20:
464:
especially when the original dialect of the language was no more in general usage. Chief among them were
Ilampooranar, Senavaraiyar, Paerasiriyar, Nacchinarkkiniyar, Parimelalhagar, and Adiyarkku Nallar, who lived between the 11th and the 14th centuries CE. Scholars consider this period as "the golden age of Tamil prosaic literature".
468:
the exegetical works of
Ilampooranar, Senavaraiyar, Paerasiriyar, and Nacchinarkkiniyar came to be known, respectively, as Ilampooranam, Senavaraiyam, Paerasiriyam, and Nacchinarkkiniyam. Their works were hugely popular among the common public that people even went on to name their children after these commentators.
412:
When the first commentaries began to appear in the Tamil literary world, they appeared more in the prevalent spoken dialect. More often than not, they resembled the conversations between a preceptor and a disciple. This is because the commentators who wrote the earliest commentaries were scholars who
272:
Commentaries had a humble beginning in the history of Tamil literature. The earliest commentaries were more of glossaries listing the meanings of difficult terms appearing in poetries. As time went by, few historical accounts pertaining to the verse on hand were appended to these glossary lists. Such
151:
is rife with commentators who both analyze the works and write exegesis on them. Tamil literary tradition is no exception to this pan-Indian phenomenon, with commentary writing having developed as a distinct domain in the scholarly world over the millennia. V. Suba
Manikkanar cites the ancientness of
471:
According to V. Suba
Manikkam, efforts in literary development appeared in three forms, viz. exegeses to ancient works, supportive grammar works, and short literatures. Examples of the first form, exegeses to ancient works, include the ten Medieval commentaries of the Tirukkural and the commentaries
725:
Twentieth century witnessed the practice of comparative study and compilation of exegeses from different periods. The prime example of this type of anthological exegeses is that of the
Tirukkural. Commentaries to the Kural text are available at least from the 10th century CE, and scholars have been
463:
In the words of Mohan and
Sokkalingam, the commentators are considered responsible for initiation the process of "return to classicism." According to S. Vaiyapuri Pillai, they are also responsible for the revival of interest among the general public in the study of olden literature and linguistics,
762:
Simplified commentaries are commentaries written on age-old commentaries, which are complex by virtue of their ancientness, in order to make them comprehensive to the contemporary public. The process of writing simplified commentaries began in 1949 with M. Varadharajan's exegesis on the
Tirukkural
467:
In the Tamil literary tradition, it is conventional to regard the commentators on par with the author of the original work. In line with the Tamil traditional practice of naming a work eponymous with the author, the exegeses written by the commentators, too, were named after the commentators. Thus
132:
from parents to their children and from preceptors to their students from one generation to the next. The gradual buildup of this oral transfer of ideas through several generations resulted in an extensive corpus of knowledge, which eventually had to be written down on manuscripts. This process
492:
In Indian literary tradition, exegeses are also written in verse form to the original work in verse, which remained a widespread practice since the ancient times. While this is more common with
Sanskrit works, the Tamil literary tradition, too, has had this practice since the middle ages. The
446:
The Bhakti literature, which proliferated during the Bhakti era that began around the eighth century CE, remained without any exegeses for centuries. This was chiefly because of the widespread notion that spiritual texts should be interpreted only through personal experience and not by the
207:, the language continues to grow by various political parties and enthusiasts among the public. The commentators of the medieval era are considered instrumental in preserving the ancient works for the posterity. This is widely acknowledged by scholars, including
455:
works of the Alvars. Initially met with rejection, they slowly gained acceptance with the public discourses given by religious scholars. These discourses were written down by scholars among the audience and grew to become exegeses on their own. Exegeses to
531:, as many as 21 verse commentaries to the Kural text were written in the medieval times, such as the Murugesar Muduneri Venba, Jinendra Venba, Irangesa Venba, Sivasiva Venba, Dhinakara Venba, Vadamalai Venba, and Somesar Mudumoli Venba. Kumarakurubarar's
1443:
476:, Nannool, Yapparunkalam, Yapparunkala Kaarigai, Dhandiyalankaram, and so forth. Short literatures include Pillai Tamil, Thoodhu, Ula, Barani, Anthadhi, Kovai, Kalambagam, Kuravanji, Pallhu, Madal, Maalai, Sadhakam, Venba, Thogai, and so forth.
