Comfort women - Knowledge

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that the military had played a large role in operating what were euphemistically called "comfort stations" were found in the library of Japan's Self-Defense Agency. The Japanese Government admitted that the Imperial Japanese Army had forced tens of thousands of Korean women to have sex with Japanese soldiers during World War II. On January 14, 1992, Japanese Chief Government Spokesman Koichi Kato issued an official apology saying, "We cannot deny that the former Japanese army played a role" in abducting and detaining the "comfort girls," and "We would like to express our apologies and contrition". Three days later on January 17, 1992, at a dinner given by South Korean President Roh Tae Woo, the Japanese Prime Minister Kiichi Miyazawa told his host: "We Japanese should first and foremost recall the truth of that tragic period when Japanese actions inflicted suffering and sorrow upon your people. We should never forget our feelings of remorse over this. As Prime Minister of Japan, I would like to declare anew my remorse at these deeds and tender my apology to the people of the Republic of Korea." He apologized again the following day in a speech before South Korea's National Assembly. On April 28, 1998, the Japanese court ruled that the Government must compensate the women and awarded them

3178:, said that it fails to include the request from the survivals of sexual slavery to state the Japanese government's legal responsibility for the state-level crime of enforcing a system of sexual slavery. The South Korean government did not attempt to collect the viewpoints on the issues from the women most directly affected by it—the survivors themselves. Concerning the deal between two countries, literally, Seoul and Tokyo failed to reach a breakthrough on the comfort women issue during the 11th round of Foreign Ministry director-general level talks on December 15, 2015. Several comfort women protested the agreement as they claim they did not want money, but to see a sincere acknowledgement of the legal responsibility by the Japanese government. The co-representative of a support group of the surviving women expressed that the settlement with Japan does not reflect the will of the comfort women, and they vowed to seek its invalidation by reviewing legal options. 2744:, when Japanese sailors ran amok and simply killed everyone, there were cases of comfort women being killed, though there does not seem to have been any systematic policy of killing comfort women. The Japanese government had told the Japanese colonists on Saipan that the Americans were cannibals, and so the Japanese population preferred suicide to falling into the hands of the Americans. It is possible that many of the Asian comfort women may also have believed this. British soldiers fighting in Burma often reported that the Korean comfort women whom they captured were astonished to learn that the British were not going to eat them. Ironically, given this claim, there were cases of starving Japanese troops cut off on remote Pacific islands or trapped in the jungles of Burma turning towards cannibalism, and there were at least several cases where comfort women in Burma and on Pacific islands were killed to provide food for the Imperial Japanese Army. 3091:, stating "As Prime Minister of Japan, I thus extend anew my most sincere apologies and remorse to all the women who underwent immeasurable and painful experiences and suffered incurable physical and psychological wounds as comfort women." Many former Korean comfort women rejected the compensations on principle – although the Asian Women's Fund was set up by the Japanese government, its money came not from the government but from private donations, hence the compensation was not "official". Eventually, 61 former Korean comfort women accepted 5 million yen (approx. $ 42,000) per person from the AWF along with the signed apology, while 142 others received funds from the government of Korea. The fund was dissolved on March 31, 2007. However, the establishment of the AWF was criticized as a way for the Japanese government to evade state responsibility; the establishment of the fund also prompted protests from various Asian countries. 2752:, stated in a 1991 interview about how she was drafted into the "comfort women corps" in 1941: "When I was 17 years old, the Japanese soldiers came along in a truck, beat us , and then dragged us into the back. I was told if I were drafted, I could earn lots of money in a textile factory ... The first day I was raped and the rapes never stopped ... I was born a woman but never lived as a woman ... I feel sick when I come close to a man. Not just Japanese men, but all men-even my own husband who saved me from the brothel. I shiver whenever I see a Japanese flag ... Why should I feel ashamed? I don't have to feel ashamed." Kim stated that she was raped 30–40 times a day, every day of the year during her time as a "comfort woman". Reflecting their dehumanized status, Army and Navy records where referring to the movement of comfort women always used the term "units of war supplies". 3863:(Free grandmothers) took legal actions against Japan. These groups also ask the Philippine government to back their claims against the Japanese government. These groups have taken legal actions against Japan. Malaya Lolas had attempted to go to Tokyo to file a suit in the Japanese courts. Still, according to the Japanese government, the lolas themselves could not file a lawsuit due to international law stating that the lolas need to be represented by the Philippine government. In 2004 the Malaya Lolas filed a cause, Vinuya et al. v. Executive Secretary et al., asking for the support of the Philippine government in pursuing a petition for compensation in the Japanese courts. A decision was made on April 28, 2010, supporting the Philippine government. As of August 2014, after failing in legal action against their own government to back their claims, they planned to take the case the UN 2657:, a historian of Korea, wrote that Japan had forced quotas to supply the comfort women program and that Korean men helped recruit the victims. Cumings stated that between 100,000 and 200,000 Korean girls and women were recruited. In Korea, the daughters of the gentry and the bureaucracy were spared from being sent into the "comfort women corps" unless they or their families showed signs of pro-independence tendencies, and the overwhelming majority of the Korean girls taken into the "comfort women corps" came from the poor. The Army and Navy often subcontracted the work of taking girls into the "comfort women corps" in Korea to contractors, who were usually associated in some way with organized crime groups that were paid for girls they presented. Though a substantial minority of the contractors in Korea were Japanese, the majority were Korean. 2672:, of Scottish ancestry, wrote a book describing her ordeal. A Dutch government study described the methods used by the Japanese military to seize the women by force. It concluded that among the 200 to 300 European women found in the Japanese military brothels, "some sixty five were most certainly forced into prostitution". Others, faced with starvation in the refugee camps, agreed to offers of food and payment for work, the nature of which was not completely revealed to them. Some of the women also volunteered in hopes protecting the younger ones. The women forced into prostitution may therefore be much higher than the Dutch record have previously indicated. The number of Dutch women that were sexually assaulted or molested were also largely ignored. It was not until individuals and groups such as the 2576: 3451:

donations. The victims accused Shin Hye-Soo, head of the Korean Council at the time, and Song Hyun-Seob, Head of the House of Sharing, of using the women's past experiences in videos and leaflets without their permission to solicit donations and then keeping the money instead of using it to help the victims. The complaint further stated that a significant number of victims did not receive compensation through the citizen-funded Asian Women's Fund established in 1995 by Japan due to the opposition from the organizations in 1998. In addition, they accused the institutions of recruiting six former comfort women survivors from China and paying them to get them to partake in weekly rallies. The complaint was dismissed by the court in May 2005.

3442:. The public response and criticism that ensued pushed the newspaper to nominate a third-party investigative committee headed by seven leading scholars, journalists and legal experts. The committee report dealt with the circumstances leading to the publication of Yoshida's false testimony and to the effect these publications had on Japan's image abroad and diplomatic relations with various countries. It found that the Asahi was negligent in publishing Yoshida's testimony, but that the reports on the testimony had "limited" effect on foreign media outlets and reports. On the other hand, the report found that Japanese officials' comments on the issue had a far more detrimental effect on Japan's image and its diplomatic relations. 5644:"Between the announcement of a ceasefire on August 15, 1945, and the arrival of small advance parties of American troops in Japan on August 28, Japanese military and civil authorities systematically destroyed military, naval, and government archives, much of which was from the period 1942–1945. Imperial General Headquarters in Tokyo dispatched enciphered messages to field commands throughout the Pacific and East Asia ordering units to burn incriminating evidence of war crimes, especially offenses against prisoners of war. The director of Japan's Military History Archives of the National Institute for Defense Studies estimated in 2003 that as much as 70 percent of the army's wartime records were burned or otherwise destroyed.", 2603: 545: 58: 2756:

household chores during the day and being sexually abused at night was also recounted by another Filipino Survivor Fedencia David, who was kidnapped by Japanese soldiers at age 14, who also remembered being forced to wash clothes and cook for the Japanese soldiers. At night David was raped by as many as 5 to 10 Japanese soldiers. Along with being raped multiple times a day the women were subjected to separation from their families, often watching their families being murdered by Japanese soldiers. One survivor recounts that when the Japanese soldiers took her, "soldiers began to skin her father alive." This maltreatment left physical and emotional scars.

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forced to donate blood for the treatment of wounded soldiers. At least 80% of the comfort women were Korean, who were assigned to the lower ranks, while Japanese and European women went to the officers. For example, Dutch women captured in the Dutch East Indies (modern Indonesia) were reserved exclusively for the officers. Korea is a Confucian country where premarital sex was widely disapproved of, and since the Korean teenagers taken into the "comfort women corps" were almost always virgins, it was felt that this was the best way to limit the spread of venereal diseases that would otherwise incapacitate soldiers and sailors.

3653:(TWRF) a non-profit organization helping women against violence, and sexual violence. This organization gives legal and psychological support to Taiwanese comfort women, and also helps in the recording of testimony and doing scholarly research. In 2007, this organization was responsible for promoting awareness in society, by creating meetings in universities and high schools where survivors gave their testimonies to students and the general public. TWRF has produced exhibitions that give survivors the opportunity to be heard in Taipei, and also in the Women's Active Museum on War and Peace, based in 3503:

need to be represented by the Philippine government. The lolas filed a case in the Philippine courts, Vinuya et al. v. Executive Secretary et al. The case was directed at the Executive Secretary at the time, Alberto G. Romulo and the main plaintiff was the leader of Malaya Lolas, Isabelita Vinuya. The lolas filed this case to get the Philippine government to support them in pursuing a petition for compensation in the Japanese courts. The Philippine government won the case with the court stating that the Philippine government "is not under any international obligation to espouse petitioners' claims."

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their people using internationally accepted historical facts about the crime while refuting any claims that deny the crime. In July 2012, then Secretary of State Hillary Clinton, a strong advocate of the cause, denounced the use of the euphemism 'comfort women' for what should be referred to as 'enforced sex slaves'. The Obama Administration also addressed the need for Japan to do more to address the issue. In addition to calling attention to the issue, the American memorial statues erected in New Jersey in 2010 and California in 2013 show support for what has become an international cause.

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announced it would not seek to renew the 2015 agreement, but that it wanted Japan to do more to settle the issue. Moon said: "A real settlement would come if the victims can forgive, after Japan makes a sincere apology and takes other actions". In March 2018, the Japanese government argued that the 2015 Japan-South Korea agreement confirmed that this issue was finally and irreversibly resolved and lodged a strong protest to South Korea through diplomatic channels, stating that "such a statement goes against the agreement and is therefore completely unacceptable and extremely regrettable".

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the victims. Kono's apology was meticulous in distinguishing the actions of the Japanese army from those of the Japanese government, ensuring that the Japanese government bore no legal liability or responsibility for its treatment of the comfort women. Also, many victims viewed the apology as insufficient because it was delivered by the Cabinent Secretary of Japan and never officially adopted by the Japanese Parliament. Subsequent apologies were also criticized as insincere because they were delivered by the current prime minister of Japan rather than the

5627:"When it became apparent that Japan would be forced to surrender, an organized effort was made to burn or otherwise destroy all documents and other evidence of ill-treatment of prisoners of war and civilian internees. The Japanese Minister of War issued an order on 14 August 1945 to all Army headquarters that confidential documents should be destroyed by fire immediately. On the same day, the Commandant of the Kempetai sent out instructions to the various Kempetai Headquarters detailing the methods of burning large quantities of documents efficiently.", 4065: 3871: 18942: 191:

The first victims were Japanese women, some who were recruited by conventional means, and some who were recruited through deception or kidnapping. The military later turned to women in Japanese colonies, due to lack of Japanese volunteers and the need to protect Japan's image. In many cases, women were lured by false job openings for nurses and factory workers. Others were also lured by the promises of equity and sponsorship for higher education. A significant percentage of comfort women were minors.

4898:" Pak (her surname) was about 17, living in Hamun, Korea, when local Korean officials, acting on orders from the Japanese, began recruiting women for factory work. Someone from Pak's house had to go. In April 1942, Korean officials turned Pak and other young women over to the Japanese, who took them into China, not into factories. Pak's history is not unusual. A majority of the women who provided sex for Japanese soldiers were forcibly taken from their families, or were recruited deceptively", 2313:

civilians." To staff the establishments, Japanese prostitutes were imported from Japan. Japanese women were the first victims to be enslaved in military brothels and trafficked across Japan, Okinawa, Japan's colonies and occupied territories, and overseas battlegrounds. According to Yoshiaki Yoshimi, comfort stations were established to avoid criticism from China, the United States of America and Europe following the case of massive rapes between battles in Shanghai and Nanjing.

473: 2333:, and China. These sources soon dried up, especially in metropolitan Japan. The Ministry of Foreign Affairs resisted further issuance of travel visas for Japanese prostitutes, feeling it tarnished the image of the Japanese Empire. The military turned to acquiring comfort women outside mainland Japan, mostly from Korea and from occupied China. An existing system of licensed prostitution within Korea made it easy for Japan to recruit women in large numbers. 10675:"H.Res.121 - A resolution expressing the sense of the House of Representatives that the Government of Japan should formally acknowledge, apologize, and accept historical responsibility in a clear and unequivocal manner for its Imperial Armed Forces' coercion of young women into sexual slavery, known to the world as comfort women, during its colonial and wartime occupation of Asia and the Pacific Islands from the 1930s through the duration of World War II" 3201:

transparency or was deficient in recognizing 'legal responsibility' and on the nature of the one billion yen provided by the Japanese government". However, "an examination of the process and content leading up to the agreement cannot be seen as discharging the plaintiffs' right to claim damages." An attorney for the survivors said they would be appealing the decision on the basis that it recognizes the lawfulness of the 2015 Japan-South Korean agreement.

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comfort women difficult. Vast amounts of material pertaining to war crimes, and the responsibility of the nation's highest leaders, were either destroyed or concealed on the orders of the Japanese government at the end of the war. Historians have arrived at various estimates by looking at surviving documentation, which indicates the ratio of soldiers in a particular area to the number of women and replacement rates of the women.

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deep shame that I still feel in the pit of my stomach – it's like a hard, heavy, sick feeling that never entirely goes away. They saw not just my completely helpless, naked body, but they heard me beg, and cry. They reduced me to something low and disgusting that suffered miserably in front of them … Even years later, it has taken tremendous courage for me to put these words on the page, so deep is the cultural shame …

2668:, Japanese soldiers raped many Indonesian and European women and girls. The Kenpeitai established the comfort women program to control the problem. The Kenpeitai forced and coerced many interned women to serve as prostitutes, including several hundred European women. A few of these chose to live in the homes of Japanese officers to serve one man as a sex slave rather than many men in a brothel. One such European woman, 462: 2630:. Chuo University professor and historian Yoshiaki Yoshimi discovered an abundance of documentation and testimony proving the existence of 2,000 comfort women stations where approximately 200,000 Korean, Filipina, Taiwanese, Indonesian, Burmese, Dutch, Australian, and Japanese women, many of whom were teenagers, were confined and forced to perform sexual activities with Japanese troops. According to Qiu Peipei of 2764: 3185:, reiterating the official and final agreement between Japan and South Korea to pay ¥1 billion. Sugiyama also restated the Japanese Government apology of that agreement: "The issue of comfort women, with an involvement of the Japanese military authorities at that time, was a grave affront to the honor and dignity of large numbers of women, and the Government of Japan is painfully aware of responsibilities." 3781:, Dai Sil Kim-Gibson, made a comfort women video archive, a documentary film for K–12 through college level students. Feminist visual and video archives have promoted a place for solidarity between the victims and the public. It has served as a living site for the teaching and learning of women's dignity and human rights by bringing people together despite age, gender, borders, nationality, and ideologies. 8911: 2892:

submarines sank one Japanese ship after another, condoms had to be washed and reused, reducing their effectiveness. Comfort women themselves and local laborers were required to wash and recycle the used condoms. In the Philippines, comfort women were billed by Japanese doctors if they required medical treatment. In many cases, comfort women who were seriously ill were abandoned to die alone.

2448:(now Northeast China), which are housed at the Jilin Archives in China. The operations of the Japanese Military Police, who were in charge of overseeing the "comfort stations" in various parts of China and Java, were the subject of these records. Su concluded that the sources revealed that comfort women stations were ordered, supported, and managed by the Japanese military authorities. 2806:, in West Java, where they were reunited with their families. This camp was exclusively for women who had been put into military brothels, and the Japanese warned the inmates that if anyone told what had happened to them, they and their family members would be killed. Several months later the O'Hernes were transferred to a camp at Batavia, which was liberated on August 15, 1945. 3079:

victims, but South Korea insisted that Japan simply give the South Korean government financial aid instead. In the final agreement reached in the 1965 treaty, Japan provided an $ 800 million aid and low-interest loan package over 10 years. South Korean government "spent most of the money on economic development, focusing on infrastructure and the promotion of heavy industry".

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hold the position that issues relating to property and claims between Japan and the ROK, including the issue of comfort women, had been settled completely and finally by the Japan-ROK Claims Settlement and Economic Cooperation Agreement of 1965 and welcomed the fact that the issue of comfort women is resolved "finally and irreversibly" with this agreement. Japan agreed to pay

2946:, in 1973. Nonetheless, the book did not garner widespread publicity, and his book has been widely criticized as distorting the facts by both Japanese and South Korean historians. In any event, this book did become an important source for 1990s activism on the issue. The first book written by a Korean on the subject of comfort women appeared in 1981. However, it was a 2642:, estimated the number of women working in the licensed pleasure quarter was fewer than 20,000 and that they were 40% Japanese, 20% Koreans, 10% Chinese, with others making up the remaining 30%. According to Hata, the total number of government-regulated prostitutes in Japan was only 170,000 during World War II. Others came from the Philippines, Taiwan, the 8903: 3214: 7453: 2337:

Interrogation Center (SEATIC) Psychological Warfare Interrogation Bulletin No.2 states that a Japanese facility-manager purchased Korean women for 300 to 1000 yen depending on their physical characteristics, who then became his property and were not released even after completing the servitude terms specified in the contract. In northern

9765:"However, the second night's programming on January 30 was heavily censored through deletion, interpolations, alterations, dismemberment and even fabrication. This segment was originally supposed to cover the 'Women's International War Crimes Tribunal on Japan's Military Sexual Slavery' that had been held in Tokyo in December 2000." 3189:

themselves. The suit claimed the 2015 deal violated a 2011 Constitutional Court ruling that the South Korean government must "offer its cooperation and protection so that citizens whose human dignity and values have been violated through illegal actions perpetrated by Japan can invoke their rights to demand damages from Japan."

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jugun ianfu, and how these women were forcibly seized against their will, to provide sexual services for the Japanese Imperial Army. In the "comfort station" I was systematically beaten and raped day and night. Even the Japanese doctor raped me each time he visited the brothel to examine us for venereal disease.

4772:, p. 206 "Although Ianfu came from all regions or countries annexed or occupied by Japan before 1945, most of them were Chinese or Korean. Researchers at the Research Center of the Chinese Comfort Women Issue of Shanghai Normal University estimate that the total number of comfort women at 360,000 to 410,000." 3726:

On December 28, 2015, the Japanese government claimed that the Korean government agreed the removal of the statue. As of September 3, 2016, the statue was still in place due to a majority of the South Korean population being opposed to the agreement. On December 30, 2016, another comfort woman statue

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met with seven former comfort women in South Korea. Also in 2014, the U.N. Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination called for Japan to, as the committee's deputy head Anastasia Crickley put it, "conclude investigations into the violations of the rights of 'comfort women' by the military

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The Japanese government, and the mayor of Osaka, demanded the removal of comfort women monuments located in other countries, blatantly denying that women were coerced into sexual slavery during World War II. They have demanded the removal of comfort women statues in Palisades Park, New Jersey, United

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was heavily edited to reflect revisionist views. In 2014, the new president of NHK compared the wartime Japanese comfort women program to Asian brothels frequented by American troops, which western historians countered by pointing out the difference between the Japanese comfort stations, which forced

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in Seoul, and later Prime Minister Shinzo Abe phoned President Park Geun-hye to repeat an apology already offered by Kishida. The Korean government will administer the fund for the forty-six remaining elderly comfort women and will consider the matter "finally and irreversibly resolved". However, one

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formally agreed to settle the dispute. Abe again expressed his most sincere apologies and remorse to all the women. He acknowledged that they had undergone immeasurable and painful experiences and suffered incurable physical and psychological wounds as comfort women. He stated that Japan continued to

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Initially, the Japanese government denied any involvement in the comfort women system, until Yoshimi Yoshiaki discovered and published documents from the Japanese Self-Defense Agency's library that suggested direct military involvement. In 1994, under public pressure, the Japanese government admitted

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formed a team to reexamine the background of the report. The review brought to light coordination between Japan and South Korea in the process of composing the Kono Statement and concluded that, at the request of Seoul, Tokyo stipulated coercion was involved in recruiting the women. After the review,

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made known his desire to remove references to comfort women from history textbooks, and textbooks approved in 2005 contained no mentions of comfort women at all. In 2007, the Japanese government issued a response to questions which had been posed to Prime Minister Abe about his position on the issue,

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forces captured twenty Korean comfort women and two Japanese comfort station owners in Burma and issued a report, Japanese Prisoner of War Interrogation Report 49. According to the report, Korean women were deceived into being used as comfort women by the Japanese; in 1942, there were about 800 women

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Most academic researchers and media typically point to Yoshiaki's estimate as the most probable range of the numbers of women involved. This figure contrasts with the inscriptions on monuments in the United States such as those in New Jersey, New York, Virginia, and California, which state the number

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Professor Su Jiliang concludes that during the seven-year period from 1938 to 1945, comfort women in the territory occupied by the Japanese numbered 360,000 to 410,000, among whom the Chinese were the largest group, about 200,000. Lack of official documentation has made estimating the total number of

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Under the strain of the war effort, the military became unable to provide enough supplies to Japanese units; in response, the units made up the difference by demanding or looting supplies from the locals. The military often directly demanded that local leaders procure women for the brothels along the

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In 2019, a similar memorial statue in a Catholic-run shelter for the elderly and the homeless in San Pedro, Laguna was removed only two days after it was unveiled to the public. The bronze statue of a young woman with fists resting on her lap was removed without explanation and notice. The move came

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Among the charges, Yoon was indicted for is a count of quasi-fraud against Gil Won-ok, a 92-year-old survivor. The prosecution said Gil suffers from dementia and that Yoon had exploited her reduced physical and mental capacities and pressed her to donate a total of 79.2 million won ($ 67,102) to the

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Again, in May 2020, Lee Yong-Soo, a comfort woman survivor and longtime activist for the victims, held a press conference and accused the Korean Council and its former head, Yoon Mee-hyang, of exploiting her and other survivors, politically and financially for decades, to obtain government funds and

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initially maintained that "there is no evidence that people called comfort women were taken away by violence or threat by the military". He later modified his position, asserting that they became comfort women "against their will by any circumstances around them", still justifying their role during

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On June 25, 2021, the Japanese government announced that Prime Minister Yoshihide Suga stands by statements made by past administrations apologizing for Japan's aggression in World War II and admitting the military had a role in coercing comfort women, "largely from the Korean Peninsula", to work in

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In 1951, at the start of negotiations, the South Korean government initially demanded $ 364 million in compensation for Koreans forced into labor and military service during the Japanese occupation: $ 200 per survivor, $ 1,650 per death and $ 2,000 per injured person. Japan offered to compensate the

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All of this has since triggered a counterreaction from Japanese right-wing forces since the mid-1990's, with disputes over history textbooks being a common example. In 1999, the Japanese historian Kazuko Watanabe complained about a lack of sisterhood among Japanese women, citing a survey showing 50%

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ordered a number of deletions in history textbooks related to Japanese wartime aggression and atrocities. This ignited protest from neighbouring countries such as China and also sparked interest in the subject among some Japanese, including a number of wartime veterans who began to speak more openly

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The Japanese Army and Navy went to great lengths to avoid venereal diseases with large numbers of condoms being handed out for free. Japanese soldiers were required to use these "Attack No. 1"-branded condoms during sex. For example, documents show that in July 1943 the Army handed out 1,000 condoms

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Sufficient food, water, proper housing, toilets, and washing facilities were not provided to the women, and the extent of medical care was restricted to treating sexually transmitted diseases, sterilization, and terminating pregnancies. Torture was used against women who attempted to flee or refused

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Besides Dutch women, many Javanese were also recruited from Indonesia as comfort women, including around 1000 East Timorese women and girls who also used as sexual slaves. Most were adolescent girls aged 14–19 who had completed some education and were deceived through promises of higher education in

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used comfort women, since there had been no investigation for it. Lebra wrote "None of those who have written on Bose's Indian national army has investigated whether, while they were trained by the Japanese army, they were permitted to share in the 'comfort' provided by thousands of kidnapped Korean

3678:. The statue symbolizes women forced to work in wartime brothels for the Japanese military. The bronze statue portrays a girl raising both hands to the sky to express her helpless resistance to suppression and silent protest, according to its creator. In September 2018, Japanese right-wing activist 3458:

Consequently, a civic group filed a complaint against Yoon Mee-hyang, a lawmaker-elect and former head of the Korean Council for Justice and Remembrance for the Issues of Military Sexual Slavery by Japan. After an investigation, the Seoul Western District Prosecutors' Office indicted Yoon, on eight

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Apologies from Japanese officials have faced scrutiny for their lack of sincerity. For instance, in the Kono Statement, while acknowledging the Japanese military's role in the comfort women system, officials denied coercion and forced transportation of women, and declined to provide compensation to

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called the 2015 agreement "undeniable" and said that it "finally and irreversibly" was an official agreement between the two countries; however, when referring to aspects of the agreement he found flawed, he said: "A knot wrongly tied should be untied." These remarks came a day after the government

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In 2007, the surviving women wanted an apology from the Japanese government. Shinzō Abe, the prime minister at the time, stated on March 1, 2007, that there was no evidence that the Japanese government had kept sex slaves, even though the Japanese government had already admitted the use of coercion

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was translated into Korean. His book was debunked as fraudulent by some Japanese and Korean journalists, and in May 1996 Yoshida admitted that his memoir was fictional, stating in an interview by Shūkan Shinchō that "There is no profit in writing the truth in books. Hiding the facts and mixing them

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The Japanese officers involved received some punishment by Japanese authorities at the end of the war. After the end of the war, 11 Japanese officers were found guilty, with one soldier being sentenced to death by the Batavia War Criminal Court. The court decision found that the charge violated was

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In their first morning at the brothel, photographs of Ruff-O'Herne and the others were taken and placed on the veranda which was used as a reception area for the Japanese personnel who would choose from these photographs. Over the following four months the girls were raped and beaten day and night,

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in which the Chinese government agreed not to seek any restitution for wartime crimes and incidents. New documents discovered in China shed light on facilities inside comfort stations operated within a Japanese army compound, and the conditions of the Korean comfort women. Documents were discovered

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and prevent military revolt. He said that, despite the goal of reducing rape and venereal disease, the comfort stations did the opposite—aggravating rape and increasing the spread of venereal disease. Comfort women stations were so prevalent that the Imperial Army offered accountancy classes on how

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Members of the group Malaya Lolas in the Philippines have attempted to go to Tokyo to file a suit in the Japanese courts. The lolas were unable to file the lawsuit because according to the Japanese government the lolas could not file a lawsuit due to international law stating that the Malaya Lolas

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Three South Korean women filed suit in Japan in December 1991, around the time of the 50th anniversary of the Pearl Harbor attack, demanding compensation for forced prostitution. In 1992, documents which had been stored since 1958 when they were returned by United States troops and which indicated

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is considered shameful, the subject of the comfort women was ignored for decades after 1945 as the victims were considered pariahs. In Confucian cultures, traditionally an unmarried woman must value her chastity above her own life, and any women who loses her virginity before marriage for whatever

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As the war went on and as the shortages caused by the sinking of almost the entire Japanese merchant marine by American submarines kicked in, medical care for the comfort women declined as dwindling medical supplies were reserved for the servicemen. As Japanese logistics broke down as the American

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In the Philippines according to the recounts of Filipino survivors Narcisa Claveria, who was enslaved for 18 months at the age of 13, during the day the women were forced to cook, clean, and do laundry. At night the Japanese soldiers raped and abused the women. The story of the comfort women doing

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Since comfort women were forced to travel to the battlefields with the Japanese Imperial Army, many comfort women perished as Allied forces overwhelmed Japan's Pacific defense and annihilated Japanese encampments. In certain cases, the Japanese military executed Korean comfort women when they fled

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In the Philippines during the Japanese occupation, around 1,000 Filipino women were made into comfort women. The victims were as young as 12 years old at the time of their enslavement. As many of the survivors recall, the garrisons or comfort stations/brothels were spread all over the Philippines.

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in Japan was pervasive and organized, it was logical to find military prostitution in the Japanese armed forces. Military correspondence within the Imperial Japanese Army shows that there were a number of the aims for facilitating comfort stations: to reduce or prevent rape crimes by Japanese army

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Originally, the brothels were established to provide soldiers with a sexual outlet, to reduce wartime rape and the spread of venereal diseases. The comfort stations, however, had the reverse effect of what was intended—it increased the amount of rapes and increased the spread of venereal diseases.

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on many occasions, and have given testimonies to Japanese tourists in Manila. The Filipino news channel ABS-CBN has done interviews with the surviving lolas to bring awareness to the experience of lolas under the Japanese occupation and to remind people that Japan's crimes were not committed that

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on July 30, 2007. The resolution expresses that the government of Japan should formally redress the situation by acknowledging, apologizing and accepting historical responsibility for the use of comfort women by its armed forces; have the Prime Minister of Japan give a public apology; and educate

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Moreover, 'patriotic' emerging faiths like "Kofuku no Kagaku" ('Science of Happiness') and certain Christian factions advocating for the merging of religion and state have initiated a concerted effort domestically and internationally to deny the existence of comfort women system. They've gathered

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Serial penetration by many men is not a mild form of torture. Just the tears at the vaginal opening feel like fire applied to a cut. Your genitals swell and bruise. Damage to the womb and other internal organs can also be tremendous … eing used as a public dumping ground by those men left me with

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Military doctors and medical workers frequently raped the women during medical examinations. One Japanese Army doctor, Asō Tetsuo, testified that the comfort women were seen as "female ammunition" and as "public toilets"—as literally just things to be used and abused—with some comfort women being

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In further analysis of the Imperial Army medical records for venereal disease treatment from 1940, Yoshimi concluded that if the percentages of women treated reflected the general makeup of the total comfort women population, Korean women made up 51.8 percent, Chinese 36 percent and Japanese 12.2

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were also examined. One conclusion reached was that the relevant archives in Korea are distorted. A conclusion of the study was that the Japanese Imperial government and the colonial government in Korea tried to avoid recording the illegal mobilization of comfort women. It was concluded that they

2316:

As Japan continued military expansion, the military found itself short of Japanese volunteers, and turned to local populations—abducting and coercing women into serving as sex slaves in the comfort stations. Many women responded to calls to work as factory workers or nurses, and did not know that

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and other countries into sexual enslavement for Japanese troops; however, the majority of the women were from Korea. Many women died or died by suicide due to brutal mistreatment and sustained physical and emotional distress. After the war, Japan's acknowledgment of the comfort women's plight was

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Ellen van der Ploeg, 84, from the Netherlands. During World War II, she lived with her family in the former Dutch East Indies (now Indonesia). Between 1943 and 1946, date at which she was liberated, Ellen lived in five different internment camps. When she was working in one of the camps, she was

3470:

In a forensic audit of the comfort women's shelter controlled by Yoon's group, it was found that barely 2.3% of its massive $ 7.5 million budget raised since 2015 was actually spent on supporting the living needs of surviving comfort women, many of whom live in cramped quarters, with substandard

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In 2004, 13 former comfort women filed a complaint against the Korean Council for the Women Drafted for Military Sexual Slavery and the House of Sharing with the Seoul Western District Court to prevent these two organizations from profiting and exploiting the victims' past experiences to collect

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concerning Japan's military sexual slavery. Japan has resisted pressure from other countries, including the United States and the European Union, who have passed resolutions urging the Japanese government to respond. Instead, Japan has indicated that it does not consider these statements legally

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Many stories have been told about the horrors, brutalities, suffering and starvation of Dutch women in Japanese prison camps. But one story was never told, the most shameful story of the worst human rights abuse committed by the Japanese during World War II: The story of the "Comfort Women", the

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Women and girls were stripped of their agency and dehumanized as "'female ammunition', 'public toilets', or 'military supplies'". In order to help injured Japanese soldiers receive treatment, some of them were even forced to donate blood. Even though every victim's testimony was unique, they all

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The existence of comfort women in South Korea and activism in their favour began to build momentum following democratisation in 1987, but no former comfort woman had yet come forward publicly. After the Japanese government denied that the state was involved and rejected calls for apologies and

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women born to Japanese fathers and Papuan mothers. One Australian Captain, David Hutchinson-Smith, also mentioned of some mixed-race, young Japanese-Papuan girls who were also conscripted as comfort women. A Papuan activist from Western New Guinea claimed an estimated 16,161 Papuan New Guinean

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regarding the Philippine government's failure to fight for their cause, which resulted in ongoing discrimination against comfort women, that continues to this day. In 2023, CEDAW came up with a decision and recommended the government to provide the complainants with full reparation, including

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during WWII. He quotes from the diary of Gordon Thomas, a POW in Rabaul. Thomas writes that the women working at the brothels "most likely served 25 to 35 men a day" and that they were "victims of the yellow slave trade". Nelson also quotes from Kentaro Igusa, a Japanese naval surgeon who was

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Many women were tricked or defrauded into joining the military brothels. Based on false characterizations and payments—by Japanese or by local recruitment agents—which could help relieve family debts, many Korean girls enlisted to take the job. Furthermore, the South East Asia Translation and

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by confining rape and sexual abuse to military-controlled facilities, or stop incidents from leaking to the international press should they occur. She also states that the government wanted to minimize medical expenses on treating venereal diseases that the soldiers acquired from frequent and

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On June 15, 2018, The 20th civil division of Seoul Central District Court dismissed the comfort women's suit seeking damages against the South Korean government for signing the 2015 agreement with Japan. The court announced that the intergovernmental comfort women agreement "certainly lacked

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In August 2016, twelve comfort women filed suit against the government of South Korea, declaring that the government had nullified the victims' individual rights to claim damages from Japan by signing an agreement not to demand further legal responsibility without consulting with the victims

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in 1937, the Japanese forces adopted the general policy of creating comfort stations in various places in Japanese occupied Chinese territory, "not because of their concern for the Chinese victims of rape by Japanese soldiers but because of their fear of creating antagonism among the Chinese

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minimal, lacking a full apology and appropriate restitution, which damaged Japan's reputation in Asia for decades. Only in the 1990s did the Japanese government begin to officially apologize and offer compensation. However, apologies from Japanese officials have been criticized as insincere.

