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process. The transitional object is often the first "not me" possession that really belongs to the child. This could be a real object like a blanket or a teddy bear, but other "objects", such as a melody or a word, can fulfill this role as well. This object represents all components of "mothering", and it means that the child itself is able to create what it needs as well. It enables the child to have a fantasized bond with the mother when she gradually separates for increasingly longer periods of time. The transitional object is important at the time of going to sleep and as a defense against anxiety. In a study conducted in Brazil, children who used transitional objects were able to calm down and go to sleep more easily than children who did not use transitional objects.
352:
Western countries object attachments were indeed found to be common, with rates reaching as high as 60%. In a study conducted by
Michael Hong, it was found that around 50% of American children and only around 20% of Korean children developed an attachment to a blanket or an equivalent type of primary transitional objects. A similar study by Renata Gaddini found that around 30% of urban Italian children and only 5% of rural Italian children developed attachments to comfort objects. The interpretation of multiple studies suggests that child-rearing practices influence both the incidence of infants' attachment to inanimate objects and perhaps the choice of attachment objects.
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331:. These objects can include photographs, memorabilia, music records, and even artwork made with family members. With the increase in movement away from home, and sometimes constant movement from one place to another for job opportunities or immigration, it is very common for people to carry these items with them. People may look to these objects for emotional support during transitional periods, such as assimilating to a new area, or when experiencing
1387:
25:
170:, which constitutes the child's awareness of separateness between itself and desired objects. While the subjective omnipotence experience is one in which the child feels that its desires create satisfaction, the objective reality experience is one in which the child independently seeks out objects of desire.
423:
article, writer "Bev" wrote about her daughter: "Security blanket. My younger child is one year old. When she finds a fuzzy blanket or a fleecy coat, she presses her cheek against it and sucks her thumb." Since 1920, blankets which clipped onto sleeping infants to prevent them from rolling out of bed
182:
with it. The mother cannot always be there to "bring the world" to the baby, a realization which has a powerful, somewhat painful, but ultimately constructive impact on the child. Through fantasizing about the object of its wishes the child will find comfort. A transitional object can be used in this
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behavior toward inanimate objects differs depending on the culture in which the infant was raised. It is suggested that infants' attachment to inanimate objects would be less frequent in societies in which in an infant may spend most of the day in close contact with their mother. In particular, in
161:
When the young child begins to separate the "me" from the "not-me" and evolves from complete dependence to a stage of relative independence, it uses transitional objects. Infants see themselves and the mother as a whole. In this phase the mother "brings the world" to the infant without delay which
210:
by
Richard H. Passman and his associates. Among other findings, they showed that security blankets are appropriately named – they actually do give security to those children attached to them. Along with other positive benefits, having a security blanket available can help children adapt to new
186:
In a later stage of the development, the child no longer needs the transitional object. It is able to make a distinction between "me" and "not-me", keeping inside and outside apart and yet interrelated. This development leads to the use of illusion, symbols and objects later on in life.
173:
Later on the child comes to realize that the mother is a separate entity, which tells the child that they have lost something. The child realizes that they are dependent on others, thus losing the idea that they are independent. This realization creates a difficult period and brings
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Winnicott related the concept of transitional object to a more general one, transitional phenomena, which he considered to be the basis of science, religion and all of culture. Transitional objects and phenomena, he said, are neither subjective nor objective but partake of both. In
326:
The notion of a "comfort object" may be expanded to include representations of one's family, home, and culture. It is significant to the person and gives psychological strength and assistance by representing their emotional attachments. The object helps with one's
211:
situations, aid in their learning, and adjust to physicians' and clinical psychologists' evaluations. Passman's research also points out that there is nothing abnormal about being attached to them. In the United States, about 60% of children have at least some
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in reference to a particular developmental sequence. With "transition" Winnicott means an intermediate developmental phase between the psychic and external reality. In this "transitional space" we can find the "transitional object".
280:
sent six hundred teddy bears and then the state of
Oklahoma sent sixty thousand stuffed animals to New York, which were distributed to children in schools affected by 9/11, family support organizations, and New York fire stations."
583:
Young, R. M. (1989). "Transitional phenomena: production and consumption", in B. Richards, ed., Crises of the Self: Further Essays on
Psychoanalysis and Politics. London: Free Association Books, pp. 57–72.
311:
Adults may also use comfort objects. Many adults consider the comfort that security blankets provide as essential to their mental and emotional well-being. Additionally, according to a 2011 survey by
738:
Sperati, Valerio; Ă–zcan, Beste; Romano, Laura; Moretta, Tania; Scaffaro, Simone; Faedda, Noemi; Turturo, Giada; Fioriello, Francesca; Pelosi, Simone; Giovannone, Federica; Sogos, Carla (2020).