133:
generated a vast scholarship in every domain of life in the Indian subcontinent, and both
Sanskrit and Tamil, along with other languages, saw an exponential growth in their literature over the millennia. Commentaries to Sanskrit texts, known as
260:
is considered the first commentary in the Tamil literary tradition. According to A. M. Paramasivanandhan, it is the first prosaic commentary to a composition in verse. Iraiyanar
Kalaviyal was passed on orally to nine generations from
317:
are examples of notes commentaries. As with most of the ancient Tamil works, not much is known about the authors of these commentaries. With centuries of scholarships over the works, these commentaries expanded to become
611:, the practice of writing self-written commentaries in the Indian Subcontinent began in Sanskrit literature. The first self-written commentary in the Tamil literature was the one written by Iyyanaridhanar for his work
250:
assert this fact. Commentaries to work was literally non-existent during the Sangam era. The development of commentaries is thought to have begun around the medieval times during the time of the
726:
continuously analyzing various Kural commentaries ever since. These have resulted in the publication of various commentary compilations to the Kural text in the 20th century, such as
283:
was of such kind. Over time, with the addition of few intermittent, brief notes to the glossary explanations, these "glossary" commentaries morphed into what came to be known as
234:
school of Hinduism, dated to have been likely composed between 100 BCE and 200 CE, but no later than the 5th century. However, commentaries to Tamil literary works, known as
460:
works, nevertheless, did not appear until the 19th century. It was only in the 20th century that scholars felt the need for literary commentaries to the Shivite literature.
203:, missionaries of both Indian and foreign religions and the Tamil groups established by the opulent section of the society contributed to the growth of the language. Post-
222:, which are "commentary" or "exposition" of any primary or secondary text, started appearing in Sanskrit literature in the first millennia BCE. Among the earliest known
102:
remain the most celebrated commentators in the history of Tamil literature, all of whose works are praised on par with the original works to which they wrote exegeses.
767:, whose 175th edition was published in 2003. Several similar commentaries started appearing on other ancient works such as the Tolkappiyam and the Athichudi.
569:
The practice of writing exegeses in verse form continued well into the 20th century. Examples include verse commentaries to the Kural literature such as
99:
360:
322:(literally, explanatory commentary), which contained several examples and elaborations in their briefings. For instance, the earliest commentary to
83:
339:
commentaries are considered the best of all the commentaries and have stood the test of time, chiefly owing to their emulating the best of their
191:, the responsibility shifted to the literary commentators who wrote exegesis on several ancient and contemporary works. During the period of the
364:
352:
266:
79:
75:
71:
527:. Many earliest commentaries of the Tirukkural appear in verse. Even after the arrival of prosaic commentaries to the Kural text, such as the
243:
1876:
537:
673:, and Bharathidasan writing their own exegesis to their respective works of Paari Kaadhai, Kumaresa Venba, and Pudhiya Aatthicchudi.
347:
predecessors. Mohan and Sokkalingam call this literary phenomenon the "survival of the fittest". Thus the later commentaries to the
1798:
1557:
754:
and the Tolkappiyam. Compiled commentaries to the Tolkappiyam have appeared exclusively for each of the three parts of the work.
689:, and other Indian epics, which were originally written in verse, began in the early 19th century. Exegeses to epics such as the
607:
Self-written commentaries are commentaries that are written by the author himself/herself. According to the 17th-century work
2046:
2041:
1765:
1433:
2233:
48:
and continue to be written in the modern era. Many ancient Tamil works continue to remain in comprehension chiefly due to
1354:
2259:
909:
865:
1856:
1414:
195:'s regin, minor dynastic kings and aristocratic chieftains furthered the Tamil language and literature. During the
904:
Othmar Gächter (1990), Hermeneutics and Language in Purva Mimamsa: A Study in Sabara Bhasya, Motilal Banarsidass,
2208:
116:
Tamil is one of the most ancient and classical languages with a rich literary tradition in the world. Along with
1965:
1605:
2051:
566:, which is an exegesis to the Sivagyana Siddar's philosophy, are all examples of commentaries in verse form.
1550:
204:
1521:
2264:
2082:
1841:
479:
Literary criticism in Tamil tradition is said to have flourished between the 11th and 14th centuries CE.
2223:
2061:
332:
was 6,000 lines in length, which later expanded to 9,000, then to 24,000, and finally to 36,000 lines.
2228:
1685:
776:
528:
388:
401:
such as those by Mayilai Nathar and Shankara Namacchivayar. Despite several earlier commentaries to
211:, Pandithamani M. Kathiresan Chettiyar, S. Venkatarama Chettiyar, and M. Arunachalam, among others.
2066:
1970:
1698:
1650:
1600:
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taught students on those subjects. Examples of such commentaries include the early commentaries to
375:
fared the best among other earlier commentaries to the work. The earliest known commentary to the
2218:
2192:
1866:
1543:
747:
1955:
1760:
473:
19:
1986:
1693:
1655:
1361:. University of California Berkeley Department of South Asian Studies – Tamil. Archived from
208:
120:, it remains one of the languages of the Indian subcontinent that are richest in literature.