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negotiations, as many as three-fourths of Korean comfort women may have died during the war. however, according to the Japanese government, the validity of this statement has since been brought into question as the number does not seem to be based on an actual investigation on the matter.

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In the early stages of World War II, Japanese authorities recruited prostitutes through conventional means. In urban areas, conventional advertising through middlemen was used alongside kidnapping. Middlemen advertised in newspapers circulating in Japan and in the Japanese colonies of

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More than 2,000 Taiwanese women were forced into sexual slavery by the Japanese military; as of 2020, only two were still believed to be alive. Yoshiaki Yoshimi notes that more than half of Taiwanese comfort women were minors. In 2023 the last surviving Taiwanese comfort woman died.

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came forward in August 1991 as the first to tell her story. She followed by others in several different countries demanding an apology from the Japanese government through filing a lawsuit. The Japanese government initially denied any responsibility, but, in January 1992, historian

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relationship with San Francisco that had been established since 1957. When the city accepted the statue as public property in 2018, the mayor of Osaka sent a 10-page letter to the mayor of San Francisco, complaining of inaccuracies and unfairly singling out Japan for criticism.

3911:(meaning Red House in English) which was seized by Japanese soldiers during WWII and had been used as a comfort station where Filipino women were raped and held as comfort women. The Bahay na Pula is seen as a memorial to the forgotten Filipino comfort women in the Philippines. 4281:

Episode 13 of the Korean Netflix series Tomorrow explores the traumatic experiences of the comfort women. The fate of three of these women is the focus of the 60-minute episode Spring, with the peace monument in front of the Japanese embassy in Seoul also playing a significant

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began advocating for victims of the Japanese occupation that the plight of Dutch comfort women entered the collective conscience. As well as being raped and sexually assaulted every day and night, the Dutch girls lived in constant fear of beatings and other physical violence.

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On November 21, 2018, South Korea officially cancelled the 2015 agreement and shut down the Japan-funded comfort women foundation which was launched in July 2016 to finance the agreement's settlement to the victims. The settlement had received criticism from victims' groups.

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in Manila. About four months later, the statue was removed by government officials due to a "drainage improvement project" along the Baywalk. It was later declared missing in 2019 when the statue artist Jonas Roces failed to deliver the statue for its reinstallation at the

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Since the 1990s, Taiwanese survivors have been bringing to light the comfort woman issue in Taiwanese society, and gaining support from women's rights activists and civil groups. Their testimony and memories have been documented by newspapers, books, and documentary films.

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According to an account by a survivor, she was beaten when she attempted to resist being raped. The women who were not prostitutes prior to joining the "comfort women corps", especially those taken in by force, were normally "broken in" by being raped. One Korean woman,

9453: 3087:(AWF) to compensate former comfort women. The fund was also used to present an official Japanese narrative about the issue. Sixty one Korean, 13 Taiwanese, 211 Filipino, and 79 Dutch former comfort women were provided with a signed apology from the then prime minister 2739:

comfort women were among those who committed suicide by jumping off the cliffs of Saipan. In Burma, there were cases of Korean comfort women committing suicide by swallowing cyanide pills or being killed by having a hand grenade tossed into their dug-outs. During the

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the brothels that operated in South Manchuria during and immediately after the Russo-Japanese War, despite the close regulation by military authorities, differed from the future 'comfort stations.' They were independently established and managed by civilian brothel

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adopted a resolution on "Justice for the 'Comfort Women' (sex slaves in Asia before and during World War II)" calling on the Japanese government to apologise and accept legal responsibility for the coercion of young women into sexual slavery before and during WWII.

10004: 7045:"S Congress, House of Representatives, Subcommittee on Asia, the Pacific, and the Global Environment Committee on Foreign Affairs, Hearing on Protecting the Human Rights of "Comfort Women," Statement by Jan Ruff O'Herne AO Friends of "Comfort Women" in Australia" 3843:"to issue an official position declaring the comfort women system as a war crime, condemning the Japanese government in its direct involvement for institutionalized sexual slavery and demanding formal apology and compensation for the victims and their families," 3849:"to include the reality of the "comfort women" and "comfort stations" during World War II in Philippine history. These include the curriculum, textbooks and other instructional materials used both in public and private educational institutions in all levels," 3466:

Additionally, she was accused of fraud and embezzlement of almost half a million dollars from governmental organizations and private donors, which were used to buy properties and even pay tuition for her daughter's education at the University of California.

3213:, the Prime Minister Yoshihide Suga said that "a sovereign state should not be put under the jurisdiction of foreign courts", claiming that the lawsuit should be rejected. And Suga stressed that the issue is already settled completely and finally, through 2354:

young women held as sex slaves by the Imperial Japanese Army at its camps. This might have provided them with some insight into the nature of Japanese, as opposed to British, colonial rule, as well what might be in store for their sisters and daughters."

6167: 2942:, who first encountered photographs of comfort women in 1962, but was unable to find adequate information explaining who the women in the photographs were. Senda, through a long process of investigation, published the first book on the subject, entitled 2433: 3249:(US$ 154,000) in damages to a group of comfort women, most of whom had already died and were represented by their families. Japan condemned the ruling as "extremely regrettable and absolutely unacceptable", and summoned South Korean ambassador to Japan 2837:

testified they were forced into slavery even when they were not old enough to have started menstruating. The court testimonies state that these prepubescent girls were repeatedly raped by Japanese soldiers while those who refused to comply were killed.

5963:"A majority of the 80,000 to 200,000 comfort women were from Korea, though others were recruited or recruited from China, the Philippines, Burma, and Indonesia. Some Japanese women who worked as prostitutes before the war also became comfort women.", 3063:

In 2019, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan asserted officially the view that the expression "sex slaves" contradicts the facts and should not be used, noting that this point had been confirmed with South Korea in a Japan-South Korea agreement.

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also retracted articles that the paper had published based on or including information from Yoshida, in large part because of pressure from conservative activists and organizations. Following the retraction, attacks from conservatives increased.

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was erected in front of the Japanese Embassy to honor the comfort women on the 1,000th Wednesday Demonstration. The Japanese government has repeatedly asked the South Korean government to have the statue taken down, but it has not been removed.

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Ten Dutch women were taken by force from prison camps in Java by officers of the Imperial Japanese Army to become forced sex slaves in February 1944. They were systematically beaten and raped day and night. As a victim of the incident, in 1990,

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kicked the statue and caused outrage in Taiwan, with the Taiwanese government branding his behavior as unacceptable. A Japanese right-wing group with affiliations to him apologized for his behavior and said he resigned from his group position.

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In November 2023, Seoul High Court overturned the April 2021 ruling saying state immunity was not applicable to the case because Japan violated international treaties to which it was a party (as well as Japan's own criminal law) that banned

6063:"Hata essentially equates the 'comfort women' system with prostitution and finds similar practices during the war in other countries. He has been criticized by other Japanese scholars for downplaying the hardship of the 'comfort women'.", 3592:

Despite the efforts at assigning responsibility and victims compensation, in the years after World War II, many former Korean comfort women were afraid to reveal their past, because they are afraid of being disowned or ostracized further.

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to the comfort women of World War II. Some Japanese and Japanese-American opponents of the initiative argue the statue would promote hatred and anti-Japanese sentiment throughout the community and object to the statue singling out Japan.

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shared commonalities: they all experienced severe and brutal physical, sexual, and psychological abuse. They were repeatedly beaten and forced to perform sexual service with 10 men on normal days and up to 40 men on days after combat.

8575: 4560:...'wartime comfort women' were those who were taken to former Japanese military installations, such as comfort stations, for a certain period during wartime in the past and forced to provide sexual services to officers and soldiers. 3742:

On August 14, 2018, South Korea held an unveiling ceremony for a monument memorializing Korean women forced to work in wartime brothels for the Japanese military, as the nation observed its first official comfort women memorial day.

10682: 15152:, April 27, 2007, and Ko Hanako Et Al. V. Japan, Supreme Court of Japan (1st Petty Bench), April 27, 2007 (January 1, 2008). American Journal of International Law, Vol. 102, No. 1, pp. 148–154, January 2008. Available at SSRN: 3660:

Thanks to this increasing awareness in society, and with the help of TWRF, Taiwanese comfort women have gained the support their government, which on many occasions has asked the Japanese government for apologies and compensation.

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8.3 million) to a fund supporting surviving victims while South Korea agreed to refrain from criticizing Japan regarding the issue and to work to remove a statue memorializing the victims from in front of the Japanese embassy in

3769:, South Korea in 1998. The House of Sharing includes "The Museum of Sexual Slavery by Japanese Military" to spread the truth about the Japanese military's brutal abuse of comfort women and to educate descendants and the public. 3738:

On June 30, 2017, the local government of Busan enacted the legal foundation to protect the Statue of Peace by passing the relative ordinance. By reason of this, it has become difficult to shift the site or demolish the statue.

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turned over to a comfort station by the Imperial Japanese forces. Soldiers would cut her food rationing if she did not work hard enough. They also ignored orders to use condoms, which led to her contracting a venereal disease.

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became the first Japanese leader to issue a statement specifically apologising for the comfort women issue. This led to an intense increase of public interest in the topic as well. In 1993, following multiple testimonies, the

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On May 23, 2018, a comfort women memorial was installed in Constitution Park in Fort Lee, NJ. Youth Council of Fort Lee, a student organization led by Korean American high school students in Fort Lee designed the memorial.

9996: 3819:, a feminist organization. In their brochure they list their demands in two categories, ones to the Japanese government and those for the Philippine government. From the Japanese government Lila Pilipina has five demands: 3387:

Since information disclosed by the Asian Women's Fund can be attributed to parts of a speech delivered in 1965 by Japanese Diet Member Arafune Seijuro, some of the information mentioned by the fund remains controversial.

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On January 8, 2021, Seoul Central District Court ordered the government of Japan to pay reparations of 100 million won ($ 91,300) each to the families of the twelve women. On the court case, referring to the principle of

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noted that Hata's initial estimate was at approximately 90,000, but he reduced that figure to 20,000 for political reasons. He has been criticized by other Japanese scholars for minimizing the hardship of comfort women.

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and "an inevitable diplomatic clash" between Japan and South Korea governments should the lawsuit proceeded. Lee Yong-soo, a former comfort woman and one of the plaintiffs, said she would seek international litigation.

11937: 6774: 10380: 8112:[Answer to the question by the House of Representatives member Kiyomi Tsujimoto regarding the prime minister Abe's recognition of Comfort women issue]. House of Representatives. March 16, 2007. Archived from 3814:

Comfort women in the Philippines, called "Lolas" (grandmothers), formed different groups similar to the Korean survivors. One group, named "Lila Pilipina" (League of Filipino Women), started in 1992 and is member of

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Tokyo or Singapore. Common destinations of comfort women from Java included Burma, Thailand, and Eastern Indonesia. Interviews conducted with former comfort women also suggest that some women came from the island of

19936: 7022: 3320: 3278: 14039: 6159: 3266:, which would have signified an apology backed by the Japanese government. Subsequent apologies written and signed by the standing prime minister of Japan were distributed by the Asian Women's Fund, which is a 7970: 4000:, objected that the memorial should be "broadened to memorialize all the women who have been sexually assaulted and abused by soldiers of countries in the world". Supporting the statue, Heather Knight of the 3709:

Every Wednesday, living comfort women, women's organizations, socio-civic groups, religious groups, and a number of individuals participate in the Wednesday Demonstrations in front of the Japanese Embassy in

19906: 10463: 9525: 2424:

In June 2014, more official documents were made public from the government of Japan's archives, documenting sexual violence and women forced into sexual slavery, committed by Imperial Japanese soldiers in

11746: 12649: 10307: 3852:"to build historical markers and shrines around the country for the comfort women and war victims of World War II as a reminder to the present generation of the sad realities behind wars of aggression," 7995: 2822:, twenty European women and girls were imprisoned in two houses. Over a period of three weeks, as Japanese units passed by the houses, the women and their daughters were brutally and repeatedly raped. 13227: 9281: 5507: 3370:

into erasing several paragraphs on comfort women from one of their textbooks. The attempt was unsuccessful, and American academics criticized Japanese attempts to revise the history of comfort women.

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of Japanese women did not believe in the stories of the comfort women, charging that many Japanese simply regard other Asians as "others" whose feelings do not count. In 2004, Minister of Education

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The Survey of Korean Comfort Women Used by Japanese Soldiers said that 30% of the interviewed former Korean comfort women produced biological children and 20% adopted children after World War II.

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On February 16, 2016, the United Nations' Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women, Seventh and Eighth Periodic Reports, was held, with Shinsuke Sugiyama, Deputy Minister for

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The Missing Girls and Women of China, Hong Kong and Taiwan: A Sociological Study of Infanticide, Forced Prostitution, Political Imprisonment, "Ghost Brides," Runaways and Thrownaways, 1900–2000s

3569:, the women showed distorted perceptions, difficulty in managing emotional reactions and internalized anger. A 2011 clinical study found that comfort women are more prone to showing symptoms of 19088: 11423: 8635: 8567: 11118: 10742: 19100: 19064: 12506: 3312:

extensive support from Japanese citizens who refute the existence of the comfort women issue, alleging it as a concoction by left-leaning factions. Several leaders of these groups are women.

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states that local brothels outside of the military's reach had issues of security, since there were possibilities of spies disguised as workers of such private facilities. Japanese historian

15658: 12473: 10846: 10712: 10153: 13605: 10674: 3832:"for the Japanese government to admit the use of force and violence in the conscription and treatment of the "comfort women" as military sex slaves, contrary to Japanese government report," 3611: 10028: 14065: 3835:"a formal apology to the Filipino people and specifically to the women victims and their families for having a direct hand in the conscription of Asian women for military sexual slavery." 2731:

from losing battles with the Allied Forces. During the last stand of Japanese forces in 1944–45, comfort women were often forced to commit suicide or were killed. During World war II, at

14302: 12066: 10918: 11250: 10122: 12002: 10217: 3888:

Similar to the Korean grandmothers, Filipino "Lolas" have their own Grandmother house with a collection of their testimonies. Also two of them have published two autobiographic books:

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is a nursing home for living comfort women. The House of Sharing was founded in June 1992 through funds raised by Buddhist organizations and various socio-civic groups and it moved to

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expressed that Japan should do more for sufferers of wartime sexual slavery. Japan responded by stating it has already made numerous apologies and offered compensation to the victims.

12562: 12407: 11811: 11781: 3829:"for the Japanese government to include as reference in its textbooks and history books the reality of military sexual slavery through "comfort women" during World War II as a crime," 3823:"that Japan fulfills its responsibility in the full disclosure of all information in its war archives concerning the operation of the "comfort stations" and the "comfort women" system 3140:

said the Japanese government may reconsider the study and the apology. However, Prime Minister Abe clarified on March 14, 2014, that he had no intention of renouncing or altering it.

11837: 2928:, had been interpreted by the Japanese government as having settled issues related to war crimes, despite the fact that none of them specifically mentioned the comfort women system. 19855: 19076: 8974: 5855: 4197:. Several scenes of Chinese women tearfully volunteering themselves as comfort women to save the rest of the refugees are depicted, as well as their plight, pain and eventual death. 2932: 2925: 187:

Estimates vary as to how many women were involved, with most historians settling somewhere in the range of 50,000–200,000; the exact numbers are still being researched and debated.

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The Comfort Women survivors have asked the Korean government multiple times to bring their case in front of the International Court of Justice, but South Korea has yet to respond.

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about their past actions. However, the comfort women issue was not a central topic and instead most of this resurgence in historical interest went towards other themes such as the

2421:

on the issue. According to China, the documents provide ironclad proof that the Japanese military forced Asian women to work in front-line brothels before and during World War II.

3735:

announced the agreement would not be enacted in its current stage and that negotiations for a deal between Japan and South Korea over the comfort women dispute had to start over.

2451:

Documents were found in Shanghai that showed details of how the Japanese Army went about opening comfort stations for Japanese troops in occupied Shanghai. Documents included the

15487:

A museum documenting oral account publications, images and interactive maps of designated "Comfort Women" military establishments and experiences of "Comfort Women" (in Japanese)

7172: 3581:

The last surviving victims have become public figures in Korea, where they are referred to as "halmoni", the affectionate term for "grandmother". There is a nursing home, called

13056: 12856: 12768: 5787: 5633:", the actual number of comfort women remains unclear because the Japanese army incinerated many crucial documents right after the defeat for fear of war crimes prosecution, ", 2707:

In 1985, Japanese comfort woman survivor Shirota Suzuko (1921–1993) released her autobiography, detailing the sufferings she and other women endured as comfort women.

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for soldiers in Negri Sembilan and another 10,000 for soldiers in Perak. However, the women had no ability to resist or object when Japanese soldiers refused to wear condoms.

3777:

Some of the survivors, Kang Duk-kyung, Kim Soon-duk and Lee Yong-Nyeo, preserved their personal history through their drawings as a visual archive. Also, the director of the

19873: 13782: 10376: 5951:"An estimated 200,000 to 300,000 women across Asia, predominantly Korean and Chinese, are believed to have been forced to work as sex slaves in Japanese military brothels", 5695:"An estimated 200,000 to 300,000 women across Asia, predominantly Korean and Chinese, are believed to have been forced to work as sex slaves in Japanese military brothels", 3530:

unanimously passed a motion that recognized Japan's use of women as sex slaves during the Second World War, demanding Japan to make a formal sincere apology to all victims.

2735:

Lagoon, 70 comfort women were killed prior to the expected American assault as the Navy mistook the American air raid as the prelude to an American landing while during the

9371: 7014: 3714:, sponsored by "The Korean Council for the Women Drafted for Military Sexual Slavery by Japan (KCWDMSS)". It was first held on January 8, 1992, when Japan's Prime Minister 2455:

Municipal Archives from the archival files of the Japanese government and the Japanese police during the periods of the occupation in World War II. Municipal archives from

12440: 5674: 5504: 4629: 3731:, South Korea. As of January 6, 2017, the Japanese government is attempting to negotiate the removal of the statue. On May 11, 2017, newly elected South Korean President 3331:

estimates the number of comfort women to have been more likely between 10,000 and 20,000. Hata claims that "none of the comfort women were forcibly recruited". Historian

2308:, the chief of staff in Shanghai, ordered the construction of comfort houses to prevent further rape. After the rapes of many Chinese women by Japanese troops during the 19942: 19694: 17513: 14707: 14043: 12313: 10770: 4415: 3585:, for former comfort women in South Korea. China remains more at the testimony collection stage, particularly through the China "Comfort Women" Issue Research Center at 3519: 17258: 12250: 8748: 3430:, Japan's second largest newspaper in circulation, retracted 16 articles published between 1982 and 1997. The articles were concerned with former imperial army officer 3224:

In April 2021, in a separate case, a judge at Seoul Central District Court rejected an effort to order Japan to compensate 20 comfort women and their relatives, citing

3056:

against their will, including documents from the Japanese Kwantung Army military police corps archives and documents from the national bank of Japan's puppet regime in

2634:, comfort women were replaced with other women at a rapid rate, making her estimates of 200,000-400,000 comfort women plausible, with the majority being Chinese women. 16859: 12115: 10278: 8212: 5482: 2164: 13231: 12281: 3022:'s National Institute of Defense Studies which indicated Japanese military involvement in establishing and running "comfort stations." Following this, Prime Minister 18864: 16875: 8725: 8695: 8665: 7967: 14657:慰安婦問題、敗北主義に陥るな外務省「韓国は確信犯的にやっている」(Comfort women issue – Do not be influenced by defeatism. Foreign Ministry Staff say "South Korea is doing a criminal conviction".) 19136: 12377: 11383: 11272: 11042: 5069: 3494:

Members of the Malaya Lolas held a demonstration with families of Philippine "comfort women" on International Memorial Day for "Comfort Women" (August 14) 2024 in

2857:

stationed in Rabaul. Igusa wrote in his memoirs that the women continued to work through infection and severe discomfort, though they "cried and begged for help".

17202: 13975: 10459: 9974: 9517: 6416: 2688:. After the war, many Javanese comfort women who survived stayed in the locations where they had been trafficked to and became integrated into local populations. 16798: 16770: 15914: 15098: 11750: 11644: 11091: 4217:

is a 2015 South Korean film that tells the story about two teenage girls who are taken away from their homes and forced to become comfort women for the Japanese.

2615: 18843: 17522: 17209: 16336: 12641: 12162: 10301: 9874: 9547: 7987: 4420: 2908:

trafficked from Korea to Burma for this purpose, under the pretence of being recruited for work such as visiting the wounded in hospitals or rolling bandages.

2028: 1559: 11907: 10891: 17825: 17188: 16490: 16115: 11596: 9273: 7051: 5225: 3664:

In November 2014, "Song of the Reed", a documentary film directed by Wu Hsiu-ching and produced by TWRF, won the International Gold Panda documentary award.

3381: 14448: 13309:"Gedwongen prostitutie van Nederlandse vrouwen in voormalig Nederlands-Indië [Enforced prostitution of Dutch women in the former Dutch East Indies]" 10239: 3031:(named after then Chief Cabinet Secretary Yohei Kono) was issued by Japanese Government confirming that coercion was involved in seizing the comfort women. 20042: 18995: 16831: 16777: 15963: 10485: 10240:"Philippines failed to redress continuous discrimination and suffering of sexual slavery victims perpetrated by Imperial Japanese Army, UN committee finds" 9007: 1913: 1285: 1022: 9780: 8242: 2358:

front lines, especially in the countryside where middlemen were rare. When the locals were considered hostile in China, Japanese soldiers carried out the

19263: 17295: 16784: 16400: 14936: 12025: 11327: 10606: 8181: 6492: 3355:

chaired a commission established to consider "concrete measures to restore Japan's honor with regard to the comfort women issue", despite his own father

3304:, who stated that no women were forced to serve and that the women worked in more hygienic conditions compared to regular prostitutes because the use of 3300:, depicts kimono-clad women lining up to sign up for duty before a Japanese soldier. Kobayashi's book contains an interview with Taiwanese industrialist 1649: 1290: 13346: 12708: 10433: 9251: 9163: 9141: 9086: 8780: 7111: 3565:

In the aftermath of the war, the women recalled bouts of physical and mental abuse that they had experienced while working in military brothels. In the

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widespread rape, which hindered Japan's military capacity. Comfort women lived in sordid conditions, and were called "public toilets" by the Japanese.

15810: 14107: 13171: 5701:"Historians say thousands of women; as many as 200,000 by some accounts; mostly from Korea, China and Japan worked in the Japanese military brothels", 4485: 2931:

The issue has been discussed in Korean newspapers since the war's end, with the number of articles jumping in the 1960s, when negotiations towards the

14517: 12680: 11413: 10869: 10410: 10186: 10053: 8627: 5883: 2680:

J.F. van Wagtendonk and the Dutch Broadcast Foundation estimated a total number of 400 Dutch girls were taken from the camps to become comfort women.

17181: 16621: 16497: 15099:

Howard, Keith; Hanʼguk Chŏngsindae Munje Taechʻaek Hyŏbŭihoe; Research Association on the Women Drafted for Military Sexual Slavery by Japan (1995).

13442: 12960: 12347: 11122: 10734: 10553: 9618: 8132:[No evidence of the forced seizures. A cabinet decision on Kono statement.] (in Japanese). 47News. Kyodo News. March 16, 2007. Archived from 6363:

Poelgeest. Bart van, 1993, Gedwongen prostitutie van Nederlandse vrouwen in voormalig Nederlands-Indië 's-Gravenhage: Sdu Uitgeverij Plantijnstraat.

3679: 3610:. It was built on the site of a former comfort station run by the invading Japanese troops during World War II. The memorial hall stands next to the 3438:

region in South Korea. Following the retraction of the articles, the newspaper also refused to publish an op-ed on the matter by Japanese journalist

3040:

concluding that "No evidence was found that the Japanese army or the military officials seized the women by force." In 2014, Chief Cabinet Secretary

2386:(Japanese Army military police) to work in front-line brothels in China, Indochina, and Indonesia. These documents were initially made public at the 14655: 12496: 12202: 10999: 9067: 8109: 6620: 16474: 15854: 12463: 11867: 11450: 11361: 10704: 10521: 10145: 2619: 982: 14013: 13989: 12140: 8263: 6374:

Report of a study of Dutch government documents on the forced prostitution of Dutch women in the Dutch East Indies during the Japanese occupation.

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in Burma indicated that the comfort women lived comparatively well, received many gifts, and were paid wages while they were in Burma. The label '

19704: 16911: 16223: 12593: 11480: 10025: 2646:, and other Japanese-occupied countries and regions. Some Dutch women, captured in Dutch colonies in Asia, were also forced into sexual slavery. 14908: 12056: 10932:

Min SK, Lee CH, Kim JY, Shim EJ (November 2004). "Posttraumatic Stress Disorder of Former Comfort Women for Japanese Army during World War II".

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and to bring to justice those responsible and to pursue a comprehensive and lasting resolution to these issues". U.N. Human Rights Commissioner

2974:. Nevertheless, historians who had studied Japan's wartime activities in-depth were already aware of the existence of comfort women in general. 2390:

trial. In one of these, a lieutenant is quoted as confessing to having organized a brothel and having used it himself. Another source refers to

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announced the discovery of seven official documents in the archives of the Tokyo Trials, suggesting that Imperial military forces – such as the

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It is estimated that most of the survivors became infertile because of the multiple rapes or venereal diseases contracted following the rapes.

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Mitchell, Richard H. (April 1997), "George Hicks. The Comfort Women: Japan's Brutal Regime of Enforced Prostitution in the Second World War",

11992: 11240: 10112: 9940: 8605: 7404: 5969:"Approximately 80 percent of the sex slaves were Korean; . By one approximation, 80 percent were between the ages of fourteen and eighteen.", 19948: 17529: 17492: 17469: 16983: 15905: 15875: 12782: 11969: 11773: 10209: 9401: 7282: 6013: 3115: 2920:

reason is expected to commit suicide; by choosing to live, the survivors made themselves into outcasts. Moreover, documents such as the 1952

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girls were recruited to "Huimin Girls' school" to be trained as entertainers, but then forced to serve as sex slaves. The American historian

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also spoke about the lawsuit of a claim for damages against Japanese government consistently in Extraordinary Press Conference from Brazil.

2868:', originally referring to comfort women who returned to Korea, has remained as a pejorative term for sexually active women in South Korea. 19879: 17622: 17478: 17462: 17434: 16675: 15882: 15542: 11841: 10839:"European Parliament resolution of 13 December 2007 on Justice for the 'Comfort Women' (sex slaves in Asia before and during World War II)" 8966: 8530:"Reconstructing the History of the 'Comfort Women' System: The Fruits of 28 years of Investigation into the 'Comfort Women' Issue in China" 5729: 4316: 2643: 2033: 1883: 14474: 11020: 8943: 8389: 6466: 20057: 19749: 19301: 18379: 17446: 17358: 17302: 17265: 16540: 15397: 13389: 10650: 9851: 3589:, sometimes in collaboration with Korean researchers. For other nations, the research and the interaction with victims is less advanced. 1364: 7169: 3344: 143:), which literally means "comforting, consoling woman". During World War II, Japanese troops forced hundreds of thousands of women from 17351: 16076: 10838: 9431: 2110: 862: 502: 15428: 14276: 14251: 14226: 14207: 14181: 14155: 14129: 14071: 12846: 12760: 11504: 9341: 9183: 7807: 5795: 2267:, a former member of the Argentine Supreme Court of Justice, states that the Japanese government aimed to prevent atrocities like the 19801: 18857: 17485: 15868: 15826: 14981: 14614: 12228: 11200: 9311: 8907: 8810: 7876: 5913: 5450: 1312: 13257: 12901: 12080: 11721: 8127: 7149: 6527: 2464:

burned most of the records immediately before the surrender; however, the study confirmed that some documents and records survived.

19486: 18988: 18706: 16518: 16292: 16055: 15921: 15732: 11305: 7911: 4446: 4370: 4361: 4335: 4040:, Germany. The statue was a replica of the bronze statue installed in front of the Japanese Embassy in Seoul. Another German city, 2083: 1903: 1076: 15358: 14819: 14338: 13790: 10991:

Pilzer, Joshua D. (2012). Hearts of Pine: Songs in the Lives of Three Korean Survivors of the Japanese "Comfort Women". New York:

10360: 3963:. The statue has been subject to multiple legal attempts to remove it. A 2014 lawsuit seeking the statue's removal was dismissed. 20012: 20002: 19982: 19821: 19256: 17601: 17398: 17050: 16428: 15928: 15840: 15776: 15391: 13422: 12932: 9363: 9113: 8881: 8851: 8486: 2958: 2783:. Over the following months, O'Herne and six other Dutch women were repeatedly raped and beaten, day and night, by IJA personnel. 2700: 2541: 2241: 476: 15525: 14844: 13272: 9915: 7943: 7934:"Testimony about 'forcible taking away of women on Jeju Island': Judged to be fabrication because supporting evidence not found" 6658: 6559: 3950:

On March 8, 2013, Bergen County erected a comfort women memorial on the lawn of the Bergen County Courthouse in Hackensack, NJ.

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used as barracks by Japanese soldiers in World War II where young Filipino comfort women were imprisoned and used as sex slaves

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passed a resolution that urged Japan to apologize for it wartime sex slavery, and to pay compensation to former comfort women.

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to manage comfort stations, which included how to determine the actuarial "durability or perishability of the women procured."

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Testimony about 'forcible taking away of women on Jeju Island': Judged to be fabrication because supporting evidence not found

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Chang, Iris (1997), The Rape of Nanking: The Forgotten Holocaust of World War II, Basic Books. pp 109-110. ISBN 0-465-06835-9.

4944: 4615:, p. 69 "It referred to adult female (fu/bu) who provided sexual services to "comfort and entertain" (ian/wian) the warrior... 3983:

On September 22, 2017, in an initiative led by the local Chinese-American community, San Francisco erected a privately funded

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States; San Francisco, California, United States; and Berlin, Germany, with each demand rejected by the relevant authorities.

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Comfort Women Speak: Testimony by Sex Slaves of the Japanese Military : Includes New United Nations Human Rights Report

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among Japanese troops, and to prevent leakage of military secrets by civilians who were in contact with Japanese officers.

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The "House of Sharing" is a South Korean home for surviving comfort women and incorporates "The Museum of Sexual Slavery".

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changed its description of the terms "comfort woman" and "forced labourer" causing a controversy among staff and readers.

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Hayashi, Hirofumi. "Disputes in Japan over the Japanese Military 'Comfort Women' System and Its Perception in History",

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with those who became pregnant forced to have abortions. After four harrowing months, the girls were moved to a camp at

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On May 12, 2007, journalist Taichiro Kajimura announced the discovery of 30 Dutch government documents submitted to the

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is a 2018 South Korean drama film based on a real-life story of three comfort women and seven other victims during the

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In September 2020, the Democratic Party (DP) suspended Yoon's party membership due to the charges that she was facing.

2179: 1873: 1627: 265: 14430: 11648: 11095: 8511: 6350: 6285: 18873: 17755: 17727: 17544: 17126: 16838: 16805: 15314: 15310: 15251: 15172: 15164: 15142: 15127: 15066: 13666: 13595: 13546: 9209:"Summary of remarks by Mr. Shinsuke Sugiyama, Deputy Minister for Foreign Affairs in the Question and Answer session" 8324: 7654: 7621: 6450: 6253: 6228: 5347: 5219: 5105: 4277: 3324:

women to have sex with Japanese troops, and Asian brothels, where women chose to be prostitutes for American troops.

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Contrarily, a report based on interrogation of 20 Korean comfort women and two Japanese civilians captured after the

2549: 2001: 1878: 1302: 1071: 938: 16021: 12170: 11688: 10336: 9882: 3399:, an organization that supports Filipina survivors of sexual slavery during World War II, filed a complaint at UN's 19791: 19596: 18910: 18068: 18005: 17140: 16969: 16092: 11899: 10883: 8075: 7777: 7520: 5957:"Estimates of the number of comfort women range between 50,000 and 200,000. It is believed that most were Korean", 5833:, The Australian National University–Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies, retrieved October 26, 2009 5146: 4516: 4012:

camps in California as evidence that Japan is "not being singled out". In protest over the statue, Osaka ended the

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with your own assertions is something that newspapers do all the time too". In August 2014, the Japanese newspaper

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to comply with the troops' demands. In addition, threats were made to the families of girls who attempted suicide.

