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1798:. This is believed to be the case due to the high rate of predation. Typically, the male defends the hatchlings and teaches them to feed, although males and females cooperate in rearing chicks. Fewer than 10% of nests survive the 9-week period of laying and incubation, and of the surviving chicks, only 15% of those survive to 1 year of age. However, among those common ostriches who survive to adulthood, the species is one of the longest-living bird species. Common ostriches in captivity have lived to 62 years and 7 months.
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393:
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20 in most cases. A female common ostrich can distinguish her own eggs from the others in a communal nest. Ostrich eggs are the largest of all eggs, though they are actually the smallest eggs relative to the size of the adult bird – on average they are 15 cm (5.9 in) long, 13 cm (5.1 in) wide, and weigh 1.4 kg (3.1 lb), over 20 times the weight of a chicken's egg and only 1 to 4% the size of the female. They are glossy cream-colored, with thick shells marked by small pits.
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appearance. The cock will then excitedly flap alternate wings again and start poking on the ground with his bill. He will then violently flap his wings to symbolically clear out a nest in the soil. Then, while the hen runs a circle around him with lowered wings, he will wind his head in a spiral motion. She will drop to the ground and he will mount for copulation. Common ostriches raised entirely by humans may direct their courtship behavior not at other ostriches, but toward their human keepers.
188:
2943:(2.8 in). The ostrich will also expose the thermal windows of their unfeathered skin to enhance convective and radiative loss in times of heat stress. At higher ambient temperatures lower appendage temperature increases to 5 °C (9.0 °F) difference from ambient temperature. Neck surfaces are around 6–7 °C (11–13 °F) difference at most ambient temperatures, except when temperatures are around 25 °C (77 °F) it was only 4 °C (7.2 °F) above ambient.
750:
night and day. Their temperature control relies in part on behavioral thermoregulation. For example, they use their wings to cover the naked skin of the upper legs and flanks to conserve heat, or leave these areas bare to release heat. The wings also function as stabilizers to give better maneuverability when running. Tests have shown that the wings are actively involved in rapid braking, turning, and zigzag maneuvers. They have 50–60 tail feathers, and their wings have 16 primary, four
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2990:(TNZ)), common ostriches decrease body surface temperatures so that heat loss occurs only across about 10% of total surface area. This 10% include critical areas that require blood flow to remain high to prevent freezing, such as their eyes. Their eyes and ears tend to be the warmest regions. It has been found that temperatures of lower appendages were no more than 2.5 °C (4.5 °F) above ambient temperature, which minimizes heat exchange between feet, toes, wings, and legs.
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3104:(and water) loss from its respiratory surfaces, therefore forcing air and heat removal without the loss of metabolic salts. Panting allows the common ostrich to have a very effective respiratory evaporative water loss (REWL). Heat dissipated by respiratory evaporation increases linearly with ambient temperature, matching the rate of heat production. As a result of panting the common ostrich should eventually experience alkalosis. However, The CO
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1659:
687:
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1986:
675:
2600:, not losing any necessary solutes from the kidneys when excess water is excreted. Dehydrated or salt-loaded ostriches can reach a maximal urine osmolality of approximately 800 mOsm. When the plasma osmolality has been measured simultaneously with the maximal osmotic urine, it is seen that the urine:plasma ratio is 2.6:1, the highest encountered among avian species. Along with dehydration, there is also a reduction in
3491:. Farmers captured baby common ostriches and raised them successfully on their property, and they were able to obtain a crop of feathers every seven to eight months instead of killing wild common ostriches for their feathers. Feathers are still commercially harvested. It is claimed that common ostriches produce the strongest commercial leather. Common ostrich meat tastes similar to lean beef and is low in fat and
2918:. As ostriches experience high ambient temperatures, circa 50 °C (122 °F), they become slightly hyperthermic; however, they can maintain a stable body temperature, around 40 °C (104 °F), for up to 8 hours in these conditions. When dehydrated, the common ostrich minimizes water loss, causing the body temperature to increase further. When the body heat is allowed to increase the
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742:. The outer toe has no nail. The reduced number of toes is an adaptation that appears to aid in running, useful for getting away from predators. Common ostriches can run at a speed over 70 km/h (43 mph) and can cover 3 to 5 m (9.8 to 16.4 ft) in a single stride. The wings reach a span of about 2 m (6 ft 7 in), and the
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territories or offspring. Similar behaviors are noted in captive or domesticated common ostriches, which retain the same natural instincts and can occasionally respond aggressively to stress. When attacking a person, common ostriches deliver slashing kicks with their powerful feet, armed with long claws, with which they can
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50 km/h (31 mph), which makes the common ostrich the world's fastest two-legged animal. When lying down and hiding from predators, the birds lay their heads and necks flat on the ground, making them appear like a mound of earth from a distance, aided by the heat haze in their hot, dry habitat.
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tradition that female common ostriches do not sit on their eggs, but stare at them incessantly until they hatch out, because if they stop staring even for a second the egg will addle. This is equated to the obligation of the
Christian to direct his entire attention towards God during prayer, lest the
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As ambient air becomes hotter, additional evaporation can take place lower in the trachea making its way to the posterior sacs, shunting the lung surface. The trachea acts as a buffer for evaporation because of the length and the controlled vascularization. The Gular is also heavily vascularized; its
2993:
Both the Gular and air sacs, being close to body temperature, are the main contributors to heat and water loss. Surface temperature can be affected by the rate of blood flow to a certain area and also by the surface area of the surrounding tissue. The ostrich reduces blood flow to the trachea to cool
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of air allows less heat to be lost to the environment. This flattening behavior compensate for common ostrich's rather poor cutaneous evaporative water loss (CEWL). These feather-heavy areas such as the body, thighs, and wings do not usually vary much from ambient temperatures due to this behavioural
2076:
ranging from 1.2–1.5 L (73–92 cu in). The tidal volume is seen to double resulting in a 16-fold increase in ventilation. Overall, ostrich respiration can be thought of as a high velocity-low pressure system. At rest, there is a small pressure difference between the ostrich air sacs and
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on the backs of common ostriches. The practice is common in Africa and is relatively unusual elsewhere. The common ostriches are ridden in the same way as horses with special saddles, reins, and bits. However, they are harder to manage than horses. The practice is becoming less common due to ethical
3399:(23–79 CE), who wrote that ostriches "imagine, when they have thrust their head and neck into a bush, that the whole of their body is concealed." This may have been a misunderstanding of their sticking their heads in the sand to swallow sand and pebbles to help digest their fibrous food, or, as
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animal, due to the fact that it lives in habitats that are both dry and hot. Water is scarce in dry and hot environments, and this poses a challenge to the ostrich's water consumption. Also the ostrich is a ground bird and cannot fly to find water sources, which poses a further challenge. Because of
602:
The common ostrich is the largest and heaviest living bird. Males stand 2.1 to 2.75 m (6 ft 11 in to 9 ft 0 in) tall and weigh 100 to 130 kg (220 to 290 lb), whereas females are about 1.75 to 1.9 m (5 ft 9 in to 6 ft 3 in) tall and weigh 90
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suggests, of the defensive behavior of lying low, so that they may appear from a distance to have their head buried. Another possible origin for the myth lies with the fact that ostriches keep their eggs in holes in the sand instead of nests and must rotate them using their beaks during incubation;
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production mechanism as a source of hydration, the most important source of water is food. When ostriches were restricted to the no food or water condition, the metabolic water production was only 0.5 L·d, while total water lost to urine, feces, and evaporation was 2.3 L·d. When the birds
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open). Found between the terminal rectum and coprodeum is a strong sphincter. The coprodeum and cloaca are the main osmoregulatory mechanisms used for the regulation and reabsorption of ions and water, or net water conservation. As expected in a species inhabiting arid regions, dehydration causes a
2364:
and dropping to 16–20% in 36-day-old chicks. However, IPP has low concentrations, around 4%, of total phosphate concentration in embryonic stages, but the IPP concentration jumps to 60% of total phosphate of the cell. The majority of phosphate concentration switches from 2,3- DPG to IPP, suggesting
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in a single communal nest, a simple pit, 30 to 60 cm (12 to 24 in) deep and 3 m (9.8 ft) wide, scraped in the ground by the male. The dominant female lays her eggs first; when it is time to cover them for incubation, she discards extra eggs from the weaker females, leaving about
578:
and small reptiles. It lives in nomadic groups of 5 to 50 birds. When threatened, the ostrich will either hide itself by lying flat against the ground or run away. If cornered, it can attack with a kick of its powerful legs. Mating patterns differ by geographical region, but territorial males fight
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and zebras to detect predators more efficiently. If the nest or young are threatened, either or both of the parents may create a distraction, feigning injury. However, they may sometimes fiercely fight predators, especially when chicks are being defended, and are capable of killing humans, hyenas,
1858:
Due to predation pressure, common ostriches have many antipredator tactics. Though they can deliver formidable kicks, they use their great eyesight and speed to run from most of their predators. Since ostriches that have detected predators are almost impossible to catch, most predators will try to
1689:
The cock performs with his wings, alternating wing beats, until he attracts a mate. They will go to the mating area and he will maintain privacy by driving away all intruders. They graze until their behavior is synchronized, then the feeding becomes secondary and the process takes on a ritualistic
709:
The long neck and legs keep their head up to 2.8 m (9 ft 2 in) above the ground, and their eyes are said to be the largest of any land vertebrate – 50 mm (2.0 in) in diameter – helping them to see predators at a great distance. The eyes are shaded from sunlight from above.
607:
in color, with dark brown spots. After three months they start to gain their juvenile plumage, which is steadily replaced by adult-like plumage during their second year. At four or five months old, they are already about half the size of an adult bird, and after a year they reach adult height, but
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depending on the state of the bird. When the common ostrich is breathing normally, under no heat stress, air flow is laminar. When the common ostrich is experiencing heat stress from the environment the air flow is considered turbulent. This suggests that laminar air flow causes little to no heat
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value is influenced by differing organic modulators. In the typical mammalian RBC 2,3 – DPG causes a lower affinity for oxygen. 2,3- DPG constitutes approximately 42–47%, of the cells phosphate of the embryonic ostrich. However, the adult ostrich have no traceable 2,3- DPG.In place of 2,3-DPG the
1516:
in India found molecular evidence that ostriches lived in India 25,000 years ago. DNA tests on fossilized eggshells recovered from eight archaeological sites in the states of
Rajasthan, Gujarat and Madhya Pradesh found 92% genetic similarity between the eggshells and the North African ostrich, so
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of the blood, nasal salt glands show no sizeable contribution of salt elimination. Also, the overall mass of the glands was less than that of the duck's nasal gland. The common ostrich, having a heavier body weight, should have larger, heavier nasal glands to more effectively excrete salt from a
749:
The feathers lack the tiny hooks that lock together the smooth external feathers of flying birds, and so are soft and fluffy and serve as insulation. Common ostriches can tolerate a wide range of temperatures. In much of their habitat, temperatures vary as much as 40 °C (72 °F) between
1864:
and even lions in such confrontations. In non-native areas, especially on
Ostrich farms in North America, adult ostriches have no known enemies due to their large size, intimidating presence and behaviour similar to that of overgrown guard dogs; with instances of them attacking and decapitating
3522:
Common ostriches typically avoid humans in the wild, since they correctly assess humans as potential predators. If approached, they often run away, but sometimes ostriches can be very aggressive when threatened, especially if cornered, and may also attack if they feel the need to defend their
2660:
Water mass accounts for 68% of body mass in adult common ostriches; this is down from 84% water mass in 35-day-old chicks. The differing degrees of water retention are thought to be a result of varying body fat mass. In comparison to smaller birds ostriches have a lower evaporative water loss
2339:
is present. This subtype increases oxygen affinity in order to transport oxygen across the allantoic membrane of the embryo. This can be attributed to the high metabolic need of the developing embryo, thus high oxygen affinity serves to satisfy this demand. When the chick hatches hemoglobin E
1876:
has been reported in Kenya. Similarly, lions hunt ostriches mainly in the
Kalahari region and not in other regions, or take ostriches as only a small percentage of their prey. Overall, due to their speed, vigilance, and possibly dangerous kick, ostriches are usually avoided by most predators,
1993:
The largest air sacs found within the respiratory system are those of the post-thoracic region, while the others decrease in size respectively, the interclavicular (unpaired), abdominal, pre-thoracic, and lateral clavicular sacs. The adult common ostrich lung lacks connective tissue known as
6754:
Isaacks, R. E.; Harkness, D. R.; Froeman, G. A.; Goldman, P. H.; Adler, J. L.; Sussman, S. A.; Roth, S. (1976). "Studies on avian erythrocyte metabolism—II. Relationship between the major phosphorylated metabolic intermediates and oxygen affinity of whole blood in chick embryos and chicks".
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at high ambient temperatures. They may also physically seek out shade in times of high ambient temperatures. When feather fluffing, they contract their muscles to raise their feathers to increase the air space next to their skin. This air space provides an insulating thickness of 7 cm
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With their acute eyesight and hearing, common ostriches can sense predators such as lions from far away. When being pursued by a predator, they have been known to reach speeds in excess of 70 km/h (43 mph), or possibly 80 km/h (50 mph) and can maintain a steady speed of
3424:
2213:, are found in different locations in the left and right ventricles. These bands are associated with contractions of the heart and suggests this difference causes the left ventricle to contract harder to create more pressure for a completed circulation of blood around the body.
3423:
2010:
and maintains a body temperature of 38.1–39.7 °C (100.6–103.5 °F) in its extreme living temperature conditions, such as the heat of the savanna and desert regions of Africa. The ostrich utilizes its respiratory system via a costal pump for ventilation rather than a
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than usual myocardial cells. The AV node connects the atrial and ventricular chambers. It functions to carry the electrical impulse from the atria to the ventricle. Upon view, the myocardial cells are observed to have large densely packed chromosomes within the nucleus.