2014:
2009:
1831:
472:
to the Tolkappiyam. Supportive grammar works included Iraiyanar Agapporul, Nambi Agapporul,
1808:
1703:
8:
2097:
2056:
1892:
751:
670:
256:
387:'s commentary, which appeared during the 13th century, is considered the best among the
2213:
2166:
1793:
709:
or dialogic commentaries. Soon, dialogic commentaries to the Sangam works, such as the
666:
254:(11th to 14th centuries CE) and developed over the centuries. The exegesis to the work
140:
53:
2004:
1788:
1455:
1429:
1410:
905:
861:
710:
518:
356:
148:
87:
2140:
1871:
786:
655:
163:
was taken care of by different members of the society in different periods. In the
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41:
1496:. Annamalai Nagar, Tamil Nadu: Annamalai University Publication. pp. 173–177.
2238:
2161:
2102:
1803:
1719:
1525:
289:
279:
239:
172:
45:
287:(literally, notes commentary). The earliest commentaries to the Sangam works of
2145:
1912:
1566:
1530:
860:
A Datta (2009), Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature, Volume 2, Sahitya Akademi,
781:
698:
595:
549:
384:
160:
125:
91:
38:
24:
1960:
1362:
631:
The late-13th-century author Naarkavirajanambi's exegesis to his grammar work
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2171:
2135:
2112:
1907:
1735:
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637:
The 17th-century author Subramaniya Dikshitar's exegesis to his grammar work
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503:
423:
164:
129:
121:
996:
665:
This trend, too, continued well into the 20th century, with authors such as
64:, with the latter remaining the most reviewed work in the Tamil literature.
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2087:
1927:
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750:. Similar compiled commentaries have appeared for other works such as the
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2092:
1846:
1513:
932:
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822:
820:
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816:
814:
714:
590:
376:
313:
301:
262:
176:
61:
28:
841:
839:
837:
835:
2187:
1945:
1902:
1851:
1580:
1301:
1269:
1250:
1201:
1180:
1168:
1126:
1114:
1099:
1075:
1044:
1020:
1008:
969:
942:
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523:
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in the 10th century, scholars attempted to write commentaries to the
428:
323:
295:
184:
168:
67:
1950:
927:
915:
811:
2019:
832:
690:
542:
513:
508:
448:
117:
95:
49:
44:. Commentaries to ancient Tamil works have been written since the
1922:
1535:
1391:(1 ed.). Chennai: Navalar Nedunchezhiyan Kalvi Arakkattalai.
1156:
1032:
686:
682:
457:
269:. It was written down in manuscripts only in the 8th century CE.
231:
219:
192:
135:
111:
1238:
615:. This was followed by several others, including the following:
226:
are the Maha-bhashya of Patanjali from the 2nd century BCE, and
56:
written on them. The most famous examples of such works are the
1917:
1518:
558:
447:
elaborations given by others. Nevertheless, during the time of
436:
397:
180:
144:
1226:
439:
chiefly appeared in a mixture of Tamil and Sanskrit, known as
277:(literally, glossary commentary). The first commentary to the
1897:
494:
37:
remain one of the most important and telling aspects of the
2117:
1740:
1389:திருக்குறள் நாவலர் தெளிவுரை (Tirukkural Navalar Commentary)
886:
876:
874:
139:, started appearing during the first millennia BCE. Unlike
1485:
A History of Indian Literature: Volume X. Tamil Literature
1355:"Statement on the Status of Tamil as a Classical Language"
705:, began to appear in Tamil, and these came to be known as
187:
were responsible in developing the language. In the later
1423:
1326:
1002:
625:
Meikkanda Thevar's exegesis to the 12 axioms of his work
1519:
Tamil Literature Collection – தமிழ் மொழி ஆர்வலர்களுக்காக
871:
517:
appears in verse. There was an exegesis in verse to the
1508:
1491:
1343:
1314:
1295:
1280:
1263:
1220:
1195:
1174:
1150:
1135:
1120:
1108:
1093:
1081:
1069:
1026:
1014:
990:
963:
936:
921:
845:
826:
535:
explains several Kural couplets in verse. In his work
1442:
1428:(in Tamil) (1 ed.). Tanjavur: Tamil University.
1407:
The Sants: Studies in a Devotional Tradition of India
1162:
738:(Differences in Kural exegeses). Old exegeses to the
619:
The exegesis of the 12th-century author for his work
1482:
1404:
1038:
742:
were compiled and published in two volumes entitled
643:
Vaidhyanatha Desikar's exegesis to his grammar work
681:The process of writing prosaic commentaries to the
246:, verses 653 and 656 of the "Porul" section of the
1509:தமிழ் இலக்கியம் – A repository of Tamil Literature
649:Swaminatha Desikar's exegesis to his grammar work
409:which appeared much later is considered the best.