2553: 2132: 1342: 1327: 1273: 958: 948: 943: 772: 628: 347: 16646: 15556: 13228:"Contemporary Forms of Slavery – Systematic rape, sexual slavery and slavery-like practices during armed conflict" 11588: 9064:[Editorial] No final resolution without legal responsibility on comfort women issue ' | english.hani.co.kr 7044: 5209: 1848: 19816: 19811: 19454: 18434: 18275: 18264: 18100: 17859: 17818: 17711: 17649: 17029: 16299: 16168: 16136: 15533: 13390:"H. Res. 121: Expressing the sense of the House of Representatives that the Government of Japan should formally." 12738: 9424:"Extraordinary Press Conference by Foreign Minister MOTEGI Toshimitsu, Friday, January 8, 2021, 8:43 p.m. Brazil" 8997: 6758: 3778: 3727:

identical to the one in front of the Japanese Embassy in Seoul was erected in front of the Japanese consulate in

3515:

are campaigning in countries where governments have yet to support the cause, like in Australia, or New Zealand.

2627: 2497: 2127: 1898: 704: 321: 16816: 16384: 14374: 12902:"The hidden battle of Leyte : the picture diary of a girl taken by the Japanese military / Remedios Felias" 12400:"Supervisors' support of a 'comfort women' memorial in San Francisco sparks debate – The San Francisco Examiner" 10086: 8463: 8349: 19796: 18820: 18792: 18670: 18463: 17700: 17151: 17077: 16866: 16237: 15956: 15861: 15746: 15592: 13827:

Watanabe, Kazuko (1999). "Trafficking in Women's Bodies, Then and Now: The Issue of Military "Comfort Women"".

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members having arrested women on the streets and putting them in brothels after enforced medical examinations.

2260: 1597: 1585: 1165: 977: 623: 495: 412: 124: 31: 15642:"Statement by Prime Minister Tomiichi Murayama on the occasion of the establishment of the Asian Women's Fund" 15456:– not-for-profit organisation focusing on the plight of the Japanese military "Comfort Women" of World War II. 14942: 13259:

Statement by the Chief Cabinet Secretary Yohei Kono on the result of the study on the issue of "comfort women"

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A number of former comfort women had come forward and spoken out about their plight of being a comfort woman:

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In 2014, China released documents it said were "ironclad proof" that the comfort women were forced to work as

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Lee, SinCheol; Han, Hye-in (January 2015). "Comfort women: a focus on recent findings from Korea and China".

4652: 3267: 2962: 2169: 1952: 813: 17: 19297: 15664: 14113: 6690: 4481: 3359:, having organized a "comfort station" in 1942 when he was a lieutenant paymaster in Japan's Imperial Navy. 19997: 19669: 19430: 18954: 18850: 18225: 18186: 17105: 16933: 16918: 16845: 16824: 16642: 16320: 16106: 16099: 16083: 15794: 15753: 15725: 13461: 13093: 12672: 10861: 10402: 10176: 10045: 7433: 5879: 4479: 4340: 4305: 3411:

of the Japanese Diet in 1975 in which he claimed to cite numbers provided by Korean authorities during the

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the 1965 Agreement on the Settlement of Problems concerning Property and Claims and on Economic Cooperation

2174: 2018: 1888: 1549: 1317: 1297: 857: 825: 260: 230: 57: 40: 19770: 19420: 19415: 14665: 12950: 12339: 10543: 6037:

The Japanese Comfort Women and Sexual Slavery during the China and Pacific Wars (War, Culture and Society)

5185:

The Japanese Comfort Women and Sexual Slavery during the China and Pacific Wars (War, Culture and Society)

4725: 544: 19689: 18917: 18241: 18193: 17811: 17783: 17636: 17251: 17230: 16744: 16407: 16313: 15803: 13934: 13304: 13013: 12192: 9062: 8113: 7182: 6612: 4088: 3019: 2560:, and French Indochina. A smaller number of women of European origin were also involved, mostly from the 2234: 2184: 1908: 1826: 953: 734: 554: 15349: 15150:

Case Comment: Nishimatsu Construction Co. v. Song Jixiao Et Al., Supreme Court of Japan (2d Petty Bench)

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as an elderly woman who travels to the United States to testify about her experience as a comfort woman.

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The garrisons were located from the northern region of Cagayan Valley to the Davao region in the south.

2362:("kill all, burn all, loot all") which included indiscriminately kidnapping and raping local civilians. 19861: 19084: 19023: 18715: 18211: 18130: 18075: 17963: 17919: 17569: 17195: 17119: 17014: 16891: 16763: 16756: 16716: 16689: 16421: 16354: 15949: 15760: 15690: 15467: 15386: 15370: 14536: 14023: 13997: 12091: 8597: 8273: 4291: 3955: 3944: 3618: 3586: 2525: 2501: 2441: 2093: 1945: 1930: 1821: 1017: 687: 237: 14728: 12585: 11930:"Flowers for Lolas: Accurate historical inclusion while the comfort women's voices can still be heard" 11805:"COMMENTARY ON A VICTORY FOR "COMFORT WOMEN": JAPAN'S JUDICIAL RECOGNITION OF MILITARY SEXUAL SLAVERY" 11476: 10947:

Min, SK; Lee, CH; Kim, JY; Sim, EJ (2011). "Posttraumatic stress disorder in former 'comfort women'".

8436:"Details of Exchanges Between Japan and the Republic of Korea (ROK) Regarding the Comfort Women Issue" 20037: 19272: 19060: 18617: 18534: 18319: 18179: 18151: 17984: 17889: 17679: 17112: 16179: 15833: 15022: 14917: 14636: 13450:, Washington DC: Nazi War Crimes and Japanese Imperial Government Records Interagency Working Group, 9394:"Press Conference by the Prime Minister on the court case brought by a group of former comfort women" 7715: 5819: 4456: 4155: 4085: 2995:, was pressured to terminate his position. Uemura sued for libel but lost his case against Professor 2992: 2988: 2935:

were underway, and further spiking in the 1980s, after the discovery of living former comfort women.

2884:, which together with damage to the vagina caused by rape were the causes of unusually high rates of 2623: 2493: 2189: 2088: 1619: 1607: 1197: 1170: 675: 488: 375: 225: 44: 16377: 14357: 13577:

Concerning the Three Alls Strategy/Three Alls Policy By the Japanese Forces (日本軍による『三光政策・三光作戦をめぐって』)

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further states that the Japanese military used comfort women to satisfy disgruntled soldiers during

20052: 20017: 19806: 19350: 19344: 18356: 18333: 17585: 17386: 17379: 17036: 16696: 16668: 16661: 16048: 14598: 13955: 13861: 12792: 11016: 9950: 7800:"勇気ある告発者か詐話師か？吉田清治を再考する [A brave whistleblower or a swindler? Reconsidering Yoshida Seiji]" 7734:"Disputes in Japan over the Japanese Military "Comfort Women" System and Its Perception in History" 7401: 4194: 4076:

in August 2016. The 1.5-metre statue imported from Korea was originally meant for a public park in

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On May 30, 2014, a memorial was dedicated behind the Fairfax County Government Center in Virginia.

1969: 1838: 1391: 1180: 665: 566: 270: 19332: 16393: 16370: 15613:"Announcement by Foreign Ministers of Japan and the Republic of Korea at the Joint Press Occasion" 14411: 13585: 11959: 10812: 10575: 9393: 8874:"Announcement by Foreign Ministers of Japan and the Republic of Korea at the Joint Press Occasion" 7279: 6005: 2848:'s Asia Pacific Research Division, has written about the brothels run by the Japanese military in 845: 20032: 20027: 19912: 19849: 19131: 18778: 18722: 18592: 18452: 18137: 17790: 17686: 17592: 17160: 17021: 16991: 16955: 16940: 16812: 16704: 16682: 16628: 16614: 16596: 16260: 16041: 15769: 15718: 15661:, introduced by Rep. Michael Makoto Honda (California 17th), Passed House amended (July 30, 2007) 15453: 15410: 14453: 14092: 12874: 12435: 10992: 9742:"Japanese Religions and the Issue of "Comfort Women" - The University of Chicago Divinity School" 7107: 5091: 4441: 4431: 4115: 4001: 3704: 3684: 3412: 3340: 2921: 2741: 2273: 2154: 1893: 1843: 1771: 1544: 1322: 1266: 1249: 680: 19496: 15539: 15244:

Japan's Comfort Women: Sexual Slavery and Prostitution During World War II and the US Occupation

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No Organized or Forced Recruitment: Misconceptions about Comfort Women and the Japanese Military

11494: 7866: 5725: 3621:. It is a museum that exhibits photographs and various items related to comfort women in China. 3434:, who claimed he had forcibly taken Korean women to wartime Japanese military brothels from the 2432:

A 2015 study examined archival data which was previously difficult to access, partly due to the

19977: 19930: 19560: 19096: 18973: 18470: 18363: 18165: 18116: 18019: 17912: 17882: 17665: 17553: 17279: 17070: 16654: 16635: 16605: 16152: 16122: 14482: 13393: 11418: 11245: 10657: 10403:"Victims absent from South Korea's 'comfort women' rally amid graft allegations over ex-leader" 9244:"Court dismisses comfort women's suit against government for signing 2015 agreement with Japan" 9139:"25 years of progress on comfort women issue 'wiped out' by new agreement" | english.hani.co.kr 8933: 8393: 6470: 5339: 4480:

Psychological Warfare Team Attached to U.S. Army Forces India-Burma Theater (October 1, 1944).

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is a 2016 documentary about three former comfort women seeking justice and stating their story.

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by Remedios Felias. This second book was written in the 1990s, after Lila Filipina was formed.

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Film depicting horrors faced by 'comfort women' for Japan army tops Korea box office. (2016).

11057: 9847: 9084:"South Korea and Japan fail to reach breakthrough on comfort women issue" | english.hani.co.kr 7841: 7542: 6114: 5974: 3826:"adequate compensation for the women victims and their families from the Japanese government," 3606:

On December 1, 2015, the first memorial hall dedicated to Chinese comfort women was opened in

20007: 19924: 19900: 19659: 19584: 18961: 18684: 18527: 18423: 18393: 18349: 18089: 18054: 18047: 17970: 17868: 17309: 17286: 17133: 16737: 16274: 16014: 16000: 15683: 14891:

US Congressional Resolution Calls on Japan to Accept Responsibility for Wartime Comfort Women

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Comfort Women: A History of Japanese Forced Prostitution During the Second By Wallace Edwards

4971: 4785: 4365:, a documentary about Japanese women forced into prostitution in occupied territories in WWII 4081: 3512: 3084: 2376: 2063: 1918: 1831: 1816: 1498: 1486: 1232: 1217: 1002: 777: 699: 670: 203: 16572: 15570: 9701:"The Burden of History: The Issue of "Comfort Women" and What Japan Must do to Move Forward" 9665:"The Burden of History: The Issue of "Comfort Women" and What Japan Must do to Move Forward" 9634:"The Burden of History: The Issue of "Comfort Women" and What Japan Must do to Move Forward" 9423: 8048:"The Burden of History: The Issue of "Comfort Women" and What Japan Must do to Move Forward" 4692:"The Burden of History: The Issue of "Comfort Women" and What Japan Must do to Move Forward" 19548: 19535: 19523: 19307: 19219: 19072: 19019: 18785: 18640: 18291: 18248: 18218: 18144: 17954: 17933: 16852: 16329: 16007: 15522: 15438: 14850: 14286: 14261: 14236: 14217: 14191: 14165: 14139: 12370:"Plans for SF 'comfort women' memorial move closer to reality – The San Francisco Examiner" 12110: 9333: 9179: 9161:"Diverse interests paved the way for historic comfort women agreement" | english.hani.co.kr 8818: 7799: 5909: 3970: 3960: 3674:

On August 14, 2018, the first 'comfort women' statue in Taiwan was unveiled in the city of

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of 1904–1905, Japan's military closely regulated privately operated brothels in Manchuria.

2201: 2105: 2068: 1996: 1940: 1809: 1766: 1580: 1510: 1185: 965: 867: 751: 658: 387: 19760: 15289:

Thinking about the comfort women issue, Look squarely at essence of 'comfort women' issue.

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Statement of Jan Ruff O'Herne AO, Subcommittee on Asia, Pacific and the Global Environment

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Comfort Woman: A Filipina's Story of Prostitution and Slavery Under the Japanese Military

15061:"Comfort woman: Slave of destiny", Philippine Center for Investigative Journalism: 1996. 14771: 13558:

The Comfort Women: Japan's Brutal Regime of Enforced Prostitution in the Second World War

13263: 13200:[ How did Japan distort the history of comfort women... Documentary 'Kokosuni']. 12909: 11713: 11384:"Japanese nationalist group apologises for member who kicked Taiwan comfort woman statue" 10177:"'It Is Not Coming Down': San Francisco Defends 'Comfort Women' Statue as Japan Protests" 8133: 7387:

Cal State J Med. 1914 Sep; 12(9): p373–375. The Dose of Salvarsan, Douglass W. Montgomery

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documentary film by reporter Lee Seok-jae, on the revisionist histories of comfort women.

4104: 4021: 3977: 3541: 3297: 2789: 2768: 2704:

comfort women were used by Japanese male soldiers during their occupation of New Guinea.

2387: 2301: 1689: 1669: 1554: 1539: 1408: 1379: 1369: 1259: 1207: 1175: 972: 830: 798: 793: 746: 603: 352: 15288: 14311:(via the Alliance to Preserve the History of WWII in Asia – Los Angeles), archived from 13729: 13679:, Asia Perspectives, translation: Suzanne O'Brien, New York: Columbia University Press, 11297: 10358: 8460:"Atonement Project of the Asian Women's Fund, Projects by country or region-South Korea" 7901: 5300:"The Chinese Islamic "Goodwill Mission to the Middle East" During the Anti-Japanese War" 4945:"Press Conference: Latest research on Japan's military sexual slavery ("comfort women")" 2349:

wrote that a major issue was that no historian had examined whether the soldiers of the

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History of Comfort Women by the Washington Coalition for Comfort Women Issues – History

14827: 13836: 13815: 13762: 12819: 11997: 10580: 10181: 10117: 9712: 9676: 9645: 8998:"South Korea and Japan 'finally and irreversibly' reconcile on World War II sex slaves" 8067: 7838:

Essential consciousness of modern history: The minimum that Japanese people should know

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In 2010, the first American monument dedicated to the comfort women was established in

3332: 3206: 2861: 2294: 1935: 1781: 1756: 1746: 1711: 1706: 1674: 1639: 1632: 1573: 1566: 1423: 1242: 1237: 1227: 997: 850: 808: 803: 756: 724: 714: 651: 140: 67: 63: 15612: 13915: 13896: 13197: 10544:"Survivor of wartime sexual slavery calls on S. Korean government to pursue UN action" 9364:"South Korean court orders Japan to pay "comfort women," WWII sex slaves, reparations" 9103: 8873: 8843: 8478: 4311:

1921 International Convention for the Suppression of the Traffic in Women and Children

3898:

The Hidden Battle of Leyte: The Picture Diary of a Girl Taken by the Japanese Military

3132:, demanding that the Japanese government apologize to Taiwanese “comfort women”, 2019. 872: 818: 19831: 19684: 19338: 19166: 18887: 18771: 18661: 18601: 18562: 18495: 18477: 18443: 18386: 18340: 18284: 18109: 17847: 17839: 17776: 17629: 17223: 16748: 16209: 16188: 15898: 15299: 15265: 15247: 15229: 15195: 15168: 15160: 15138: 15123: 15106: 15082: 15075: 15062: 15058: 15041: 14620: 13819: 13705: 13680: 13662: 13636: 13615: 13591: 13562: 13542: 13520: 13486: 13451: 13428: 13320: 13280: 12135: 12061: 11224: 11067: 10956: 10765: 9905: 9600: 9461: 9002: 8059: 7938: 7933: 7906: 7845: 7773: 7753: 7660: 7650: 7613: 7603: 7504: 7443: 7370: 7360: 6823: 6764: 6694: 6643: 6598: 6446: 6249: 6224: 6155: 6118: 6107: 6040: 5597: 5562: 5343: 5215: 5188: 5101: 4818: 4676: 4425: 4345: 4167: 4064: 3969:

On August 16, 2014, a new memorial statue honoring the comfort women was unveiled in

3870: 3356: 3352: 3218: 3210: 3088: 2665: 2529: 2437:

verifying the Japanese Army as the funding agency for purchasing some comfort women.

2023: 1741: 1736: 1679: 1664: 1644: 1466: 1461: 1396: 1359: 1192: 1158: 987: 840: 729: 608: 333: 19566: 15641: 15631: 13373: 12615: 12026:"Bergen County marks International Women's Day with Korean 'comfort women' memorial" 11661: 11170: 11144: 7190: 4830: 4189:

is a 2009 Chinese movie written and directed by Lu Chuan. The movie is based on the

3989: 3846:"to conduct an official investigation and documentation of the comfort women issue," 3001: 2408:

The South Korean government designated Bae Jeong-ja as a pro-Japanese collaborator (

2259:

personnel in an effort to prevent a worsening of anti-Japanese sentiment, to reduce

422: 19837: 19775: 19517: 19460: 18806: 18799: 18743: 18407: 18172: 18158: 18061: 17998: 17949: 17762: 17615: 17562: 17372: 17323: 17237: 16460: 16437: 15970: 15119: 13807: 13754: 12982: 10974: 9590: 7745: 7571: 7356:

Reproductive realities in modern China : birth control and abortion, 1911-2021

6811: 6584: 5856:"Documents detail how Imperial military forced Dutch females to be 'comfort women'" 5585: 5548: 4951: 4810: 4664: 4380: 4190: 4037: 3762: 3756: 3582: 3511:

The cause has long been supported beyond the victim nations, and associations like

3246: 3153: 3036: 3015: 2996: 2967: 2951: 2865: 2853: 2736: 2639: 2587: 2557: 2537: 2533: 2513: 2426: 2371: 2346: 2309: 2277: 2213: 1791: 1786: 1776: 1751: 1716: 1684: 1654: 1527: 1515: 1493: 1471: 1418: 1254: 1222: 524: 381: 288: 211: 15979: 15203: 14938:

Lawsuits against the Government of Japan filed by the survivors in Japanese Courts

14682:"Disputing Korean Narrative on 'Comfort Women,' a Professor Draws Fierce Backlash" 11119:"Taiwanese 'comfort woman' speaks out in Tokyo exhibition to raise WWII awareness" 10636: 10357:

The Asahi Shimbun Co. Third-Party Committee report (abridged). December 22, 2014.

9595: 9578: 8406: 8021: 6800:"The 2015 South Korean–Japanese Agreement on 'Comfort Women': A Critical Analysis" 6589: 6572: 5589: 5553: 5536: 4653:"The 2015 South Korean–Japanese Agreement on 'Comfort Women': A Critical Analysis" 3518:

Support in the United States continues to grow, particularly after the passage of

19654: 19529: 19361: 19282: 19224: 19201: 19159: 19124: 19030: 18829: 18541: 18456: 18414: 18312: 18255: 18123: 17905: 17896: 17425: 17000: 16976: 16230: 15546: 15433: 15377:

and Nariaki Nakayama's infamous comment comparing "comfort houses" and cafeterias

15353: 15335: 15259: 15223: 15100: 15006:

The Horrible History of the "Comfort Women" and the Fight to Suppress Their Story

14734: 14661: 14334: 14308: 14282: 14257: 14232: 14213: 14187: 14161: 14135: 13811: 13609: 13556: 13534: 13480: 13063: 13052: 12851: 12814: 12787: 12703: 12308: 12197: 12087: 11964: 11668: 11061: 11003: 10996: 10913: 10434:"Korea's 'Comfort Women' Movement Enriches the Activists but Ignores the Victims" 10364: 10032: 9978: 9910: 9167: 9145: 9108: 9090: 9071: 8753: 8515: 8413: 8268: 8202: 7974: 7408: 7397: 7286: 7176: 7153: 6684: 6407: 6380: 5860: 5826: 5762: 5757: 5511: 5454: 5333: 5095: 4399: 4249: 4172: 4137: 3928: 3923: 3719: 3715: 3408: 3404:

material compensation and an official apology for the continuing discrimination.

3023: 2669: 2545: 2268: 2122: 2013: 2008: 1761: 1731: 1726: 1449: 1413: 1212: 1130: 835: 581: 433: 394: 19765: 19739: 19355: 18941: 15502: 15404:"Allies in adversity, Australia and the Dutch in the Pacific War: Comfort women" 15188:

Comparative Connections, A Quarterly e-Journal on East Asian Bilateral Relations

14304:'Comfort women' issue resolved: Noda '65 treaty cited on eve of first Seoul trip 14040:"Human rights: Chad, women's rights in Saudi Arabia, Japan's wartime sex slaves" 7233: 7104:"Allies in adversity, Australia and the Dutch in the Pacific War: Comfort women" 6727: 293: 19918: 19647: 19637: 19554: 19481: 19425: 19399: 18836: 18372: 18298: 16343: 16202: 15341: 14553: 14019: 13993: 13418: 9029: 8147: 4451: 4327: 4273:

about a Singaporean woman forced into sexual slavery by the Japanese occupiers.

4206: 3617:

In June 2016, the Research Center for Chinese Comfort Women was established at

3566: 3455:

public donations through the protests while spending little money aiding them.

3327:

In publications around 2007, Japanese historian and Nihon University professor

3238: 3225: 3137: 3041: 2916: 2829:, most of the Australian nurses captured were raped before they were murdered. 2631: 2517: 2398: 2318: 2305: 2304:

in 1932 as a response to wholesale rape of Chinese women by Japanese soldiers.

2264: 2206: 2100: 992: 633: 591: 427: 120: 15470:, song about comfort women composed by Mu Ting Zhang and directed by Po En Lee 15459: 15380: 15364: 14758: 12880: 10512:"South Korea charges former 'comfort women' activist with fraud, embezzlement" 9997:"U.S. academics condemn Japanese efforts to revise history of 'comfort women'" 7374: 6986: 6959: 6815: 6312: 6189: 4814: 4668: 255: 19971: 19907:

The Korean Council for the Women Drafted for Military Sexual Slavery by Japan

19744: 19729: 19037: 19004: 18647: 16414: 16253: 15529: 15293: 15199: 14796: 13798:

Wender, Mellisa (2003). "Military Comfort Women: Doing Justice to the Past".

13632:

The Comfort Women: Sexual Violence and Postcolonial Memory in Korea and Japan

13372:, Committee on Foreign Affairs, U.S. House of Representatives, archived from 13324: 11881: 10705:"Clinton says 'comfort women' should be referred to as 'enforced sex slaves'" 10548: 10210:"South Koreans Welcome Decision to Maintain 'Comfort Women' Statue in Berlin" 9945: 9823:

The Comfort Women: Sexual Violence and Postcolonial Memory in Korea and Japan

9604: 9465: 8280: 8063: 7871: 7757: 7749: 7617: 7599:

The Comfort Women: Sexual Violence and Postcolonial Memory in Korea and Japan

7508: 6443:

The Real Tenko: Extraordinary True Stories of Women Prisoners of the Japanese

5458: 4270: 3908: 3855:"to provide material support for the victims, survivors, and their families." 3802: 3439: 3431: 3426: 3263: 3166: 3144: 2978: 2826: 2654: 2583: 2505: 2418: 2359: 2144: 2073: 1503: 1278: 1108: 1098: 882: 532: 19937:

Women's International War Crimes Tribunal on Japan's Military Sexual Slavery

19241: 14964: 14889: 14871: 13501:

The Three Alls Policy and the Northern Chinese Regional Army (「三光作戦」と北支那方面軍)

12529:"Fort Lee students give voice to 'comfort women' abused during World War II" 11589:"South Korea Signals End to 'Final' Deal With Japan Over Wartime Sex Slaves" 9233: 9208: 9180:"Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women" 8435: 8205:"Papers prove Japan forced women into second world war brothels, says China" 7664: 5473:"Papers prove Japan forced women into second world war brothels, says China" 4798: 3321:

Women's International War Crimes Tribunal on Japan's Military Sexual Slavery

3046: 19642: 19389: 19366: 18946: 18750: 17043: 16948: 16579: 15942: 15706: 14783: 13508: 12955: 12468: 12431:"Memorialize wartime sex slaves known as 'comfort women,' or just move on?" 12340:"'Comfort Women' Statue in San Francisco Leads a Japanese City to Cut Ties" 11499: 10960: 9238: 9236: 8508: 7493:"The Politics of an Apology: Japan and Resolving the "Comfort Women" Issue" 7354: 6346: 6281: 5477: 4822: 4410: 4355: 4123: 4052:

In 2016, the first statue in Canada devoted to comfort women was placed in

3874: 3860: 3549: 3396: 3328: 3301: 3242: 3170: 3149: 3143:

On December 28, 2015, Prime Minister Shinzo Abe and South Korean President

2912: 2881: 2819: 2772: 2771:, taken shortly before she, her mother and sisters, and thousands of other 2732: 2635: 2569: 2281: 2255: 2149: 1986: 1962: 1868: 1861: 1592: 1120: 1093: 1056: 1034: 921: 638: 618: 596: 586: 576: 571: 561: 466: 439: 339: 128: 15632:"Letter from Prime Minister Junichiro Koizumi to the former comfort women" 14354:"FOCUS: Amnesty's European 'comfort women' campaign makes steady progress" 14109:

Japanese opposition calls on prime minister to acknowledge WWII sex slaves

13677:

Comfort Women. Sexual Slavery in the Japanese Military During World War II

12274:"Brookhaven To Unveil 'Comfort Women' Statue, Despite Japanese Opposition" 8320: 7968:

Asahi Shimbun admits errors in past 'comfort women' stories August 5, 2014

7597: 7313:

Choi, Chungmoo (1998), 'Nationalism and Construction of Gender in Korea',

6686:

Comfort Women: Sexual Slavery in the Japanese Military During World War II

4584:"Special Issue: The 'Comfort Women' as Public History (Table of Contents)" 3880:

These groups have made demonstrations in front of the Japanese embassy in

1401: 19491: 18585: 18571: 18233: 16902: 16723: 16708: 16062: 14772:"International Military Tribunal for the Far East (Chapter 8) – Judgment" 13940: 11684: 11277: 10328: 9552: 9518:"PM Suga upholds Japan's apologies for wartime aggression, comfort women" 8392:(in Japanese). The Mainichi Newspapers. February 27, 2014. Archived from 7964: 7644: 7570:

Higashi, Julie; Field, Norma; Yamaguchi, Tomomi; Veki, Yoshikata (2015).

5830: 5516: 5505:

Stance on 'comfort women' undermines fight to end wartime sexual violence

4258: 4242: 4237: 4130: 4119: 4111: 4077: 4013: 3893: 3865:

Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women and Children

3766: 3732: 3554: 3435: 3367: 3250: 3193: 3106:

in 1993. On March 27 the Japanese parliament issued an official apology.

3053: 3010: 2939: 2841: 2749: 2561: 1991: 1979: 1332: 1135: 1125: 1083: 897: 160: 156: 13840: 13119: 13075: 13038: 12642:"'Comfort woman' who was repeatedly raped by Japanese troops dies at 96" 11328:"Taipei says activist kicking 'comfort woman' memorial was unacceptable" 9716: 9700: 9680: 9664: 9649: 9633: 9548:"South Korea court overturns Japan's immunity from 'comfort women' suit" 8071: 8047: 7765: 7733: 7516: 7492: 5142: 4707: 4691: 4508: 3245:. Additionally, the court ordered Japan's government to pay 200 million 19622: 19501: 19394: 17940: 17693: 17672: 16558: 15891: 15819: 15374: 13766: 12870: 8938: 7015:"PHOTOS: Why These World War II Sex Slaves Are Still Demanding Justice" 4389: 4213: 4036:

In March 2017, the first comfort women statue in Europe was elected in

3649:

Survivors' claims against the Japan government have been backed by the

3634: 2947: 2834: 2692: 2342: 2139: 1436: 1140: 1007: 444: 298: 180: 176: 15479: 15398:

A Public Betrayed – Comfort Women—The Asian Sex Slaves of World War II

15026:(excerpt in English). Translated from Japanese version. July 20, 2018. 13172:"'Tomorrow' Episode 13: SF9 Rowoon Part of a Comfort Women's Survival" 12730: 12464:"Osaka drops San Francisco as sister city over 'comfort women' statue" 11882:"The house where the Philippines' forgotten 'comfort women' were held" 10146:"Osaka drops San Francisco as sister city over 'comfort women' statue" 10026:'Comfort women': anger as Japan paper alters description of WWII terms 9781:"Nationalistic Remarks From Japan Lead to Warnings of Chill With U.S." 9487:"Suga upholds Japan's apologies for wartime aggression, comfort women" 8203:

Justin McCurry in Tokyo; Jonathan Kaiman in Beijing (April 28, 2014).

6113:(First ed.). New York London: W.W. Norton & Company. p. 4726:"Apology Politics: Japan and South Korea's Dispute over Comfort Women" 4183:

is a 1998 documentary about the stories of 13 comfort women in Taiwan.

3629: 3315:

In early 2001, in a controversy involving national public broadcaster

19843: 19119: 18203: 17608: 17405: 17216: 17007: 16962: 12933:"Filipino 'comfort woman' leading her group's quest for justice dies" 12501: 10813:"Call for Apology | Netherlands Adopts Resolution on 'Comfort Women'" 10785:"House of Commons passes motion recognizing Japanese 'comfort women'" 10075: 9274:"New apology from Japan needed over "comfort women": S. Korea's Moon" 8459: 8338: 7547: 6412: 5753:"Japan's Wartime Sex Slave Exhibition Exposes Darkness in East Timor" 3612:

Memorial Hall of the Victims in Nanjing Massacre by Japanese Invaders

3175: 3157: 3057: 2565: 2521: 2504:. Women who were used for military "comfort stations" also came from 2445: 2417:

In 2014, China produced almost 90 documents from the archives of the

2382: 2330: 1384: 1049: 911: 328: 172: 144: 16483: 15426: 15326:

Digital Museum of The Comfort Women Issue and the Asian Women's Fund

15278:

Wakabayashi, Bob Tadashii "Comfort Women: Beyond Litigious Feminism"

15179:

Przystup, James (July 2007). Glosserman, Brad; Namkung, Sun (eds.).

15004: 14616:

Comfort station originated in govt-regulated 'civilian prostitution'

14595:"Dutch parliament demands Japanese compensation for "comfort women"" 13758: 13704:] (in Chinese) (Di 1 ban ed.). Shanghai Shudian Chubanshe. 12081:"A California statue stirs passions in South Korea and ire in Japan" 11527:"S. Korea unveils 'comfort women' monument on national memorial day" 10761:"Glendale unveils 'comfort women' statue, honors 'innocent victims'" 10735:"White House: Japan should do more to address 'comfort women' issue" 8321:"Establishment of the AW Fund, and the basic nature of its projects" 6573:"The study of "comfort women": Revealing a hidden past—introduction" 6373: 6282:"Digital Museum: The Comfort Women Issue and the Asian Women's Fund" 5537:"The study of "comfort women": Revealing a hidden past—introduction" 4583: 4539: 3839:

From the Philippine government Lila Pilipina also has five demands:

3419: 3401:

Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW)

2809:

Suki Falconberg, a comfort women survivor, shared her experiences:

2544:) and other Japanese-occupied territories. Stations were located in 1066: 19627: 19607: 16467: 16195: 15149: 14730:

Comfort women used to prevent military revolt during war: historian

12163:"Comfort Women Memorial Peace Garden Unveiled in Northern Virginia" 12106:"Glendale wins legal battle over monument to WW II 'comfort women'" 11993:"In New Jersey, Memorial for 'Comfort Women' Deepens Old Animosity" 11414:"'Comfort women' statue installed near Japanese consulate in Busan" 10909:"U.N. issues fresh call to Japan over World War II 'comfort women'" 10113:"In New Jersey, Memorial for 'Comfort Women' Deepens Old Animosity" 9155: 9153: 8529: 5299: 4509:"Who were the Comfort Women?-The Establishment of Comfort Stations" 4286: 4041: 3980:

unveiled a statue memorializing the Comfort Women of World War II.

3816: 3797: 3348:

World War II as "necessary", so that soldiers could "have a rest".

2971: 2780: 2552:, the Philippines, Indonesia, Malaya, Thailand, Burma, New Guinea, 2509: 2456: 2410: 2402: 1974: 1532: 1476: 1428: 1088: 933: 788: 694: 19754: 15427:

Nakamura, Akemi; Ikuhiko Hata; Yoshiaki Yoshimi (March 20, 2007).

15325: 14983:

Letter from Prime Minister to the former comfort women, since 1996

11622: 11477:"South Korea's new president questions Japan 'comfort women' deal" 9133: 9131: 7738:

The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science

7191:"Bangka Island: The WW2 massacre and a 'truth too awful to speak'" 4790: 3789: 3459:

charges including fraud, embezzlement and breach of trust.

2380:(Naval military police) – forced women whose fathers attacked the 19856:

Treaty on Basic Relations Between Japan and the Republic of Korea

13303: 12699:"Former 'Comfort Women' Hold 1,000th Protest at Japanese Embassy" 10516: 10306:, Hastings Int'l & Comp. L. Rev., p. 499, supra note 6, 6268: 5625:, case no.43, serial 2, International Prosecution Section vol. 8; 4883: 4544:

Digital Museum The Comfort Women Issue and the Asian Women's Fund

4513:

Digital Museum The Comfort Women Issue and the Asian Women's Fund

4053: 3919: 3904: 3607: 3256: 2695:

were also used as comfort women. Local women were recruited from

2579: 2460: 2452: 1957: 1039: 719: 536: 19003: 15320: 15053:

Annals of the American Academy of Political & Social Science

14475:"FACTBOX-Disputes over Japan's wartime "comfort women" continue" 14253:

Files: Females forced into sexual servitude in wartime Indonesia

13611:

Sino-Japanese relations: facing the past, looking to the future?

13537:, in Duus, Peter; Myers, Ramon Hawley; Peattie, Mark R. (eds.), 12304:"SF Chinese American-led comfort women memorial to undergo vote" 11555: 9454:"South Korea court dismisses 'comfort women' case against Japan" 9150: 8967:"Japan–ROK comfort women agreement a key step to reconciliation" 4133:(1927–97); Remedios Felias (1928–); Isabelita Vinuya (1931–2021) 3667:

In December 2016, a museum dedicated to comfort women opened in

3282:

binding and therefore does not feel obligated to act upon them.