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Hayward, M.W., O’Brien, J., Hofmeyer, M. & Kerley, G.I.H.(2006b). Prey preferences of the cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus) (Felidae: Carnivora): morphological limitations or the need to capture rapidly consumable prey before
Kleptoparasites arrive? J. Zool. (Lond.) doi:
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1341:. The neck and thighs are grey-blue, and during the mating season, the male's neck and thighs become brighter and bluer. The females are more brown than those of other subspecies. It generally lives in pairs or alone, rather than in flocks. Its range overlaps with
603:
to 120 kg (200 to 260 lb). While exceptional male ostriches (in the nominate subspecies) can weigh up to 156.8 kg (346 lb), some specimens in South Africa can only weigh between 59.5 to 81.3 kg (131 to 179 lb). New chicks are
2129:(BGB) of their lung tissue is thick. The advantage of this thick barrier may be protection from damage by large volumes of blood flow in times of activity, such as running, since air is pumped by the air sacs rather than the lung itself. As a result, the
540:. It is distinctive in its appearance, with a long neck and legs, and can run for a long time at a speed of 55 km/h (34 mph) with short bursts up to about 70 km/h (43 mph), the fastest land speed of any bird. The common ostrich is the
2595:
of both plasma and urine can alter in regards to whether there is an excess or depleted amount of water present within the kidneys. An interesting fact of common ostriches is that when water is freely available, the urine osmolality can reduce to 60–70
1789:
The eggs are incubated by the females by day and by the males by night. This uses the coloration of the two sexes to escape detection of the nest. The drab female blends in with the sand, while the black male is nearly undetectable in the night. The
2518:
leave the ventral caudomedial surface and continue caudally, near the midline into the opening of the urodeum of the cloaca. Although there is no bladder, a dilated pouch of ureter stores the urine until it is secreted continuously down from the
2863:
osmotically. These extracellular fluids then drain into blood vessels, causing a rehydrating effect. This drainage prevents loss of water by both lowering volume and increasing concentration of the urine. Angiotensin, on the other hand, causes
3426:
2096:
ostriches pant at a respiratory rate of 40–60 cycles per minute, versus their resting rate of 6–12 cycles per minute. Hot, dry, and moisture lacking properties of the common ostrich respiratory medium affect oxygen's diffusion rate
1994:
interparabronchial septa, which render strength to the non-compliant avian lung in other bird species. Due to this the lack of connective tissue surrounding the parabronchi and adjacent parabronchial lumen, they exchange blood capillaries or
1871:
Usually, ostrich hunting is done by male cheetah coalitions in the
Kalahari region during the night, when ostrich's vigilance is less effective. Cheetahs in other regions rarely hunt ostriches, but an exceptional coalition composed of three
1459:
based on its unique skeletal proportions. This population disappeared in the latter half of the 20th century. There were 19th-century reports of the existence of small ostriches in North Africa; these are referred to as
Levaillant's ostrich
1425:, has apparently been prevented from occurring on a significant scale by ecological separation; the Somali ostrich prefers bushland where it browses middle-height vegetation for food while the Masai ostrich is, like the other subspecies, a
2112:
formation, characterizing many organs. It is not only involved in vasculature expansion, but also in angioadaptation of vessels to meet physiological requirements. The use of such mechanisms demonstrates an increase in the later stages of
3568:
3376:
it is common to hang decorated common ostrich eggs on the chains holding the oil lamps. The initial reason was probably to prevent mice and rats from climbing down the chain to eat the oil. Another, symbolical explanation is based in the
1593:
When threatened, common ostriches run away, but they can cause serious injury and death with kicks from their powerful legs. Their legs can only kick forward. The kick from an ostrich can yield 225 kgf (2,210 N; 500 lbf).
3280:
The wild common ostrich population has declined drastically in the last 200 years, with most surviving birds in reserves or on farms. However, its range remains very large (9,800,000 km or 3,800,000 sq mi), leading the
2622:, a fairly reliable marker of glomerular filtration rate (GFR). It has been seen that during normal hydration within the kidneys, the glomerular filtration rate is approximately 92 ml/min. However, when an ostrich experiences
1561:
Common ostriches normally spend the winter months in pairs or alone. Only 16 percent of common ostrich sightings were of more than two birds. During breeding season and sometimes during extreme rainless periods ostriches live in
1496:
in the Near and Middle East were hunted to extinction by the middle of the 20th century. Attempts to reintroduce the common ostrich into Israel have failed. Common ostriches have occasionally been seen inhabiting islands on the
970:. It is the largest subspecies, at 2.74 m (9 ft 0 in) in height and up to 154 kg (340 lb) in weight. The neck is pinkish-red, the plumage of males is black and white, and the plumage of females is grey.
717:
Their skin varies in color depending on the subspecies, with some having light or dark gray skin and others having pinkish or even reddish skin. The strong legs of the common ostrich are unfeathered and show bare skin, with the
3447:
games or cooking. They have been hunted and farmed for their feathers, which at various times have been popular for ornamentation in fashionable clothing (such as hats during the 19th century). Their skins are valued for their
3452:. In the 18th century they were almost hunted to extinction; farming for feathers began in the 19th century. At the start of the 20th century there were over 700,000 birds in captivity. The market for feathers collapsed after
3039:
Researchers suggest that common ostriches also employ a 'selective brain warming' mechanism in response to cooler surrounding temperatures in the evenings. The brain was found to maintain a warmer temperature when compared to
3177:, and can be calculated by measuring the amount of oxygen consumed during various activities. Therefore, in common ostriches we see use of more energy when compared to smaller birds in absolute terms, but less per unit mass.
3001:
Common ostriches have evolved a 'selective brain cooling' mechanism as a means of thermoregulation. This modality allows the common ostrich to manage the temperature of the blood going to the brain in response to the extreme
3162:, the relationship between body size to shape, anatomy, physiology, and behavior of an animal. Hence, it is plausible to state that metabolic rate in animals with larger masses is greater than animals with a smaller mass.
3123:
In hot temperatures water is lost via respiration. Moreover, varying surface temperatures within the respiratory tract contribute differently to overall heat and water loss through panting. The surface temperature of the
2902:
may be cooler in comparison as found with regulating species. The temperature of their beak, neck surfaces, lower legs, feet, and toes are regulated through heat exchange with the environment. Up to 40% of their produced
2383:
in their circulation, indicating an acquired immunological response. It is suggested that this immunological adaptability may allow this species to have a high success rate of survival in variable environmental settings.