1487:. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz. pp. 231–234.
799:
155:The developing, patronizing, and guarding of the
2251:
1514:Largest Collections of Tamil Literature Articles
1386:
1232:
1395:
1382:(8 ed.). Chennai: Manivasagar Padhippagam.
1244:
556:. Aandippulavar's 15th-century exegesis to the
152:the language as a reason for such development.
417:, Senavaraiyar's commentary to Part II of the
1551:
1448:Inam International e-Journal of Tamil Studies
1405:Schomer, Karine; McLeod, W. H., eds. (1987).
1359:Institute for South Asia Studies, UC Berkeley
1424:M. G. Kovaimani and P. V. Nagarajan (2013).
1400:(in Tamil) (1 ed.). Chennai: Iraiyagam.
602:
501:and Siddhiyar remain in verse forms. In his
363:are preferred to the earliest commentary by
1377:
1344:R. Mohan and Nellai N. Sokkalingam (2011).
892:
880:
856:
854:
395:took precedence over older commentaries to
128:wherein knowledge was chiefly passed on as
1558:
1544:
757:
379:was written around the 10th century CE by
27:'s commentary on the 39th chapter of the
1814:Commentaries in Tamil literary tradition
851:
720:
676:
487:
482:
18:
16:Work of commentaries in Tamil literature
391:to the Kural text. Sivagnana Munivar's
2252:
1352:
805:
1766:World Classical Tamil Conference 2010
1539:
1348:. Chidambaram: Meiyappan Padhippagam.
1387:'Navalar' R. Nedunchezhiyan (1991).
435:. Commentaries to the works of the
13:
1565:
1475:
717:series of texts, began to appear.
14:
2276:
2229:Ancient manuscript digitalisation
1502:
1353:Hart, George L. (11 April 2000).
1492:T. P. Meenakshisundaram (1965).
1454:(17). IIETS India. 10 May 2019.
730:(Compendium of Kural exegeses),
171:took the responsibility. During
2209:Standardisation of Tamil script
1531:Tamil Language & Literature
593:'s elaborations of some of the
585:'s elaborations of some of the
1398:திருக்குறளின் தனிச்சிறப்புகள்
898:
734:(Kural exegeses omnibus), and
545:has written verse exegesis in
421:, Perasiriyar's commentary to
35:Commentaries to literary works
1:
1494:A History of Tamil Literature
1483:Kamil Veith Zvelebil (1974).
1336:
1327:Kovaimani and Nagarajan, 2013
1003:Kovaimani and Nagarajan, 2013
105:
792:
7:
2083:Megalithic graffiti symbols
1842:Nālāyira Tivviya Pirapantam
1444:"Idea's of literary genres"
1315:Mohan and Sokkalingam, 2011
1296:Mohan and Sokkalingam, 2011
1281:Mohan and Sokkalingam, 2011
1264:Mohan and Sokkalingam, 2011
1221:Mohan and Sokkalingam, 2011
1196:Mohan and Sokkalingam, 2011
1175:Mohan and Sokkalingam, 2011
1151:Mohan and Sokkalingam, 2011
1136:Mohan and Sokkalingam, 2011
1121:Mohan and Sokkalingam, 2011
1109:Mohan and Sokkalingam, 2011
1094:Mohan and Sokkalingam, 2011
1082:Mohan and Sokkalingam, 2011
1070:Mohan and Sokkalingam, 2011
1027:Mohan and Sokkalingam, 2011
1015:Mohan and Sokkalingam, 2011
991:Mohan and Sokkalingam, 2011
964:Mohan and Sokkalingam, 2011
937:Mohan and Sokkalingam, 2011
922:Mohan and Sokkalingam, 2011
846:Mohan and Sokkalingam, 2011
827:Mohan and Sokkalingam, 2011
770:
10:
2281:
2224:Printing in Tamil language
214:
109:
2260:Tamil-language literature
2201:
2180:
2154:
2126:
2075:
2032:
1995:
1979:
1936:
1885:
1822:
1781:
1774:
1753:
1728:
1712:
1684:
1643:
1636:
1573:
1163:Inam Journal, 10 May 2019
777:Ten medieval commentators
736:Tirukkural Urai Vettrumai
603:Self-written commentaries
562:and Gurugyanasambandar's
529:ten medieval commentaries
389:ten medieval commentaries
273:commentaries were termed
1971:Tamil Lexicon dictionary
1651:Bangalore Tamil dialects
1378:M. V. Aravindan (2018).