2763: 19317: 17084: 15675: 15559:, issue on American studies of comfort women, Kandice Chuh, ed. 15484: 14870:. Washington Coalition for Comfort Women Issues. Archived from 12951:"Profile: Taiwanese former 'comfort woman' dies before apology" 12559:"First 'comfort women' statue in Europe is unveiled in Germany" 12131:"Federal judge upholds 'comfort women' statue in Glendale park" 11747:"Filipino comfort women stage protest outside Japanese embassy" 11092:"New exhibition on Taiwanese 'comfort women' to open in Taipei" 10789: 9128: 9076: 8390:"Atonement money for Comfort women: 30% lower Koreans accepted" 6560:

Comfort Women and Sex in the Battle Zone, By Ikuhiko Hata, 2018

6467:"Interview: Dutch foundation urges Japan to pay honorary debts" 5788:""Japanese Troops Took Locals as Comfort Women": International" 4073: 3881: 3675: 3668: 3638: 3557:

had also spoken out in support of comfort women several times.

3495: 3305: 2926:

treaty which normalised relations between Japan and South Korea

2849: 2696: 2685: 2607: 1659: 1481: 1061: 1044: 906: 741: 709: 316: 15670: 15361:(from the South Korean Ministry of Gender and Family Equality) 15023:

Diary of a Japanese Military Comfort Station (Brothel) Manager

14708:"European Parliament speaks out on sexual slavery during WWII" 12847:"Former Korean 'comfort woman' prepares lawsuit against Japan" 11558:"South Korea Shuts Japanese-Funded 'Comfort Women' Foundation" 11447:"Why this statue of a young girl caused a diplomatic incident" 11017:"Memorial hall for 'comfort women' opens to public in Nanjing" 2484:

quotes "estimates of historians of 100,000 to 200,000 women."

2401:

as evidence of a forced mass prostitution incident in 1944 in

17272: 15346: 14112:, International Herald Tribune, March 7, 2007, archived from 13775: 12876:

Life As A "Comfort Woman": Story of Kim Bok-Dong | Asian Boss

12333: 12331: 9941:"Hashimoto says 'comfort women' were a necessary part of war" 9579:"Themes of the "comfort women" and "we" in K. Min's Herstory" 9104:"South Korea: Watch 'Comfort' Woman Yell At Foreign Minister" 6988:

Fedencia narrates her hardships as a comfort woman | Iba 'Yan

4225:

is a 2016 South Korean period drama film about comfort women.

3997: 3993: 3728: 3711: 3654: 3162: 2803: 2572:

women alone, with an unknown number of other European women.

2338: 2326: 916: 902: 877: 168: 164: 152: 148: 15473: 15382:

Japan forced women to work as sex slaves during World War II

13444:

Researching Japanese War Crimes Records. Introductory Essays

12975: 12815:"Number of surviving Korean sex slavery victims falls to 40" 12243:"Korea Times: Michigan City Installs Comfort Women Memorial" 8425:

Estimated at January 1, 2007, exchange rate of .0084JPY/USD.

5671:"The Origins and Implementation of the Comfort Women System" 5211:

The Rape of Nanking: The Forgotten Holocaust of World War II

4626:"The Origins and Implementation of the Comfort Women System" 2833:

the Army's order to hire only voluntary women. Victims from

2300:

Comfort houses were first established in Shanghai after the

19943:

United States House of Representatives House Resolution 121

14449:"EU passes resolution on Japanese-enslaved 'comfort women'" 13858:"Canada MPs demand Japan apologize to WWII 'comfort women'" 11063:

Places of Pain and Shame: Dealing with 'Difficult Heritage'

7831: 6311:. International Institute for Asian Studies. Archived from 6221:

Japan's Gestapo: Murder, Mayhem and Torture in Wartime Asia

5062:"Opinion | the Comfort Women and Japan's War on Truth" 4416:

United States House of Representatives House Resolution 121

3793:

Historical Marker, Plaza Lawton, Liwasang Bonifacio, Manila

3520:

United States House of Representatives House Resolution 121

3445: 783: 613: 108: 19874:

Special Law to Redeem Pro-Japanese Collaborators' Property

14710:. Amnesty international. December 13, 2007. Archived from 12328: 12057:"Lawsuit seeks removal of Glendale 'comfort women' statue" 11241:"Taiwan Unveils Its First Statue Honoring 'Comfort Women'" 11171:"Taiwan urges Japan to apologize over comfort women issue" 9906:"No evidence sex slaves were taken by military: Hashimoto" 8264:"Seoul Demanded $ 364 Million for Japan's Victims Updated" 7902:"Thinking about the comfort women issueに関するトピックス：朝日新聞デジタル" 3049:

stated that Japan continues to uphold the Kono Statement.

2492:

Most of the women were from occupied countries, including

15429:"Comfort Women: Were they teen-rape slaves or paid pros?" 14412:"No Apology for Sex Slavery, Japan's Prime Minister Says" 13990:""Comfort Women" Resolution Likely to Pass U.S. Congress" 11145:"Taiwan demands Japan's apology over comfort women issue" 10271:"PH failed to aid World War II 'comfort women' – UN body" 9875:"Japan's new drift: Neo-conservative or neo-imperialist?" 8178:"Japan, S Korea coordinated on wording of Kono statement" 7569: 7396:

Rhee Devine, Maija. (2017). Children of 'comfort women'.

7359:. Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press. 5604: 3380:

On August 18, 2018, United Nations rights experts and UN

3316: 2938:

An early figure in comfort women research was the writer

2610:

by the Japanese to work as 'comfort girls' for the troops

14849:, Japan Policy Research Institute (JPRI), archived from 11864:"Philippines' Former Comfort Women Push For Compnsation" 10946: 8148:"Japan to review lead-up to WW2 comfort women statement" 6830: 6493:"Taiwan seeking redress over 'comfort women' from Japan" 5623:

Burning of Confidential Documents by Japanese Government

4484:(Report). National Archives and Records Administration. 3339:

In 2012, the former mayor of Osaka and co-leader of the

3109: 2792:

testified to a U.S. House of Representatives committee:

127:

in occupied countries and territories before and during

15593:"Diplomatic Bluebook 2019 / The Issue of Comfort Women" 15181:"Japan-China Relations: Wen in Japan: Ice Melting But." 14518:"Abe ignores evidence, say Australia's 'comfort women'" 14042:. Europees Parlement. December 13, 2007. Archived from 11838:"Lawyer to take case of Filipino 'comfort women' to UN" 11197:"Film on Taiwanese comfort women wins Gold Panda award" 9848:"Japan's paradoxical shift to the right • Inside Story" 8561: 8559: 8235:"Diplomatic Bluebook 2019 / The Issue of Comfort Women" 7988:"Rewriting the War, Japanese Right Attacks a Newspaper" 7820:「本に真実を書いても何の利益もない。事実を隠し自分の主張を混ぜて書くなんていうのは、新聞だってやるじゃないか」 7677:韓国挺身隊問題対策協議会・挺身隊研究会（編）『証言・強制連行された朝鮮人軍慰安婦たち』明石書店 1993年 6961:

Filipino comfort women fight to seek justice | Iba 'Yan

6728:"Taiwan's last 'comfort woman' survivor dies at age 92" 4719: 4717: 3463:

Korean Council between November 2017 and January 2020.

3273:

Japan has largely disregarded recommendations from the

3165:. The announcement came after Japan's Foreign Minister 3067: 3018:

discovered official documents from the archives of the

2871: 2622:

and other sources, the majority of the women were from

16337:

Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany

14979: 14157:

Sex slave history erased from texts; '93 apology next?

13783:"NHK's Censorship of Japanese Crimes Against Humanity" 13730:"Sexual Slavery and the Comfort Women of World War II" 13262:, Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan, archived from 11556:

Kim Tong-Hyung, Associated Press (November 21, 2018).

11444: 10975:"Shanghai Opens Comfort Women Archives – china.org.cn" 10303:

Compensation for Japan's World War II War-Rape Victims

10076:"The "Comfort Women" Issue and the Asian Women's Fund" 9057: 9055: 9030:"Japan and South Korea agree WW2 'comfort women' deal" 8811:"Abe says won't alter 1993 apology on 'comfort women'" 8598:"Japan Apologizes for Prostitution of Koreans in WWII" 8568:"Japan Admits Army Forced Koreans to Work in Brothels" 8373: 8339:"The "Comfort Women" Issue and the Asian Women's Fund" 8303: 8301: 5906:"The Allied Reoccupation of the Andaman Islands, 1945" 5178: 5176: 5043: 5041: 5039: 4537: 4506: 4421:

United States Military and prostitution in South Korea

4084:

then agreed to install the statue outside his church,

194: 15102:

True stories of the Korean comfort women: testimonies

14846:

Japan's Responsibility Toward Comfort Women Survivors

14776:

Hyperwar, a hypertext history of the Second World War

13661:] (in Indonesian), Kepustakaan Populer Gramedia, 13135:"How We Disappeared: An Interview with Jing-Jing Lee" 10949:

The Israel Journal of Psychiatry and Related Sciences

9619:"The Politics of Apology for Japan's 'Comfort Women'" 8787:. Associated Press. February 20, 2014. Archived from 6842: 6760:

Supranational Criminal Prosecution of Sexual Violence

6644:"The Comfort Women Controversy - Lessons from Taiwan" 4024:

has been controversial and was undecided as of 2017.

3382:

Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination

515: 15557:

Journal of Asian American Studies 6:1, February 2003

14916:, The Australian National University, archived from 14751:

The "Comfort Women" Issue and the Asian Women's Fund

14015:

Comfort Women Were 'Raped': U.S. Ambassador to Japan

13014:"'Comfort women' film reels given to film institute" 10903: 10901: 9935: 9933: 9825:(Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2008), 23–24. 8556: 8384: 8382: 5471:

McCurry, Justin; Kaiman, Jonathan (April 28, 2014).

5161: 4714: 4482:

Japanese Prisoner of War Interrogation Report No. 49

1914:

Supplementary Convention on the Abolition of Slavery

30:"Comfort woman" redirects here. For other uses, see 15261:

Hidden Horrors: Japanese War Crimes In World War Ii

14131:

Sex slave exhibition exposes darkness in East Timor

13996:(English edition). February 2, 2007. Archived from 13956:"Memoir of comfort woman tells of 'hell for women'" 13198:"[이번주 개봉영화] 일본은 위안부 역사를 어떻게 왜곡했나…다큐 '코코순이'" 11354:"KMT caucus criticizes 'inaction' over statue case" 9828: 9572: 9570: 9052: 8996:Adelstein, Jake; Kubo, Angela (December 28, 2015). 8298: 7098: 7096: 6613:"Group urges update to textbooks' WWII terminology" 5173: 5143:"War, Rape and Patriarchy: The Japanese experience" 5100:. London: Routledge (published 2003). p. 172. 5036: 3953:In 2013, a memorial statue to comfort women called 2444:, examined the Japanese Kwantung Army's records in 15342:Korea Dutch Indies Sex Slavery Translation Project 15074: 14088:Japan refuses to apologise for WW2 brothel scandal 12094:. January 29, 2014. 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Philippines - Asser Institute" 10038: 7572:"'Comfort Women' Denial and the Japanese Right" 7273: 6160:"Behind the Story: The Legacy of Comfort Women" 4094: 19827:List of war apology statements issued by Japan 14473: 14428: 14409: 13478: 13151: 12497:"Fort Lee to revisit 'comfort women' memorial" 10934:Journal of Korean Neuropsychiatric Association 10629:"Justice for comfort women – our achievements" 10431: 10329:"Number of Comfort Stations and Comfort Women" 9687: 7292: 7179:, February 13, 2007, The Sydney Morning Herald 7135: 6190:"Women made to be Comfort Women - Philippines" 5970: 5842: 4916: 4753: 4751: 4376:List of war apology statements issued by Japan 3596: 3257:Concerns and controversies regarding apologies 3136:On February 20, 2014, Chief Cabinet Secretary 3083:its complicity and created the public-private 3074:List of war apology statements issued by Japan 2606:Chinese and Malayan girls forcibly taken from 358:United Koreans in Japan official football team 82: 19271: 19257: 18989: 15691: 15671:Korea official website for sex slaves victims 15523:Responsibility Toward Comfort Women Survivors 15221: 15038:Forced Prostitution in Times of War and Peace 14910:The Consolation Unit: Comfort Women at Rabaul 14654: 13347:"Honda Testifies in Support of Comfort Women" 13313:Handelingen Tweede Kamer der Staten-Generaal 11586: 11470: 11468: 11445:Sol Han; James Griffiths (February 6, 2017). 10931: 10884:"The Pope's Verdict on Japan's Comfort Women" 8995: 8964: 8020:. 時事ドットコムニュース. March 12, 2021. Archived from 7646:Legacies of the comfort women of World War II 7643:Stetz, Margaret D.; Oh, Bonnie B. C. (2001). 6888: 6886: 6884: 5820:The Consolation Unit: Comfort Women at Rabaul 5470: 5407: 5405: 4540:"Hall I: Japanese Military and Comfort Women" 2714: 2594:'s "comfort battalions" is interviewed by an 2480:The BBC quotes "200,000 to 300,000", and the 2235: 496: 62:Korean comfort women being questioned by the 19889: 19880:Museum of Japanese Colonial History in Korea 14613: 13936:'Comfort women' distortion stirs indignation 12908:. Filipinas Heritage Library. Archived from 12616:"The big row over a small Australian statue" 11678: 11676: 11298:"日本人が台湾の慰安婦像を蹴る、安倍首相のフェイスブックに謝罪要求コメント殺到―台湾紙" 10995:. Page 8. Retrieved February 27, 2018, from 10754: 10752: 10268: 8781:"Japan may review probe on WWII sex slavery" 7889:궁지에 몰린 요시다는 "일부 사례의 시간.장소에는 창작이 가미됐다"고 털어놨다. 6070: 5338:. 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In December 2011, a 3279:Women's International War Crimes Tribunal 3192:In January 2018, South Korea's president 3116:Japan–South Korea Comfort Women Agreement 2880:Comfort women were usually injected with 2477:of comfort women as "more than 200,000". 19408: 15178: 15157:American Occupation of Japan and Okinawa 15122:"Comfort Woman", London, Penguin: 1998. 14782: 14679: 14330:202 Pro-Japanese Collaborators Disclosed 14183:Were they teen-rape slaves or paid pros? 14063: 13860:. AFP. November 28, 2007. Archived from 13826: 13780: 13744: 13517:Comfort women and sex in the battlefield 13498: 12930: 12731:"House Approves 'Comfort Women' Measure" 12118:from the original on September 24, 2015. 12023: 11771: 11736: 10981:from the original on September 23, 2015. 9972:"Comfort women and Japan's war on truth" 9903: 9809: 9766: 9214:. Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan. 9182:. Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan. 9137:english.hani.co.kr - December 30, 2015: 8838: 8836: 7602:. 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He said, "It's finally found a home." 4063: 4020:A 2010 proposal to create a memorial in 3869: 3796: 3788: 3628: 3560: 3506: 3489: 3446:Fraud accusations against support groups 3270:, rendering these apologies unofficial. 3119: 2775:women and children were interned by the 2762: 2601: 2574: 2370:On April 17, 2007, Yoshiaki Yoshimi and 2039:Abolition of slave trade in Persian gulf 1904:Advisory Committee of Experts on Slavery 1884:Brussels Anti-Slavery Conference 1889–90 43:. For their depiction in the arts, see 19822:Japanese history textbook controversies 15081:. 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On the same day, Foreign Minister 3110:Apologies and compensation since 2010 2674:Foundation of Japanese Honorary Debts 1926:Anglo-Egyptian Slave Trade Convention 1603:Human trafficking in Papua New Guinea 27:WWII-era forced prostitutes for Japan 19633:Korean History Compilation Committee 17523:Polish prisoners in the Soviet Union 16548:Rape during the liberation of France 15135:Silence Broken: Korean Comfort Women 14865: 14817: 14812:None of them was forcibly recruited. 14757:, Asian Women's Fund, archived from 14680:Sang-Hun, Choe (December 18, 2015). 14574: 14552: 13897:"Abe questions sex slave 'coercion'" 13659:Young Virgins in the Military's Grip 13604: 13507: 13440: 13255: 13195: 13189: 13132: 13055:. 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April 17, 2007. Archived from 4696:Journal of International Affairs 4006:San Francisco Holocaust Memorial 3938: 3907:, there is an empty villa house 3859:Lila Pilipina together with the 3651:Taipei Women's Rescue Foundation 3285: 3241:and other crimes by the time of 3126:Taipei Women's Rescue Foundation 949:Slavery in the Abbasid Caliphate 944:Slavery in the Umayyad Caliphate 773:Slavery in the Abbasid Caliphate 543: 472: 471: 460: 348:Korean Christian Church in Japan 15534:Japan Policy Research Institute 14635:McCurry, Justin (May 3, 2007), 14535:Irene Lin (December 18, 2000), 14481:, March 5, 2007, archived from 14301:Masami Ito (October 18, 2011), 14225:Keiji Hirano (April 28, 2007), 13878:"Sex slaves put Japan on trial" 13635:. University of Chicago Press. 13503:, Kikan sensô sekinin kenkyû 20 13212: 12670: 9493:. June 26, 2021. Archived from 7865:Ye, Yeong-jun (March 4, 2007). 6719: 6676: 6605: 6564: 6553: 6542: 6511: 6485: 6459: 6395: 6386: 6366: 6357: 6339: 6327: 6306: 6300: 6274: 6262: 6237: 6212: 6182: 6148: 6098: 6082: 6053: 6028: 5997: 5985: 5945: 5928: 5898: 5872: 5848: 5836: 5744: 5718: 5689: 5662: 5651: 5616: 5569: 5497: 5464: 5438: 5427: 5416: 5391: 5380: 5369: 5326: 5291: 5279: 5257: 5240: 5201: 5084: 5053: 5012: 5000: 4988: 4961: 4937: 4905: 4775: 4763: 4022:Koreatown, Fort Lee, New Jersey 3890:Comfort Woman: Slave of Destiny 3779:Center for Asian American Media 2950:of a 1976 Japanese book by the 2664:During the initial invasion of 1899:Committee of Experts on Slavery 1450:East, Southeast, and South Asia 322:The History Museum of J-Koreans 20013:Post-traumatic stress disorder 20003:Violence against women in Asia 19983:Anti-Korean sentiment in Japan 19797:Anti-Korean sentiment in Japan 19700:List of independence activists 19007:Memorials in the United States 18627:Vietnamese famine of 1944–1945 16330:Territorial changes of Germany 16238:Indonesian National Revolution 14999:, archived from on 2007-05-16. 14766:, archived from on 2007-06-28. 14391:Mark Landler (March 2, 2001), 14260:, May 12, 2007, archived from 13747:The American Historical Review 13499:Fujiwara, Akira (藤原彰) (1998), 13256:Kono, Yohei (August 4, 1993), 12169:. June 2, 2014. Archived from 9949:. May 13, 2013. Archived from 8477:Hogg, Chris (April 10, 2007). 8154:. The BBC. February 28, 2014. 7806:(in Japanese). March 6, 2007. 6642:Ward, Thomas J. (April 2018). 5208:Chang, Iris (March 11, 2014). 4683: 4644: 4618: 4606: 4576: 4565: 4531: 4500: 3784: 3693: 3571:post-traumatic stress disorder 3478:International Court of Justice 2846:Australian National University 1598:Slave raiding in Easter Island 413:Anti-Korean sentiment in Japan 125:Imperial Japanese Armed Forces 32:Comfort Woman (disambiguation) 13: 1: 18027:Japanese invasion of Thailand 17978:Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran 17742:German invasion of Luxembourg 16116:Mediterranean and Middle East 14907:Nelson, Hank (May 17, 2007), 14818:Horn, Dottie (January 1997). 12272:Hagen, Lisa (June 28, 2017). 11991:Semple, Kirk (May 18, 2012). 9596:10.1080/12259276.2021.2025324 8634:. Reuters. January 14, 1992. 7649:. Armonk, N.Y.: M.E. Sharpe. 7232:(in Japanese). Archived from 6590:10.1080/00094633.2019.1691414 5590:10.1080/12259276.2015.1029229 5554:10.1080/00094633.2019.1691414 4651:Ramaj, Klea (February 2022). 4463: 3395:In 2019, about 24 members of 3268:non-governmental organization 2317:they were being pressed into 19431:Oriental Development Company 17934:Invasion of the Soviet Union 17623:Occupation of Czechoslovakia 16934:Independent State of Croatia 15564:Japanese official statements 15366:Japanese Military Sex Slaves 14623:, March 31, 2007, p. 15 14070:, Hill Times, archived from 13812:10.1080/14672710320000061514 13702:Studies on the comfort women 13094:"'I Can Speak': Film Review" 10111:Semple, Kirk (May 4, 2012). 9873:Donald Kirk (May 31, 2013). 8518:Retrieved on August 17, 2012 7596:Soh, Chunghee Sarah (2008). 7497:Harvard International Review 7189:Gary Nunn (April 18, 2019), 6445:. Pen & Sword Military. 4383:, author of the 1997 novel, 4341:Bordel militaire de campagne 4306:List of former comfort women 4180:A Secret Buried for 50 Years 4110:Korea – Gil Won-ok (1928–); 4095:Notable former comfort women 4059: 3576: 2844:, emeritus professor at the 2440:Su Zhiliang, a professor at 1889:Temporary Slavery Commission 1550:Slavery in the Mongol Empire 261:South Korean nationality law 231:Korean independence movement 41:Comfort Women: A New Musical 7: 19817:Japan–South Korea relations 19812:Japan–North Korea relations 19690:Korean National Association 19680:Declaration of Independence 19497:Slavery during World War II 18918:End of World War II in Asia 18758:Western invasion of Germany 18265:Chinese famine of 1942–1943 18242:Second Battle of El Alamein 17812:Hundred Regiments Offensive 17784:Battle of the Mediterranean 17637:Italian invasion of Albania 15804:Air warfare of World War II 15499:"The Comfort Women project" 15311:Asian Women's Fund web site 15246:, London, Routledge: 2002. 15073:Henson, Maria Rose (1999). 14980:Asian Women's Fund (1996), 14748: 10576:"菲律宾"慰安妇"受害者家属游行示威敦促日本道歉赔偿" 7834:近現代史の必須知識: 日本人として最低限知っておきたい 7551:(in Korean). August 7, 2015 5728:. Womenshistory.about.com. 4982: 4757: 4742: 4298: 4193:that took place during the 3597:Memorials and organizations 2999:and Japanese news magazine 2540:(including some mixed race 1909:Ad Hoc Committee on Slavery 954:Volga Bulgarian slave trade 10: 20074: 20048:Human trafficking in Japan 19862:Independence Hall of Korea 19298:Governor-General of Chōsen 18844:Naval bombardment of Japan 18212:First Battle of El Alamein 18131:Battle of Christmas Island 18076:Japanese invasion of Burma 17840:Italian invasion of Greece 17756:German invasion of Belgium 17728:German invasion of Denmark 17701:1939–1940 Winter Offensive 17570:Second Italo-Ethiopian War 15827:Comparative military ranks 15545:September 1, 2018, at the 14884:( archived on 2007-06-15). 13675:Yoshimi, Yoshiaki (2000), 13519:] (in Japanese), 新潮社, 13133:Fisk, Alan (August 2019). 13062:February 28, 2018, at the 12404:The San Francisco Examiner 12374:The San Francisco Examiner 10363:November 18, 2017, at the 10031:November 30, 2018, at the 9977:November 15, 2014, at the 9036:. BBC. December 28, 2015. 7973:September 4, 2014, at the 7732:Hayashi, Hirofumi (2008). 7407:February 28, 2018, at the 7400:. February 27, 2018, from 7175:December 13, 2011, at the 6763:, Intersentia, p. 8, 6577:Chinese Studies in History 5971:Gamble & Watanabe 2004 5541:Chinese Studies in History 5298:LEI, Wan (February 2010). 4724:Chang, Jae (May 4, 2019). 4546:. The Asian Women's Fund. 4515:. The Asian Women's Fund. 4153: 4144: 4031: 3956:Peace Monument of Glendale 3945:Palisades Park, New Jersey 3914:On December 8, 2017, the ' 3754: 3702: 3619:Shanghai Normal University 3587:Shanghai Normal University 3540:On December 13, 2007, the 3533:In 2007, the Netherland's 3526:On November 28, 2007, the 3351:In 2014, Foreign Minister 3174:Korean news organization, 3113: 3071: 2977:In 1989, the testimony of 2715:Treatment of comfort women 2586:. August 8, 1945. A young 2568:with an estimated 200–400 2442:Shanghai Normal University 2288: 2094:Great Dismal Swamp maroons 1931:Anti-Slavery International 1696:North Africa and West Asia 238:Hanshin Education Incident 38: 29: 19784: 19771:Keijō Imperial University 19717: 19668: 19606: 19510: 19469: 19443: 19421:Chōsen Government Railway 19416:Chōsen Anthracite Company 19385:Bank of Korea (1909–1950) 19377: 19325: 19314: 19290: 19279: 19273:Korea under Japanese rule 19212: 19189: 19182: 19147: 19112: 19053: 19012: 18933: 18765:Bratislava–Brno offensive 18705: 18696:Dutch famine of 1944–1945 18433: 18320:Allied invasion of Sicily 18274: 18180:Aleutian Islands campaign 18152:Zhejiang-Jiangxi campaign 18099: 18090:Greek famine of 1941–1944 17985:Second Battle of Changsha 17890:German invasion of Greece 17858: 17735:Battle of Zaoyang–Yichang 17710: 17648: 17543: 17424: 17150: 17060: 16901: 16604: 16595: 16353: 16178: 16070:North and Central Pacific 16031: 15793: 15786: 15713: 15480:Justice For Comfort Women 15352:January 26, 2019, at the 14843:Soh, C.Sarah (May 2001), 14379:, San Francisco Chronicle 14376:House wants Japan apology 13829:Women's Studies Quarterly 13388:GovTrack.us (2007–2008). 13273:"The Comfort Women Issue" 13122:– via www.imdb.com. 11904:Philippine Daily Inquirer 8514:October 30, 2012, at the 7432:Clough, Patricia (2007). 6816:10.1163/15718123-bja10127 6683:Yoshiaki Yoshimi (2000). 6309:"Japan's 'Comfort Women'" 6271:, pp. 6–9, 11, 13–14 6244:Lindsey, Timothy (2008). 5703:Irish Examiner 2007-03-08 5453:February 6, 2009, at the 4886:, pp. 6–9, 11, 13–14 4815:10.1080/00224490409552221 4799:"Explaining wartime rape" 4669:10.1163/15718123-bja10127 4457:Comfort women in the arts 4156:Comfort women in the arts 4047: 3773:Archives by comfort women 3624: 3486:International Court Cases 3471:care, with few luxuries. 3364:Japanese Foreign Ministry 2993:Hokusei Gakuen University 2888:among the comfort women. 2190:Emancipation Proclamation 1862:Opposition and resistance 1620:Sex trafficking in Europe 1608:Blackbirding in Polynesia 1171:Trans-Saharan slave trade 376:Korean musicians in Japan 226:Korea under Japanese rule 104: 96: 83: 79: 75: 55: 45:comfort women in the arts 19351:Office of the Yi Dynasty 19345:Colored Clothes Campaign 18357:Allied invasion of Italy 18334:Solomon Islands campaign 18083:Third Battle of Changsha 17680:First Battle of Changsha 17586:Second Sino-Japanese War 16519:German military brothels 16385:United States war crimes 15264:. Taylor & Francis. 13728:Argibay, Carmen (2003). 13697: 13139:Historical Novels Review 11714:"Lila-Pilipina Brochure" 11685:"Filipino Comfort Women" 11667:January 3, 2016, at the 9166:August 19, 2018, at the 9144:August 19, 2018, at the 9089:August 19, 2018, at the 9070:August 19, 2018, at the 8534:The Asia-Pacific Journal 8412:October 4, 2013, at the 8128: 8018:"元朝日記者の敗訴確定慰安婦報道訴訟―最高裁" 7833: 7750:10.1177/0002716208314191 7225: 6651:The Asia-Pacific Journal 6571:Wang, Q. Edward (2020). 6035:Norma, Caroline (2015). 5448:"宋秉畯ら第２期親日反民族行為者２０２人を選定" 5183:Norma, Caroline (2015). 4538:The Asian Women's Fund. 4507:The Asian Women's Fund. 4496:– via exordio.com. 4195:Second Sino-Japanese War 4160: 3699:Wednesday demonstrations 3601: 3535:House of Representatives 3045:Suga and Prime Minister 2957:In 1982, a dispute over 1970:Compensated emancipation 1181:Indian Ocean slave trade 271:Zainichi Korean language 19913:Wednesday demonstration 19850:Treaty of San Francisco 18779:Second Guangxi campaign 18634:Philippines (1944–1945) 18138:Battle of the Coral Sea 18041:Fall of the Philippines 17687:Battle of South Guangxi 17593:Battles of Khalkhin Gol 16992:Italian Social Republic 15411:Australian War Memorial 15373:, CBS Report featuring 15040:, Kleine Verlag, 2007. 14868:"Comfort-Women.org FAQ" 14454:The Parliament Magazine 13781:Yoneyama, Lisa (2002), 13584:Huang, Hua-Lun (2012). 12906:filipinaslibrary.org.ph 12561:. SCMP. March 9, 2017. 12436:San Francisco Chronicle 12086:March 29, 2016, at the 11495:"부산 소녀상 보호, 법적 근거 마련됐다" 10993:Oxford University Press 8374:Asian Women's Fund 1996 7280:일본군 위안부 세계가 껴안다-1년간의 기록 7152:April 10, 2012, at the 7108:Australian War Memorial 6520:"Timor's Haunted Women" 6105:Cumings, Bruce (1997). 4803:Journal of Sex Research 4442:Crimes against humanity 4432:Wartime sexual violence 4002:San Francisco Chronicle 3720:statue of a young woman 3705:Wednesday demonstration 3413:1965 Korea-Japan Treaty 3341:Japan Restoration Party 2922:Treaty of San Francisco 2468:Number of comfort women 1894:1926 Slavery Convention 1650:Germany in World War II 1267:North and South America 789:Contract of manumission 19705:Provisional Government 19561:Shinano River incident 19137:Comfort Women Monument 18364:Armistice of Cassibile 18166:Battle of Dutch Harbor 18117:Battle of the Java Sea 18020:Attack on Pearl Harbor 17920:Syria–Lebanon campaign 17913:Battle of South Shanxi 17883:Invasion of Yugoslavia 17666:Battle of the Atlantic 17280:Korean Liberation Army 16986:(until September 1943) 16943:(until September 1944) 16921:(until September 1944) 15665:Japanese Comfort Women 15009:, History news Network 13800:Critican Asian Studies 13787:Harvard Asia Quarterly 13629:Soh, C. Sarah (2009). 13555:Hicks, George (1997), 13533:Hicks, George (1996), 13485:, Regnery Publishing, 13331:on September 27, 2007. 13297:Netherlands government 13098:The Hollywood Reporter 12406:. September 15, 2015. 12376:. September 18, 2015. 11884:. BBC. June 17, 2016. 11419:The Japan Times Online 11360:. September 12, 2018. 11330:. September 11, 2018. 11002:March 5, 2018, at the 10679:United States Congress 10520:. September 14, 2020. 10488:. September 16, 2020. 10083:The Asian Women's Fund 9985:– November 15–16, 2014 8462:. Asian Women's Fund. 8346:The Asian Women's Fund 8129:軍の強制連行の証拠ない河野談話で政府答弁書 6372:Poelgeest, Bart van. " 6349:. Asian Women's Fund. 5825:June 10, 2007, at the 5792:Pacific Islands Report 5423:Japan Times 2007-05-12 4351:Historical negationism 4187:City of Life and Death 4149: 4069: 3916:Filipina Comfort Women 3877: 3811: 3808:San Ildefonso, Bulacan 3794: 3642: 3499: 3366:attempted to pressure 3133: 3128:protested outside the 2944:Military Comfort Women 2924:, as well as the 1965 2816: 2799: 2784: 2777:Imperial Japanese Army 2691:Melanesian women from 2611: 2599: 2592:Imperial Japanese Army 2590:woman from one of the 1375:British Virgin Islands 927:Circassian slave trade 893:Safavid imperial harem 888:Ottoman Imperial Harem 19901:Futsukaichi Rest Home 19718:Places and structures 19671:Independence movement 19585:Hongkou Park Incident 19333:Chōsen Art Exhibition 18528:Second Battle of Guam 18424:Bengal famine of 1943 18394:Second Battle of Kiev 18350:Battle of the Dnieper 18055:Battle of Wake Island 17927:East African campaign 17869:Battle of South Henan 17514:atrocities by Germans 17287:Korean Volunteer Army 16261:Occupation of Germany 16015:Music in World War II 15332:Jugun Ianfu Indonesia 14289:on September 17, 2008 14264:on September 26, 2007 14239:on September 29, 2007 14220:on September 29, 2007 14142:on September 29, 2007 13984:on September 22, 2006 13693:Zhiliang, Su (1999). 13651:Pramoedya Ananta Toer 13441:Drea, Edward (2006), 13396:on September 30, 2007 13234:on September 21, 2013 13158:Asian Review of Books 12959:. September 6, 2011. 11906:. December 26, 2017. 11718:World History Commons 11619:"Welcom Nanum House!" 11422:. December 30, 2016. 11058:"7. A Cave in Taiwan" 10936:(in Korean): 740–748. 10888:The National Interest 9746:divinity.uchicago.edu 8942:. December 29, 2015. 8910:. December 28, 2015. 8880:. December 28, 2015. 8850:. December 28, 2015. 8396:on February 27, 2014. 8279:February 9, 2006, at 8136:on September 2, 2012. 7440:Duke University Press 7285:June 9, 2007, at the 6441:Felton, Mark (2010). 6415:. November 19, 1997. 6307:Soh, Chunghee Sarah. 6219:Felton, Mark (2009). 6089:chosun.com 2007-03-19 5520:, March 5, 2014, p. 8 5145:. December 31, 2019. 5097:Japan's Comfort Women 4628:. December 14, 2018. 4067: 3873: 3800: 3792: 3632: 3561:Health-related issues 3513:Amnesty International 3507:International support 3493: 3123: 2963:Ministry of Education 2954:author Kim Il-Myeon. 2811: 2794: 2766: 2605: 2578: 1614:Europe and North Asia 1574:Australia and Oceania 1274:Pre-Columbian America 846:Slave raid of Suðuroy 778:Slavery in al-Andalus 700:Black Sea slave trade 629:21st-century jihadism 39:For the musical, see 20023:Transitional justice 19988:Anti-Korean violence 19807:Japan–Korea disputes 19549:Battle of Qingshanli 19536:Battle of Fengwudong 19524:March First Movement 19308:Japanese Korean Army 18814:Surrender of Germany 18292:Battle of West Hubei 18249:Guadalcanal campaign 18219:Battle of Stalingrad 18145:Battle of Madagascar 16912:Albania protectorate 16699:(formerly Swaziland) 16408:Wehrmacht war crimes 16224:Expulsion of Germans 16008:Art and World War II 15906:British contribution 15855:Governments in exile 15659:House Resolution 121 15302:on August 22, 2014, 15291:on August 22, 2014, 15258:Tanaka, Y. (2019) . 15155:Molasky, Michael S. 14894:, www.japanfocus.org 14802:on September 4, 2008 14714:on December 19, 2007 14601:on February 25, 2008 14341:on December 11, 2013 13864:on December 14, 2007 13579:, Iwanami Bukkuretto 13535:"The 'Comfort Women" 13376:on February 28, 2007 13307:(January 24, 1994). 12987:DeeperIntoMovies.net 12873:(October 27, 2018), 12795:on December 26, 2013 11568:on November 21, 2018 11228:. December 13, 2016. 11147:. January 10, 2015. 11041:. October 22, 2016. 10997:link to Google Books 9850:. December 6, 2012. 9699:Kuki, Sonya (2013). 9663:Kuki, Sonya (2013). 9632:Kuki, Sonya (2013). 8934:"日韓合意のポイント - 日本経済新聞" 8791:on February 26, 2014 8694:. January 18, 1992. 8664:. January 17, 1992. 8283:on February 9, 2006) 8046:Kuki, Sonya (2013). 7491:CHANG, MINA (2009). 7160:transcriptabc.net.au 6798:Ramaj, Klea (2022). 5910:Imperial War Museums 5048:korea.net 2007-11-30 4730:The Cornell Diplomat 4690:Kuki, Sonya (2013). 4257:which took place in 4103:Dutch East Indies – 3971:Southfield, Michigan 3961:Glendale, California 3528:Parliament of Canada 3424:In August 2014, the 3169:met his counterpart 3124:Protesters from the 2961:sprang up after the 2899:History of the issue 2351:Indian National Army 2069:Indentured servitude 1997:Underground Railroad 1797:United Arab Emirates 1186:Zanzibar slave trade 1153:By country or region 966:Atlantic slave trade 868:Ma malakat aymanukum 752:Venetian slave trade 19998:Japanese war crimes 19618:Five Eulsa Traitors 19573:June Tenth Movement 18904:Potsdam Declaration 18793:Italy (Spring 1945) 18556:Liberation of Paris 18013:Siege of Sevastopol 17024:(until August 1944) 16927:Wang Jingwei regime 16749:from September 1943 16709:from September 1944 16647:from September 1944 16507:Romanian war crimes 16498:Persecution of Jews 16484:Croatian war crimes 16454:Japanese war crimes 16268:Occupation of Japan 16217:First Indochina War 15929:Military production 15841:Declarations of war 15619:. December 28, 2015 15505:on December 9, 2006 15394:at the Seoul Times. 15159:, Routledge, 1999. 14945:on December 9, 2006 14737:, November 30, 2007 14581:The Washington Post 14562:The Washington Post 13283:on October 10, 2007 13249:Japanese government 13018:www.taipeitimes.com 12883:on October 30, 2021 12249:. August 21, 2014. 12079:Hamilton, Valerie. 11968:. January 4, 2019. 11844:on October 18, 2015 11625:on October 18, 2015 11531:Mainichi Daily News 10890:. August 31, 2014. 10843:European Parliament 10819:. November 11, 2007 10793:. November 29, 2007 10052:. August 17, 2018. 9491:Mainichi Daily News 9430:. January 8, 2021. 9400:. January 8, 2021. 9370:. January 8, 2021. 8295:, November 23, 2013 7942:. August 22, 2014. 7289:, February 25, 2006 6839:, pp. 153–155. 6619:. August 16, 2020. 6473:on January 19, 2016 6315:on November 6, 2013 6094:Moynihan 2007-03-03 5864:. October 7, 2013. 5658:Nakamura 2007-03-20 5271:, pp. 8–9, 14; 5254:, pp. 223–228. 4957:on August 16, 2020. 4437:Forced prostitution 4269:is a 2019 novel by 4222:Spirits' Homecoming 4082:Reverend Bill Crews 4010:Japanese internment 4008:and the landmarked 3978:Brookhaven, Georgia 3959:was established in 3542:European Parliament 3298:Yoshinori Kobayashi 3296:by Japanese author 3290:A 2001 comic book, 2767:Studio portrait of 2488:Countries of origin 2360:"Three Alls Policy" 2341:province of China, 2155:Slave Route Project 1286:Americas indigenous 1176:Red Sea slave trade 1166:Contemporary Africa 1029:Topics and practice 799:Crimean slave trade 794:Bukhara slave trade 747:Genoese slave trade 624:Contemporary Africa 604:Forced prostitution 353:Koryo Museum of Art 52: 19925:Asian Women's Fund 19868:Murayama Statement 19725:Altteureu Airfield 19591:Battle of Pochonbo 19542:Battle of Samdunja 19043:Column of Strength 18897:Surrender of Japan 18730:Battle of Iwo Jima 18579:Belgrade offensive 17992:Siege of Leningrad 17876:Battle of Shanggao 17805:British Somaliland 17770:Dunkirk evacuation 17721:Norwegian campaign 17659:Invasion of Poland 17486:Japanese prisoners 16447:Italian war crimes 16378:British war crimes 16293:Soviet occupations 16077:South-West Pacific 15964:Allied cooperation 15922:Military equipment 15579:. January 14, 2021 15528:June 28, 2012, at 15093:maria rosa henson. 15059:Henson, Maria Rosa 14824:Endeavors Magazine 14686:The New York Times 14502:The New York Times 14485:on January 2, 2008 14461:on January 8, 2008 14435:The New York Times 14416:The New York Times 14397:The New York Times 13884:, December 8, 2000 13793:on August 27, 2006 13277:us.emb-japan.go.jp 13100:. January 25, 2018 12820:Yonhap News Agency 12737:. August 2, 2007. 12344:The New York Times 11998:The New York Times 11936:. March 21, 2023. 11651:on March 29, 2014. 11593:The New York Times 11537:on August 15, 2018 11173:. April 30, 2015. 10639:on March 29, 2014. 10581:China News Service 10182:The New York Times 10118:The New York Times 10035:The Guardian, 2018 9983:The New York Times 9885:on January 5, 2016 9784:The New York Times 9730:Landler 2001-03-02 9460:. April 21, 2021. 9340:. March 18, 2018. 8761:on January 7, 2012 8724:. April 28, 1998. 8722:The New York Times 8692:The New York Times 8662:The New York Times 8572:The New York Times 7992:The New York Times 7226:日本占領下インドネシアにおける慰安婦 6991:, March 28, 2021, 6964:, March 28, 2021, 6379:2014-04-22 at the 6156:Meyer, Cheryl Diaz 5843:Reuters 2007-03-05 5510:2015-03-06 at the 5412:Yoshida 2007-04-18 5066:The New York Times 4983:Asian Women's Fund 4917:Fackler 2007-03-06 4758:Asian Women's Fund 4743:Asian Women's Fund 4266:How We Disappeared 4202:Within Every Woman 4070: 3878: 3812: 3795: 3643: 3500: 3333:Chunghee Sarah Soh 3207:Sovereign immunity 3134: 3085:Asian Women's Fund 2862:Siege of Myitkyina 2785: 2612: 2600: 2295:Russo-Japanese War 1936:Blockade of Africa 1243:Somali slave trade 1159:Sub-Saharan Africa 851:Turkish Abductions 809:Khivan slave trade 804:Khazar slave trade 757:Balkan slave trade 715:Prague slave trade 68:Siege of Myitkyina 64:United States Army 50: 19962: 19961: 19958: 19957: 19931:Shimonoseki Trial 19832:Division of Korea 19761:Keijō Post Office 19713: 19712: 19685:Independence Club 19439: 19438: 19339:Chosun Exhibition 19326:Cultural policies 19285:from 1910 to 1945 19239: 19238: 19235: 19234: 18971: 18970: 18929: 18928: 18772:Battle of Okinawa 18671:Burma (1944–1945) 18505:Mariana and Palau 18285:Tunisian campaign 18110:Fall of Singapore 18034:Fall of Hong Kong 17777:Battle of Britain 17630:Operation Himmler 17539: 17538: 17203:Dutch East Indies 16839:Southern Rhodesia 16591: 16590: 16491:Genocide of Serbs 16394:German war crimes 16371:Soviet war crimes 16364:Allied war crimes 16210:Division of Korea 16189:Chinese Civil War 15987:Strategic bombing 15899:Manhattan Project 15536:Working Paper 77. 15492:Academic research 15321:Comfort-Women.org 15271:978-0-429-72089-5 15235:978-0-8419-1413-1 15120:Keller, Nora Okja 15112:978-0-304-33262-5 15088:978-0-8476-9149-4 15046:978-3-89370-436-1 14621:The Daily Yomiuri 14556:(March 1, 2007), 14168:on March 17, 2008 14095:on March 26, 2009 14000:on March 13, 2007 13711:978-7-80622-561-5 13686:978-0-231-12033-3 13642:978-0-226-76777-2 13621:978-0-415-29722-6 13568:978-0-393-31694-0 13492:978-0-89526-046-8 13482:A Public Betrayed 13457:978-1-880875-28-5 13434:978-0-06-019314-0 13427:, HarperCollins, 12989:. April 4, 2008. 