2048:
of the paleopulmo is in the same direction to the dorsobronchi during inspiration and expiration. Inspired air moves into the respiratory system as a result of the expansion of thoraco abdominal cavity; controlled by
2308:
count per unit volume in the ostrich is about 40% of that of a human; however, the red blood cells of the ostrich are about three times larger than the red blood cells of a human. The blood oxygen affinity, known as
1630:
and is worked on by the aforementioned pebbles. The gizzard can hold as much as 1,300 g (46 oz), of which up to 45% may be sand and pebbles. Common ostriches can go without drinking for several days, using
3132:
is between 34 and 36 °C (93 and 97 °F), and that of both anterior and posterior air sacs is 38 °C (100 °F). The long trachea, being cooler than body temperature, is a site of water evaporation.
2284:(p-fibers) found in the hearts moderator bands are a specialized cardiac muscle fiber that causes the heart to contract. The Purkinje cells are mostly found within both the endocardium and the sub-endocardium. The
2650:
in their habitat. Ostriches will drink available water; however, they are limited in accessing water by being flightless. They are also able to harvest water through dietary means, consuming plants such as the
1686:(by inflating their neck) in defense of their territory and harem of two to seven hens; the successful male may then mate with several females in the area, but will only form a pair bond with a 'major' female.
2707:, keeping the ostrich hydrated, while the passed urine contains higher concentrations of solute. This mechanism exemplifies how renal function facilitates water retention during periods of dehydration stress.
1814:
As a flightless species in the rich biozone of the
African savanna, the common ostrich faces a variety of formidable predators throughout its life cycle. Animals that prey on ostriches of all ages may include
2638:. The reduction of GFR during dehydration is extremely high and so the fractional excretion of water (urine flow rate as a percentage of GFR) drops down from 15% at normal hydration to 1% during dehydration.
1450:
because its eggshell pores were shaped like a teardrop and not round. As there is considerable variation of this character and there were no other differences between these birds and adjacent populations of
615:
and a white tail. However, the tail of one subspecies is buff. Females and young males are grayish-brown and white. The head and neck of both male and female ostriches are nearly bare, with a thin layer of
1544:
3683:
Only populations of
Algeria, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Mali, Mauritania, Morocco, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal and Sudan. No other population is included in the CITES Appendices.
2272:
valve with blood nutrients for which to carry out their processes. The interatrial artery of the ostrich is small in size and exclusively supplies blood to only part of the left auricle and interatrial
2668:
mechanism to counter the loss by urine, feces, and respiratory evaporation. An experiment to determine the primary source of water intake in the ostrich indicated that while the ostrich does employ a
3856:
Yuri, Tamaki; Kimball, Rebecca; Harshman, John; Bowie, Rauri; Braun, Michael; Chojnowski, Jena; Han, Kin-Lan; Hackett, Shannon; Huddleston, Christopher; Moore, William; Reddy, Sushma (13 March 2013).
2088:
however is not necessarily associated with a greater rate of oxygen consumption. Therefore, unlike most other birds, the common ostrich is able to dissipate heat through panting without experiencing
8197:
2133:
in the parabronchi have thinner walls, permitting more efficient gaseous exchange. In combination with separate pulmonary and systemic circulatory systems, it helps to reduce stress on the BGB.
4873:
2328:
type A and D, compared to typical mammalian tetramers composed of hemoglobin type A and B; hemoglobin D configuration causes a decreased oxygen affinity at the site of the respiratory surface.
1455:, the separation is no longer considered valid. However, a study analysing the postcranial skeleton of all living and recently extinct species and subspecies of ostriches appeared to validate
3425:
6005:
Hayward, Matt W., et al. "Prey preferences of the
African wild dog Lycaon pictus (Canidae: Carnivora): ecological requirements for conservation." Journal of Mammalogy 87.6 (2006): 1122-1131.
3527:
or kill a person with a single blow. In one study of common ostrich attacks, it was estimated that two to three attacks that result in serious injury or death occur each year in the area of
2911:
across these structures, which account for about 12% of their total surface area. Total evaporative water loss (TEWL) is statistically lower in the common ostrich than in membering ratites.
3567:
2244:
arteries that supply blood to the heart muscle. The blood supply by the coronary arteries are fashioned starting as a large branch over the surface of the heart. It then moves along the
3531:, South Africa, where a large number of common ostrich farms are set next to both feral and wild common ostrich populations, making them statistically, the world's most dangerous bird.
3120:, rapid rhythmic contraction and relaxation of throat muscles, in a similar way to panting. Both these behaviors allow the ostrich to actively increase the rate of evaporative cooling.
2240:
start in the right and left aortic sinus and provide blood to the heart muscle in a similar fashion to most other vertebrates. Other domestic birds capable of flight have three or more
2732:
larger volume of blood, but this is not the case. These unequal proportions contribute to the assumption that the common ostrich's nasal glands do not play any role in salt excretion.
2998:
to its blood vessels around the gular region to raise the temperature of the tissue. The air sacs are poorly vascularized but show an increased temperature, which aids in heat loss.
1578:, but may be active on moonlit nights. They are most active early and late in the day. The male common ostrich territory is between 2 and 20 km (0.77 and 7.72 sq mi).
1488:
of Africa, both north and south of the equatorial forest zone. In southwest Africa they inhabit the semi-desert or true desert. Farmed common ostriches in Australia have established
2872:
for ostriches. Both of these antidiuretic hormones work together to maintain water levels in the body that would normally be lost due to the osmotic stress of the arid environment.
1998:
epithelial plates. Like mammals, ostrich lungs contain an abundance of type II cells at gas exchange sites; an adaptation for preventing lung collapse during slight volume changes.
3345:
use ostrich eggshells as water containers, punching a hole in them. They also produce jewelry from it. The presence of such eggshells with engraved hatched symbols dating from the
5672:
Thouless, C.R.; Fanshawe, J.H. & Bertram, B.C.R. (1989). "Egyptian Vultures Neophron percnopterus and Ostrich Struthio camelus eggs: the origins of stone-throwing behaviour".
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g h, almost 2.3 times the BMR. On another note, animals that engage in extensive physical activity employ substantial amounts of energy for power. This is known as the maximum
2368:
Concerning immunological adaptation, it was discovered that wild common ostriches have a pronounced non-specific immunity defense, with blood content reflecting high values of
966:, respectively. It has now disappeared from large parts of this range, and it only remains in six of the 18 countries where it originally occurred, leading some to consider it
2225:
of the atrial surface of the right atrioventricular valve. It is not covered by connective tissue, which is characteristic of vertebrate heart anatomy. It also contains fewer
7965:
785:
is 71 cm (28 in). Unlike all other living birds, the common ostrich secretes urine separately from feces. All other birds store the urine and feces combined in the
2084:. Birds lack sweat glands, so when placed under stress due to heat, they heavily rely upon increased evaporation from the respiratory system for heat transfer. This rise in
1635:
and moisture in ingested plants, but they enjoy liquid water and frequently take baths where it is available. They can survive losing up to 25% of their body weight through
1402:
2703:; that is to say that the ratio of solutes to water in the plasma is shifted down whereby reducing osmotic pressure in the plasma. Water is then able to be held back from
7050:
Polly K.; Phillips & Sanborn Allen F. (1994). "An infrared, thermographic study of surface temperature in three ratites: Ostrich, emu and double-wattled cassowary".
