sci Rev
2488:
2484:
2480:
2473:
2464:
2459:
2455:
2451:
2447:
2443:
2436:
2429:
2420:
2415:
2411:
2407:
2403:
2399:
2395:
2388:
2386:
2377:
2373:
2369:
2368:11577/3199084
2365:
2360:
2355:
2351:
2347:
2340:
2333:
2324:
2319:
2315:
2311:
2307:
2303:
2299:
2292:
2284:
2280:
2276:
2272:
2267:
2262:
2258:
2254:
2250:
2246:
2242:
2235:
2227:
2223:
2218:
2213:
2209:
2205:
2200:
2195:
2191:
2187:
2183:
2176:
2168:
2161:
2153:
2149:
2145:
2141:
2138:(2): 243–49.
2137:
2133:
2126:
2118:
2114:
2110:
2106:
2102:
2098:
2094:
2090:
2083:
2075:
2071:
2064:
2056:
2049:
2042:
2041:dust mantling
2036:
2030:
2026:
2019:
2017:
2008:
2004:
1999:
1994:
1990:
1986:
1983:(6068): 385.
1982:
1978:
1974:
1967:
1959:
1955:
1951:
1947:
1943:
1939:
1936:(6015): 122.
1935:
1931:
1924:
1916:
1912:
1908:
1904:
1897:
1889:
1885:
1881:
1877:
1874:(3): 377–08.
1873:
1869:
1862:
1853:
1847:
1843:
1836:
1828:
1821:
1819:
1810:
1803:
1801:
1792:
1788:
1784:
1777:
1768:
1763:
1759:
1755:
1751:
1747:
1743:
1736:
1728:
1724:
1720:
1716:
1712:
1708:
1701:
1693:
1691:0-08-034859-9
1687:
1683:
1676:
1668:
1666:9781107615618
1662:
1658:
1651:
1642:
1637:
1633:
1629:
1626:(3): 268–77.
1625:
1621:
1617:
1610:
1601:
1596:
1592:
1588:
1585:(6): 465–75.
1584:
1580:
1576:
1569:
1561:
1555:
1551:
1544:
1536:
1532:
1527:
1522:
1518:
1514:
1511:(6247): 493.
1510:
1506:
1505:
1500:
1492:
1476:
1470:
1454:
1450:
1446:
1439:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1406:
1401:
1397:
1393:
1392:
1384:
1377:
1375:
1359:
1358:
1353:
1346:
1344:
1335:
1331:
1327:
1323:
1319:
1318:
1310:
1308:
1291:
1284:
1282:
1265:
1261:
1255:
1253:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1221:
1217:
1208:
1205:
1203:
1200:
1198:
1195:
1194:
1185:
1182:
1179:
1176:
1174:
1171:
1169:
1166:
1164:
1161:
1158:
1155:
1153:
1150:
1148:
1145:
1144:
1143:
1135:
1130:
1127:
1121:
1118:
1112:
1109:
1103:
1100:
1093:
1087:
1084:
1083:
1077:
1073:
1068:
1064:
1059:
1055:
1050:
1046:
1041:
1037:
1032:
1028:
1027:
1022:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1004:
1000:
997:
993:
989:
985:
981:
977:
976:planetesimals
973:
969:
968:
963:
962:
956:
954:
948:
946:
942:
932:
930:
926:
922:
918:
913:
911:
906:
902:
898:
894:
884:
881:
877:
872:
870:
866:
863:in 1992, and
862:
858:
848:
846:
842:
838:
834:
830:
821:
817:
814:
806:
802:
797:
788:
780:
778:
774:
770:
768:
763:
759:
754:
752:
748:
743:
738:
736:
732:
721:
709:
704:
695:
694:
671:
668:
665:
663:
660:
659:
651:
648:
645:
643:
640:
639:
631:
628:
625:
623:
620:
619:
611:
608:
605:
603:
600:
599:
591:
588:
585:
583:
580:
579:
576:
571:
568:
563:
558:
555:
554:
551:
549:
544:
541:
531:
527:
523:
518:
516:
511:
509:
500:
496:
493:
489:
484:
482:
477:
475:
471:
467:
463:
459:
458:Comet of 1729
455:
451:
447:
438:
431:
427:
424:
420:
417:
412:
403:
401:
397:
393:
388:
386:
377:
372:
367:
357:
355:
351:
347:
344:Manx comets,
342:
339:
336:
333:
331:
327:
319:Modern theory
316:
312:
310:
309:dust mantling
306:
295:
293:
289:
284:
280:
276:
272:
262:
260:
256:
245:
242:
238:
228:
226:
222:
218:
214:
210:
206:
203:
199:
196:
195:
190:
186:
182:
178:
174:
170:
167:
163:
159:
155:
151:
147:
146:planetesimals
143:
139:
138:
133:
132:
126:
124:
120:
116:
112:
108:
104:
100:
96:
93:, and frozen
92:
88:
84:
80:
76:
72:
64:
59:
55:
47:
35:
30:
21:
20:
6939:C/2001 OG108
6731:Arend–Roland
6092:103P/Hartley
6082:(2005, 2011)
6068:19P/Borrelly
6016:75D/Kohoutek
6001:20D/Westphal
5924:177P/Barnard
5919:157P/Tritton
5914:122P/de Vico
5789:259P/Garradd
5624:177P/Barnard
5584:144P/Kushida
5569:122P/de Vico
5559:108P/Ciffréo
5549:103P/Hartley
5539:96P/Machholz
5471:77P/Longmore
5461:75D/Kohoutek
5316:46P/Wirtanen
5306:44P/Reinmuth
5236:30P/Reinmuth
5186:20D/Westphal
5181:19P/Borrelly
4779:Interstellar
4732:Non-periodic
4631:
4512:
4508:
4502:
4489:
4480:
4418:
4414:
4408:
4396:. Retrieved
4391:
4371:the original
4360:
4348:. Retrieved
4334:
4322:. Retrieved
4318:
4308:
4296:. Retrieved
4285:
4273:. Retrieved
4262:
4226:
4222:
4212:
4203:
4197:
4154:
4150:
4144:
4101:
4097:
4091:
4079:. Retrieved
4069:
4057:. Retrieved
4051:
4041:
4022:
4016:
4004:. Retrieved
3993:
3952:
3946:
3940:
3928:. Retrieved
3924:the original
3877:
3873:
3867:
3834:
3830:
3823:
3811:. Retrieved
3797:
3785:. Retrieved
3780:
3770:
3733:
3729:
3719:
3711:
3683:
3679:
3666:
3639:
3635:
3625:
3617:
3613:
3607:
3599:
3561:
3557:
3547:
3538:
3508:
3504:
3490:
3482:
3444:
3440:
3427:
3418:
3386:
3382:
3361:
3357:
3351:
3339:. Retrieved
3328:
3316:. Retrieved
3305:
3293:. Retrieved
3289:the original
3279:
3267:. Retrieved
3263:the original
3253:
3220:
3216:
3210:
3175:
3163:. Retrieved
3156:the original
3123:. Retrieved
3113:
3080:
3076:
3070:
3058:. Retrieved
3036:
3032:
3007:. Retrieved
2982:. Retrieved
2978:the original
2891:
2887:
2877:
2831:
2827:
2817:
2784:
2780:
2774:
2751:
2741:
2729:. Retrieved
2725:
2716:
2675:
2669:
2663:
2651:. Retrieved
2647:
2637:
2612:
2608:
2602:
2559:
2553:
2543:
2531:. Retrieved
2521:
2494:
2490:
2472:
2445:
2441:
2428:
2401:
2397:
2349:
2345:
2332:
2305:
2301:
2291:
2248:
2244:
2234:
2189:
2185:
2175:
2166:
2160:
2135:
2131:
2125:
2092:
2088:
2082:
2073:
2069:
2063:
2054:
2048:
2040:
2024:
1980:
1976:
1966:
1933:
1929:
1923:
1906:
1902:
1896:
1871:
1867:
1861:
1841:
1835:
1826:
1808:
1782:
1776:
1749:
1745:
1735:
1710:
1706:
1700:
1681:
1675:
1656:
1650:
1623:
1619:
1609:
1582:
1578:
1568:
1549:
1543:
1508:
1502:
1491:
1479:. Retrieved
1469:
1457:. Retrieved
1453:the original
1448:
1438:
1395:
1389:
1361:. Retrieved
1355:
1315:
1294:. Retrieved
1268:. Retrieved
1239:. Retrieved
1235:the original
1230:
1220:
1173:103P/Hartley
1163:19P/Borrelly
1141:
1106:Deep Space 1
983:
966:
960:
957:
949:
938:
925:14827 Hypnos
914:
901:Deep Space 1
890:
873:
854:
844:
840:
837:rubble piles
828:
826:
810:
804:
786:
766:
755:
739:
728:
715:
707:
622:19P/Borrelly
545:
520:The largest
519:
512:
505:
488:Deep Space 1
485:
478:
443:
416:dwarf planet
389:
381:
376:Helix Nebula
343:
340:
337:
334:
322:
313:
308:
301:
279:"the aether"
268:
258:
251:
234:
192:
153:
136:
130:
127:
101:, the gases
83:icy dirtball
82:
78:
70:
68:
54:
41:
33:
7203: [
7181: [
7077:C/2015 ER61
6786:C/2013 US10
6373: [
6331: [
6026:85D/Boethin
6021:83D/Russell
6006:25D/Neujmin
5809:354P/LINEAR
5767:167P/CINEOS
5757:165P/LINEAR
5739:2060 Chiron
5734:596 Scheila
5704:354P/LINEAR
5699:333P/LINEAR
5659:252P/LINEAR
5654:249P/LINEAR
5639:209P/LINEAR
5534:92P/Sanguin
5511:85D/Boethin
5501:83D/Russell
5496:82P/Gehrels
5476:78P/Gehrels
5426:68P/Klemola
5416:66P/du Toit
5326:48P/Johnson
5296:42P/Neujmin
5286:40P/Väisälä
5266:36P/Whipple
5226:28P/Neujmin
5211:25D/Neujmin
5116:6P/d'Arrest
5019:speculation
5017:Culture and
4846:Exploration
4754:Great Comet
4710:Halley-type
4705:Long period
4515:: 338–341.
4006:18 December
3813:10 December
3787:14 December
3781:Excite News
3318:16 November
3295:20 November
3269:15 December
3185:rubble pile
3165:14 December
3125:20 November
3083:(1): 3–25.
3060:14 December
3009:14 December
2984:20 November
2192:(1): 1202.
1270:22 February
1124:Deep Impact
1090:Deep Impact
876:42P/Neujmin
758:water vapor
742:selects for
689:Composition
646:5.5×4.0×3.3
530:2060 Chiron
474:28P/Neujmin
354:bright line
7151:Stonehouse
7104:Seki–Lines
7052:Pan-STARRS
7042:Oukaimeden
6917:C/2000 WM1
6840:Ikeya-Seki
6717:After 1910
6673:2I/Borisov
6431:After 1990
6125:Until 1990
6042:spacecraft
6040:Visited by
5991:5D/Brorsen
5884:69P/Taylor
5859:17P/Holmes
5854:15P/Finlay
5804:331P/Gibbs
5724:Comet-like
5529:88P/Howell
5520:After 1985
5506:84P/Giclas
5436:70P/Kojima
5431:69P/Taylor
5281:39P/Oterma
5271:37P/Forbes
5251:33P/Daniel
5171:17P/Holmes
5166:16P/Brooks
5161:15P/Finlay
5151:13P/Olbers
5136:10P/Tempel
5111:5D/Brorsen
5082:Until 1985
4944:2I/Borisov
4827:Oort cloud
4759:Sungrazing
4742:Hyperbolic
4720:Encke-type
4652:Comet dust
4350:25 October
4298:25 October
4275:25 October
4271:. JPL/NASA
4164:1611.02604
4111:1505.07021
4081:22 January
4059:22 January
3930:14 January
3743:1601.05726
3642:: S45-49.