12912:on August 7, 2017 12823:. July 10, 2016. 12136:Los Angeles Times 12062:Los Angeles Times 11836:Virgil B. Lopez. 11503:. June 30, 2017. 11388:sg.news.yahoo.com 11225:The Straits Times 11073:978-1-134-05149-6 10766:Los Angeles Times 10711:. July 11, 2012. 10663:on June 27, 2014. 10633:Amnesty Australia 9946:The Asahi Shimbun 9458:The Straits Times 9310:. March 1, 2018. 9250:. June 17, 2018. 9003:Los Angeles Times 8821:on March 14, 2014 8785:Stars and Stripes 8632:New Straits Times 8602:Los Angeles Times 8184:on August 2, 2014 8024:on April 11, 2021 7939:The Asahi Shimbun 7907:The Asahi Shimbun 7851:978-4-569-64508-7 7609:978-0-226-76776-5 7449:978-0-8223-3925-0 7366:978-1-009-02733-5 7258:Hirano 2007-04-28 7136:Onishi 2007-03-08 6770:978-90-5095-533-1 6732:taiwannews.com.tw 6700:978-0-231-12033-3 5798:on April 14, 2021 5765:on March 26, 2009 5503:Kimura, Kayoko, " 5249:, pp. 82–83; 5092:Tanaka, Toshiyuki 4428:, a "comfort gay" 4426:Walterina Markova 4346:Human trafficking 4168:Red Angel (Movie) 3357:Yasuhiro Nakasone 3353:Hirofumi Nakasone 3247:South Korean wons 3219:Toshimitsu Motegi 3211:International law 3089:Tomiichi Murayama 2959:history textbooks 2852:, in what is now 2666:Dutch East Indies 2644:Dutch East Indies 2638:, a professor of 2530:Dutch East Indies 2302:Shanghai incident 2261:venereal diseases 2252: 2251: 2202:Freedmen's Bureau 2024:Third Servile War 2019:International law 1586:Human trafficking 1348:Human trafficking 1023:Thirteen colonies 841:Sack of Baltimore 609:Human trafficking 513: 512: 114: 113: 70:, August 14, 1944 16:(Redirected from 20065: 20038:Slavery in Japan 19893: 19887: 19886: 19838:Koreans in Japan 19776:Seodaemun Prison 19672: 19610: 19518:105-Man Incident 19467: 19466: 19461:Sakhalin Koreans 19406: 19405: 19320: 19319: 19266: 19259: 19252: 19243: 19242: 19187: 19186: 18998: 18991: 18984: 18975: 18974: 18964: 18957: 18950: 18947:World portal 18945: 18944: 18920: 18913: 18906: 18899: 18890: 18883: 18876: 18867: 18860: 18853: 18846: 18839: 18832: 18823: 18816: 18809: 18807:Prague offensive 18802: 18800:Battle of Berlin 18795: 18788: 18781: 18774: 18767: 18760: 18753: 18746: 18744:Vienna offensive 18739: 18732: 18725: 18723:Battle of Manila 18718: 18698: 18689: 18680: 18673: 18664: 18657: 18650: 18643: 18636: 18629: 18622: 18613: 18604: 18597: 18588: 18581: 18574: 18567: 18558: 18551: 18544: 18537: 18530: 18523: 18516: 18507: 18500: 18491: 18482: 18473: 18466: 18464:Korsun–Cherkassy 18459: 18448: 18426: 18417: 18410: 18403: 18396: 18389: 18382: 18375: 18366: 18359: 18352: 18345: 18336: 18329: 18322: 18315: 18308: 18306:Bombing of Gorky 18301: 18294: 18287: 18267: 18260: 18251: 18244: 18237: 18228: 18221: 18214: 18207: 18196: 18189: 18182: 18175: 18173:Battle of Midway 18168: 18161: 18159:Battle of Gazala 18154: 18147: 18140: 18133: 18126: 18119: 18112: 18092: 18085: 18078: 18071: 18069:Battle of Borneo 18064: 18062:Malayan campaign 18057: 18050: 18043: 18036: 18029: 18022: 18015: 18008: 18006:Bombing of Gorky 18001: 17999:Battle of Moscow 17994: 17987: 17980: 17973: 17966: 17959: 17943: 17936: 17929: 17922: 17915: 17908: 17899: 17892: 17885: 17878: 17871: 17851: 17842: 17835: 17828: 17821: 17814: 17807: 17800: 17793: 17786: 17779: 17772: 17765: 17763:Battle of France 17758: 17751: 17744: 17737: 17730: 17723: 17703: 17696: 17689: 17682: 17675: 17668: 17661: 17639: 17632: 17625: 17618: 17616:Munich Agreement 17611: 17604: 17595: 17588: 17581: 17572: 17565: 17550: 17549: 17532: 17525: 17516: 17509: 17502: 17501:Soviet prisoners 17495: 17488: 17481: 17472: 17465: 17456: 17449: 17442: 17441:German prisoners 17437: 17417: 17408: 17401: 17394: 17389: 17382: 17375: 17368: 17361: 17354: 17347: 17340: 17333: 17326: 17319: 17312: 17305: 17298: 17289: 17282: 17275: 17268: 17261: 17254: 17247: 17240: 17233: 17226: 17219: 17212: 17205: 17198: 17191: 17184: 17177: 17170: 17163: 17143: 17136: 17129: 17122: 17115: 17108: 17101: 17094: 17087: 17080: 17073: 17053: 17046: 17039: 17032: 17025: 17017: 17010: 17003: 16994: 16987: 16979: 16972: 16970:French Indochina 16965: 16958: 16951: 16944: 16936: 16929: 16922: 16914: 16894: 16885: 16878: 16869: 16862: 16855: 16848: 16841: 16834: 16827: 16820: 16817:from August 1944 16808: 16801: 16794: 16787: 16780: 16773: 16766: 16759: 16752: 16740: 16733: 16726: 16719: 16712: 16700: 16692: 16685: 16678: 16671: 16664: 16657: 16650: 16638: 16631: 16624: 16617: 16602: 16601: 16582: 16575: 16568: 16561: 16554: 16543: 16528: 16521: 16514: 16509: 16500: 16493: 16486: 16477: 16470: 16463: 16461:Nanjing Massacre 16456: 16449: 16440: 16438:Nuremberg trials 16431: 16424: 16417: 16410: 16403: 16396: 16387: 16380: 16373: 16366: 16346: 16339: 16332: 16323: 16316: 16309: 16302: 16295: 16288: 16279: 16270: 16263: 16256: 16249: 16240: 16233: 16226: 16219: 16212: 16205: 16198: 16191: 16171: 16162: 16155: 16148: 16139: 16132: 16125: 16118: 16109: 16102: 16095: 16086: 16079: 16072: 16065: 16058: 16051: 16044: 16042:Asia and Pacific 16024: 16017: 16010: 16003: 15996: 15989: 15982: 15973: 15971:Mulberry harbour 15966: 15959: 15952: 15945: 15938: 15931: 15924: 15917: 15908: 15901: 15894: 15885: 15878: 15871: 15864: 15857: 15850: 15843: 15836: 15829: 15822: 15813: 15806: 15791: 15790: 15779: 15772: 15763: 15756: 15749: 15742: 15735: 15728: 15721: 15700: 15693: 15686: 15677: 15676: 15628: 15626: 15624: 15608: 15606: 15604: 15588: 15586: 15584: 15514: 15512: 15510: 15501:. Archived from 15474:House of Sharing 15464: 15450: 15448: 15446: 15437:. Archived from 15422: 15420: 15418: 15408: 15383: 15367: 15275: 15239: 15218: 15216: 15214: 15209:on April 2, 2012 15208: 15202:. Archived from 15185: 15116: 15095: 15080: 15017: 15016: 15014: 14998: 14997: 14995: 14986:, archived from 14975: 14974: 14972: 14967:on July 24, 2008 14963:, archived from 14953: 14952: 14950: 14941:, archived from 14931: 14930: 14928: 14923:on June 10, 2007 14922: 14915: 14902: 14901: 14899: 14883: 14881: 14879: 14874:on June 15, 2007 14861: 14860: 14858: 14853:on June 28, 2012 14839: 14837: 14835: 14830:on June 25, 2008 14814: 14809: 14807: 14801: 14794: 14778: 14765: 14764:on June 28, 2007 14763: 14756: 14745: 14744: 14742: 14723: 14721: 14719: 14696: 14694: 14692: 14676: 14675: 14673: 14651: 14650: 14648: 14631: 14630: 14628: 14610: 14608: 14606: 14590: 14589: 14587: 14571: 14570: 14568: 14549: 14548: 14546: 14531: 14530: 14528: 14512: 14511: 14509: 14493: 14492: 14490: 14470: 14468: 14466: 14444: 14443: 14441: 14425: 14424: 14422: 14406: 14405: 14403: 14387: 14386: 14384: 14369: 14367: 14365: 14349: 14348: 14346: 14337:, archived from 14323: 14322: 14320: 14315:on March 4, 2016 14297: 14296: 14294: 14272: 14271: 14269: 14247: 14246: 14244: 14235:, archived from 14221: 14216:, archived from 14202: 14201: 14199: 14190:, archived from 14176: 14175: 14173: 14164:, archived from 14150: 14149: 14147: 14138:, archived from 14124: 14123: 14121: 14116:on March 9, 2007 14103: 14102: 14100: 14082: 14081: 14079: 14055: 14053: 14051: 14034: 14033: 14031: 14009: 14007: 14005: 13985: 13971: 13969: 13967: 13951: 13950: 13948: 13930: 13929: 13927: 13911: 13910: 13908: 13892: 13891: 13889: 13873: 13871: 13869: 13844: 13823: 13794: 13769: 13741: 13721:Journal articles 13715: 13689: 13671: 13646: 13624: 13601: 13580: 13571: 13551: 13529: 13504: 13495: 13475: 13474: 13472: 13467:on March 3, 2016 13466: 13460:, archived from 13449: 13437: 13405: 13403: 13401: 13384: 13383: 13381: 13362: 13360: 13358: 13332: 13327:. Archived from 13291: 13290: 13288: 13279:, archived from 13267: 13243: 13241: 13239: 13230:. Archived from 13206: 13205: 13202:Gyeonggi Shinmun 13193: 13187: 13186: 13184: 13182: 13168: 13162: 13161: 13149: 13143: 13142: 13130: 13124: 13123: 13116: 13110: 13109: 13107: 13105: 13090: 13084: 13083: 13072: 13066: 13057:link to article. 13049: 13043: 13042: 13035: 13029: 13028: 13026: 13024: 13009: 13003: 13002: 13000: 12998: 12979: 12973: 12972: 12970: 12968: 12947: 12941: 12940: 12928: 12922: 12921: 12919: 12917: 12898: 12892: 12891: 12890: 12888: 12879:, archived from 12867: 12861: 12860: 12843: 12837: 12836: 12834: 12832: 12811: 12805: 12804: 12802: 12800: 12779: 12773: 12772: 12765:Washington Times 12757: 12751: 12750: 12748: 12746: 12727: 12721: 12720: 12718: 12716: 12695: 12689: 12688: 12668: 12662: 12661: 12659: 12657: 12638: 12632: 12631: 12629: 12627: 12612: 12606: 12605: 12603: 12601: 12581: 12575: 12574: 12572: 12570: 12555: 12549: 12548: 12546: 12544: 12525: 12519: 12518: 12516: 12514: 12492: 12486: 12485: 12483: 12481: 12459: 12453: 12452: 12450: 12448: 12426: 12420: 12419: 12417: 12415: 12396: 12390: 12389: 12387: 12385: 12366: 12360: 12359: 12357: 12355: 12335: 12326: 12325: 12323: 12321: 12300: 12294: 12293: 12291: 12289: 12269: 12263: 12262: 12260: 12258: 12239: 12233: 12232: 12221: 12215: 12214: 12212: 12210: 12189: 12183: 12182: 12180: 12178: 12173:on April 4, 2019 12167:Kore Asian Media 12159: 12153: 12152: 12150: 12148: 12126: 12120: 12119: 12101: 12095: 12077: 12071: 12070: 12052: 12046: 12045: 12043: 12041: 12021: 12015: 12014: 12012: 12010: 11988: 11982: 11981: 11979: 11977: 11956: 11950: 11949: 11947: 11945: 11926: 11920: 11919: 11917: 11915: 11896: 11890: 11889: 11878: 11872: 11871: 11860: 11854: 11853: 11851: 11849: 11840:. Archived from 11833: 11827: 11826: 11824: 11822: 11816: 11809: 11803:Etsuro Totsuka. 11800: 11794: 11793: 11791: 11789: 11769: 11763: 11762: 11760: 11758: 11743: 11734: 11733: 11731: 11729: 11710: 11701: 11700: 11698: 11696: 11680: 11671: 11659: 11653: 11652: 11641: 11635: 11634: 11632: 11630: 11621:. Archived from 11615: 11609: 11608: 11606: 11604: 11584: 11578: 11577: 11575: 11573: 11564:. Archived from 11553: 11547: 11546: 11544: 11542: 11523: 11517: 11516: 11514: 11512: 11491: 11485: 11484: 11472: 11463: 11462: 11460: 11458: 11442: 11436: 11435: 11433: 11431: 11410: 11404: 11403: 11401: 11399: 11394:on March 8, 2022 11390:. Archived from 11380: 11374: 11373: 11371: 11369: 11350: 11344: 11343: 11341: 11339: 11324: 11318: 11317: 11315: 11313: 11293: 11287: 11286: 11285:on May 30, 2022. 11269: 11263: 11262: 11260: 11258: 11236: 11230: 11229: 11219: 11213: 11212: 11210: 11208: 11199:. Archived from 11193: 11187: 11186: 11184: 11182: 11167: 11161: 11160: 11158: 11156: 11141: 11135: 11134: 11132: 11130: 11121:. Archived from 11114: 11108: 11107: 11105: 11103: 11094:. Archived from 11088: 11082: 11081: 11053: 11047: 11046: 11031: 11025: 11024: 11013: 11007: 10989: 10983: 10982: 10971: 10965: 10964: 10944: 10938: 10937: 10929: 10923: 10922: 10917:. May 10, 2013. 10905: 10896: 10895: 10880: 10874: 10873: 10860:Shannon Tiezzi. 10857: 10851: 10850: 10835: 10829: 10828: 10826: 10824: 10809: 10803: 10802: 10800: 10798: 10781: 10775: 10774: 10756: 10747: 10746: 10731: 10725: 10724: 10722: 10720: 10701: 10695: 10694: 10692: 10690: 10671: 10665: 10664: 10662: 10656:. Archived from 10655: 10647: 10641: 10640: 10635:. Archived from 10625: 10619: 10618: 10616: 10614: 10595: 10586: 10585: 10572: 10566: 10565: 10563: 10561: 10540: 10534: 10533: 10531: 10529: 10508: 10502: 10501: 10499: 10497: 10482: 10476: 10475: 10473: 10471: 10462:. May 21, 2020. 10456: 10450: 10449: 10447: 10445: 10429: 10423: 10422: 10420: 10418: 10409:. May 20, 2020. 10399: 10393: 10392: 10390: 10388: 10379:. May 19, 2020. 10373: 10367: 10355: 10349: 10348: 10346: 10344: 10325: 10319: 10318: 10317: 10315: 10297: 10291: 10290: 10288: 10286: 10266: 10260: 10259: 10257: 10255: 10236: 10230: 10229: 10227: 10225: 10205: 10199: 10198: 10196: 10194: 10172: 10166: 10165: 10163: 10161: 10141: 10135: 10134: 10132: 10130: 10108: 10102: 10101: 10099: 10097: 10091: 10080: 10072: 10066: 10065: 10063: 10061: 10042: 10036: 10023: 10017: 10016: 10014: 10012: 9992: 9986: 9969: 9963: 9962: 9960: 9958: 9937: 9928: 9927: 9925: 9923: 9901: 9895: 9894: 9892: 9890: 9881:. Archived from 9870: 9864: 9863: 9861: 9859: 9844: 9838: 9832: 9826: 9819: 9813: 9806: 9800: 9799: 9797: 9795: 9776: 9770: 9763: 9757: 9756: 9754: 9752: 9738: 9732: 9727: 9721: 9720: 9696: 9685: 9684: 9660: 9654: 9653: 9629: 9623: 9622: 9621:. March 5, 2007. 9615: 9609: 9608: 9598: 9574: 9565: 9564: 9562: 9560: 9544: 9538: 9537: 9535: 9533: 9513: 9507: 9506: 9504: 9502: 9497:on June 28, 2021 9483: 9477: 9476: 9474: 9472: 9450: 9444: 9443: 9441: 9439: 9420: 9414: 9413: 9411: 9409: 9390: 9384: 9383: 9381: 9379: 9360: 9354: 9353: 9351: 9349: 9330: 9324: 9323: 9321: 9319: 9300: 9294: 9293: 9291: 9289: 9270: 9264: 9263: 9261: 9259: 9240: 9231: 9230: 9228: 9226: 9220: 9213: 9205: 9196: 9195: 9193: 9191: 9176: 9170: 9157: 9148: 9135: 9126: 9125: 9123: 9121: 9102:Tessa Berenson. 9099: 9093: 9080: 9074: 9059: 9050: 9049: 9047: 9045: 9026: 9020: 9019: 9017: 9015: 8993: 8987: 8986: 8984: 8982: 8962: 8956: 8955: 8953: 8951: 8930: 8924: 8923: 8921: 8919: 8900: 8894: 8893: 8891: 8889: 8870: 8864: 8863: 8861: 8859: 8840: 8831: 8830: 8828: 8826: 8807: 8801: 8800: 8798: 8796: 8777: 8771: 8770: 8768: 8766: 8757:. Archived from 8744: 8738: 8737: 8735: 8733: 8714: 8708: 8707: 8705: 8703: 8684: 8678: 8677: 8675: 8673: 8654: 8648: 8647: 8645: 8643: 8624: 8618: 8617: 8615: 8613: 8594: 8588: 8587: 8585: 8583: 8563: 8554: 8553: 8551: 8549: 8525: 8519: 8505: 8499: 8498: 8496: 8494: 8474: 8468: 8467: 8456: 8450: 8449: 8447: 8440: 8432: 8426: 8423: 8417: 8404: 8398: 8397: 8386: 8377: 8371: 8365: 8364: 8362: 8360: 8354: 8343: 8335: 8329: 8328: 8317: 8311: 8305: 8296: 8290: 8284: 8261: 8255: 8254: 8252: 8250: 8231: 8225: 8224: 8222: 8220: 8200: 8194: 8193: 8191: 8189: 8174: 8168: 8167: 8165: 8163: 8144: 8138: 8137: 8124: 8118: 8117: 8116:on May 16, 2013. 8106: 8100: 8094: 8088: 8087: 8085: 8083: 8043: 8034: 8033: 8031: 8029: 8014: 8008: 8007: 8005: 8003: 7983: 7977: 7962: 7956: 7955: 7953: 7951: 7930: 7924: 7923: 7921: 7919: 7898: 7892: 7891: 7886: 7884: 7862: 7856: 7855: 7829: 7823: 7822: 7817: 7815: 7796: 7790: 7789: 7787: 7785: 7729: 7720: 7719: 7718:on May 19, 2007. 7714:. Archived from 7708: 7702: 7696: 7690: 7684: 7678: 7675: 7669: 7668: 7640: 7634: 7633: 7631: 7629: 7593: 7587: 7586: 7584: 7582: 7567: 7561: 7560: 7558: 7556: 7539: 7533: 7532: 7530: 7528: 7488: 7482: 7476: 7470: 7469:, pp. 23–24 7464: 7458: 7457: 7429: 7423: 7417: 7411: 7402:link to article. 7394: 7388: 7385: 7379: 7378: 7350: 7339: 7333: 7318: 7311: 7305: 7299: 7290: 7277: 7271: 7266: 7260: 7255: 7249: 7248: 7246: 7244: 7239:on June 28, 2007 7238: 7231: 7221: 7210: 7209: 7208: 7206: 7186: 7180: 7167: 7161: 7147:Jan Ruff-O'Herne 7144: 7138: 7133: 7124: 7123: 7121: 7119: 7100: 7091: 7085: 7079: 7078:, pp. 20–21 7073: 7067: 7066: 7064: 7062: 7056: 7049: 7041: 7035: 7034: 7032: 7030: 7010: 7004: 7003: 7002: 7000: 6983: 6977: 6976: 6975: 6973: 6956: 6950: 6944: 6938: 6932: 6923: 6922:, pp. 19–20 6917: 6908: 6902: 6896: 6890: 6879: 6873: 6852: 6846: 6840: 6834: 6828: 6827: 6795: 6786: 6785: 6784: 6782: 6754: 6748: 6747: 6745: 6743: 6723: 6717: 6716: 6714: 6712: 6680: 6674: 6673: 6671: 6669: 6663: 6648: 6639: 6633: 6632: 6630: 6628: 6609: 6603: 6602: 6592: 6568: 6562: 6557: 6551: 6546: 6540: 6539: 6537: 6535: 6515: 6509: 6508: 6506: 6504: 6489: 6483: 6482: 6480: 6478: 6469:. Archived from 6463: 6457: 6456: 6438: 6429: 6428: 6426: 6424: 6399: 6393: 6390: 6384: 6370: 6364: 6361: 6355: 6354: 6343: 6337: 6331: 6325: 6324: 6322: 6320: 6304: 6298: 6297: 6295: 6293: 6278: 6272: 6266: 6260: 6259: 6241: 6235: 6234: 6216: 6210: 6209: 6207: 6205: 6186: 6180: 6179: 6177: 6175: 6158:(May 14, 2021). 6152: 6146: 6140: 6129: 6128: 6112: 6102: 6096: 6086: 6080: 6074: 6068: 6057: 6051: 6050: 6032: 6026: 6025: 6023: 6021: 6001: 5995: 5989: 5983: 5949: 5943: 5932: 5926: 5925: 5923: 5921: 5902: 5896: 5895: 5893: 5891: 5876: 5870: 5869: 5852: 5846: 5840: 5834: 5817: 5808: 5807: 5805: 5803: 5784: 5775: 5774: 5772: 5770: 5761:. Archived from 5748: 5742: 5741: 5739: 5737: 5722: 5716: 5693: 5687: 5686: 5684: 5682: 5666: 5660: 5655: 5649: 5620: 5614: 5608: 5602: 5601: 5573: 5567: 5566: 5556: 5532: 5521: 5501: 5495: 5494: 5492: 5490: 5468: 5462: 5446: 5442: 5436: 5431: 5425: 5420: 5414: 5409: 5400: 5395: 5389: 5384: 5378: 5373: 5367: 5365: 5363: 5361: 5330: 5324: 5323: 5321: 5319: 5295: 5289: 5283: 5277: 5261: 5255: 5244: 5238: 5237: 5235: 5233: 5205: 5199: 5198: 5180: 5171: 5165: 5159: 5158: 5156: 5154: 5139: 5128: 5127: 5121: 5119: 5088: 5082: 5081: 5079: 5077: 5057: 5051: 5045: 5034: 5028: 5019: 5016: 5010: 5004: 4998: 4992: 4986: 4980: 4974: 4965: 4959: 4958: 4956: 4949: 4941: 4935: 4909: 4903: 4896: 4887: 4871: 4862: 4856: 4847: 4846: 4844: 4842: 4794: 4788: 4779: 4773: 4767: 4761: 4760:, pp. 10–11 4755: 4746: 4740: 4734: 4733: 4721: 4712: 4711: 4687: 4681: 4680: 4648: 4642: 4641: 4639: 4637: 4622: 4616: 4610: 4604: 4603: 4601: 4599: 4580: 4574: 4569: 4563: 4562: 4557: 4555: 4535: 4529: 4528: 4526: 4524: 4504: 4498: 4497: 4495: 4493: 4477: 4381:Nora Okja Keller 4191:Nanjing Massacre 4105:Jan Ruff O'Herne 4038:Wiesent, Bavaria 3763:House of Sharing 3757:House of Sharing 3751:House of Sharing 3688: 3583:House of Sharing 3101: 3037:Nariaki Nakayama 3016:Yoshiaki Yoshimi 2997:Tsutomu Nishioka 2968:Nanjing Massacre 2866:homecoming women 2854:Papua New Guinea 2790:Jan Ruff-O'Herne 2769:Jan Ruff O'Herne 2742:Battle of Manila 2737:Battle of Saipan 2640:Nihon University 2542:Japanese-Papuans 2538:Papua New Guinea 2534:Portuguese Timor 2514:French Indochina 2427:French Indochina 2372:Hirofumi Hayashi 2347:Gerhard Weinberg 2310:Nanjing Massacre 2278:Yoshiaki Yoshimi 2244: 2237: 2230: 2214:Emancipation Day 2047: 2014:Slave Trade Acts 705:Byzantine Empire 547: 520: 519: 505: 498: 491: 475: 474: 467:Japan portal 465: 464: 463: 289:Ikuno Korea Town 212:Koreans in Japan 199: 198: 92: 87: 86: 85: 76:Native name 60: 53: 49: 21: 20073: 20072: 20068: 20067: 20066: 20064: 20063: 20062: 20053:Sex trafficking 20018:History of Asia 19968: 19967: 19965: 19963: 19954: 19891: 19885: 19780: 19709: 19670: 19664: 19655:Song Byeong-jun 19608: 19602: 19530:Jeamri Massacre 19506: 19465: 19435: 19404: 19373: 19362:Shinto in Korea 19321: 19312: 19286: 19283:Empire of Japan 19275: 19270: 19240: 19231: 19225:Statue of Peace 19208: 19202:Statue of Peace 19178: 19160:Statue of Peace 19143: 19125:Statue of Peace 19108: 19049: 19031:Statue of Peace 19008: 19002: 18972: 18967: 18960: 18953: 18939: 18937: 18925: 18916: 18909: 18902: 18895: 18886: 18879: 18872: 18863: 18858:Atomic bombings 18856: 18849: 18842: 18835: 18828: 18819: 18812: 18805: 18798: 18791: 18784: 18777: 18770: 18763: 18756: 18749: 18742: 18735: 18728: 18721: 18714: 18701: 18694: 18683: 18676: 18669: 18660: 18653: 18646: 18639: 18632: 18625: 18616: 18607: 18600: 18591: 18584: 18577: 18570: 18561: 18554: 18549:Eastern Romania 18547: 18542:Warsaw Uprising 18540: 18535:Tannenberg Line 18533: 18526: 18521:Western Ukraine 18519: 18510: 18503: 18494: 18485: 18476: 18469: 18462: 18451: 18442: 18429: 18422: 18413: 18406: 18399: 18392: 18385: 18378: 18371: 18362: 18355: 18348: 18339: 18332: 18325: 18318: 18313:Battle of Kursk 18311: 18304: 18297: 18290: 18283: 18270: 18263: 18254: 18247: 18240: 18231: 18224: 18217: 18210: 18201: 18192: 18185: 18178: 18171: 18164: 18157: 18150: 18143: 18136: 18129: 18124:St Nazaire Raid 18122: 18115: 18108: 18095: 18088: 18081: 18074: 18067: 18060: 18053: 18046: 18039: 18032: 18025: 18018: 18011: 18004: 17997: 17990: 17983: 17976: 17969: 17962: 17948: 17939: 17932: 17925: 17918: 17911: 17906:Anglo-Iraqi War 17904: 17897:Battle of Crete 17895: 17888: 17881: 17874: 17867: 17854: 17845: 17838: 17831: 17826:Eastern Romania 17824: 17817: 17810: 17803: 17796: 17789: 17782: 17775: 17768: 17761: 17754: 17747: 17740: 17733: 17726: 17719: 17706: 17699: 17692: 17685: 17678: 17671: 17664: 17657: 17644: 17635: 17628: 17621: 17614: 17607: 17600: 17591: 17584: 17577: 17568: 17561: 17535: 17528: 17521: 17512: 17505: 17500: 17491: 17484: 17477: 17468: 17461: 17452: 17445: 17440: 17433: 17420: 17413: 17404: 17397: 17392: 17387:Western Ukraine 17385: 17378: 17371: 17364: 17357: 17350: 17343: 17336: 17331:Northeast China 17329: 17322: 17315: 17308: 17301: 17294: 17285: 17278: 17271: 17264: 17257: 17250: 17243: 17236: 17229: 17222: 17215: 17208: 17201: 17194: 17187: 17180: 17173: 17166: 17159: 17146: 17139: 17132: 17125: 17118: 17111: 17104: 17097: 17090: 17083: 17076: 17069: 17056: 17049: 17042: 17035: 17030:Slovak Republic 17028: 17020: 17013: 17006: 17001:Empire of Japan 16999: 16990: 16982: 16975: 16968: 16961: 16954: 16947: 16939: 16932: 16925: 16917: 16910: 16897: 16890: 16881: 16874: 16865: 16858: 16851: 16844: 16837: 16830: 16823: 16811: 16804: 16797: 16790: 16783: 16776: 16769: 16762: 16755: 16743: 16736: 16729: 16722: 16715: 16703: 16695: 16688: 16681: 16674: 16667: 16660: 16653: 16641: 16634: 16627: 16620: 16613: 16587: 16578: 16571: 16564: 16557: 16546: 16531: 16524: 16517: 16513:Sexual violence 16512: 16505: 16496: 16489: 16482: 16473: 16466: 16459: 16452: 16445: 16436: 16427: 16420: 16413: 16406: 16399: 16392: 16383: 16376: 16369: 16362: 16349: 16342: 16335: 16328: 16319: 16312: 16305: 16298: 16291: 16282: 16273: 16266: 16259: 16252: 16243: 16236: 16231:Greek Civil War 16229: 16222: 16215: 16208: 16201: 16194: 16187: 16174: 16167: 16158: 16151: 16144: 16135: 16128: 16121: 16114: 16105: 16098: 16091: 16082: 16075: 16068: 16061: 16056:South-East Asia 16054: 16047: 16040: 16027: 16020: 16013: 16006: 15999: 15992: 15985: 15978: 15969: 15962: 15955: 15948: 15941: 15934: 15927: 15920: 15915:Military awards 15913: 15904: 15897: 15890: 15881: 15874: 15867: 15860: 15853: 15846: 15839: 15832: 15825: 15818: 15809: 15802: 15782: 15775: 15768: 15759: 15752: 15745: 15740: 15731: 15724: 15717: 15709: 15704: 15622: 15620: 15611: 15602: 15600: 15591: 15582: 15580: 15569: 15547:Wayback Machine 15508: 15506: 15497: 15460: 15444: 15442: 15441:on July 4, 2007 15434:The Japan Times 15416: 15414: 15406: 15402: 15381: 15365: 15354:Wayback Machine 15336:Wayback Machine 15313:(archived from 15285: 15272: 15236: 15212: 15210: 15206: 15183: 15133:Kim-Gibson, D. 15113: 15089: 15031:Further reading 15012: 15010: 14993: 14991: 14990:on May 16, 2007 14970: 14968: 14948: 14946: 14926: 14924: 14920: 14913: 14897: 14895: 14877: 14875: 14856: 14854: 14833: 14831: 14820:"Comfort Women" 14805: 14803: 14799: 14792: 14761: 14754: 14740: 14738: 14735:The Korea Times 14717: 14715: 14706: 14690: 14688: 14671: 14669: 14668:on July 2, 2012 14662:MSN Sankei News 14646: 14644: 14626: 14624: 14604: 14602: 14593: 14585: 14583: 14566: 14564: 14554:Tabuchi, Hiroko 14544: 14542: 14526: 14524: 14507: 14505: 14504:, March 6, 2007 14488: 14486: 14464: 14462: 14447: 14439: 14437: 14420: 14418: 14401: 14399: 14382: 14380: 14363: 14361: 14360:on May 22, 2008 14352: 14344: 14342: 14335:The Korea Times 14318: 14316: 14309:The Japan Times 14292: 14290: 14283:The Japan Times 14267: 14265: 14258:The Japan Times 14242: 14240: 14233:The Japan Times 14214:The Japan Times 14197: 14195: 14194:on July 4, 2007 14188:The Japan Times 14171: 14169: 14162:The Japan Times 14145: 14143: 14136:The Japan Times 14119: 14117: 14098: 14096: 14077: 14075: 14074:on May 18, 2008 14049: 14047: 14046:on May 19, 2008 14038: 14029: 14027: 14026:on June 5, 2008 14003: 14001: 13988: 13965: 13963: 13946: 13944: 13943:, July 13, 2005 13925: 13923: 13922:, March 8, 2007 13906: 13904: 13903:, March 2, 2007 13887: 13885: 13867: 13865: 13856: 13759:10.2307/2170934 13712: 13699: 13687: 13669: 13643: 13622: 13598: 13569: 13549: 13527: 13493: 13470: 13468: 13464: 13458: 13447: 13435: 13419:Bix, Herbert P. 13399: 13397: 13379: 13377: 13356: 13354: 13353:on June 4, 2011 13338:U.S. government 13286: 13284: 13266:on July 9, 2014 13237: 13235: 13215: 13210: 13209: 13194: 13190: 13180: 13178: 13170: 13169: 13165: 13150: 13146: 13131: 13127: 13118: 13117: 13113: 13103: 13101: 13092: 13091: 13087: 13074: 13073: 13069: 13064:Wayback Machine 13053:The Japan Times 13050: 13046: 13037: 13036: 13032: 13022: 13020: 13010: 13006: 12996: 12994: 12981: 12980: 12976: 12966: 12964: 12949: 12948: 12944: 12929: 12925: 12915: 12913: 12900: 12899: 12895: 12886: 12884: 12868: 12864: 12852:The Korea Times 12845: 12844: 12840: 12830: 12828: 12813: 12812: 12808: 12798: 12796: 12788:The Korea Times 12781: 12780: 12776: 12759: 12758: 12754: 12744: 12742: 12729: 12728: 12724: 12714: 12712: 12704:The Chosun Ilbo 12697: 12696: 12692: 12669: 12665: 12655: 12653: 12640: 12639: 12635: 12625: 12623: 12614: 12613: 12609: 12599: 12597: 12582: 12578: 12568: 12566: 12557: 12556: 12552: 12542: 12540: 12527: 12526: 12522: 12512: 12510: 12493: 12489: 12479: 12477: 12460: 12456: 12446: 12444: 12427: 12423: 12413: 12411: 12398: 12397: 12393: 12383: 12381: 12368: 12367: 12363: 12353: 12351: 12336: 12329: 12319: 12317: 12309:The Korea Times 12302: 12301: 12297: 12287: 12285: 12270: 12266: 12256: 12254: 12241: 12240: 12236: 12223: 12222: 12218: 12208: 12206: 12198:The Korea Times 12191: 12190: 12186: 12176: 12174: 12161: 12160: 12156: 12146: 12144: 12127: 12123: 12102: 12098: 12088:Wayback Machine 12078: 12074: 12053: 12049: 12039: 12037: 12022: 12018: 12008: 12006: 11989: 11985: 11975: 11973: 11965:The Korea Times 11958: 11957: 11953: 11943: 11941: 11928: 11927: 11923: 11913: 11911: 11898: 11897: 11893: 11880: 11879: 11875: 11862: 11861: 11857: 11847: 11845: 11834: 11830: 11820: 11818: 11814: 11807: 11801: 11797: 11787: 11785: 11770: 11766: 11756: 11754: 11753:on May 28, 2015 11745: 11744: 11737: 11727: 11725: 11712: 11711: 11704: 11694: 11692: 11681: 11674: 11669:Wayback Machine 11660: 11656: 11643: 11642: 11638: 11628: 11626: 11617: 11616: 11612: 11602: 11600: 11585: 11581: 11571: 11569: 11554: 11550: 11540: 11538: 11525: 11524: 11520: 11510: 11508: 11493: 11492: 11488: 11473: 11466: 11456: 11454: 11443: 11439: 11429: 11427: 11412: 11411: 11407: 11397: 11395: 11382: 11381: 11377: 11367: 11365: 11352: 11351: 11347: 11337: 11335: 11326: 11325: 11321: 11311: 11309: 11296:china, Record. 11294: 11290: 11271: 11270: 11266: 11256: 11254: 11237: 11233: 11221: 11220: 11216: 11206: 11204: 11203:on May 28, 2015 11195: 11194: 11190: 11180: 11178: 11169: 11168: 11164: 11154: 11152: 11143: 11142: 11138: 11128: 11126: 11117:John Hofilena. 11115: 11111: 11101: 11099: 11098:on May 28, 2015 11090: 11089: 11085: 11074: 11054: 11050: 11033: 11032: 11028: 11015: 11014: 11010: 11004:Wayback Machine 10990: 10986: 10973: 10972: 10968: 10945: 10941: 10930: 10926: 10914:The Japan Times 10907: 10906: 10899: 10882: 10881: 10877: 10858: 10854: 10837: 10836: 10832: 10822: 10820: 10811: 10810: 10806: 10796: 10794: 10783: 10782: 10778: 10757: 10750: 10733: 10732: 10728: 10718: 10716: 10703: 10702: 10698: 10688: 10686: 10673: 10672: 10668: 10660: 10653: 10649: 10648: 10644: 10627: 10626: 10622: 10612: 10610: 10597: 10596: 10589: 10574: 10573: 10569: 10559: 10557: 10542: 10541: 10537: 10527: 10525: 10510: 10509: 10505: 10495: 10493: 10484: 10483: 10479: 10469: 10467: 10458: 10457: 10453: 10443: 10441: 10430: 10426: 10416: 10414: 10401: 10400: 10396: 10386: 10384: 10375: 10374: 10370: 10365:Wayback Machine 10356: 10352: 10342: 10340: 10327: 10326: 10322: 10313: 10311: 10298: 10294: 10284: 10282: 10267: 10263: 10253: 10251: 10238: 10237: 10233: 10223: 10221: 10206: 10202: 10192: 10190: 10173: 10169: 10159: 10157: 10142: 10138: 10128: 10126: 10109: 10105: 10095: 10093: 10089: 10078: 10074: 10073: 10069: 10059: 10057: 10044: 10043: 10039: 10033:Wayback Machine 10024: 10020: 10010: 10008: 10001:Washington Post 9993: 9989: 9979:Wayback Machine 9970: 9966: 9956: 9954: 9953:on June 9, 2013 9939: 9938: 9931: 9921: 9919: 9911:The Japan Times 9902: 9898: 9888: 9886: 9871: 9867: 9857: 9855: 9846: 9845: 9841: 9833: 9829: 9820: 9816: 9807: 9803: 9793: 9791: 9777: 9773: 9764: 9760: 9750: 9748: 9740: 9739: 9735: 9728: 9724: 9697: 9688: 9661: 9657: 9630: 9626: 9617: 9616: 9612: 9575: 9568: 9558: 9556: 9546: 9545: 9541: 9531: 9529: 9514: 9510: 9500: 9498: 9485: 9484: 9480: 9470: 9468: 9452: 9451: 9447: 9437: 9435: 9422: 9421: 9417: 9407: 9405: 9392: 9391: 9387: 9377: 9375: 9362: 9361: 9357: 9347: 9345: 9332: 9331: 9327: 9317: 9315: 9302: 9301: 9297: 9287: 9285: 9272: 9271: 9267: 9257: 9255: 9242: 9241: 9234: 9224: 9222: 9218: 9211: 9207: 9206: 9199: 9189: 9187: 9178: 9177: 9173: 9168:Wayback Machine 9158: 9151: 9146:Wayback Machine 9136: 9129: 9119: 9117: 9100: 9096: 9091:Wayback Machine 9081: 9077: 9072:Wayback Machine 9060: 9053: 9043: 9041: 9028: 9027: 9023: 9013: 9011: 8994: 8990: 8980: 8978: 8971:East Asia Forum 8963: 8959: 8949: 8947: 8932: 8931: 8927: 8917: 8915: 8902: 8901: 8897: 8887: 8885: 8872: 8871: 8867: 8857: 8855: 8842: 8841: 8834: 8824: 8822: 8809: 8808: 8804: 8794: 8792: 8779: 8778: 8774: 8764: 8762: 8745: 8741: 8731: 8729: 8716: 8715: 8711: 8701: 8699: 8686: 8685: 8681: 8671: 8669: 8656: 8655: 8651: 8641: 8639: 8626: 8625: 8621: 8611: 8609: 8596: 8595: 8591: 8581: 8579: 8564: 8557: 8547: 8545: 8526: 8522: 8516:Wayback Machine 8506: 8502: 8492: 8490: 8475: 8471: 8458: 8457: 8453: 8445: 8438: 8434: 8433: 8429: 8424: 8420: 8414:Wayback Machine 8405: 8401: 8388: 8387: 8380: 8372: 8368: 8358: 8356: 8352: 8341: 8337: 8336: 8332: 8319: 8318: 8314: 8306: 8299: 8291: 8287: 8269:The Chosun Ilbo 8262: 8258: 8248: 8246: 8233: 8232: 8228: 8218: 8216: 8201: 8197: 8187: 8185: 8176: 8175: 8171: 8161: 8159: 8146: 8145: 8141: 8130: 8126: 8125: 8121: 8108: 8107: 8103: 8095: 8091: 8081: 8079: 8044: 8037: 8027: 8025: 8016: 8015: 8011: 8001: 7999: 7984: 7980: 7975:Wayback Machine 7963: 7959: 7949: 7947: 7932: 7931: 7927: 7917: 7915: 7900: 7899: 7895: 7882: 7880: 7863: 7859: 7852: 7835: 7832:水野靖夫 (2006). 