4623:
Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio decima, reformata
3036:
found in mammals, as it also facilitates transfer of heat from arterial blood coming from the core to venous blood returning from the evaporative surfaces at the head.
2402:
their size, common ostriches cannot easily escape the heat of their environment; however, they dehydrate less than their small bird counterparts because of their small
567:) of New Zealand laid larger eggs). Ostriches are the most dangerous birds on the planet for humans, with an average of two to three deaths being recorded each year in
2483:. The U:P (urine:plasma) ratio of the common ostrich is therefore greater than one. Diffusion of water to the coprodeum (where urine is stored) from plasma across the
1951:, one to each lung, in which they continue directly through to become mesobronchi. Ten different air sacs attach to the lungs to form areas for respiration. The most
2268:
are supplied of blood by this modality. The deep branches of the coronary arteries found within the heart tissue are small and supply the interventricular and right
2040:
Inhalation begins at the mouth and the nostrils located at the front of the beak. The air then flows through the anatomical dead space of a highly vascular trachea (
5819:
6692:"Studies on Avian Erythrocyte Metabolism. Inositol Tetrakisphosphate: The Major Phosphate Compound in the Erythrocytes of the Ostrich (Struthio camelus camelus)"
3302:
2340:
diminishes while hemoglobin A and D increase in concentration. This shift in hemoglobin concentration results in both decreased oxygen affinity and increased P
7091:
4846:
2673:
were given both water and food, total water gain was 8.5 L·d. In the food only condition total water gain was 10.1 L·d. These results show that the
5146:
6946:
Gray, David A.; Brown, Christopher R. (1995). "Saline-Infusion-Induced Increase in Plasma osmolality Do Not Stimulate Nasal Gland Secretion in the Ostrich (
2727:. However, the common ostrich shows no nasal glandular function in regard to this homeostatic process. Even in a state of dehydration, which increases the
846:
name for the ostrich, meaning camel-sparrow, the "camel" term referring to its dry habitat. Στρουθοκάμηλος is still the modern Greek name for the ostrich.
2072:
of the respiratory system, (including the lungs and ten air sacs) of a 100 kg (220 lb) ostrich is about 15 L (920 cu in), with a
7794:
7601:
7575:
6513:
3561:
concerns, and nowadays ostrich farms set a limit weight for people to ride ostriches, making the activity mostly suited for children and smaller adults.
1696:
7338:
Texier, P. J.; Porraz, G.; Parkington, J.; Rigaud, J. P.; Poggenpoel, C.; Miller, C.; Tribolo, C.; Cartwright, C.; Coudenneau, A.; et al. (2010).
3612:
1978:
end of the mesobronchus branches into several dorsobronchi. Together, the ventrobronchi and dorsobronchi are connected by intra-pulmonary airways, the
7913:
1966:
to the liver. While the left abdominal air sac is large and lies to the left of the mesentery. The connection from the main mesobronchi to the more
2898:; they regulate a constant body temperature via regulating their metabolic heat rate. They closely regulate their core body temperature, but their
1622:. The bolus may be as much as 210 mL (7.4 imp fl oz; 7.1 US fl oz). After passing through the neck (there is no
695:
7996:
8470:
8023:
7344:
2626:
for at least 48 hours (2 days), this value diminishes to only 25% of the hydrated GFR rate. Thus in response to the dehydration, ostrich kidneys
2587:
within various sized ostriches. During a normal hydration state of the kidneys, young ostriches tend to have a measured plasma osmolality of 284
1606:, small reptiles such as lizards, and occasionally animal remains left by carnivorous predators. Lacking teeth, they swallow pebbles that act as
5171:
1877:
including lions, leopards, wild dogs, and cheetahs. Despite parental care, 90% is typical for chick mortality, most of it caused by predation.
379:
8522:
7946:
1397:
8651:
7769:
3514:, which may produce a substantial portion of the farm's income. This may include tours of the farmlands, souvenirs, or even ostrich rides.
1982:, which form an arcade structure within the lung called the paleopulmo. It is the only structure found in primitive birds such as ratites.
1388:
7627:
5788:
5728:
Cooper, R. G.; Horbańczuk, J. O.; Villegas-Vizcaíno, R.; Kennou Sebei, S.; Faki Mohammed, A. E.; Mahrose, K. M. A. (2009). "Wild ostrich (
5191:
Lesku, J. A.; Meyer, L. C. R.; Fuller, A.; Maloney, S. K.; Dell'Omo, G.; Vyssotski, A. L.; Rattenborg, N. C. (2011). Balaban, Evan (ed.).
3915:
Clarke, Andrew (14 July 2008). Faculty of 1000 evaluation for A phylogenomic study of birds reveals their evolutionary history (Report).
2938:, such as altering their feathers. Common ostriches display a feather fluffing behavior that aids them in thermoregulation by regulating
2677:
mechanism is not able to sustain water loss independently and that food intake, specifically of plants with a high water content such as
2068:
To compensate for the large "dead" space, the common ostrich trachea lacks valves to allow faster inspiratory air flow. In addition, the
2026:
It provides birds with a large residual volume, allowing them to breathe much more slowly and deeply than a mammal of the same body mass.
1859:
ambush an unsuspecting bird using obstructing vegetation or other objects. Some ostriches forage with other ostriches or mammals such as
1744:
7340:"A Howiesons Poort tradition of engraving ostrich eggshell containers dated to 60,000 years ago at Diepkloof Rock Shelter, South Africa"
5249:
Russell, Dale A. "Ostrich dinosaurs from the Late Cretaceous of western Canada."Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 9.4 (1972): 375-402.
2971:
heat exchange with blood flow allows for regulated conservation/ elimination of heat of appendages. When ambient temperatures are low,
2057:. The common ostrich air sacs play a key role in respiration, since they are capacious, and increase surface area (as described by the
2044:
78 cm (31 in)) and expansive bronchial system, where it is further conducted to the posterior air sacs. Air flow through the
2883:
and related derivatives. Uric acid's low solubility in water gives a semi-solid paste consistency to the ostrich's nitrogenous waste.
8691:
5121:
2975:
will constrict their arterioles to reduce heat loss along skin surfaces. The reverse occurs at high ambient temperatures, arterioles
2591:
and urine osmolality of 62 mOsm. Adults have higher rates with a plasma osmolality of 330 mOsm and urine osmolality of 163 mOsm. The
2317:
2289:
8444:
7973:
2065:
across the respiratory surface of the lungs; providing the blood that has a crosscurrent flow with a high concentration of oxygen.
2946:
At low ambient temperatures the common ostrich utilizes feather flattening, which conserves body heat through insulation. The low
8483:
6998:
Gray, D.A.; Naudé, R.J.; Erasmus, T. (1988). "Plasma arginine vasotocin and angiotensin II in the water deprived common ostrich (
5805:
Austin, Oliver Luther. "Birds of the world; a survey of the twenty-seven orders and one hundred and fifty-five families." (1961).