3497:Altwegg, K
3396:1811.09397
2901:2002.09008
2894:(4): 179.
2787:: 191–69.
2731:16 January
2479:Altwegg, K
2308:: S45-49.
2199:1811.09397
2095:(1): 237.
2039:"the term
1752:: 464–74.
1713:: 375–94.
1405:1506.01203
1241:26 October
1213:References
1005:, and not
910:outgassing
807:spacecraft
586:15 × 8 × 8
559:Dimensions
450:95P/Chiron
432:for scale.
392:Oort cloud
346:Damocloids
283:meteoroids
275:determined
198:spacecraft
175:, and not
119:solar wind
107:atmosphere
7217:Zhu–Balam
7171:C/2020 F8
7166:C/2012 E2
7161:C/2006 M4
7119:C/2013 A1
7114:C/2007 Q3
7094:Pojmański
7082:C/2017 K2
7072:C/2014 Q1
7062:C/2012 K1
7057:C/2011 L4
7047:ʻOumuamua
7037:Nishimura
7025:C/2002 V1
7020:C/2001 Q4
6998:C/2009 R1
6993:C/2006 P1
6971:C/2014 Q2
6966:C/2013 R1
6961:C/2011 W3
6956:C/2007 E2
6944:C/2007 F1
6927:C/2002 T7
6922:C/2001 A2
6912:C/1999 S4
6890:C/2019 U6
6885:C/2018 C2
6880:C/2012 F6
6833:C/1964 N1
6828:C/1963 A1
6818:Hyakutake
6808:Hale-Bopp
6781:C/1999 F1
6766:Bradfield
6741:Beljawsky
6719:(by name)
6162:C/1652 Y1
6117:(notable)
6086:C/2006 P1
6080:9P/Tempel
6056:1P/Halley
5979:Not found
5958:Destroyed
5842:Recovered
5784:238P/Read
5762:166P/NEAT
5726:asteroids
5689:323P/SOHO
5684:322P/SOHO
5664:255P/Levy
5649:246P/NEAT
5644:238P/Read
5619:169P/NEAT
5574:126P/IRAS
5522:(notable)
5441:71P/Clark
5336:50P/Arend
5196:22P/Kopff
5131:9P/Tempel
5126:8P/Tuttle
5091:1P/Halley
4994:C/2014 UN
4964:C/2017 U7
4725:Main-belt
4537:122092751
4253:213437916
4189:119347364
4157:: A# 61.
4136:118394879
3902:186245081
3859:122405233
3762:119208933
3708:127214832
3511:(1): 36.
3341:21 August
3105:189899565
2946:211252398
2809:123931232
2653:8 January
2648:Space.com
2533:8 January
2513:216338717
2376:125072014
2283:206634190
2226:119278016
2167:Comets II
2117:123621097
2076:(1): 852.
1430:119104807
1334:123964604
1231:Space.com
1120:Hartley 2
1009:from the
999:molecules
988:electrons
859:in 1846,
851:Splitting
801:Comet 67P
791:Structure
773:deuterium
718:July 2020
515:P/2007 R5
508:Hale–Bopp
462:Hale–Bopp
400:Main Belt
305:predicted
213:acetamide
179:from the
169:molecules
158:electrons
44:July 2020
7267:Category
7252:Category
7141:Southern
6988:McNaught
6983:Machholz
6870:Kohoutek
6776:Catalina
6751:Boattini
6074:81P/Wild
6011:34D/Gale
5965:3D/Biela
5491:81P/Wild
5411:65P/Gunn
5401:63P/Wild
5256:34D/Gale
5156:14P/Wolf
5101:3D/Biela
5096:2P/Encke
5072:Periodic
4837:Asteroid
4774:Exocomet
4695:Numbered
4690:Periodic
4647:Antitail
4625:Features
4453:14026673
4324:15 March
3977:26760209
3736:: A128.