7830: 7826: 7813: 7811: 7798: 7797: 7793: 7783: 7781: 7730: 7723: 7710: 7709: 7705: 7697: 7693: 7685: 7681: 7676: 7672: 7657: 7641: 7637: 7627: 7625: 7610: 7594: 7590: 7580: 7578: 7568: 7564: 7554: 7552: 7541: 7540: 7536: 7526: 7524: 7489: 7485: 7477: 7473: 7465: 7461: 7450: 7442:. p. 164. 7430: 7426: 7418: 7414: 7409:Wayback Machine 7398:The Korea Times 7395: 7391: 7386: 7382: 7367: 7351: 7342: 7334: 7321: 7315:Dangerous Women 7312: 7308: 7300: 7293: 7287:Wayback Machine 7278: 7274: 7269:Coop 2006-12-23 7267: 7263: 7256: 7252: 7242: 7240: 7236: 7229: 7227: 7223: 7222: 7213: 7204: 7202: 7187: 7183: 7177:Wayback Machine 7168: 7164: 7158:"Talking Heads" 7154:Wayback Machine 7145: 7141: 7134: 7127: 7117: 7115: 7102: 7101: 7094: 7086: 7082: 7074: 7070: 7060: 7058: 7054: 7047: 7043: 7042: 7038: 7028: 7026: 7011: 7007: 6998: 6996: 6985: 6984: 6980: 6971: 6969: 6958: 6957: 6953: 6945: 6941: 6933: 6926: 6918: 6911: 6903: 6899: 6891: 6882: 6874: 6855: 6847: 6843: 6835: 6831: 6796: 6789: 6780: 6778: 6771: 6755: 6751: 6741: 6739: 6734:. Taiwan News. 6724: 6720: 6710: 6708: 6701: 6681: 6677: 6667: 6665: 6661: 6646: 6640: 6636: 6626: 6624: 6611: 6610: 6606: 6569: 6565: 6558: 6554: 6547: 6543: 6533: 6531: 6516: 6512: 6502: 6500: 6491: 6490: 6486: 6476: 6474: 6465: 6464: 6460: 6453: 6439: 6432: 6422: 6420: 6401: 6400: 6396: 6391: 6387: 6381:Wayback Machine 6371: 6367: 6362: 6358: 6345: 6344: 6340: 6332: 6328: 6318: 6316: 6305: 6301: 6291: 6289: 6280: 6279: 6275: 6267: 6263: 6256: 6242: 6238: 6231: 6217: 6213: 6203: 6201: 6188: 6187: 6183: 6173: 6171: 6164:Pulitzer Center 6153: 6149: 6141: 6132: 6125: 6103: 6099: 6092: 6087: 6083: 6075: 6071: 6062: 6058: 6054: 6047: 6033: 6029: 6019: 6017: 6002: 5998: 5990: 5986: 5978: 5968: 5962: 5956: 5950: 5946: 5938: 5933: 5929: 5919: 5917: 5904: 5903: 5899: 5889: 5887: 5878: 5877: 5873: 5861:The Japan Times 5854: 5853: 5849: 5841: 5837: 5827:Wayback Machine 5818: 5811: 5801: 5799: 5786: 5785: 5778: 5768: 5766: 5758:The Japan Times 5749: 5745: 5735: 5733: 5724: 5723: 5719: 5711: 5706: 5700: 5694: 5690: 5680: 5678: 5667: 5663: 5656: 5652: 5643: 5638: 5632: 5631:, p. 1135; 5626: 5621: 5617: 5609: 5605: 5574: 5570: 5533: 5524: 5512:Wayback Machine 5502: 5498: 5488: 5486: 5469: 5465: 5455:Wayback Machine 5444: 5443: 5439: 5432: 5428: 5421: 5417: 5410: 5403: 5396: 5392: 5385: 5381: 5374: 5370: 5359: 5357: 5350: 5332: 5331: 5327: 5317: 5315: 5296: 5292: 5284: 5280: 5276:, p. 1021. 5272: 5267: 5262: 5258: 5250: 5245: 5241: 5231: 5229: 5222: 5214:. Basic Books. 5206: 5202: 5195: 5181: 5174: 5166: 5162: 5152: 5150: 5141: 5140: 5131: 5117: 5115: 5108: 5089: 5085: 5075: 5073: 5058: 5054: 5046: 5037: 5029: 5022: 5017: 5013: 5005: 5001: 4993: 4989: 4981: 4977: 4966: 4962: 4954: 4947: 4943: 4942: 4938: 4930: 4925: 4920: 4915: 4910: 4906: 4897: 4890: 4882: 4877: 4872: 4865: 4857: 4850: 4840: 4838: 4795: 4791: 4780: 4776: 4768: 4764: 4756: 4749: 4741: 4737: 4722: 4715: 4688: 4684: 4649: 4645: 4635: 4633: 4624: 4623: 4619: 4611: 4607: 4597: 4595: 4582: 4581: 4577: 4570: 4566: 4553: 4551: 4536: 4532: 4522: 4520: 4505: 4501: 4491: 4489: 4478: 4471: 4466: 4461: 4400:Rape of Nanjing 4301: 4173:Yasuzō Masumura 4163: 4158: 4152: 4147: 4138:Liu Huang A-tao 4097: 4062: 4050: 4034: 4004:pointed to the 3992:, the mayor of 3941: 3929:Baclaran Church 3924:Roxas Boulevard 3787: 3775: 3759: 3753: 3716:Kiichi Miyazawa 3707: 3701: 3696: 3682: 3680:Mitsuhiko Fujii 3627: 3604: 3599: 3579: 3563: 3509: 3488: 3480: 3448: 3422: 3409:Seijuro Arahune 3308:was mandatory. 3288: 3259: 3253:to protest it. 3118: 3112: 3096: 3076: 3070: 3024:Kiichi Miyazawa 2901: 2874: 2717: 2701:Japanese-Papuan 2490: 2470: 2429:and Indonesia. 2368: 2291: 2269:Rape of Nanking 2248: 2219: 2218: 2123:Slave narrative 2079:Fugitive slaves 2059: 2051: 2050: 2041: 2009:Slave rebellion 1864: 1854: 1853: 1812: 1802: 1801: 1624:United Kingdom 1560:Yankee princess 1154: 1146: 1145: 873:Avret Pazarları 819:Avret Pazarları 688:Medieval Europe 654: 644: 643: 582:Forced marriage 557: 518: 509: 461: 459: 452: 451: 434:Manga Kenkanryu 408: 400: 399: 395:Zainichi cinema 371: 363: 362: 312: 304: 303: 284: 276: 275: 251: 243: 242: 221: 197: 81: 71: 48: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 20071: 20061: 20060: 20055: 20050: 20045: 20040: 20035: 20033:Women in Korea 20030: 20028:Women in China 20025: 20020: 20015: 20010: 20005: 20000: 19995: 19990: 19985: 19980: 19960: 19959: 19956: 19955: 19953: 19952: 19946: 19940: 19934: 19928: 19922: 19919:Kono Statement 19916: 19910: 19904: 19897: 19895: 19884: 19883: 19877: 19871: 19865: 19859: 19853: 19847: 19841: 19835: 19829: 19824: 19819: 19814: 19809: 19804: 19799: 19794: 19788: 19786: 19782: 19781: 19779: 19778: 19773: 19768: 19763: 19758: 19752: 19747: 19742: 19737: 19732: 19727: 19721: 19719: 19715: 19714: 19711: 19710: 19708: 19707: 19702: 19697: 19692: 19687: 19682: 19676: 19674: 19666: 19665: 19663: 19662: 19657: 19652: 19651: 19650: 19648:Park Jung-yang 19640: 19638:Park Yeong-hyo 19635: 19630: 19625: 19620: 19614: 19612: 19604: 19603: 19601: 19600: 19594: 19588: 19582: 19576: 19570: 19567:Kantō Massacre 19564: 19558: 19555:Gando Massacre 19552: 19546: 19545: 19544: 19533: 19527: 19521: 19514: 19512: 19508: 19507: 19505: 19504: 19499: 19494: 19489: 19484: 19482:Hashima Island 19479: 19473: 19471: 19464: 19463: 19458: 19447: 19445: 19441: 19440: 19437: 19436: 19434: 19433: 19428: 19426:Chosen Railway 19423: 19418: 19412: 19410: 19403: 19402: 19397: 19392: 19387: 19381: 19379: 19375: 19374: 19372: 19371: 19370: 19369: 19359: 19353: 19348: 19342: 19336: 19329: 19327: 19323: 19322: 19315: 19313: 19311: 19310: 19305: 19294: 19292: 19288: 19287: 19281:Colony of the 19280: 19277: 19276: 19269: 19268: 19261: 19254: 19246: 19237: 19236: 19233: 19232: 19230: 19229: 19216: 19214: 19210: 19209: 19207: 19206: 19193: 19191: 19184: 19180: 19179: 19177: 19176: 19164: 19151: 19149: 19145: 19144: 19142: 19141: 19129: 19116: 19114: 19110: 19109: 19107: 19106: 19094: 19085:Palisades Park 19082: 19070: 19057: 19055: 19051: 19050: 19048: 19047: 19035: 19025:Peace Monument 19016: 19014: 19010: 19009: 19001: 19000: 18993: 18986: 18978: 18969: 18968: 18966: 18965: 18958: 18951: 18934: 18931: 18930: 18927: 18926: 18924: 18923: 18922: 18921: 18914: 18907: 18893: 18892: 18891: 18877: 18874:South Sakhalin 18870: 18869: 18868: 18854: 18847: 18840: 18833: 18826: 18825: 18824: 18810: 18803: 18796: 18789: 18782: 18775: 18768: 18761: 18754: 18747: 18740: 18733: 18726: 18719: 18711: 18709: 18703: 18702: 18700: 18699: 18692: 18691: 18690: 18674: 18667: 18666: 18665: 18651: 18644: 18637: 18630: 18623: 18614: 18605: 18598: 18589: 18582: 18575: 18568: 18559: 18552: 18545: 18538: 18531: 18524: 18517: 18508: 18501: 18492: 18483: 18474: 18467: 18460: 18449: 18439: 18437: 18431: 18430: 18428: 18427: 18420: 18419: 18418: 18411: 18397: 18390: 18383: 18376: 18369: 18368: 18367: 18353: 18346: 18337: 18330: 18323: 18316: 18309: 18302: 18299:Battle of Attu 18295: 18288: 18280: 18278: 18272: 18271: 18269: 18268: 18261: 18252: 18245: 18238: 18229: 18222: 18215: 18208: 18199: 18198: 18197: 18190: 18176: 18169: 18162: 18155: 18148: 18141: 18134: 18127: 18120: 18113: 18105: 18103: 18097: 18096: 18094: 18093: 18086: 18079: 18072: 18065: 18058: 18051: 18048:Battle of Guam 18044: 18037: 18030: 18023: 18016: 18009: 18002: 17995: 17988: 17981: 17974: 17971:Battle of Kiev 17967: 17960: 17946: 17945: 17944: 17930: 17923: 17916: 17909: 17902: 17901: 17900: 17886: 17879: 17872: 17864: 17862: 17856: 17855: 17853: 17852: 17843: 17836: 17829: 17822: 17815: 17808: 17801: 17794: 17787: 17780: 17773: 17766: 17759: 17752: 17745: 17738: 17731: 17724: 17716: 17714: 17708: 17707: 17705: 17704: 17697: 17690: 17683: 17676: 17669: 17662: 17654: 17652: 17646: 17645: 17643: 17642: 17641: 17640: 17633: 17626: 17619: 17612: 17598: 17597: 17596: 17589: 17575: 17574: 17573: 17558: 17556: 17547: 17541: 17540: 17537: 17536: 17534: 17533: 17526: 17519: 17518: 17517: 17510: 17498: 17497: 17496: 17482: 17475: 17474: 17473: 17470:United Kingdom 17466: 17459: 17458: 17457: 17438: 17430: 17428: 17422: 17421: 17419: 17418: 17411: 17410: 17409: 17402: 17390: 17383: 17376: 17369: 17362: 17355: 17348: 17341: 17334: 17327: 17320: 17313: 17306: 17299: 17292: 17291: 17290: 17283: 17269: 17262: 17255: 17248: 17241: 17234: 17227: 17220: 17213: 17206: 17199: 17192: 17185: 17178: 17171: 17164: 17156: 17154: 17148: 17147: 17145: 17144: 17137: 17130: 17123: 17116: 17109: 17102: 17095: 17088: 17081: 17074: 17066: 17064: 17058: 17057: 17055: 17054: 17047: 17040: 17033: 17026: 17018: 17011: 17004: 16997: 16996: 16995: 16980: 16973: 16966: 16959: 16952: 16945: 16937: 16930: 16923: 16915: 16907: 16905: 16899: 16898: 16896: 16895: 16888: 16887: 16886: 16872: 16871: 16870: 16867:British Empire 16860:United Kingdom 16856: 16849: 16842: 16835: 16828: 16821: 16809: 16802: 16795: 16788: 16781: 16774: 16767: 16760: 16753: 16741: 16734: 16727: 16720: 16713: 16701: 16693: 16686: 16679: 16676:Czechoslovakia 16672: 16665: 16658: 16651: 16639: 16632: 16625: 16618: 16610: 16608: 16599: 16593: 16592: 16589: 16588: 16586: 16585: 16584: 16583: 16576: 16573:Rape of Manila 16569: 16562: 16555: 16544: 16529: 16522: 16510: 16503: 16502: 16501: 16494: 16480: 16479: 16478: 16471: 16464: 16450: 16443: 16442: 16441: 16434: 16433: 16432: 16425: 16411: 16404: 16390: 16389: 16388: 16381: 16374: 16359: 16357: 16351: 16350: 16348: 16347: 16344:United Nations 16340: 16333: 16326: 16325: 16324: 16317: 16310: 16303: 16289: 16280: 16271: 16264: 16257: 16250: 16241: 16234: 16227: 16220: 16213: 16206: 16203:Decolonization 16199: 16192: 16184: 16182: 16176: 16175: 16173: 16172: 16165: 16164: 16163: 16149: 16142: 16141: 16140: 16133: 16126: 16112: 16111: 16110: 16103: 16089: 16088: 16087: 16080: 16073: 16066: 16059: 16052: 16037: 16035: 16029: 16028: 16026: 16025: 16018: 16011: 16004: 15997: 15990: 15983: 15976: 15975: 15974: 15967: 15953: 15946: 15939: 15932: 15925: 15918: 15911: 15910: 15909: 15895: 15888: 15887: 15886: 15879: 15876:United Kingdom 15872: 15858: 15851: 15844: 15837: 15830: 15823: 15816: 15815: 15814: 15799: 15797: 15788: 15784: 15783: 15781: 15780: 15773: 15766: 15765: 15764: 15757: 15750: 15738: 15737: 15736: 15722: 15714: 15711: 15710: 15703: 15702: 15695: 15688: 15680: 15674: 15673: 15668: 15662: 15650: 15649: 15639: 15629: 15609: 15589: 15561: 15560: 15554: 15537: 15520: 15515: 15489: 15488: 15482: 15477: 15471: 15457: 15451: 15424: 15400: 15395: 15389: 15378: 15362: 15356: 15344: 15339: 15329: 15323: 15318: 15317:on 2007-02-02) 15308: 15307: 15306: 15284: 15283:External links 15281: 15280: 15279: 15276: 15270: 15255: 15242:Tanaka, Yuki. 15240: 15234: 15219: 15194:(2): 131–146. 15176: 15153: 15146: 15131: 15117: 15111: 15096: 15087: 15070: 15056: 15049: 15028: 15027: 15019: 15000: 14977: 14955: 14933: 14904: 14885: 14863: 14840: 14815: 14780: 14767: 14746: 14725: 14701:Online sources 14698: 14697: 14677: 14652: 14632: 14611: 14591: 14572: 14550: 14541:, Taipei Times 14532: 14513: 14494: 14471: 14445: 14426: 14407: 14388: 14370: 14350: 14324: 14298: 14273: 14248: 14222: 14203: 14177: 14151: 14125: 14104: 14083: 14061: 14058:Scholar search 14036: 14020:Digital Chosun 14010: 13994:Digital Chosun 13986: 13972: 13952: 13931: 13912: 13893: 13874: 13853: 13852: 13846: 13845: 13835:(1/2): 19–31. 13824: 13806:(1): 139–145. 13795: 13778: 13742: 13724: 13723: 13717: 13716: 13710: 13695:Weianfu yanjiu 13690: 13685: 13672: 13667: 13647: 13641: 13626: 13620: 13606:Rose, Caroline 13602: 13596: 13581: 13572: 13567: 13552: 13547: 13530: 13526:978-4106005657 13525: 13505: 13496: 13491: 13476: 13456: 13438: 13433: 13414: 13413: 13407: 13406: 13392:Archived from 13385: 13363: 13341: 13340: 13334: 13333: 13300: 13299: 13293: 13292: 13269: 13252: 13251: 13245: 13244: 13222: 13221: 13219:United Nations 13214: 13211: 13208: 13207: 13188: 13163: 13144: 13125: 13111: 13085: 13067: 13044: 13030: 13004: 12974: 12942: 12923: 12893: 12862: 12838: 12806: 12774: 12752: 12722: 12690: 12671:Jan, Banning. 12663: 12633: 12607: 12576: 12550: 12520: 12487: 12454: 12421: 12391: 12361: 12327: 12295: 12264: 12234: 12216: 12184: 12154: 12121: 12096: 12072: 12047: 12016: 11983: 11951: 11921: 11891: 11873: 11855: 11828: 11795: 11764: 11735: 11702: 11672: 11654: 11645:"한국정신대문제대책협의회" 11636: 11610: 11579: 11548: 11518: 11486: 11464: 11437: 11405: 11375: 11345: 11319: 11288: 11264: 11231: 11214: 11188: 11162: 11136: 11125:on May 3, 2015 11109: 11083: 11072: 11048: 11026: 11008: 10984: 10966: 10939: 10924: 10897: 10875: 10852: 10830: 10804: 10776: 10748: 10739:Foreign Policy 10726: 10696: 10666: 10642: 10620: 10587: 10567: 10535: 10503: 10477: 10451: 10424: 10394: 10368: 10350: 10320: 10292: 10261: 10231: 10200: 10167: 10136: 10103: 10067: 10037: 10018: 9987: 9964: 9929: 9896: 9865: 9839: 9827: 9821:C. Sarah Soh, 9814: 9801: 9771: 9758: 9733: 9722: 9686: 9655: 9624: 9610: 9589:(1): 131–142. 9566: 9539: 9508: 9478: 9445: 9415: 9385: 9355: 9325: 9295: 9265: 9232: 9197: 9171: 9149: 9127: 9094: 9075: 9051: 9021: 8988: 8957: 8925: 8895: 8865: 8832: 8802: 8772: 8739: 8709: 8679: 8649: 8619: 8589: 8555: 8520: 8500: 8469: 8451: 8427: 8418: 8399: 8378: 8366: 8330: 8312: 8297: 8285: 8256: 8226: 8195: 8169: 8139: 8119: 8101: 8089: 8058:(1): 245–256. 8035: 8009: 7978: 7957: 7925: 7893: 7857: 7850: 7824: 7791: 7721: 7703: 7691: 7679: 7670: 7655: 7635: 7608: 7588: 7562: 7534: 7483: 7471: 7459: 7448: 7424: 7412: 7389: 7380: 7365: 7340: 7319: 7306: 7291: 7272: 7261: 7250: 7211: 7181: 7162: 7139: 7125: 7092: 7080: 7068: 7050:. p. 25. 7036: 7005: 6978: 6951: 6939: 6924: 6909: 6897: 6880: 6853: 6851:, p. 154. 6841: 6829: 6810:(3): 475–509. 6787: 6769: 6749: 6718: 6699: 6675: 6634: 6604: 6563: 6552: 6549:Pramoedya 2001 6541: 6510: 6484: 6458: 6451: 6430: 6394: 6385: 6365: 6356: 6338: 6326: 6299: 6273: 6261: 6254: 6236: 6229: 6211: 6181: 6147: 6130: 6124:978-0393316810 6123: 6097: 6081: 6069: 6052: 6046:978-1472512475 6045: 6027: 6010:Vassar College 5996: 5984: 5953:BBC 2000-12-08 5944: 5927: 5897: 5871: 5847: 5835: 5809: 5776: 5743: 5717: 5713:CNN 2001-03-29 5697:BBC 2000-12-08 5688: 5661: 5650: 5642:, p. 528; 5615: 5613:, p. 279. 5611:Weianfu yanjiu 5603: 5568: 5522: 5496: 5463: 5437: 5434:Bae 2007-09-17 5426: 5415: 5401: 5390: 5379: 5368: 5366:(footnote 155) 5348: 5325: 5290: 5278: 5256: 5239: 5220: 5200: 5194:978-1472512475 5193: 5172: 5160: 5129: 5106: 5083: 5052: 5035: 5020: 5011: 4999: 4987: 4975: 4960: 4936: 4932:Pramoedya 2001 4927:BBC 2007-03-08 4922:BBC 2007-03-02 4904: 4888: 4863: 4848: 4789: 4774: 4762: 4747: 4735: 4713: 4702:(1): 245–256. 4682: 4663:(3): 475–509. 4643: 4617: 4605: 4590:. March 2021. 4575: 4564: 4530: 4499: 4468: 4467: 4465: 4462: 4460: 4459: 4454: 4452:Sexual slavery 4449: 4444: 4439: 4434: 4429: 4423: 4418: 4413: 4408: 4402: 4397: 4392: 4387: 4378: 4373: 4368: 4367: 4366: 4353: 4348: 4343: 4338: 4333: 4332: 4331: 4328:House of Dolls 4320: 4313: 4308: 4302: 4300: 4297: 4296: 4295: 4283: 4274: 4262: 4246: 4234: 4226: 4218: 4210: 4207:Tiffany Hsiung 4198: 4184: 4176: 4162: 4159: 4154:Main article: 4151: 4148: 4146: 4143: 4142: 4141: 4134: 4129:Philippines – 4127: 4108: 4096: 4093: 4089:Uniting Church 4061: 4058: 4049: 4046: 4033: 4030: 3990:Tōru Hashimoto 3976:In June 2017, 3940: 3937: 3857: 3856: 3853: 3850: 3847: 3844: 3837: 3836: 3833: 3830: 3827: 3824: 3786: 3783: 3774: 3771: 3755:Main article: 3752: 3749: 3703:Main article: 3700: 3697: 3695: 3692: 3626: 3623: 3603: 3600: 3598: 3595: 3578: 3575: 3567:Rorschach test 3562: 3559: 3508: 3505: 3498:, Philippines. 3487: 3484: 3479: 3476: 3447: 3444: 3421: 3418: 3345:Tōru Hashimoto 3287: 3284: 3258: 3255: 3239:sexual slavery 3226:state immunity 3209:guaranteed by 3138:Yoshihide Suga 3114:Main article: 3111: 3108: 3072:Main article: 3069: 3066: 3042:Yoshihide Suga 3029:Kono Statement 3020:Defense Agency 3002:Shūkan Bunshun 2989:Takashi Uemura 2917:premarital sex 2900: 2897: 2873: 2870: 2716: 2713: 2632:Vassar College 2620:Yoshiko Nozaki 2588:ethnic Chinese 2489: 2486: 2469: 2466: 2399:Tokyo tribunal 2367: 2366:Later archives 2364: 2319:sexual slavery 2306:Yasuji Okamura 2290: 2287: 2265:Carmen Argibay 2250: 2249: 2247: 2246: 2239: 2232: 2224: 2221: 2220: 2217: 2216: 2211: 2210: 2209: 2204: 2199: 2194: 2193: 2192: 2182: 2177: 2172: 2167: 2162: 2152: 2147: 2142: 2137: 2136: 2135: 2130: 2120: 2115: 2114: 2113: 2108: 2101:List of slaves 2098: 2097: 2096: 2091: 2086: 2076: 2071: 2066: 2060: 2057: 2056: 2053: 2052: 2049: 2048: 2036: 2031: 2026: 2021: 2016: 2011: 2006: 2005: 2004: 1994: 1989: 1984: 1983: 1982: 1972: 1967: 1966: 1965: 1960: 1950: 1949: 1948: 1943: 1933: 1928: 1923: 1922: 1921: 1916: 1911: 1906: 1901: 1896: 1891: 1886: 1881: 1876: 1865: 1860: 1859: 1856: 1855: 1852: 1851: 1846: 1841: 1836: 1835: 1834: 1829: 1819: 1813: 1808: 1807: 1804: 1803: 1800: 1799: 1794: 1789: 1784: 1779: 1774: 1769: 1764: 1759: 1754: 1749: 1744: 1739: 1734: 1729: 1724: 1719: 1714: 1709: 1704: 1698: 1697: 1693: 1692: 1687: 1682: 1677: 1672: 1667: 1662: 1657: 1652: 1647: 1645:Dutch Republic 1642: 1637: 1636: 1635: 1630: 1622: 1616: 1615: 1611: 1610: 1605: 1600: 1595: 1590: 1589: 1588: 1577: 1576: 1570: 1569: 1564: 1563: 1562: 1552: 1547: 1542: 1537: 1536: 1535: 1525: 1524: 1523: 1513: 1508: 1507: 1506: 1501: 1491: 1490: 1489: 1484: 1479: 1469: 1464: 1459: 1453: 1452: 1446: 1445: 1440: 1433: 1432: 1431: 1426: 1416: 1411: 1406: 1405: 1404: 1394: 1389: 1388: 1387: 1382: 1377: 1372: 1362: 1357: 1352: 1351: 1350: 1345: 1340: 1335: 1330: 1325: 1320: 1315: 1310: 1305: 1295: 1294: 1293: 1283: 1282: 1281: 1270: 1269: 1263: 1262: 1257: 1252: 1247: 1246: 1245: 1235: 1230: 1225: 1220: 1215: 1210: 1205: 1200: 1195: 1190: 1189: 1188: 1178: 1173: 1168: 1162: 1161: 1155: 1152: 1151: 1148: 1147: 1144: 1143: 1138: 1133: 1128: 1123: 1117: 1116: 1112: 1111: 1106: 1104:Child soldiers 1101: 1096: 1091: 1086: 1081: 1080: 1079: 1069: 1064: 1059: 1054: 1053: 1052: 1047: 1042: 1031: 1030: 1026: 1025: 1020: 1015: 1013:Spanish Empire 1010: 1005: 1000: 995: 993:Middle Passage 990: 985: 980: 975: 969: 968: 962: 961: 956: 951: 946: 941: 936: 931: 930: 929: 924: 919: 914: 909: 900: 895: 890: 885: 880: 875: 870: 865: 855: 854: 853: 848: 843: 838: 833: 823: 822: 821: 814:Ottoman Empire 811: 806: 801: 796: 791: 786: 781: 775: 769: 768: 762: 761: 760: 759: 749: 744: 739: 738: 737: 732: 727: 717: 712: 707: 702: 697: 691: 690: 684: 683: 678: 673: 668: 662: 661: 655: 650: 649: 646: 645: 642: 641: 636: 634:Sexual slavery 631: 626: 621: 616: 611: 606: 601: 600: 599: 594: 592:Child marriage 589: 579: 574: 569: 567:Child soldiers 564: 558: 553: 552: 549: 548: 540: 539: 529: 528: 517: 514: 511: 510: 508: 507: 500: 493: 485: 482: 481: 480: 479: 469: 454: 453: 450: 449: 448: 447: 442: 437: 430: 428:Makoto Sakurai 425: 423:Kantō Massacre 420: 409: 407:Discrimination 406: 405: 402: 401: 398: 397: 392: 391: 390: 378: 372: 369: 368: 365: 364: 361: 360: 355: 350: 345: 344: 343: 336: 326: 325: 324: 313: 310: 309: 306: 305: 302: 301: 296: 291: 285: 282: 281: 278: 277: 274: 273: 268: 263: 258: 252: 249: 248: 245: 244: 241: 240: 235: 234: 233: 222: 219: 218: 215: 214: 208: 207: 196: 193: 121:sexual slavery 112: 111: 106: 102: 101: 98: 94: 93: 77: 73: 72: 61: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 20070: 20059: 20056: 20054: 20051: 20049: 20046: 20044: 20041: 20039: 20036: 20034: 20031: 20029: 20026: 20024: 20021: 20019: 20016: 20014: 20011: 20009: 20006: 20004: 20001: 19999: 19996: 19994: 19991: 19989: 19986: 19984: 19981: 19979: 19978:Comfort women 19976: 19975: 19973: 19966: 19950: 19947: 19944: 19941: 19938: 19935: 19932: 19929: 19926: 19923: 19920: 19917: 19914: 19911: 19908: 19905: 19902: 19899: 19898: 19896: 19894: 19892:Comfort women 19888: 19881: 19878: 19875: 19872: 19869: 19866: 19863: 19860: 19857: 19854: 19851: 19848: 19845: 19842: 19839: 19836: 19833: 19830: 19828: 19825: 19823: 19820: 19818: 19815: 19813: 19810: 19808: 19805: 19803: 19800: 19798: 19795: 19793: 19790: 19789: 19787: 19783: 19777: 19774: 19772: 19769: 19767: 19764: 19762: 19759: 19756: 19753: 19751: 19748: 19746: 19745:Hyochang Park 19743: 19741: 19738: 19736: 19733: 19731: 19730:Gyeongbokgung 19728: 19726: 19723: 19722: 19720: 19716: 19706: 19703: 19701: 19698: 19696: 19693: 19691: 19688: 19686: 19683: 19681: 19678: 19677: 19675: 19673: 19667: 19661: 19658: 19656: 19653: 19649: 19646: 19645: 19644: 19641: 19639: 19636: 19634: 19631: 19629: 19626: 19624: 19621: 19619: 19616: 19615: 19613: 19611: 19609:Collaborators 19605: 19598: 19595: 19592: 19589: 19586: 19583: 19580: 19577: 19574: 19571: 19568: 19565: 19562: 19559: 19556: 19553: 19550: 19547: 19543: 19540: 19539: 19537: 19534: 19531: 19528: 19525: 19522: 19519: 19516: 19515: 19513: 19509: 19503: 19500: 19498: 19495: 19493: 19490: 19488: 19485: 19483: 19480: 19478: 19475: 19474: 19472: 19468: 19462: 19459: 19456: 19452: 19451:Comfort women 19449: 19448: 19446: 19444:Controversies 19442: 19432: 19429: 19427: 19424: 19422: 19419: 19417: 19414: 19413: 19411: 19407: 19401: 19398: 19396: 19393: 19391: 19388: 19386: 19383: 19382: 19380: 19376: 19368: 19365: 19364: 19363: 19360: 19357: 19354: 19352: 19349: 19346: 19343: 19340: 19337: 19334: 19331: 19330: 19328: 19324: 19309: 19306: 19303: 19299: 19296: 19295: 19293: 19289: 19284: 19278: 19274: 19267: 19262: 19260: 19255: 19253: 19248: 19247: 19244: 19227: 19226: 19221: 19218: 19217: 19215: 19211: 19204: 19203: 19198: 19195: 19194: 19192: 19188: 19185: 19181: 19174: 19173: 19168: 19165: 19162: 19161: 19156: 19153: 19152: 19150: 19146: 19139: 19138: 19133: 19132:Nassau County 19130: 19127: 19126: 19121: 19118: 19117: 19115: 19111: 19104: 19103: 19098: 19095: 19092: 19091: 19086: 19083: 19080: 19079: 19074: 19071: 19068: 19067: 19062: 19061:Bergen County 19059: 19058: 19056: 19052: 19045: 19044: 19039: 19038:San Francisco 19036: 19033: 19032: 19027: 19026: 19021: 19018: 19017: 19015: 19011: 19006: 19005:Comfort Women 18999: 18994: 18992: 18987: 18985: 18980: 18979: 18976: 18963: 18959: 18956: 18952: 18949: 18948: 18943: 18936: 18935: 18932: 18919: 18915: 18912: 18908: 18905: 18901: 18900: 18898: 18894: 18889: 18885: 18884: 18882: 18881:Kuril Islands 18878: 18875: 18871: 18866: 18862: 18861: 18859: 18855: 18852: 18848: 18845: 18841: 18838: 18834: 18831: 18827: 18822: 18818: 18817: 18815: 18811: 18808: 18804: 18801: 18797: 18794: 18790: 18787: 18783: 18780: 18776: 18773: 18769: 18766: 18762: 18759: 18755: 18752: 18748: 18745: 18741: 18738: 18734: 18731: 18727: 18724: 18720: 18717: 18713: 18712: 18710: 18708: 18704: 18697: 18693: 18688: 18687: 18682: 18681: 18679: 18675: 18672: 18668: 18663: 18659: 18658: 18656: 18652: 18649: 18648:Syrmian Front 18645: 18642: 18638: 18635: 18631: 18628: 18624: 18621: 18620: 18615: 18612: 18611: 18606: 18603: 18599: 18596: 18595: 18594:Market Garden 18590: 18587: 18583: 18580: 18576: 18573: 18569: 18566: 18565: 18560: 18557: 18553: 18550: 18546: 18543: 18539: 18536: 18532: 18529: 18525: 18522: 18518: 18515: 18514: 18509: 18506: 18502: 18499: 18498: 18493: 18490: 18489: 18484: 18481: 18480: 18475: 18472: 18468: 18465: 18461: 18458: 18454: 18453:Monte Cassino 18450: 18447: 18446: 18441: 18440: 18438: 18436: 18432: 18425: 18421: 18416: 18412: 18409: 18405: 18404: 18402: 18398: 18395: 18391: 18388: 18384: 18381: 18377: 18374: 18370: 18365: 18361: 18360: 18358: 18354: 18351: 18347: 18344: 18343: 18338: 18335: 18331: 18328: 18324: 18321: 18317: 18314: 18310: 18307: 18303: 18300: 18296: 18293: 18289: 18286: 18282: 18281: 18279: 18277: 18273: 18266: 18262: 18259: 18258: 18253: 18250: 18246: 18243: 18239: 18236: 18235: 18230: 18227: 18223: 18220: 18216: 18213: 18209: 18206: 18205: 18200: 18195: 18191: 18188: 18184: 18183: 18181: 18177: 18174: 18170: 18167: 18163: 18160: 18156: 18153: 18149: 18146: 18142: 18139: 18135: 18132: 18128: 18125: 18121: 18118: 18114: 18111: 18107: 18106: 18104: 18102: 18098: 18091: 18087: 18084: 18080: 18077: 18073: 18070: 18066: 18063: 18059: 18056: 18052: 18049: 18045: 18042: 18038: 18035: 18031: 18028: 18024: 18021: 18017: 18014: 18010: 18007: 18003: 18000: 17996: 17993: 17989: 17986: 17982: 17979: 17975: 17972: 17968: 17965: 17961: 17957: 17956: 17951: 17947: 17942: 17938: 17937: 17935: 17931: 17928: 17924: 17921: 17917: 17914: 17910: 17907: 17903: 17898: 17894: 17893: 17891: 17887: 17884: 17880: 17877: 17873: 17870: 17866: 17865: 17863: 17861: 17857: 17850: 17849: 17844: 17841: 17837: 17834: 17830: 17827: 17823: 17820: 17819:Baltic states 17816: 17813: 17809: 17806: 17802: 17799: 17795: 17792: 17788: 17785: 17781: 17778: 17774: 17771: 17767: 17764: 17760: 17757: 17753: 17750: 17746: 17743: 17739: 17736: 17732: 17729: 17725: 17722: 17718: 17717: 17715: 17713: 17709: 17702: 17698: 17695: 17691: 17688: 17684: 17681: 17677: 17674: 17670: 17667: 17663: 17660: 17656: 17655: 17653: 17651: 17647: 17638: 17634: 17631: 17627: 17624: 17620: 17617: 17613: 17610: 17606: 17605: 17603: 17599: 17594: 17590: 17587: 17583: 17582: 17580: 17576: 17571: 17567: 17566: 17564: 17560: 17559: 17557: 17555: 17551: 17548: 17546: 17542: 17531: 17527: 17524: 17520: 17515: 17511: 17508: 17504: 17503: 17499: 17494: 17490: 17489: 17487: 17483: 17480: 17476: 17471: 17467: 17464: 17463:United States 17460: 17455: 17451: 17450: 17448: 17444: 17443: 17439: 17436: 17432: 17431: 17429: 17427: 17423: 17416: 17412: 17407: 17403: 17400: 17399:Quốc dân Đảng 17396: 17395: 17391: 17388: 17384: 17381: 17377: 17374: 17370: 17367: 17363: 17360: 17356: 17353: 17349: 17346: 17342: 17339: 17335: 17332: 17328: 17325: 17321: 17318: 17314: 17311: 17307: 17304: 17300: 17297: 17293: 17288: 17284: 17281: 17277: 17276: 17274: 17270: 17267: 17263: 17260: 17256: 17253: 17249: 17246: 17242: 17239: 17235: 17232: 17228: 17225: 17221: 17218: 17214: 17211: 17207: 17204: 17200: 17197: 17193: 17190: 17186: 17183: 17179: 17176: 17172: 17169: 17165: 17162: 17158: 17157: 17155: 17153: 17149: 17142: 17138: 17135: 17131: 17128: 17124: 17121: 17117: 17114: 17110: 17107: 17103: 17100: 17099:Liechtenstein 17096: 17093: 17089: 17086: 17082: 17079: 17075: 17072: 17068: 17067: 17065: 17063: 17059: 17052: 17051:Collaboration 17048: 17045: 17041: 17038: 17034: 17031: 17027: 17023: 17019: 17016: 17012: 17009: 17005: 17002: 16998: 16993: 16989: 16988: 16985: 16981: 16978: 16974: 16971: 16967: 16964: 16960: 16957: 16953: 16950: 16946: 16942: 16938: 16935: 16931: 16928: 16924: 16920: 16916: 16913: 16909: 16908: 16906: 16904: 16900: 16893: 16889: 16884: 16880: 16879: 16877: 16876:United States 16873: 16868: 16864: 16863: 16861: 16857: 16854: 16850: 16847: 16843: 16840: 16836: 16833: 16829: 16826: 16822: 16818: 16814: 16810: 16807: 16803: 16800: 16796: 16793: 16789: 16786: 16782: 16779: 16775: 16772: 16768: 16765: 16761: 16758: 16754: 16750: 16746: 16742: 16739: 16735: 16732: 16728: 16725: 16721: 16718: 16714: 16710: 16706: 16702: 16698: 16694: 16691: 16687: 16684: 16680: 16677: 16673: 16670: 16666: 16663: 16659: 16656: 16652: 16648: 16644: 16640: 16637: 16633: 16630: 16626: 16623: 16619: 16616: 16612: 16611: 16609: 16607: 16603: 16600: 16598: 16594: 16581: 16577: 16574: 16570: 16567: 16566:Comfort women 16563: 16560: 16556: 16553: 16550: / 16549: 16545: 16542: 16539: / 16538: 16535: / 16534: 16530: 16527: 16526:Camp brothels 16523: 16520: 16516: 16515: 16511: 16508: 16504: 16499: 16495: 16492: 16488: 16487: 16485: 16481: 16476: 16472: 16469: 16465: 16462: 16458: 16457: 16455: 16451: 16448: 16444: 16439: 16435: 16430: 16426: 16423: 16419: 16418: 16416: 16415:The Holocaust 16412: 16409: 16405: 16402: 16401:forced labour 16398: 16397: 16395: 16391: 16386: 16382: 16379: 16375: 16372: 16368: 16367: 16365: 16361: 16360: 16358: 16356: 16352: 16345: 16341: 16338: 16334: 16331: 16327: 16322: 16318: 16315: 16311: 16308: 16304: 16301: 16297: 16296: 16294: 16290: 16287: 16286: 16281: 16278: 16277: 16272: 16269: 16265: 16262: 16258: 16255: 16254:Marshall Plan 16251: 16248: 16247: 16242: 16239: 16235: 16232: 16228: 16225: 16221: 16218: 16214: 16211: 16207: 16204: 16200: 16197: 16193: 16190: 16186: 16185: 16183: 16181: 16177: 16170: 16166: 16161: 16157: 16156: 16154: 16150: 16147: 16143: 16138: 16134: 16131: 16127: 16124: 16120: 16119: 16117: 16113: 16108: 16107:Eastern Front 16104: 16101: 16100:Western Front 16097: 16096: 16094: 16090: 16085: 16081: 16078: 16074: 16071: 16067: 16064: 16060: 16057: 16053: 16050: 16046: 16045: 16043: 16039: 16038: 16036: 16034: 16030: 16023: 16019: 16016: 16012: 16009: 16005: 16002: 15998: 15995: 15994:Puppet states 15991: 15988: 15984: 15981: 15977: 15972: 15968: 15965: 15961: 15960: 15958: 15954: 15951: 15947: 15944: 15940: 15937: 15936:Naval history 15933: 15930: 15926: 15923: 15919: 15916: 15912: 15907: 15903: 15902: 15900: 15896: 15893: 15889: 15884: 15883:United States 15880: 15877: 15873: 15870: 15866: 15865: 15863: 15859: 15856: 15852: 15849: 15845: 15842: 15838: 15835: 15831: 15828: 15824: 15821: 15817: 15812: 15808: 15807: 15805: 15801: 15800: 15798: 15796: 15792: 15789: 15785: 15778: 15774: 15771: 15767: 15762: 15758: 15755: 15751: 15748: 15744: 15743: 15739: 15734: 15730: 15729: 15727: 15723: 15720: 15716: 15715: 15712: 15708: 15701: 15696: 15694: 15689: 15687: 15682: 15681: 15678: 15672: 15669: 15666: 15663: 15660: 15657: 15656: 15655: 15654: 15647: 15643: 15640: 15637: 15633: 15630: 15618: 15614: 15610: 15598: 15594: 15590: 15578: 15577: 15572: 15568: 15567: 15566: 15565: 15558: 15555: 15552: 15548: 15544: 15541: 15538: 15535: 15531: 15530:archive.today 15527: 15524: 15521: 15519: 15516: 15504: 15500: 15496: 15495: 15494: 15493: 15486: 15483: 15481: 15478: 15475: 15472: 15469: 15465: 15463: 15458: 15455: 15452: 15440: 15436: 15435: 15430: 15425: 15412: 15405: 15401: 15399: 15396: 15393: 15392:Photo gallery 15390: 15388: 15384: 15379: 15376: 15372: 15368: 15363: 15360: 15359:"The Victims" 15357: 15355: 15351: 15348: 15347:121 Coalition 15345: 15343: 15340: 15337: 15333: 15330: 15328:(in Japanese) 15327: 15324: 15322: 15319: 15316: 15312: 15309: 15305: 15304:Asahi Shimbun 15301: 15298: 15297: 15296: 15295: 15294:Asahi Shimbun 15290: 15287: 15286: 15277: 15273: 15267: 15263: 15262: 15256: 15253: 15252:0-415-19401-6 15249: 15245: 15241: 15237: 15231: 15227: 15226: 15220: 15205: 15201: 15197: 15193: 15189: 15182: 15177: 15174: 15173:0-415-26044-2 15170: 15166: 15165:0-415-19194-7 15162: 15158: 15154: 15151: 15148:Levin, Mark, 15147: 15144: 15143:0-931209-88-9 15140: 15136: 15132: 15129: 15128:0-14-026335-7 15125: 15121: 15118: 15114: 15108: 15104: 15103: 15097: 15094: 15090: 15084: 15079: 15078: 15071: 15068: 15067:971-8686-11-8 15064: 15060: 15057: 15054: 15050: 15047: 15043: 15039: 15035: 15034: 15033: 15032: 15025: 15024: 15020: 15008: 15007: 15001: 14989: 14985: 14984: 14978: 14966: 14962: 14961: 14956: 14944: 14940: 14939: 14934: 14919: 14912: 14911: 14905: 14893: 14892: 14886: 14873: 14869: 14866:WCCW (2004). 