626:
5345:
2029:
It provides a large source of air that is used not only for gaseous exchange, but also for the transfer of heat by evaporation.
1513:
3936:
Mitchell, K. J.; Llamas, B.; Soubrier, J.; Rawlence, N. J.; Worthy, T. H.; Wood, J.; Lee, M. S. Y.; Cooper, A. (23 May 2014).
3218:
g h) = 389 kg, describing a line parallel to the intercept with only about 60% in relation to other non-passerine birds.
726:
of the common ostrich is the largest of any living bird, measuring 39 to 53 cm (15 to 21 in) in length. The bird is
650:
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8145:
7896:
7865:
7730:
7417:
6862:
6279:
6161:
5656:
5626:
5588:
5512:
5441:
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5064:
4826:
4797:
4703:
4671:
4533:
4502:
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4283:
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digging the hole, placing the eggs, and rotating them might each be mistaken for an attempt to bury their heads in the sand.
2772:. The caecum contains a high water concentration with reduced levels nearing the terminal colon and exhibits a rapid fall in
8488:
3937:
8701:
8686:
3858:"Parsimony and Model-Based Analyses of Indels in Avian Nuclear Genes Reveal Congruent and Incongruent Phylogenetic Signals"
1720:
1678:
begins in March or April and ends sometime before September. The mating process differs in different geographical regions.
1670:
when they are 2 to 4 years old; females mature about six months earlier than males. As with other birds, an individual may
524:. However, recent genetic analysis has found that the group is not monophyletic, as it is paraphyletic with respect to the
6809:"Function of the lower intestine and osmoregulation in the ostrich: preliminary anatomical and physiological observations"
4579:
Skadhauge, E.; Erlwanger, K. H.; Ruziwa, S. D.; Dantzer, V.; Elbrønd, V. S.; Chamunorwa, J. P. (2003). "Does the ostrich (
4466:
2506:
and a layer of fat. Each kidney is about 300 mm (12 in) long, 70 mm (2.8 in) wide, and divided into a
2150:
muscular tissue associated with heart contraction features. There is a double circulatory plan in place possessing both a
7461:
6262:
King, J. R.; Farner, D.S. (1961). "Energy Metabolism, thermoregulation, and body temperature". In Marshall, A. J. (ed.).
5176:
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5090:
3137:
purpose is for cooling blood, but also evaporation, as previously stated. Air flowing through the trachea can be either
1958:(abdominal and post-thoracic) differ in that the right abdominal air sac is relatively small, lying to the right of the
8215:
7484:
7217:
5944:
2454:
of carbohydrates produces around 0.56 g (8.6 gr) of water that can be used internally. The majority of their
1282:
Western Asia: Iran, Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Syria, the United Arab Emirates, and Yemen
8592:
1855:. Egyptian vultures have been known to hurl stones at ostrich eggs to crack them open so they can eat their contents.
1732:
620:. The skin of the female's neck and thighs is pinkish gray, while the male's is gray or pink dependent on subspecies.
473:
native to certain large areas of Africa. It is one of two extant species of ostriches, the only living members of the
7658:
7504:
5328:
4560:
3108:
concentration in the blood does not change when hot ambient temperatures are experienced. This effect is caused by a
2023:
Air is able to flow continuously in one direction through the lung, making it more efficient than the mammalian lung.
662:
2914:
As ambient temperature increases, dry heat loss decreases, but evaporative heat loss increases because of increased
8696:
8309:
7102:
6221:
5859:
Mills, M. G. L., and Margie Mills. Kalahari cheetahs: adaptations to an arid region. Oxford University Press, 2017.
3365:
2438:, which are around 80 cm (31 in) long. A well-developed caeca is also found and, in combination with the
1198:
1123:
8527:
8431:
6028:
Makanya, A.N.; T. Koller; R. Hulshchuck; V. Djonov (15 March 2012). "Pre-hatch lung development in the ostrich".
2784:. The colon is divided into three sections and takes part in solute absorption. The upper colon largely absorbs
337:
312:
4891:
714:
are relatively small for the birds' huge size, with the bill measuring 12 to 14.3 cm (4.7 to 5.6 in).
7576:"Festivals, fashion and feather bandits: why ostrich plumage is still worth its weight in gold – a photo essay"
2376:
cells in medium. This is in contrast to domesticated ostriches, who in captivity develop high concentration of
1806:
638:
7802:
7605:
6532:
2951:
controls. This ostrich will also cover its legs to reduce heat loss to the environment, along with undergoing
8628:
8509:
8028:
7520:
6879:
4321:
Brown, L. H.; Urban, E.K.; Newman, K. (1982). "Ostriches and to Birds of Prey". In Curry-Lindahl, Kai (ed.).
3392:
3305:(CITES) meaning commercial international trade is prohibited and non-commercial trade is strictly regulated.
2551:
of water within the kidney system when drinking water is scarce. Though there have been no official detailed
7137:
5286:
2203:
attach to the left atrium separately, and also the opening to the pulmonary veins are separated by a septum.
6421:
Zakrzewicz, A.; Secomb, T.W.; Pries, A.R. (2002). "Angioadaptation: Keeping the vascular system in shape".
5296:
2507:
2403:
1975:
1967:
1963:
1952:
1932:
1928:
1652:
6606:"The distribution patterns of the coronary arteries and ventricular branches in the heart of the ostrich (
4234:
Del Hoyo, Josep, et al. Handbook of the birds of the world. Vol. 1. No. 8. Barcelona: Lynx edicions, 1992.
2080:
The increase in respiration rate from the low range to the high range is sudden and occurs in response to
8661:
8353:
8291:
7923:
3540:
3400:
2630:
small amounts of very viscous glomerular filtrates that have not been broken down and return them to the
2514:
sections by large veins. The caudal section is the largest, extending into the middle of the pelvis. The
2471:
reduction in fecal water, or dry feces. This reduction is believed to be caused by high levels of plasma
2462:
are separately stored in the terminal colon. The coprodeum is located ventral to the terminal rectum and
2053:. During expiration, oxygen poor air flows to the anterior air sacs and is expelled by the action of the
1602:
They mainly feed on seeds, shrubs, grass, fruit, and flowers; occasionally they also eat insects such as
8358:
6557:
Parto P. (2012). "The Structure of the Atrioventricular Node in the Heart of the Female Laying Ostrich (
3479:
Common ostriches have been farmed in South Africa since the beginning of the 19th century. According to
3456:, but commercial farming for feathers and later for skins and meat became widespread during the 1970s.
3146:
transfer, while under heat stress turbulent airflow can cause maximum heat transfer within the trachea.
2543:. It is when drinking water is unavailable or withdrawn that the urine becomes highly concentrated with
722:(the lowest upright part of the leg) being covered in scales: red in the male, black in the female. The
8269:
8000:
5881:
3732:
2939:
1230:
4006:"Genomic Support for a Moa-Tinamou Clade and Adaptive Morphological Convergence in Flightless Ratites"
3357:
in South Africa suggests common ostriches were an important part of human life as early as 60,000 BP.