3596:28554980
3564:(2097).
3535:30842688
3471:28554972
3447:(2097).
2938:32255816
2868:28554969
2700:10917522
2594:36638785
2586:26022415
2404:: S2-8.
2275:25613898
2007:46708189
1535:26228139
1296:14 April
1191:See also
1168:81P/Wild
1157:Tempel 1
1115:Stardust
1102:Borrelly
1097:Stardust
1094:Tempel 1
1086:Tempel 1
857:3D/Biela
833:Porosity
783:Organics
777:hydrogen
751:Arrokoth
642:81P/Wild
602:Tempel 1
522:centaurs
492:Borrelly
237:resolved
231:Paradigm
7212:Yi–SWAN
7089:Pereyra
7032:NEOWISE
6951:Lovejoy
6897:Leonard
6865:Johnson
6860:Jacques
6855:Iwamoto
6813:Humason
6798:Eclipse
6756:Borisov
6746:Bennett
5106:4P/Faye
4805:Centaur
4788:Related
4769:Extinct
4632:Nucleus
4517:Bibcode
4433:Bibcode
4231:Bibcode
4169:Bibcode
4116:Bibcode
3985:4446724
3957:Bibcode
3882:Bibcode
3880:: 336.
3839:Bibcode
3837:: 280.
3688:Bibcode
3644:Bibcode
3587:5454229
3566:Bibcode
3526:6398961
3479:2207751
3449:Bibcode
3420:thought
3401:Bibcode
3245:4335780
3225:Bibcode
3085:Bibcode
3041:Bibcode
2929:7121251
2906:Bibcode
2859:5454221
2836:Bibcode
2789:Bibcode
2756:575–588
2708:4430764
2680:Bibcode
2617:Bibcode
2564:Bibcode
2555:Science
2450:Bibcode
2406:Bibcode
2310:Bibcode
2253:Bibcode
2245:Science
2204:Bibcode
2140:Bibcode
2097:Bibcode
1985:Bibcode
1958:4357619
1938:Bibcode
1909:: 476.
1876:Bibcode
1787:Bibcode
1785:: 174.
1754:Bibcode
1715:Bibcode
1628:Bibcode
1587:Bibcode
1513:Bibcode
1504:Science
1481:30 July
1459:30 July
1410:Bibcode
1134:Rosetta
1007:photons
984:Rosetta
961:Rosetta
874:Comets
869:Ephorus
845:Rosetta
841:Rosetta
805:Rosetta
769:mission
767:Rosetta
708:updated
606:7.6×4.9
564:Density
217:acetone
177:photons
154:Rosetta
131:Rosetta
103:sublime
71:nucleus
34:updated
7273:Comets
6934:LONEOS
6907:LINEAR
6875:Lemmon
6803:Elenin
6771:Brooks
6761:Bowell
6736:Austin
6115:comets
6100:(2014)
6094:(2010)
6088:(2007)
6076:(2004)
6070:(2001)
6064:(1992)
6058:(1986)
6052:(1985)
5780:(176P)
5774:(174P)
5753:(133P)
5747:(107P)
5074:comets
4867:Latest
4815:LINEAR
4763:Kreutz
4614:Comets
4535:
4509:Nature
4451:
4415:Icarus
4251:
4187:
4134:
4029:
3983:
3975:
3948:Nature
3900:
3874:Nature
3857:
3831:Nature
3760:
3706:
3594:
3584:
3533:
3523:
3477:
3469:
3243:
3217:Nature
3103:
2944:
2936:
2926:
2866:
2856:
2807:
2762:
2706:
2698:
2671:Nature
2609:Icarus
2592:
2584:
2511:
2497:: 44.
2374:
2352:: 19.