14864: 14852: 14848: 14847: 14841: 14829: 14825: 14821: 14816: 14813: 14798: 14791: 14790: 14785: 14784:Hata, Ikuhiko 14781: 14777: 14773: 14768: 14760: 14753: 14752: 14747: 14736: 14732: 14731: 14726: 14713: 14709: 14705: 14704: 14703: 14702: 14687: 14683: 14678: 14667: 14663: 14659: 14658: 14653: 14642: 14638: 14633: 14622: 14618: 14617: 14612: 14600: 14596: 14592: 14582: 14578: 14573: 14563: 14559: 14555: 14551: 14540: 14539: 14533: 14523: 14519: 14514: 14503: 14499: 14495: 14484: 14480: 14476: 14472: 14460: 14456: 14455: 14450: 14446: 14436: 14432: 14427: 14417: 14413: 14408: 14398: 14394: 14389: 14378: 14377: 14371: 14359: 14355: 14351: 14340: 14336: 14332: 14331: 14325: 14314: 14310: 14306: 14305: 14299: 14288: 14284: 14280: 14279: 14274: 14263: 14259: 14255: 14254: 14249: 14238: 14234: 14230: 14229: 14223: 14219: 14215: 14211: 14210: 14204: 14193: 14189: 14185: 14184: 14178: 14167: 14163: 14159: 14158: 14152: 14141: 14137: 14133: 14132: 14126: 14115: 14111: 14110: 14105: 14094: 14090: 14089: 14084: 14073: 14069: 14068: 14062: 14059: 14045: 14041: 14037: 14025: 14021: 14017: 14016: 14011: 13999: 13995: 13991: 13987: 13983: 13979: 13978: 13973: 13961: 13957: 13953: 13942: 13938: 13937: 13932: 13921: 13917: 13913: 13902: 13898: 13894: 13883: 13879: 13875: 13863: 13859: 13855: 13854: 13851: 13850:News articles 13848: 13847: 13842: 13838: 13834: 13830: 13825: 13821: 13817: 13813: 13809: 13805: 13801: 13796: 13792: 13788: 13784: 13779: 13777: 13773: 13768: 13764: 13760: 13756: 13752: 13748: 13743: 13739: 13735: 13731: 13726: 13725: 13722: 13719: 13718: 13713: 13707: 13703: 13696: 13691: 13688: 13682: 13678: 13673: 13670: 13668:9789799023483 13664: 13660: 13656: 13652: 13648: 13644: 13638: 13634: 13633: 13627: 13623: 13617: 13614:, Routledge, 13613: 13612: 13607: 13603: 13599: 13597:9780786488346 13593: 13590:. McFarland. 13589: 13588: 13582: 13578: 13573: 13570: 13564: 13560: 13559: 13553: 13550: 13548:9780691043821 13544: 13540: 13536: 13531: 13528: 13522: 13518: 13514: 13510: 13509:Hata, Ikuhiko 13506: 13502: 13497: 13494: 13488: 13484: 13483: 13477: 13463: 13459: 13453: 13446: 13445: 13439: 13436: 13430: 13426: 13425: 13420: 13416: 13415: 13412: 13409: 13408: 13395: 13391: 13386: 13375: 13371: 13370: 13364: 13352: 13348: 13343: 13342: 13339: 13336: 13335: 13330: 13326: 13322: 13318: 13314: 13310: 13306: 13302: 13301: 13298: 13295: 13294: 13282: 13278: 13274: 13270: 13265: 13261: 13260: 13254: 13253: 13250: 13247: 13246: 13233: 13229: 13224: 13223: 13220: 13217: 13216: 13203: 13199: 13192: 13177: 13173: 13167: 13159: 13155: 13148: 13140: 13136: 13129: 13121: 13115: 13099: 13095: 13089: 13081: 13077: 13076:"The Apology" 13071: 13065: 13061: 13058: 13054: 13048: 13040: 13034: 13019: 13015: 13008: 12992: 12988: 12984: 12978: 12967:September 22, 12962: 12958: 12957: 12952: 12946: 12938: 12934: 12927: 12911: 12907: 12903: 12897: 12882: 12878: 12877: 12872: 12866: 12858: 12854: 12853: 12848: 12842: 12826: 12822: 12821: 12816: 12810: 12799:September 12, 12794: 12790: 12789: 12784: 12778: 12770: 12766: 12762: 12756: 12740: 12736: 12732: 12726: 12715:September 12, 12710: 12706: 12705: 12700: 12694: 12687: 12682: 12678: 12674: 12667: 12651: 12647: 12643: 12637: 12621: 12617: 12611: 12595: 12591: 12587: 12580: 12569:September 13, 12564: 12560: 12554: 12538: 12534: 12530: 12524: 12508: 12504: 12503: 12498: 12491: 12475: 12471: 12470: 12465: 12458: 12442: 12438: 12437: 12432: 12425: 12409: 12405: 12401: 12395: 12379: 12375: 12371: 12365: 12349: 12345: 12341: 12334: 12332: 12315: 12311: 12310: 12305: 12299: 12283: 12279: 12275: 12268: 12252: 12248: 12244: 12238: 12230: 12226: 12220: 12204: 12200: 12199: 12194: 12188: 12172: 12168: 12164: 12158: 12142: 12138: 12137: 12132: 12125: 12117: 12113: 12112: 12107: 12100: 12093: 12089: 12085: 12082: 12076: 12068: 12064: 12063: 12058: 12051: 12035: 12031: 12027: 12020: 12004: 12000: 11999: 11994: 11987: 11971: 11967: 11966: 11961: 11955: 11939: 11935: 11931: 11925: 11914:September 13, 11909: 11905: 11901: 11895: 11887: 11883: 11877: 11869: 11865: 11859: 11843: 11839: 11832: 11813: 11806: 11799: 11783: 11779: 11778:Women's Enews 11775: 11768: 11752: 11748: 11742: 11740: 11723: 11719: 11715: 11709: 11707: 11690: 11686: 11679: 11677: 11670: 11666: 11663: 11658: 11650: 11646: 11640: 11624: 11620: 11614: 11598: 11594: 11590: 11583: 11567: 11563: 11559: 11552: 11536: 11532: 11528: 11522: 11506: 11502: 11501: 11496: 11490: 11482: 11478: 11471: 11469: 11452: 11448: 11441: 11425: 11421: 11420: 11415: 11409: 11393: 11389: 11385: 11379: 11368:September 13, 11363: 11359: 11355: 11349: 11338:September 13, 11333: 11329: 11323: 11307: 11303: 11299: 11292: 11284: 11280: 11279: 11274: 11268: 11252: 11248: 11247: 11242: 11235: 11227: 11226: 11218: 11202: 11198: 11192: 11176: 11172: 11166: 11150: 11146: 11140: 11124: 11120: 11113: 11097: 11093: 11087: 11079: 11075: 11069: 11066:. Routledge. 11065: 11064: 11059: 11052: 11044: 11040: 11036: 11030: 11022: 11018: 11012: 11005: 11001: 10998: 10994: 10988: 10980: 10976: 10970: 10962: 10958: 10954: 10950: 10943: 10935: 10928: 10920: 10916: 10915: 10910: 10904: 10902: 10893: 10889: 10885: 10879: 10871: 10867: 10863: 10856: 10848: 10844: 10840: 10834: 10818: 10814: 10808: 10792: 10791: 10786: 10780: 10772: 10768: 10767: 10762: 10755: 10753: 10744: 10740: 10736: 10730: 10714: 10710: 10706: 10700: 10684: 10680: 10676: 10670: 10659: 10652: 10646: 10638: 10634: 10630: 10624: 10608: 10604: 10600: 10594: 10592: 10583: 10582: 10577: 10571: 10555: 10551: 10550: 10549:The Hankyoreh 10545: 10539: 10523: 10519: 10518: 10513: 10507: 10491: 10487: 10481: 10465: 10461: 10455: 10439: 10435: 10428: 10412: 10408: 10404: 10398: 10382: 10378: 10372: 10366: 10362: 10359: 10354: 10338: 10334: 10333:www.awf.or.jp 10330: 10324: 10309: 10305: 10304: 10296: 10280: 10276: 10272: 10265: 10249: 10245: 10241: 10235: 10219: 10215: 10211: 10204: 10188: 10184: 10183: 10178: 10171: 10155: 10151: 10147: 10140: 10124: 10120: 10119: 10114: 10107: 10088: 10084: 10077: 10071: 10055: 10051: 10047: 10041: 10034: 10030: 10027: 10022: 10006: 10002: 9998: 9991: 9984: 9980: 9976: 9973: 9968: 9952: 9948: 9947: 9942: 9936: 9934: 9917: 9913: 9912: 9907: 9900: 9884: 9880: 9879:World Tribune 9876: 9869: 9853: 9849: 9843: 9837:, p. 41. 9836: 9831: 9824: 9818: 9812:, p. 18. 9811: 9805: 9789: 9785: 9782: 9775: 9768: 9767:Yoneyama 2002 9762: 9747: 9743: 9737: 9731: 9726: 9718: 9714: 9710: 9706: 9702: 9695: 9693: 9691: 9682: 9678: 9674: 9670: 9666: 9659: 9651: 9647: 9643: 9639: 9635: 9628: 9620: 9614: 9606: 9602: 9597: 9592: 9588: 9584: 9580: 9573: 9571: 9555: 9554: 9549: 9543: 9527: 9523: 9519: 9512: 9496: 9492: 9488: 9482: 9467: 9463: 9459: 9455: 9449: 9433: 9429: 9425: 9419: 9403: 9399: 9395: 9389: 9373: 9369: 9365: 9359: 9343: 9339: 9335: 9329: 9313: 9309: 9305: 9299: 9283: 9279: 9275: 9269: 9253: 9249: 9245: 9239: 9237: 9217: 9210: 9204: 9202: 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8153: 8149: 8143: 8135: 8131: 8123: 8115: 8111: 8105: 8098: 8093: 8077: 8073: 8069: 8065: 8061: 8057: 8053: 8049: 8042: 8040: 8023: 8019: 8013: 7997: 7993: 7989: 7982: 7976: 7972: 7969: 7966: 7961: 7945: 7941: 7940: 7935: 7929: 7913: 7909: 7908: 7903: 7897: 7890: 7878: 7875:(in Korean). 7874: 7873: 7872:JoongAng Ilbo 7868: 7861: 7853: 7847: 7843: 7839: 7828: 7821: 7809: 7805: 7804:Nikkan Berita 7801: 7795: 7779: 7775: 7771: 7767: 7763: 7759: 7755: 7751: 7747: 7743: 7739: 7735: 7728: 7726: 7717: 7713: 7707: 7701:, p. 160 7700: 7695: 7689:, p. 148 7688: 7683: 7674: 7666: 7662: 7658: 7656:0-7656-0543-0 7652: 7648: 7647: 7639: 7623: 7619: 7615: 7611: 7605: 7601: 7600: 7592: 7577: 7573: 7566: 7550: 7549: 7544: 7538: 7522: 7518: 7514: 7510: 7506: 7502: 7498: 7494: 7487: 7480: 7479:Watanabe 1999 7475: 7468: 7467:Watanabe 1999 7463: 7455: 7451: 7445: 7441: 7437: 7436: 7428: 7421: 7416: 7410: 7406: 7403: 7399: 7393: 7384: 7376: 7372: 7368: 7362: 7358: 7357: 7349: 7347: 7345: 7338:, p. 319 7337: 7332: 7330: 7328: 7326: 7324: 7316: 7310: 7303: 7298: 7296: 7288: 7284: 7281: 7276: 7270: 7265: 7259: 7254: 7235: 7228: 7220: 7218: 7216: 7200: 7196: 7192: 7185: 7178: 7174: 7171: 7166: 7159: 7155: 7151: 7148: 7143: 7137: 7132: 7130: 7113: 7109: 7105: 7099: 7097: 7089: 7088:Watanabe 1999 7084: 7077: 7076:Watanabe 1999 7072: 7053: 7046: 7040: 7024: 7020: 7016: 7009: 6994: 6990: 6989: 6982: 6967: 6963: 6962: 6955: 6949:, p. 316 6948: 6943: 6936: 6935:Watanabe 1999 6931: 6929: 6921: 6920:Watanabe 1999 6916: 6914: 6907:, p. 315 6906: 6901: 6894: 6889: 6887: 6885: 6878:, p. 320 6877: 6872: 6870: 6868: 6866: 6864: 6862: 6860: 6858: 6850: 6845: 6838: 6833: 6825: 6821: 6817: 6813: 6809: 6805: 6801: 6794: 6792: 6776: 6772: 6766: 6762: 6761: 6753: 6737: 6733: 6729: 6722: 6706: 6702: 6696: 6692: 6688: 6687: 6679: 6660: 6656: 6652: 6645: 6638: 6622: 6618: 6614: 6608: 6600: 6596: 6591: 6586: 6582: 6578: 6574: 6567: 6561: 6556: 6550: 6545: 6529: 6525: 6521: 6514: 6503:September 26, 6498: 6494: 6488: 6477:September 26, 6472: 6468: 6462: 6454: 6452:9781848840485 6448: 6444: 6437: 6435: 6418: 6414: 6410: 6409: 6404: 6398: 6389: 6382: 6378: 6375: 6369: 6360: 6352: 6348: 6342: 6335: 6330: 6314: 6310: 6303: 6287: 6283: 6277: 6270: 6265: 6257: 6255:9789793780634 6251: 6247: 6240: 6232: 6230:9781844159123 6226: 6222: 6215: 6199: 6195: 6194:www.awf.or.jp 6191: 6185: 6169: 6165: 6161: 6157: 6151: 6145:, p. 312 6144: 6139: 6137: 6135: 6126: 6120: 6116: 6111: 6110: 6101: 6095: 6090: 6085: 6078: 6073: 6067:, p. 41. 6066: 6061: 6056: 6048: 6042: 6038: 6031: 6015: 6011: 6007: 6000: 5993: 5988: 5981: 5976: 5972: 5966: 5960: 5954: 5948: 5941: 5936: 5931: 5915: 5911: 5907: 5901: 5885: 5881: 5875: 5867: 5863: 5862: 5857: 5851: 5844: 5839: 5832: 5828: 5824: 5821: 5816: 5814: 5797: 5793: 5789: 5783: 5781: 5764: 5760: 5759: 5754: 5747: 5731: 5727: 5721: 5714: 5709: 5708:AP 2007-03-07 5704: 5698: 5692: 5676: 5672: 5665: 5659: 5654: 5647: 5641: 5637:, p. 91; 5636: 5630: 5624: 5619: 5612: 5607: 5599: 5595: 5591: 5587: 5583: 5579: 5572: 5564: 5560: 5555: 5550: 5546: 5542: 5538: 5531: 5529: 5527: 5519: 5518: 5513: 5509: 5506: 5500: 5484: 5480: 5479: 5474: 5467: 5460: 5459:JoongAng Ilbo 5456: 5452: 5449: 5445:(in Japanese) 5441: 5435: 5430: 5424: 5419: 5413: 5408: 5406: 5399: 5394: 5388: 5383: 5377: 5376:Fujiwara 1998 5372: 5355: 5351: 5349:9780511252938 5345: 5341: 5337: 5336: 5329: 5313: 5309: 5305: 5301: 5294: 5288:, p. 378 5287: 5282: 5275: 5270: 5265: 5260: 5253: 5248: 5243: 5227: 5223: 5221:9780465028252 5217: 5213: 5212: 5204: 5196: 5190: 5186: 5179: 5177: 5169: 5168:Mitchell 1997 5164: 5148: 5144: 5138: 5136: 5134: 5126: 5118:September 25, 5113: 5109: 5107:9781134650125 5103: 5099: 5098: 5093: 5087: 5071: 5067: 5063: 5056: 5049: 5044: 5042: 5040: 5033:, p. 144 5032: 5027: 5025: 5015: 5009:, p. 377 5008: 5003: 4997:, p. 376 4996: 4991: 4984: 4979: 4973: 4969: 4964: 4953: 4946: 4940: 4933: 4928: 4923: 4918: 4913: 4908: 4901: 4895: 4893: 4885: 4880: 4875: 4870: 4868: 4860: 4859:Mitchell 1997 4855: 4853: 4841:September 12, 4836: 4832: 4828: 4824: 4820: 4816: 4812: 4809:(2): 129–36. 4808: 4804: 4800: 4793: 4787: 4783: 4778: 4771: 4766: 4759: 4754: 4752: 4744: 4739: 4731: 4727: 4720: 4718: 4709: 4705: 4701: 4697: 4693: 4686: 4678: 4674: 4670: 4666: 4662: 4658: 4654: 4647: 4631: 4627: 4621: 4614: 4609: 4593: 4589: 4585: 4579: 4573: 4568: 4561: 4549: 4545: 4541: 4534: 4518: 4514: 4510: 4503: 4487: 4483: 4476: 4474: 4469: 4458: 4455: 4453: 4450: 4448: 4445: 4443: 4440: 4438: 4435: 4433: 4430: 4427: 4424: 4422: 4419: 4417: 4414: 4412: 4409: 4406: 4403: 4401: 4398: 4396: 4393: 4391: 4388: 4386: 4385:Comfort Woman 4382: 4379: 4377: 4374: 4372: 4369: 4364: 4363: 4359: 4358: 4357: 4354: 4352: 4349: 4347: 4344: 4342: 4339: 4337: 4334: 4330:/Joy Division 4329: 4326: 4325: 4324: 4321: 4319: 4318: 4314: 4312: 4309: 4307: 4304: 4303: 4293: 4289: 4288: 4284: 4280: 4279: 4275: 4272: 4271:Jing-Jing Lee 4268: 4267: 4263: 4260: 4256: 4252: 4251: 4247: 4244: 4240: 4239: 4235: 4232: 4231: 4227: 4224: 4223: 4219: 4216: 4215: 4211: 4208: 4204: 4203: 4199: 4196: 4192: 4188: 4185: 4182: 4181: 4177: 4174: 4170: 4169: 4165: 4164: 4157: 4139: 4135: 4132: 4128: 4125: 4121: 4117: 4114:(1924–1997); 4113: 4109: 4106: 4102: 4101: 4100: 4092: 4090: 4087: 4083: 4079: 4075: 4066: 4057: 4055: 4045: 4043: 4039: 4029: 4025: 4023: 4018: 4015: 4011: 4007: 4003: 3999: 3995: 3991: 3986: 3981: 3979: 3974: 3972: 3967: 3964: 3962: 3958: 3957: 3951: 3948: 3946: 3939:United States 3936: 3932: 3930: 3925: 3921: 3917: 3912: 3910: 3909:Bahay na Pula 3906: 3901: 3899: 3895: 3891: 3886: 3883: 3876: 3872: 3868: 3866: 3862: 3854: 3851: 3848: 3845: 3842: 3841: 3840: 3834: 3831: 3828: 3825: 3822: 3821: 3820: 3818: 3809: 3805: 3804: 3803:Bahay na Pula 3799: 3791: 3782: 3780: 3770: 3768: 3764: 3758: 3748: 3744: 3740: 3736: 3734: 3730: 3724: 3721: 3717: 3713: 3706: 3691: 3686: 3681: 3677: 3672: 3670: 3665: 3662: 3658: 3656: 3652: 3647: 3640: 3636: 3631: 3622: 3620: 3615: 3613: 3609: 3594: 3590: 3588: 3584: 3574: 3572: 3568: 3558: 3556: 3551: 3546: 3543: 3538: 3536: 3531: 3529: 3524: 3521: 3516: 3514: 3504: 3497: 3492: 3483: 3475: 3472: 3468: 3464: 3460: 3456: 3452: 3443: 3441: 3440:Akira Ikegami 3437: 3433: 3432:Seiji Yoshida 3429: 3428: 3427:Asahi Shimbun 3417: 3414: 3410: 3405: 3402: 3398: 3393: 3389: 3385: 3383: 3378: 3376: 3373:In 2018, the 3371: 3369: 3365: 3362:In 2014, the 3360: 3358: 3354: 3349: 3346: 3342: 3337: 3334: 3330: 3325: 3322: 3318: 3313: 3309: 3307: 3303: 3299: 3295: 3294: 3286:Controversies 3283: 3280: 3276: 3271: 3269: 3265: 3264:National Diet 3254: 3252: 3248: 3244: 3240: 3234: 3230: 3227: 3222: 3220: 3216: 3212: 3208: 3202: 3198: 3195: 3190: 3186: 3184: 3179: 3177: 3172: 3168: 3167:Fumio Kishida 3164: 3159: 3156:9.7 billion; 3155: 3151: 3146: 3145:Park Geun-hye 3141: 3139: 3131: 3127: 3122: 3117: 3107: 3103: 3099: 3092: 3090: 3086: 3080: 3075: 3065: 3061: 3059: 3055: 3050: 3048: 3043: 3038: 3032: 3030: 3025: 3021: 3017: 3012: 3006: 3004: 3003: 2998: 2994: 2990: 2985: 2984:Asahi Shimbun 2980: 2979:Seiji Yoshida 2975: 2973: 2969: 2964: 2960: 2955: 2953: 2949: 2945: 2941: 2936: 2934: 2929: 2927: 2923: 2918: 2914: 2909: 2906: 2896: 2893: 2889: 2887: 2883: 2878: 2869: 2867: 2863: 2858: 2855: 2851: 2847: 2843: 2839: 2836: 2830: 2828: 2827:Bangka Island 2823: 2821: 2815: 2810: 2807: 2805: 2798: 2793: 2791: 2782: 2778: 2774: 2770: 2765: 2761: 2757: 2753: 2751: 2745: 2743: 2738: 2734: 2728: 2724: 2720: 2712: 2708: 2705: 2702: 2698: 2694: 2689: 2687: 2681: 2678: 2675: 2671: 2667: 2662: 2658: 2656: 2655:Bruce Cumings 2651: 2647: 2645: 2641: 2637: 2633: 2629: 2625: 2621: 2617: 2614:According to 2609: 2604: 2597: 2593: 2589: 2585: 2581: 2577: 2573: 2571: 2567: 2563: 2559: 2555: 2551: 2547: 2543: 2539: 2535: 2531: 2527: 2523: 2519: 2515: 2511: 2507: 2503: 2499: 2495: 2485: 2483: 2478: 2474: 2465: 2462: 2458: 2454: 2449: 2447: 2443: 2438: 2435: 2430: 2428: 2422: 2420: 2419:Kwantung Army 2415: 2413: 2412: 2406: 2404: 2400: 2395: 2393: 2389: 2385: 2384: 2379: 2378: 2373: 2363: 2361: 2355: 2352: 2348: 2344: 2340: 2334: 2332: 2328: 2322: 2320: 2314: 2311: 2307: 2303: 2298: 2296: 2286: 2283: 2279: 2275: 2270: 2266: 2262: 2257: 2245: 2240: 2238: 2233: 2231: 2226: 2225: 2223: 2222: 2215: 2212: 2208: 2205: 2203: 2200: 2198: 2195: 2191: 2188: 2187: 2186: 2183: 2181: 2178: 2176: 2173: 2171: 2168: 2166: 2163: 2161: 2158: 2157: 2156: 2153: 2151: 2148: 2146: 2145:Slave catcher 2143: 2141: 2138: 2134: 2131: 2129: 2126: 2125: 2124: 2121: 2119: 2116: 2112: 2109: 2107: 2104: 2103: 2102: 2099: 2095: 2092: 2090: 2087: 2085: 2082: 2081: 2080: 2077: 2075: 2074:Forced labour 2072: 2070: 2067: 2065: 2062: 2061: 2055: 2054: 2045: 2040: 2037: 2035: 2032: 2030: 2027: 2025: 2022: 2020: 2017: 2015: 2012: 2010: 2007: 2003: 2000: 1999: 1998: 1995: 1993: 1990: 1988: 1985: 1981: 1978: 1977: 1976: 1973: 1971: 1968: 1964: 1961: 1959: 1956: 1955: 1954: 1951: 1947: 1944: 1942: 1939: 1938: 1937: 1934: 1932: 1929: 1927: 1924: 1920: 1919:Abolitionists 1917: 1915: 1912: 1910: 1907: 1905: 1902: 1900: 1897: 1895: 1892: 1890: 1887: 1885: 1882: 1880: 1877: 1875: 1872: 1871: 1870: 1867: 1866: 1863: 1858: 1857: 1850: 1847: 1845: 1842: 1840: 1837: 1833: 1830: 1828: 1825: 1824: 1823: 1820: 1818: 1815: 1814: 1811: 1806: 1805: 1798: 1795: 1793: 1790: 1788: 1785: 1783: 1780: 1778: 1775: 1773: 1770: 1768: 1765: 1763: 1760: 1758: 1755: 1753: 1750: 1748: 1745: 1743: 1740: 1738: 1735: 1733: 1730: 1728: 1725: 1723: 1720: 1718: 1715: 1713: 1710: 1708: 1705: 1703: 1700: 1699: 1695: 1694: 1691: 1688: 1686: 1683: 1681: 1678: 1676: 1673: 1671: 1668: 1666: 1663: 1661: 1658: 1656: 1653: 1651: 1648: 1646: 1643: 1641: 1638: 1634: 1631: 1629: 1626: 1625: 1623: 1621: 1618: 1617: 1613: 1612: 1609: 1606: 1604: 1601: 1599: 1596: 1594: 1591: 1587: 1584: 1583: 1582: 1579: 1578: 1575: 1572: 1571: 1568: 1565: 1561: 1558: 1557: 1556: 1553: 1551: 1548: 1546: 1543: 1541: 1538: 1534: 1531: 1530: 1529: 1526: 1522: 1521:comfort women 1519: 1518: 1517: 1514: 1512: 1509: 1505: 1504:Chukri System 1502: 1500: 1497: 1496: 1495: 1492: 1488: 1485: 1483: 1480: 1478: 1475: 1474: 1473: 1470: 1468: 1465: 1463: 1460: 1458: 1455: 1454: 1451: 1448: 1447: 1444: 1441: 1438: 1434: 1430: 1427: 1425: 1422: 1421: 1420: 1417: 1415: 1412: 1410: 1407: 1403: 1400: 1399: 1398: 1395: 1393: 1392:Latin America 1390: 1386: 1383: 1381: 1378: 1376: 1373: 1371: 1368: 1367: 1366: 1363: 1361: 1358: 1356: 1353: 1349: 1346: 1344: 1343:interregional 1341: 1339: 1336: 1334: 1331: 1329: 1328:prison labour 1326: 1324: 1321: 1319: 1316: 1314: 1311: 1309: 1306: 1304: 1301: 1300: 1299: 1298:United States 1296: 1292: 1289: 1288: 1287: 1284: 1280: 1277: 1276: 1275: 1272: 1271: 1268: 1265: 1264: 1261: 1258: 1256: 1253: 1251: 1248: 1244: 1241: 1240: 1239: 1236: 1234: 1231: 1229: 1226: 1224: 1221: 1219: 1216: 1214: 1211: 1209: 1206: 1204: 1201: 1199: 1196: 1194: 1191: 1187: 1184: 1183: 1182: 1179: 1177: 1174: 1172: 1169: 1167: 1164: 1163: 1160: 1157: 1156: 1150: 1149: 1142: 1139: 1137: 1134: 1132: 1129: 1127: 1124: 1122: 1119: 1118: 1114: 1113: 1110: 1109:White slavery 1107: 1105: 1102: 1100: 1099:Slave raiding 1097: 1095: 1092: 1090: 1087: 1085: 1082: 1078: 1075: 1074: 1073: 1070: 1068: 1067:Corvée labour 1065: 1063: 1060: 1058: 1055: 1051: 1048: 1046: 1043: 1041: 1038: 1037: 1036: 1033: 1032: 1028: 1027: 1024: 1021: 1019: 1016: 1014: 1011: 1009: 1006: 1004: 1001: 999: 996: 994: 991: 989: 986: 984: 981: 979: 976: 974: 971: 970: 967: 964: 963: 960: 957: 955: 952: 950: 947: 945: 942: 940: 937: 935: 932: 928: 925: 923: 920: 918: 915: 913: 910: 908: 904: 901: 899: 896: 894: 891: 889: 886: 884: 883:Abbasid harem 881: 879: 876: 874: 871: 869: 866: 864: 861: 860: 859: 856: 852: 849: 847: 844: 842: 839: 837: 834: 832: 829: 828: 827: 826:Barbary Coast 824: 820: 817: 816: 815: 812: 810: 807: 805: 802: 800: 797: 795: 792: 790: 787: 785: 782: 779: 776: 774: 771: 770: 767: 764: 763: 758: 755: 754: 753: 750: 748: 745: 743: 740: 736: 733: 731: 728: 726: 723: 722: 721: 718: 716: 713: 711: 708: 706: 703: 701: 698: 696: 693: 692: 689: 686: 685: 682: 679: 677: 674: 672: 669: 667: 664: 663: 660: 657: 656: 653: 648: 647: 640: 637: 635: 632: 630: 627: 625: 622: 620: 617: 615: 612: 610: 607: 605: 602: 598: 595: 593: 590: 588: 585: 584: 583: 580: 578: 575: 573: 570: 568: 565: 563: 560: 559: 556: 551: 550: 546: 542: 541: 538: 534: 533:Forced labour 531: 530: 526: 522: 521: 506: 501: 499: 494: 492: 487: 486: 484: 483: 478: 470: 468: 458: 457: 456: 455: 446: 443: 441: 438: 436: 435: 431: 429: 426: 424: 421: 419: 418:Comfort women 416: 415: 414: 411: 410: 404: 403: 396: 393: 389: 386: 385: 384: 383: 379: 377: 374: 373: 367: 366: 359: 356: 354: 351: 349: 346: 342: 341: 337: 335: 332: 331: 330: 327: 323: 320: 319: 318: 315: 314: 311:Organizations 308: 307: 300: 297: 295: 292: 290: 287: 286: 280: 279: 272: 269: 267: 264: 262: 259: 257: 254: 253: 247: 246: 239: 236: 232: 229: 228: 227: 224: 223: 217: 216: 213: 210: 209: 205: 201: 200: 192: 188: 185: 182: 178: 174: 170: 166: 162: 158: 154: 150: 146: 142: 138: 134: 133:comfort women 130: 126: 122: 118: 117:Comfort women 110: 107: 103: 99: 95: 91: 78: 74: 69: 65: 59: 54: 51:Comfort women 46: 42: 37: 33: 19: 18:Comfort woman 20008:Women in war 19964: 19890: 19766:Keijō Shrine 19740:Heijō Shrine 19643:Refrain Club 19470:Forced labor 19450: 19390:Hwacheon Dam 19367:State Shinto 19356:Sōshi-kaimei 19223: 19200: 19183:Other states 19172:Peace Garden 19171: 19158: 19135: 19123: 19101: 19089: 19077: 19065: 19042: 19029: 19024: 18955:Bibliography 18938: 18751:Project Hula 18716:Vistula–Oder 18685: 18618: 18609: 18593: 18563: 18512: 18496: 18487: 18478: 18444: 18341: 18256: 18232: 18202: 17953: 17846: 17791:North Africa 17493:Soviet Union 17447:Soviet Union 17373:Soviet Union 17141:Vatican City 17044:Vichy France 16949:German Reich 16846:Soviet Union 16832:South Africa 16825:Sierra Leone 16778:Newfoundland 16597:Participants 16580:Marocchinate 16565: 16284: 16275: 16245: 16123:North Africa 16084:Indian Ocean 15943:Nazi plunder 15834:Cryptography 15707:World War II 15652: 15651: 15645: 15635: 15621:. Retrieved 15616: 15601:. Retrieved 15596: 15581:. Retrieved 15574: 15563: 15562: 15550: 15507:. Retrieved 15503:the original 15491: 15490: 15461: 15443:. Retrieved 15439:the original 15432: 15417:December 12, 15415:. Retrieved 15315:the original 15303: 15292: 15260: 15243: 15224: 15211:. Retrieved 15204:the original 15191: 15187: 15156: 15134: 15101: 15092: 15076: 15052: 15037: 15030: 15029: 15021: 15011:, retrieved 15005: 14992:, retrieved 14988:the original 14982: 14969:, retrieved 14965:the original 14959: 14947:, retrieved 14943:the original 14937: 14927:November 26, 14925:, retrieved 14918:the original 14909: 14896:, retrieved 14890: 14876:. Retrieved 14872:the original 14855:, retrieved 14851:the original 14845: 14832:. Retrieved 14828:the original 14823: 14811: 14806:November 10, 14804:. Retrieved 14797:the original 14788: 14775: 14759:the original 14750: 14741:December 30, 14739:, retrieved 14729: 14716:. Retrieved 14712:the original 14700: 14699: 14691:December 20, 14689:. 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The term 19993:Euphemisms 19972:Categories 19623:Hong Sa-ik 19502:Utoro, Uji 19395:Korean yen 19291:Government 19220:Southfield 19197:Brookhaven 19097:Union City 19054:New Jersey 19013:California 18786:West Hunan 18619:Pointblank 17955:Silver Fox 17941:Summer War 17694:Winter War 17673:Phoney War 17454:Azerbaijan 17415:Yugoslavia 17310:Luxembourg 17152:Resistance 16892:Yugoslavia 16757:Luxembourg 16559:Sook Ching 16355:War crimes 15957:Technology 15950:Opposition 15892:Lend-Lease 15869:Australian 15862:Home front 15820:Blitzkrieg 15770:Casualties 15761:Commanders 15733:Operations 15407:(Web page) 15375:Mike Honda 14834:October 5, 14647:August 17, 14319:January 7, 14268:August 29, 14243:August 29, 13966:August 29, 13772:Hicks 1997 13753:(2): 503, 13181:January 4, 13120:"Herstory" 12871:Asian Boss 12656:August 21, 12480:October 4, 11541:August 15, 10817:koreatimes 10797:August 29, 10060:August 19, 9889:January 3, 9711:(1): 249. 9675:(1): 248. 9644:(1): 248. 9378:January 9, 9248:Hank Yoreh 9120:January 2, 8939:The Nikkei 8188:August 12, 7375:1366057905 7336:Hicks 1996 7205:October 5, 6947:Hicks 1996 6905:Hicks 1996 6876:Hicks 1996 6849:Hicks 1997 6837:Hicks 1997 6627:August 18, 6423:August 28, 6143:Hicks 1996 5994:, p. 5973:, p. 5920:January 7, 5890:January 1, 5547:(1): 1–5. 5269:Hicks 1997 5252:Hicks 1997 4970:, p. 4968:Hicks 1997 4879:Hicks 1997 4784:, p. 4770:Huang 2012 4554:August 12, 4464:References 4390:Park Yu-ha 4214:Snowy Road 3635:Ama Museum 3233:brothels. 3047:Shinzo Abe 2948:plagiarism 2835:East Timor 2693:New Guinea 2618:professor 2500:, and the 2388:war crimes 2343:Hui Muslim 2329:, Taiwan, 2180:J.Q. Adams 2170:Washington 2140:Slave name 2089:convention 2064:Common law 1437:Encomienda 1233:Seychelles 1218:Mauritania 1141:Slave ship 1008:Panyarring 1003:New France 652:Historical 445:Zaitokukai 299:Utoro, Uji 181:New Guinea 177:East Timor 80:Japanese: 66:after the 19844:Hibakusha 19409:Companies 19155:Annandale 19120:Manhattan 19102:Butterfly 18851:Manchuria 18737:Indochina 18513:Bagration 17964:Lithuania 17609:Anschluss 17406:Viet Minh 17303:Lithuania 17245:Hong Kong 17008:Manchukuo 16963:Azad Hind 16622:Australia 16422:Aftermath 16285:Paperclip 16180:Aftermath 15980:Total war 15848:Diplomacy 15811:In Europe 15509:April 22, 15445:March 23, 15200:1930-5370 14994:March 23, 14949:March 23, 14898:March 30, 14567:March 23, 14508:March 23, 14440:March 23, 14421:March 23, 14402:March 13, 14383:August 1, 14198:March 23, 14004:March 30, 13926:March 23, 13907:March 23, 13820:143569098 13400:March 23, 13380:March 23, 13357:March 23, 13325:0921-7371 12916:August 6, 12887:March 16, 12543:March 16, 12502:USA Today 12247:AsAm News 12147:March 18, 12040:March 16, 12009:March 18, 11976:March 27, 11944:March 27, 11728:March 24, 10613:March 24, 9835:Drea 2006 9605:1225-9276 9466:0585-3923 8825:March 14, 8574:. Tokyo. 8308:Drea 2006 8097:Kono 1993 8064:0022-197X 8028:April 11, 7774:145678875 7758:0002-7162 7618:225875908 7548:Hankyoreh 7509:0739-1854 7243:March 23, 7029:March 24, 6999:March 24, 6972:March 24, 6824:246922197 6599:214221542 6413:The Hague 6204:March 24, 6174:March 24, 6065:Drea 2006 6060:Hata 1999 5965:Horn 1997 5736:March 26, 5646:Drea 2006 5598:153119328 5563:214221542 5489:April 28, 4900:Horn 1997 4782:Rose 2005 4677:246922197 4523:August 8, 4136:Taiwan – 4118:(1928–); 4060:Australia 3867:(CEDAW). 3577:Survivors 3548:In 2014, 3176:Hankyoreh 3058:Manchuria 2913:Confucian 2903:In 1944, 2886:sterility 2882:salvarsan 2653:In 1997, 2650:percent. 2566:Australia 2554:Hong Kong 2522:Manchukuo 2446:Manchuria 2392:Tokkeitai 2383:Kenpeitai 2377:Tokkeitai 2331:Manchukuo 2175:Jefferson 1832:Mormonism 1767:Palestine 1581:Australia 1511:Indonesia 1402:Lei Áurea 1385:Code Noir 1365:Caribbean 1338:Treatment 1077:Treatment 1050:Devshirme 912:Odalisque 730:In Russia 671:Babylonia 659:Antiquity 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BBC. 11479:. CNN. 11449:. CNN. 10517:Reuters 10407:Reuters 10011:July 5, 9957:May 14, 9922:May 14, 9516:KYODO. 8548:May 23, 8219:June 8, 6742:May 23, 6668:July 7, 6583:: 1–5. 5232:May 25, 5153:May 24, 4145:Culture 4054:Toronto 4032:Germany 3920:Baywalk 3905:Bulacan 3608:Nanjing 3306:condoms 2825:In the 2580:Rangoon 2461:Nanjing 2453:Tianjin 2293:In the 2289:Outline 2185:Lincoln 2058:Related 1958:Liberia 1844:Judaism 1782:Tunisia 1757:Morocco 1747:Lebanon 1712:Bahrain 1707:Algeria 1675:Romania 1640:Denmark 1633:Slavery 1567:Vietnam 1238:Somalia 1228:Nigeria 1203:Comoros 1131:Pirates 1040:Ghilman 973:Bristol 863:history 836:pirates 725:History 614:Peonage 537:slavery 250:Culture 220:History 123:by the 19951:(2015) 19945:(2007) 19939:(2000) 19933:(1998) 19927:(1994) 19921:(1993) 19876:(2005) 19870:(1995) 19858:(1965) 19852:(1952) 19785:Legacy 19599:(1942) 19593:(1937) 19587:(1932) 19581:(1929) 19575:(1926) 19569:(1923) 19563:(1922) 19551:(1920) 19532:(1919) 19526:(1919) 19520:(1911) 19511:Events 19341:(1929) 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