231:, or any other creature, such as a mythical creature or fictional character. The toy is often used for physical comfort, and most commonly psychological comfort for children with
679:
Sperati, Valerio; Ă–zcan, Beste; Romano, Laura; Scaffaro, Simone; Moretta, Tania; Turturo, Giada; Aliberti, Maria
Nicoletta; Guidetti, Vincenzo; Baldassarre, Gianluca (2019).
162:
gives it a "moment of illusion", a belief that its own wish creates the object of its desire which brings with it a sense of satisfaction. Winnicott calls this
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Passman, R. H.; Lautmann, L. A. (1982). "Fathers', mothers', and security objects' effects on the responsiveness of young children during projective testing".
46:
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The recent history of such comfort objects, particularly teddy bears, as well a critique of their comfort-providing function can be found in Marita
Sturken,
107:
Comfort objects are said to enable children to gain independence and research indicates that these objects have positive effects on children by reducing
634:"Transitional Wearable Companions: A Novel Concept of Soft Interactive Social Robots to Improve Social Skills in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder"
593:
1245:
Passman, R. H. (1977). "Providing attachment objects to facilitate learning and reduce distress: The effects of mothers and security blankets".
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are commonly used by
Japanese youth as "security objects". Using crib cards during exams can be considered a comfort object for students.
872:
33:
740:"Acceptability of the Transitional Wearable Companion "+me" in Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Comparative Pilot Study"
203:, Robert Young has provided an exposition of these concepts and has generalized their role into psychic phenomena in adult life.
532:"Um olhar sobre o perĂodo de adaptação de crianças pequenas a um centro de educação infantil e o uso de objetos transicionais"
207:
796:
1266:
Passman, R. H.; Halonen, J. S. (1979). "A developmental survey of young children's attachments to inanimate objects".
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Winnicott, D. W. (1953). "Transitional objects and transitional phenomena – a study of the first not-me possession".
1238:
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910:
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483:"Providing Attachment Objects to Facilitate Learning and Reduce Distress: Effects of Mothers and Security Blankets"
258:, to be given to victims involved in car accidents or traumatic shock situations in order to provide them comfort.
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277:
1308:
Passman, R. H. (1987). "Attachments to inanimate objects: Are children who have security blankets insecure?".
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632:Ă–zcan, Beste; Caligiore, Daniele; Sperati, Valerio; Moretta, Tania; Baldassarre, Gianluca (1 August 2016).
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to a security object. A bedtime toy is often used by children while going to sleep. It is typically a
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Often charities will provide comfort objects such as blankets and quilts to survivors of disasters.
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1048:"Transitional Objects and the Process of Individuation: A Study in Three Different Social Groups"
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681:"Acceptability of the Transitional Wearable Companion "+me" in Typical Children: A Pilot Study"
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is normally used. It is something, usually a physical object, which takes the place of the
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Fortuna, Keren; Baor, Liora; Israel, Salomon; Abadi, Adi; Knafo, Ariel (22 May 2014).
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Tourists of
History: Memory, Kitsch, and Consumption from Oklahoma City to Ground Zero
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Vercelli, Ligia de
Carvalho Abões; Negrão, Tatiane Peres Alves (30 September 2019).
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299:) developed as a social motivator, during the therapy sessions of children with
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Dell'Orto, S (2003). "W. D. Winnicott and the transitional object in infancy".
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robotic pet was found to decrease loneliness among elderly in nursing homes.
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1122:"Security Blanket or Crutch? Crib Card Usage Depends on Students' Abilities"
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printed in 1956. However, the concept of a comfort blanket existed prior to
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Transitional
Wearable Companion is an experimental, interactive, wearable,
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The Otaku Encyclopedia: An Insider's Guide to the Subculture of Cool Japan
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844:"Objects of Affection: And the Students Who Won't Leave Home Without Them"
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can cuddle up with while going to sleep. It is sometimes combined with a
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comfort, especially in unusual or unique situations, or at bedtime for
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Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry
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and keep the body covered were dubbed "security blanket fasteners".
123:
Legend: (a) mother, (b) child, (1) illusion, (2) transitional object
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or other toy, and may be referred to by a nickname such as blankie.
1196:
The Language of Winnicott: A Dictionary of Winnicott's Use of Words
939:"Attachment to inanimate objects and early childcare: A twin study"
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361:
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1001:"Infants' Attachment to Inanimate Objects: A Cross-Cultural Study"
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Crises of the Self: Further Essays on Psychoanalysis and Politics
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Young, R. M. (1994). Mental Space. London: Process Press. ch. 8
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227:. Bedtime toys are typically of an animal, such as the common
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88:. Among toddlers, a comfort object often takes the form of a
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Freud and beyond: A history of modern psychoanalytic thought
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594:"Project 13 :: Security blankets for tornado survivors"
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Research with children on this subject was performed at the
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Young, R. M. (1994). Mental Space. London: Process Press.