3301:) became extinct around 1966. North African ostrich populations are protected under Appendix I of the
2547:. It seems that common ostriches who normally drink relatively large amounts of water tend to rely on
2360:
to lower oxygen affinity. ATP has a consistent concentration of phosphate in the cell – around 31% at
8666:
8322:
5107:
3249:. In an ostrich, it is seen to be at least 28 times greater than the BMR. Likewise, the daily energy
2923:
2664:
When heat stress is at its maximum, common ostriches are able to recover evaporative loss by using a
2601:
2560:
2556:
1920:
187:
5920:
3591:, called 'The Ostrich Farm' opened up in 1892; it and its races became one of the most famous early
3253:
for an ostrich with access to free water is 12,700 kJ d, equivalent to 0.26 mL O
8681:
6374:
Maina, J.N.; Singh, P.; Moss, E.A. (2009). "Inspiratory aerodynamic valving occurs in the ostrich,
6151:
3648:
3173:) is high, the energy expended is at its minimum. This level of expenditure is better known as the
2915:
2511:
1550:
1383:
978:
5774:
Bertram, Brian CR. "Vigilance and group size in ostriches." Animal Behaviour 28.1 (1980): 278-286.
2356:(IPP), which vary from 1–6 phosphates per molecule. In relation to the IPP, the ostrich also uses
5387:
Studies on the possible causes of losses in Ostrich production in selected ostrich Farms in Kenya
4943:"Studies of the population structure and genetic diversity of domesticated and 'wild' ostriches (
4664:
Latin Names Explained. A Guide to the Scientific Classifications of Reptiles, Birds & Mammals
4127:
Davies, S.J.J.F. (2003). "Birds I Tinamous and Ratites to Hoatzins". In Hutchins, Michael (ed.).
3938:"Ancient DNA reveals elephant birds and kiwi are sister taxa and clarifies ratite bird evolution"
3615:", which features common ostrich races. Racing has also occurred at many other locations such as
2968:
2206:
2186:
1931:
to the choanae, excluding the nasal respiratory pathway from the buccal cavity. The trachea lies
1708:
8566:
8155:
Folch, A. (1992). "Family Struthionidae (Ostrich)". In del Hoya, Josep; Sargatal, Jordi (eds.).
7779:
7746:
7453:
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measurement of 90 cm (35 in) is around the same size as for the largest flying birds.
8475:
8340:
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7888:
7882:
7857:
7851:
7635:
5915:
5792:
5432:
Perrins, C.M.; Jackson, J.A.; Ford, H. (1996). "Order Struthioniformes". In Elphick, J. (ed.).
4275:
4267:
4046:
3816:
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3286:
2765:
2653:
2443:
2357:
1393:
495:
8501:
7494:
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6852:
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5318:
4523:
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4303:
3117:
2498:, which are chocolate brown in color, are granular in texture, and lie in a depression in the
2316:, is higher than that of both humans and similar avian species. The reason for this decreased
8602:
8561:
7720:
7551:
5871:
Sunquist, Mel, and Fiona Sunquist. Wild cats of the world. University of Chicago Press, 2017.
3640:
3588:
3580:
3549:
2728:
2689:
2269:
2218:
2089:
1940:
1069:
967:
920:
828:
794:
364:
345:
328:
292:
122:
8553:
4721:"Severe decline of large birds in the Northern Sahel of West Africa: a long-term assessment"
4519:
2823:
ions return to controlled concentration. The common ostrich also experiences an increase in
2431:
2019:. The use of air sacs forms the basis for the three main avian respiratory characteristics:
1756:
594:
products and its meat is marketed commercially, with its leanness a common marketing point.
8587:
8405:
8345:
8278:
7798:
7353:
7059:
6690:
Isaacks, R.; Harkness, D.; Sampsell, J.; Adler, S.; Roth, C.; Kim, P.; Goldman, R. (1977).
5943:
Hayward, M.W.; Henschel, P.; O'Brien, J.; Hofmeyr, M.; Balme, G.; Kerley, G. I. H. (2006).
5537:
5504:
5498:
5204:
4166:
3952:
3664:
3373:
3238:
3234:
3226:
3174:
3170:
2987:
2919:
2616:
2475:, which leads to rectal absorption of sodium and water. Also expected is the production of
2320:
is due to the hemoglobin configuration found in common ostrich blood. The common ostrich's
2241:
2234:
1873:
1520:
Ostriches are farmed in Australia. Many escaped, however, and feral ostriches now roam the
1174:, the male's neck and thighs become brighter. Its range is essentially limited to southern
743:
612:
586:
around the world, particularly for its feathers, which are decorative and are also used as
6457:
3233:. So, the metabolic rate in a resting, unfed bird, that is producing heat is known as the
3062:
They also speculate that there is an overall decrease in cerebral blood flow to the brain.
2033:
2015:
as seen in most mammals. Thus, they are able to use a series of air sacs connected to the
8:
8283:
3709:
3395:, ostriches do not bury their heads in sand to avoid danger. This myth likely began with
3334:
3308:
3003:
2860:
2162:
1989:
The syrinx has simple muscles. The only sounds that can be produced are roars and hisses.
1974:, lateral clavicular, and pre-thoracic sacs known as the ventrobronchi region. While the
1828:
674:
135:
8296:
7705:
7357:
7063:
5541:
5208:
4753:
4453:
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3047:
blood supply. Researchers hypothesize three mechanisms that could explain this finding:
2062:
938:
Lives in North Africa. Historically it was the most widespread subspecies, ranging from
8706:
8671:
8366:
7376:
7339:
7284:
7276:
6975:
6967:
6921:
6708:
6691:
6586:
6403:
6378:, lung: A computational fluid dynamics study under resting unsteady state inhalation".
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6244:
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5757:
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4980:
4920:
4414:
4371:
4209:
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3986:
3892:
3857:
3788:
3596:
3592:
3584:
3480:
3129:
2947:
2681:, is necessary to overcome water loss challenges in the common ostrich's arid habitat.
2631:
2531:
Common ostrich kidneys are fairly large and so are able to hold significant amounts of
2422:
The common ostrich is well-adapted to hot, arid environments through specialization of
2174:
2012:
1679:
1618:
with food, which is in turn passed down their esophagus in the form of a ball called a
1521:
1498:
731:
182:
6768:
4596:
2792:
and SCFA, with little net transfer of K and Cl. The lower colon then slightly absorbs
2365:
the result of the overall low oxygen affinity is due to these varying polyphosphates.