1039:Schomer and McLeod, 1987
658:'s exegesis to his work
124:is known for its unique
2219:Simplified Tamil script
1867:Thiruvilaiyadal Puranam
1409:. Motilal Banarsidass.
758:Simplified commentaries
748:Saraswati Mahal Library
238:, did not exist during
1956:Purapporul Venbamaalai
1761:World Tamil Conference
1426:திருக்குறள் ஆய்வுமாலை
1396:Iraikuruvanar (2009).
728:Tirukkural Urai Kotthu
613:Purapporul Venbamaalai
579:Tirukkural Isai Maalai
474:Purapporul Venbamaalai
31:
1987:Yāḻpāna Vaipava Mālai
1656:Central Tamil dialect
1606:Proto-South Dravidian
765:Tirukkural Thelivurai
732:Tirukkural Urai Valam
721:Compiled commentaries
677:Dialogic commentaries
552:to 100 verses of the
488:Commentaries in verse
483:Types of commentaries
431:'s commentary to the
209:U. V. Swaminatha Iyer
22:
2052:Indo-Aryan languages
1877:Tamil Ganaptya texts
1809:List of Sangam poets
1754:Global organizations
1233:Nedunchezhiyan, 1991
744:Naladiyar Urai Valam
564:Gyanavarana Vilakkam
393:Nannul Virutthi Urai
167:, the rulers of the
2057:Dravidian languages
1857:Tirumurukāṟṟuppaṭai
1365:on 10 November 2018
1245:Iraikuruvanar, 2009
1005:, pp. 115–116.
752:Tirumurugattrupadai
671:Jagavira Pandiyanar
533:Needhineri Vilakkam
511:'s exegesis to the
415:Iraiyanar Agapporul
367:. The 36,000-lined
257:Iraiyanar Kalaviyal
2265:Literary criticism
2214:Tanittamil Iyakkam
2167:Tamil onomatopoeia
1794:Tamil books of Law
1524:2016-10-22 at the
667:R. Raghava Iyengar
633:Akapporul Vilakkam
42:literary tradition
32:
2247:
2246:
2234:Formation of CICT
2028:
2027:
2005:Asthana Kolahalam
1789:Sangam literature
1749:
1748:
1435:978-81-7090-435-9
1298:, pp. 19–20.
1247:, pp. 53–59.
1153:, pp. 23–24.
1096:, pp. 22–23.
895:, pp. 53–56.
711:Eight Anthologies
645:Ilakkana Vilakkam
621:Thandiyalankaaram
571:Tirukkural Akaval
407:Sivagnana Padiyam
357:Nacchinarkkiniyar
351:such as those by
149:Indian literature
141:Western tradition
88:Nacchinarkkiniyar
2272:
2141:Tamil honorifics
1872:Vinayagar Agaval
1837:Kampa Irāmāyaṉam
1799:Five Great Epics
1779:
1778:
1641:
1640:
1560:
1553:
1546:
1537:
1536:
1497:
1488:
1470:
1468:
1466:
1439:
1420:
1401:
1392:
1383:
1380:உரையாசிரியர்கள்
1374:
1372:
1370:
1349:
1330:
1324:
1318:
1312:
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1193:
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1139:
1133:
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1118:
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1073:
1067:
1042:
1036:
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967:
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934:
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919:
913:
902:
896:
890:
884:
878:
869:
858:
849:
843:
830:
824:
809:
803:
787:Tamil literature
660:Thonnul Vilakkam
656:Constanzo Beschi
627:Sivagyana Bodham
499:Sivagyana Bodham
403:Sivagnana Bodham
355:, Paerasiriyar,
175:'s reign in the
157:Tamil literature
100:Adiyarkku Nallar
23:A page from the
2280:
2279:
2275:
2274:
2273:
2271:
2270:
2269:
2250:
2249:
2248:
2243:
2239:Project Madurai
2197:
2181:Transliteration
2176:
2162:Tamil phonology
2150:
2128:
2122:
2103:Pallava grantha
2071:
2035:other languages
2034:
2024:
1998:natural science
1997:
1996:Mathematics and
1991:
1975:
1938:
1932:
1881:
1824:
1818:
1804:Ponniyin Selvan
1770:
1745:
1724:
1720:Malaysian Tamil
1713:Southeast Asian
1708:
1680:
1632:
1601:Proto-Dravidian
1569:
1564:
1526:Wayback Machine
1505:
1500:
1478:
1476:Further reading
1473:
1464:
1462:
1436:
1417:
1368:
1366:
1339:
1334:
1333:
1325:
1321:
1313:
1302:
1294:
1287:
1279:
1270:
1262:
1251:
1243:
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1231:
1227:
1219:
1202:
1194:
1181:
1173:
1169:
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1157:
1149:
1142:
1134:
1127:
1119:
1115:
1107:
1100:
1092:
1088:
1080:
1076:
1068:
1045:
1037:
1033:
1025:
1021:
1013:
1009:
1001:
997:
989:
970:
962:
943:
935:
928:
920:
916:
903:
899:
893:Aravindan, 2018
891:
887:
881:Aravindan, 2018
879:
872:
859:
852:
844:
833:
825:
812:
804:
800:
795:
773:
760:
723:
679:
651:Ilakkana Kotthu
639:Prayoga Vivegam
609:Prayoga Vivegam
605:
490:
485:
361:Deivacchilaiyar
290:Pathittrupatthu
280:Silappathigaram
242:. According to
217:
114:
108:
46:medieval period
17:
12:
11:
5:
2278:
2268:
2267:
2262:
2245:
2244:
2242:
2241:
2236:
2231:
2226:
2221:
2216:
2211:
2205:
2203:
2199:
2198:
2196:
2195:
2190:
2184:
2182:
2178:
2177:
2175:
2174:
2169:
2164:
2158:
2156:
2152:
2151:
2149:
2148:
2146:Tamil numerals
2143:
2138:
2132:
2130:
2124:
2123:
2121:
2120:
2115:
2110:
2105:
2100:
2095:
2090:
2085:
2079:
2077:
2073:
2072:
2070:
2069:
2064:
2059:
2054:
2049:
2044:
2038:
2036:
2030:
2029:
2026:
2025:
2023:
2022:
2017:
2015:Kaṇita Tīpikai
2012:
2010:Kaṇakkatikāram
2007:
2001:
1999:
1993:
1992:
1990:
1989:
1983:
1981:
1977:
1976:
1974:
1973:
1968:
1963:
1958:
1953:
1948:
1942:
1940:
1934:
1933:
1931:
1930:
1925:
1920:
1915:
1910:
1905:
1900:
1895:
1889:
1887:
1883:
1882:
1880:
1879:
1874:
1869:
1864:
1859:
1854:
1849:
1844:
1839:
1834:
1828:
1826:
1820:
1819:
1817:
1816:
1811:
1806:
1801:
1796:
1791:
1785:
1783:
1776:
1772:
1771:
1769:
1768:
1763:
1757:
1755:
1751:
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1747:
1746:
1744:
1743:
1738:
1732:
1730:
1726:
1725:
1723:
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1716:
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1710:
1709:
1707:
1706:
1701:
1696:
1690:
1688:
1682:
1681:
1679:
1678:
1673:
1668:
1663:
1658:
1653:
1647:
1645:
1638:
1634:
1633:
1631:
1630:
1629:
1628:
1623:
1618:
1608:
1603:
1598:
1593:
1588:
1583:
1577:
1575:
1571:
1570:
1567:Tamil language
1563:
1562:
1555:
1548:
1540:
1534:
1533:
1528:
1516:
1511:
1504:
1503:External links
1501:
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1471:
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1434:
1421:
1415:
1402:
1393:
1384:
1375:
1350:
1340:
1338:
1335:
1332:
1331:
1329:, p. 469.
1319:
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1285:
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1167:
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1125:
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910:978-8120806924
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866:978-8126023844
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790:
789:
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782:Tamil language
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772:
769:
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722:
719:
699:Periya Puranam
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629:
623:
604:
601:
596:Mutthollayiram
489:
486:
484:
481:
385:Parimelalhagar
371:commentary to
341:arumpadha urai
275:arumpadha urai
228:Sabara Bhashya
216:
213:
126:oral tradition
110:Main article:
107:
104:
92:Parimelalhagar
84:Deivachilaiyar
25:Parimelalhagar
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
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2206:
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2194:
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2186:
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2183:
2179:
2173:
2172:Tamil prosody
2170:
2168:
2165:
2163:
2160:
2159:
2157:
2153:
2147:
2144:
2142:
2139:
2137:
2136:Tamil grammar
2134:
2133:
2131:
2125:
2119:
2116:
2114:
2113:Tamil Braille
2111:
2109:
2108:Modern script
2106:
2104:
2101:
2099:
2096:
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2089:
2086:
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2040:
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2037:
2031:
2021:
2018:
2016:
2013:
2011:
2008:
2006:
2003:
2002:
2000:
1994:
1988:
1985:
1984:
1982:
1978:
1972:
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1967:
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1954:
1952:
1949:
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1944:
1943:
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1935:
1929:
1926:
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1780:
1777:
1773:
1767:
1764:
1762:
1759:
1758:
1756:
1752:
1742:
1739:
1737:
1736:Brahmin Tamil
1734:
1733:
1731:
1727:
1721:
1718:
1717:
1715:
1711:
1705:
1702:
1700:
1697:
1695:
1692:
1691:
1689:
1687:
1683:
1677:
1674:
1672:
1671:Madurai Tamil
1669:
1667:
1666:Madras Bashai
1664:
1662:
1659:
1657:
1654:
1652:
1649:
1648:
1646:
1642:
1639:
1635:
1627:
1624:
1622:
1621:Second Sangam
1619:
1617:
1614:
1613:
1612:
1611:Tamil Sangams
1609:
1607:
1604:
1602:
1599:
1597:
1594:
1592:
1589:
1587:
1584:
1582:
1579:
1578:
1576:
1572:
1568:
1561:
1556:
1554:
1549:
1547:
1542:
1541:
1538:
1532:
1529:
1527:
1523:
1520:
1517:
1515:
1512:
1510:
1507:
1506:
1495:
1490:
1486:
1481:
1480:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1449:
1445:
1441:
1437:
1431:
1427:
1422:
1418:
1416:9788120802773
1412:
1408:
1403:
1399:
1394:
1390:
1385:
1381:
1376:
1364:
1360:
1356:
1351:
1347:
1342:
1341:
1328:
1323:
1317:, p. 20.
