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established political commissars in 1918 to control and improve morale in the military forces. Commissars were in charge of communist political propaganda and indoctrinating the public with communist ideology. From 1917 the
Bolshevik administration, like the Provisional Government before it, relied
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with dual commanders in units, commissars and other political officers were removed from direct command-roles. Political officers were then more directly tasked with morale- and regulation-based goals. A political officer's classification changed to the form of a "Deputy for
Political Matters" in
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summarised the solution to the issue: "We took a military specialist and we put on his right hand and on his left a commissar ." During the early stages of the usage of commissars, no military order might be issued which did not have the prior approval of both the commander and the commissar.
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Many lower-level political officers never received the same military training as commanding officers. Prior to becoming a commissar an individual had to be registered as a communist for a minimum of three years and had to attend specific political institutions, many of which never offered any
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had no personal ranks, and used many various position-ranks instead. In 1935, the
Militsiya created a special system of personal ranks that was a blend of standard military ranks and position-ranks; this system was largely reused by the newly created
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Some analysts of the PLA believe that professional performance is increasingly important, and that the political commissar's job is increasingly that of a personnel manager and 'human resources' specialist, rather than ideological
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3rd, 2nd, and 1st rank, even though they used army-standard Major
General, Lieutenant General and Colonel General shoulder boards. These Commissar ranks were replaced by corresponding General ranks in 1975.
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Other
Communist-bloc militaries also adopted systems of using political commissars. Mulvenon and Yang (2002) report that the role of the political commissar in the
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We took a military specialist and we put on his right hand and on his left a commissar β who was in those days something different from what he is today.
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The GUGB also switched to military-style ranks and insignia in 1945, although they replaced
Commissar-style ranks with General officer ranks right away.
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was a high-ranking functionary at a military headquarters who held coequal rank and authority with the military commander of the unit. The
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470:(GUGB) in their rank structure, although they had Commissar-style ranks for top officers in place of Militsiya-style
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People's
Commissars and People's Commissariats were renamed Ministers and Ministries in 1946 by a decree of the
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269:(MarchβJuly 1917) for regional heads of administration, but the term commissar is associated with a number of
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widely used the collective term "bolsheviks and commissars" for their opponents) and with the later terms
674:. Volume 182 of Conference proceedings (Rand Corporation). Vol. V 1.0, Volume 1. Rand. p. 483.
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to denote an officer in charge of supplying an army with provisions and equipment (and
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From 1943, the
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in German, and komisszΓ‘r (or nΓ©pbiztos; archaic: csendbiztos) in
Hungarian.
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242:'war') were officials in charge of supply for the armed forces (see Rus.
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on experienced (ex-Tsarist) army-officers whose loyalty it distrusted.
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The government departments headed by a People's
Commissar were called
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1942. The specific position of "Commissar" itself survived only at
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and Eastern-bloc armies or to the people's commissars (effectively
638:. Translated by Brian Pearce. New Park Publications. p. 125.
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but reported back to the political authorities: the king and the
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A similar term in French describes the equivalent of the rank of
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Commissar is linked to titles in a variety of languages, such as
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Various historical German states have used an equivalent title,
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Political commissar Β§ Soviet Union and the Eastern Bloc
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men for military service, executes plans for military
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Mulvenon, James C.; Yang, Andrew N. D., eds. (2002).
409:(PLA) of China has become one resembling that of an
606:"ΠΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΎΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π·Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ² Π ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΈΠΌΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΈ: ΠΏΠΎΠΈΡΠΊ"
326:(out of dislike for the tsarist and bourgeois term
221:In the 18th and 19th centuries in the Russian army
67:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
277:and Soviet government military forces during the
27:Military political officer in Communist countries
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485:. Instead of General ranks, top officers used
259:German-Soviet military parade in Brest-Litovsk
314:A People's Commissar (informally abbreviated
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671:The People's Liberation Army as Organization
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445:and maintains records on military reserves.
183:), while administrative officers are called
318:) was a government official serving in a
127:Learn how and when to remove this message
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190:The Russian word ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΡΠ°ΜΡ, from French
723:Military supporting service occupations
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635:How the Revolution armed, Volumes 4-5
557:National Assembly (French Revolution)
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65:adding citations to reliable sources
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389:Following the problems encountered
343:(informally abbreviated narkomat).
322:. This title was first used by the
167:'. In English, the transliteration
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468:Main Directorate of State Security
348:Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union
265:Commissaries were used during the
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171:often refers specifically to the
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295:) for government ministers and
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52:needs additional citations for
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320:Council of People's Commissars
202:since the time of the emperor
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713:Politics of the Soviet Union
386:military-oriented training.
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551:. Such officials were not
453:Until the late 1930s, the
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273:and military functions in
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437:β a regional office that
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541:both in the army of the
407:People's Liberation Army
630:Trotsky, Lev Davidovich
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257:in leather coat at the
150:transliteration of the
30:For the 1967 film, see
487:Commissar of Militsiya
267:Provisional Government
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261:on September 22, 1939.
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435:military commissariat
340:People's Commissariat
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244:ΠΠ΅Π½Π΅ΡΠ°Π»-ΠΊΡΠΈΠ³ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΡΠ°Ρ
181:government ministers
173:political commissars
61:improve this article
433:, is the head of a
370:political commissar
354:Political commissar
298:political commissar
255:political commissar
455:People's Militsiya
417:Military commissar
310:People's Commissar
287:People's Commissar
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553:military officers
549:French Revolution
429:), translated as
332:Russian Civil War
301:in the military.
279:Russian Civil War
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16:(Redirected from
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685:. Retrieved
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532:Commissariat
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59:Please help
54:verification
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509:in French,
507:commissaire
483:Soviet Army
192:commissaire
76:"Commissar"
718:Commissars
707:Categories
651:2013-10-16
615:2022-04-18
592:References
519:commissary
503:commissary
439:conscripts
425:(Russian:
396:regimental
283:White Army
223:kommissars
165:commissary
87:newspapers
18:Commissars
694:policeman
574:Kommissar
516:The term
511:Kommissar
472:inspector
275:Bolshevik
232:βΉSee TfdβΊ
169:commissar
144:Kommissar
140:Commissar
687:29 March
632:(1981).
580:See also
547:and the
476:director
366:Red Army
328:minister
305:Variants
253:Russian
161:komissar
156:ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΡΓ‘Ρ
146:) is an
524:British
461:of the
427:Π²ΠΎΠ΅Π½ΠΊΠΎΠΌ
423:voenkom
391:in 1941
379:Trotsky
364:In the
225:, then
217:History
198:and in
152:Russian
148:English
101:scholar
678:
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610:nlr.ru
316:narkom
292:narkom
236:German
229:(from
200:Russia
177:Soviet
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569:Reich
539:Major
281:(the
271:Cheka
240:Krieg
108:JSTOR
94:books
689:2021
676:ISBN
640:ISBN
526:and
474:and
463:NKVD
457:and
449:NKVD
421:The
398:and
368:, a
289:(or
80:news
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246:).
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175:of
63:by
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