2281:
2273:
2224:
2115:
2031:
2005:
1977:Nature
1956:
1930:Nature
1903:Icarus
1868:Icarus
1848:
1688:
1663:
1556:
1533:
1428:
1398:: A8.
1363:2 June
1332:
1317:Nature
1111:Wild 2
967:Philae
941:Giotto
893:Giotto
887:Albedo
829:Philae
446:Saturn
430:Phobos
394:, the
360:Origin
348:, and
292:Giotto
288:Vega 2
259:per se
194:Philae
137:Philae
123:albedo
81:or an
7207:]
7185:]
7099:Ryves
7010:Mrkos
6978:Lulin
6823:Ikeya
6377:]
6335:]
5741:(95P)
5084:(all)
4682:Types
4642:Tails
4533:S2CID
4475:esa.
4449:S2CID
4423:arXiv
4398:9 May
4344:(PDF)
4249:S2CID
4185:S2CID
4159:arXiv
4132:S2CID
4106:arXiv
3981:S2CID
3898:S2CID
3855:S2CID
3758:S2CID
3738:arXiv
3704:S2CID
3676:(PDF)
3475:S2CID
3391:arXiv
3241:S2CID
3159:(PDF)
3152:(PDF)
3101:S2CID
2942:S2CID
2896:arXiv
2805:S2CID
2704:S2CID
2590:S2CID
2509:S2CID
2438:(PDF)
2372:S2CID
2342:(PDF)
2279:S2CID
2222:S2CID
2194:arXiv
2113:S2CID
2003:S2CID
1954:S2CID
1426:S2CID
1400:arXiv
1386:(PDF)
1330:S2CID
996:water
760:from
626:8×4×4
426:Mimas
419:Pluto
202:comet
166:water
95:gases
75:comet
7190:West
7156:SWAN
7136:SOHO
7015:NEAT
6902:Levy
6850:ISON
5834:Lost
5709:362P
5059:more
4700:Lost
4637:Coma
4400:2011
4352:2008
4326:2007
4300:2008
4277:2008
4083:2016
4061:2016
4027:ISBN
4008:2014
3973:PMID
3932:2016
3815:2014
3808:NASA
3789:2014
3592:PMID
3531:PMID
3467:PMID
3343:2014
3320:2014
3297:2007
3271:2008
3167:2008
3127:2007
3062:2008
3011:2008
2986:2007
2934:PMID
2864:PMID
2760:ISBN
2733:2016
2696:PMID
2655:2016
2582:PMID
2535:2016
2271:PMID
2029:ISBN
1846:ISBN
1686:ISBN
1661:ISBN
1554:ISBN
1531:PMID
1483:2015
1461:2015
1365:2015
1357:NASA
1298:2015
1272:2009
1243:2008
1019:coma
964:and
927:and
878:and
749:and
677:0.1)
673:(1.0
609:0.62
572:Mass
556:Name
448:are
428:and
421:and
406:Size
374:The
328:and
290:and
223:and
189:coma
134:and
117:and
111:coma
91:dust
87:rock
69:The
7222:ZTF
4996:271
4577:ESA
4525:doi
4513:321
4441:doi
4419:183
4239:doi
4227:216
4177:doi
4155:597
4124:doi
4102:583
3965:doi
3953:529
3890:doi
3878:321
3847:doi
3835:321
3748:doi
3734:587
3696:doi
3684:215
3652:doi
3640:469
3582:PMC
3574:doi
3562:375
3521:PMC
3513:doi
3509:214
3457:doi
3445:375
3409:doi
3387:483
3233:doi
3221:331
3093:doi
3049:doi
3037:126
2924:PMC
2914:doi
2892:159
2854:PMC
2844:doi
2832:375
2797:doi
2785:197
2688:doi
2676:406
2625:doi
2613:127
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2560:348
2499:doi
2495:216
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2306:469
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2190:483
2148:doi
2105:doi
2093:138
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1993:doi
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1946:doi
1934:315
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1636:doi
1624:111
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1396:583
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