1316:
1311:
1309:
1307:
1305:
1297:
1292:
1290:
1283:, p. 18.
1282:
1277:
1275:
1273:
1266:, p. 17.
1265:
1260:
1258:
1256:
1254:
1246:
1241:
1235:, p. ix.
1234:
1229:
1223:, p. 16.
1222:
1217:
1215:
1213:
1211:
1209:
1207:
1205:
1198:, p. 15.
1197:
1192:
1190:
1188:
1186:
1184:
1177:, p. 30.
1176:
1171:
1164:
1159:
1152:
1147:
1145:
1138:, p. 25.
1137:
1132:
1130:
1123:, p. 24.
1122:
1117:
1111:, p. 23.
1110:
1105:
1103:
1095:
1090:
1084:, p. 22.
1083:
1078:
1072:, p. 19.
1071:
1066:
1064:
1062:
1060:
1058:
1056:
1054:
1052:
1050:
1048:
1040:
1035:
1029:, p. 26.
1028:
1023:
1017:, p. 12.
1016:
1011:
1004:
999:
993:, p. 14.
992:
987:
985:
983:
981:
979:
977:
975:
973:
966:, p. 13.
965:
960:
958:
956:
954:
952:
950:
948:
946:
939:, p. 10.
938:
933:
931:
924:, p. 21.
923:
918:
911:
907:
901:
894:
889:
883:, p. 52.
882:
877:
875:
867:
863:
857:
855:
847:
842:
840:
838:
836:
829:, p. 11.
828:
823:
821:
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817:
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798:
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785:
783:
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778:
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766:
755:
753:
749:
745:
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733:
729:
718:
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712:
708:
704:
703:Kanda Puranam
700:
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688:
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661:
657:
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624:
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618:
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614:
610:
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598:
597:
592:
588:
584:
583:Bharathidasan
580:
576:
572:
567:
565:
561:
560:
555:
554:Tirukkovaiyar
551:
548:
544:
540:
539:
534:
530:
526:
525:
520:
516:
515:
510:
506:
505:
504:Periyapuranam
500:
496:
493:exemplifying
480:
477:
475:
469:
465:
461:
459:
454:
450:
444:
442:
438:
434:
430:
426:
425:
424:Tirukkovaiyar
420:
416:
410:
408:
404:
400:
399:
394:
390:
386:
382:
378:
374:
370:
366:
362:
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198:
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190:
186:
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178:
174:
170:
166:
165:Sangam period
162:
158:
153:
150:
146:
143:, where only
142:
138:
137:
131:
130:word of mouth
127:
123:
122:Ancient India
119:
113:
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101:
97:
93:
89:
85:
81:
77:
73:
69:
65:
63:
59:
55:
51:
47:
43:
40:
36:
30:
26:
21:
2088:Tamil-Brahmi
1966:Caturakarāti
1939:dictionaries
1937:Grammars and
1832:Cīrappurānam
1813:
1676:Nellai Tamil
1626:Third Sangam
1616:First Sangam
1596:Manipravalam
1591:Modern Tamil
1586:Middle Tamil
1493:
1484:
1463:. Retrieved
1451:
1447:
1425:
1406:
1397:
1388:
1379:
1367:. Retrieved
1363:the original
1358:
1346:உரை மரபுகள்
1345:
1322:
1240:
1228:
1170:
1158:
1116:
1089:
1077:
1041:, p. 1.