461:"The origins and development of attachment object behavior"
411:. Linus called it his "security and happiness blanket", in
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166:. Alongside the subjective omnipotence of a child, lies an
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1233:. Photographed by Betty Udesen. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
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Some bedtime comfort objects for the typical child in 1943
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999:
Hong, K. Michael; Townes, Brenda D. (1 December 1976).
873:"Is it OK to hold on to your childhood comfort object?"
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Creature Comforts: People and Their Security Objects
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1052:
Journal of the American Academy of Child Psychiatry
1366:Transitional phenomena: production and consumption
1046:Gaddini, Renata; Gaddini, Eugenio (1 April 1970).
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315:, about 35 percent of British adults sleep with a
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1372:. London: Free Association Books. pp. 57–72.
622:(Durham: Duke University Press, 2007), here p. 7.
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347:Researchers have observed that the incidence of
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360:Common comfort objects used by humans include:
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799:Dr. John Grohol, PsychCentral, 13 October 2010
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1310:Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology
1289:Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology
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811:United Press International, 21 February 2012
809:35 percent of British adults sleep with bear
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407:, who gave such a blanket to his character
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506:"Comfort Objects and Attachment Parenting"
16:Item used to provide psychological comfort
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1339:International Journal of Psycho-Analysis
638:International Journal of Social Robotics
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49:of all important aspects of the article.
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1222:Mitchell, S. A., Black, M. J. (1995).
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45:Please consider expanding the lead to
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797:Do You Still Have a Security Blanket?
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1229:O'Halloran, Barbara Collopy (2002).
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1120:Burns, Kathleen C. (January 2014).
822:"Study: Dogs, Robots Cheer Elderly"
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1099:. Tokyo: Kodansha International.
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219:or something of that nature that
208:University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee
139:. Common examples include dolls,
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504:Zion.Tankard (6 February 2019).
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285:Transitional Wearable Companion
278:Oklahoma City National Memorial
37:may be too short to adequately
1280:10.1080/00221325.1979.10534051
1093:Galbraith, Patrick W. (2009).
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47:provide an accessible overview
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1268:Journal of Genetic Psychology
1064:10.1016/S0002-7138(09)61842-2
1017:10.1016/S0002-7138(09)62260-3
538:(in Portuguese) (50): 13320.
510:La Leche League International
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80:, is an item used to provide
1204:Pediatric Medicine Chirurgic
319:. In a 2008 study, the Sony
254:are sometimes equipped with
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435:Comfort behavior in animals
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149:introduced the concepts of
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1322:10.1037/0022-006x.55.6.825
1301:10.1037/0022-006x.50.2.310
536:EccoS – Revista CientĂfica
237:a strong fear of the night
1357:Winnicott, D. W. (1971).
1259:10.1037/0012-1649.13.1.25
905:. New York: Basic Books.
650:10.1007/s12369-016-0373-8
1368:", in B. Richards, ed.,
1247:Developmental Psychology
1226:. New York: Basic Books.
1138:10.1177/0098628313514181
956:10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00486
824:. Fox News. 3 March 2008
757:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00951
698:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00125
413:Good Grief, More Peanuts
1423:Object relations theory
1198:. London: Karnac Books.
943:Frontiers in Psychology
744:Frontiers in Psychology
685:Frontiers in Psychology
545:10.5585/eccos.n50.13320
394:was popularized in the
155:transitional experience
1364:Young, R. M. (1989). "
1126:Teaching of Psychology
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164:subjective omnipotence
147:Donald Woods Winnicott
124:
1361:. London: Routledge.
897:Bowlby, John (1969).
419:. In a November 1954
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129:childhood development
122:
1394:at Wikimedia Commons
329:capacity to be alone
266:September 11 attacks
151:transitional objects
1359:Playing and Reality
901:Attachment and loss
343:Cross-cultural uses
274:Tourists of History
133:transitional object
115:In child psychology
74:transitional object
1194:Abram, J. (1996).
1171:"Security blanket"
877:chicagotribune.com
386:In popular culture
248:Emergency vehicles
233:separation anxiety
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72:, more formally a
1418:Child development
1390:Media related to
871:Ben-Moche, Erin.
600:on 13 August 2011
405:Charles M. Schulz
366:weighted blankets
335:or a significant
303:Disorders (ASD).
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137:mother-child bond
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