1034:
1022:
1010:
998:
917:
900:
888:
848:, p. 9.
801:
764:
761:
743:
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731:
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724:
706:
680:
664:
659:
650:
644:
638:
632:
626:
620:
612:
608:
606:
594:
589:verses, and
578:
574:
570:
568:
563:
557:
553:
546:
536:
532:
522:
512:
502:
498:
491:
478:
470:
466:
462:
445:
441:Manipravalam
432:
422:
418:
414:
411:
406:
402:
396:
392:
381:Manakkudavar
372:
368:
365:Ilampooranar
353:Senavaraiyar
348:
344:
340:
337:vilakka urai
336:
334:
327:
320:vilakka urai
319:
312:
306:
300:
294:
288:
284:
278:
274:
271:
267:Nilakandanar
255:
252:later Cholas
247:
235:
227:
223:
218:
205:Independence
201:British rule
197:colonial era
189:Chola period
154:
134:
115:
80:Paerasiriyar
76:Senavaraiyar
72:Ilampooranar
66:
54:commentaries
34:
33:
1961:Tolkāppiyam
1862:Thiruppugal
1661:Kongu Tamil
868:, page 1338
695:Mahabaratha
587:Kurunthogai
575:Kutti Kural
519:Sangam work
453:Vaishnavite
419:Tolkappiyam
373:Tiruvaimoli
349:Tolkappiyam
329:Tiruvaimoli
308:Ainkurunuru
248:Tolkappiyam
244:Perasiriyar
58:Tolkappiyam
2254:Categories
2098:Vatteluttu
1825:literature
1823:Devotional
1775:Literature
1729:Sociolects
1699:Batticaloa
1686:Sri Lankan
1369:3 February
1337:References
806:Hart, 2000
715:Ten Idylls
591:Kannadasan
433:Tirukkural
377:Kural text
345:kurippurai
314:Paripaadal
302:Purananuru
285:kurippurai
263:Nakkiranar
199:under the
177:Bhakti era
169:Tamil land
106:Background
62:Tirukkural
29:Tirukkural
2155:Phonology
2127:Lexis and
2093:Koleḻuttu
2033:Tamil and
1946:Agattiyam
1903:Iraichchi
1852:Tirumurai
1847:Tēmpāvaṉi
1581:Old Tamil
1460:2455-0531
793:Citations
740:Naladiyar
524:Akananuru
429:Kaalingar
324:Nammalwar
296:Agananuru
240:antiquity
185:Nayanmars
68:Nakkeerar
2020:Yerambam
1782:Classics
1637:Dialects
1522:Archived
912:, page 9
771:See also
691:Ramayana
683:itihasas
599:verses.
543:Kalladar
538:Kalladam
514:Thevaram
509:Sekkilar
458:Shaivite
449:Ramanuja
220:Bhashyas
161:language
159:and the
147:abound,
118:Sanskrit
96:Kalladar
60:and the
50:exegesis
2129:grammar
2076:Scripts
2047:Sinhala
2042:English
1980:History
1923:Ullurai
1694:Negombo
1574:History
1465:18 July
763:titled
746:by the
707:vasanam
687:puranas
521:of the
497:of the
232:Mimamsa
230:of the
224:Bhashya
215:History
193:Nayakar
173:Pallava
145:critics
136:Bhashya
112:Bhashya
2202:Events
2067:Korean
1951:Nannūl
1918:Thinai
1886:Poetry
1704:Jaffna
1644:Indian
1458:
1432:
1413:
908:
864:
701:, and
693:, the
577:, and
559:Nannul
547:akaval
495:venbas
437:Alvars
405:, the
398:Nannul
359:, and
311:, and
181:Alwars
179:, the
98:, and
2062:Malay
1913:Puram
1898:Venpa
1893:Kural
550:metre
265:till
39:Tamil
2193:Moḻi
2118:Arwi
1908:Akam
1741:Arwi
1467:2021
1456:ISSN
1430:ISBN
1411:ISBN
1371:2021
906:ISBN
862:ISBN
713:and
369:Eedu
343:and
335:The
236:urai
183:and
2188:ISO
1928:Ulā
326:'s
52:or
2256::
1450:.
1446:.
1357:.
1303:^
1288:^
1271:^
1252:^
1203:^
1182:^
1143:^
1128:^
1101:^
1046:^
971:^
944:^
929:^
873:^
853:^
834:^
813:^
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685:,
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581:,
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541:,
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443:.
427:,
383:.
305:,
299:,
293:,
94:,
90:,
86:,
82:,
78:,
74:,
70:,
1559:e
1552:t
1545:v
1469:.
1452:5
1438:.
1419:.
1373:.
1165:.
808:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