2157:
The common ostrich's heart has similar features to other avian species, like having a
1647:
8656:
8548:
8379:
8160:
8141:
7892:
7861:
7726:
7500:
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6395:
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5584:
5553:
5508:
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5291:
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5002:
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4793:
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4214:
4132:
4076:
4027:
3990:
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3897:
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3600:
3158:
of absorbed nutrients. Much of the metabolic rate in animals is dependent upon their
3070:
3022:
3018:
3011:
3007:
2615:
is due to a high protein diets. As seen in various studies, scientists have measured
2580:
2361:
2261:
2253:
2249:
2151:
2126:
2125:
blood capillaries to establish the crosscurrent system at the blood-gas barrier. The
1619:
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groups of five to 100 birds (led by a top hen) that often travel together with other
1418:
1407:
1382:
Some analyses indicate that the Somali ostrich is now considered a full species; the
1261:
1170:
It has some small feathers on its head, and its neck and thighs are pink. During the
723:
719:
541:
350:
114:
6979:
6925:
6626:
6605:
6590:
6057:
5761:
5385:
4432:
4418:
4375:
2189:, by a thick muscular stock, which prevents back-flow of blood into the atrium when
2146:
The common ostrich heart is a closed system, contractile chamber. It is composed of
8676:
8384:
8174:
O'Shea, Michael Vincent; Foster, Ellsworth D.; Locke, George Herbert, eds. (1918).
7371:
7361:
7268:
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7011:
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6913:
6820:
6764:
6703:
6663:
6621:
6570:
6473:
6430:
6387:
6267:
6236:
6037:
5963:
5925:
5741:
5681:
5565:
5545:
5222:
5212:
5037:
4992:
4912:
4732:
4592:
4398:
4355:
4204:
4194:
4066:
4058:
4017:
3968:
3960:
3916:
3887:
3869:
3727:
3350:
3230:
3222:
3189:
3166:
3154:
Common ostriches are able to attain their necessary energetic requirements via the
3112:. The lung is not completely shunted, allowing enough oxygen to fulfill the bird's
2983:
2935:
2865:
2584:
2540:
2085:
1852:
1791:
505:
249:
8615:
8371:
7317:"Ostrich Eggshell Cups of Mesopotamia and the Ostrich in Ancient and Modern Times"
5479:
3180:
A key point when looking at the common ostrich metabolism is to note that it is a
2934:
Common ostriches have developed a comprehensive set of behavioral adaptations for
8535:
7434:
6407:
5528:
Bertram, B.C.R. (1979). "Ostriches recognise their own eggs and discard others".
5465:
5406:
5368:
5217:
5041:
4814:
4787:
4550:
4131:. Vol. 8 (2nd ed.). Farmington Hills, MI: Gale Group. pp. 99–101.
3632:
3624:
3464:
3449:
3396:
3346:
3338:
3330:
3294:
3250:
3109:
2840:
2674:
2669:
2665:
2647:
2612:
2427:
2285:
2281:
2245:
2210:
1667:
1632:
1554:
1493:
1239:
1100:
823:
789:, but the ostrich stores the feces in the terminal rectum. They also have unique
591:
548:
502:
470:
374:
8579:
8514:
6900:
Withers, Philip (October 1983). "Energy Water and Solute Balance of the Ostrich
5260:
4583:) have the electrophysiological properties and microstructure of other birds?".
3360:
3184:
bird. Thus, BMR in ostriches is particularly low with a value of only 0.113 mL O
2288:
shows a small concentration of Purkinje fibers, however, continuing through the
392:
8436:
8204:
8099:
6645:
6391:
6041:
5971:
5896:
4199:
3524:
3265:
3096:, and under heat stress they rely on panting to reduce their body temperature.
2608:
2564:
2552:
2548:
2377:
2310:
2305:
2257:
2200:
2170:
2098:
2058:
1623:
1315:
880:
774:
735:
587:
574:
The common ostrich's diet consists mainly of plant matter, though it also eats
498:
in 2014 having been previously considered a distinctive subspecies of ostrich.
487:
7138:"Renal Function, Respiration, Heart Rate and Thermoregulation in the Ostrich (
5929:
5842:
5745:
4737:
4720:
3221:
Along with BMR, energy is also needed for a range of other activities. If the
2077:
the atmosphere, suggesting simultaneous filling and emptying of the air sacs.
1895:
1585:
A large group of around 30 ostriches gathered in Nairobi National Park, Kenya.
1421:. Hybridization with the subspecies that evolved southwestwards of its range,
608:
not till they are 18 months old will they be fully as heavy as their parents.
8645:
8496:
8198:
a description of traditional methods used by Arabs to capture wild ostriches.
8127:
5727:
5021:
4903:
4637:
4618:
3921:
3883:
3829:
3718:
3616:
3321:
Common ostriches have inspired cultures and civilizations for 5,000 years in
3290:
3101:
2480:
2435:
2353:
2293:
2190:
1840:
1832:
1782:
1767:
1675:
1171:
1152:
1108:
851:
843:
842:
meaning "ostrich". The specific name is an allusion to "strouthokamelos" the
818:
802:
545:
533:
359:
333:
308:
259:
239:
155:
150:
62:
7824:
7366:
6477:
6434:
4302:
Gilman, Daniel Coit; Peck, Harry Thurston; Colby, Frank Moore, eds. (1903).
4022:
4005:
3964:
3433:
Being moved between camps in preparation for filming a movie in South Africa
3270:
3055:
heat production within the brain tissue itself to compensate for the colder
2535:. Hence, common ostriches drink relatively large volumes of water daily and
1489:
1443:
8254:
8159:. Vol. 1, Ostrich to Ducks. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions. pp. 76–83.
8113:
8093:
8063:
7496:
Farm Animal Behaviour: Characteristics for Assessment of Health and Welfare
7385:
6582:
6485:
6442:
6399:
6219:
6049:
5753:
5236:
4604:
4471:
4410:
4367:
4218:
4080:
4062:
4031:
3982:
3901:
3874:
3757:
3604:
3545:
3511:
3504:
3438:
3138:
3093:
3077:
3073:
3033:
3025:
3014:
2995:
2976:
2972:
2952:
2904:
2724:
2700:
2635:
2499:
2476:
2447:
2336:
2166:
2122:
2109:
2105:
2081:
2073:
2069:
2054:
2050:
2045:
2016:
1995:
1979:
1908:
1104:
1096:
1032:
617:
575:
568:
529:
7662:
6834:
6668:
6647:
5006:
4878:) is being split: list S. molybdophanes as Near Threatened or Vulnerable?"
2177:. The ostrich heart has three features that are absent in related birds:
1413:
comparisons suggest that it diverged from the other ostriches not quite 4
604:
8540:
8457:
8263:
7691:
5557:
4981:"The coronary circulation of the heart of the ostrich (Struthio camelus)"
4389:
Martin, G. R.; Ashash, U.; Katzir, Gadi (2001). "Ostrich ocular optics".
4310:. Vol. XIII. New York, NY: Dodd, Mead and Company. pp. 497–498.
3652:
3492:
3484:
3453:
3322:
2908:
2892:
2848:
2844:
2836:
2832:
2828:
2824:
2685:
2623:
2576:
2472:
2411:
2407:
2222:
2182:
2130:
2118:
1683:
1671:
1636:
1373:
1014:
876:
860:
790:
778:
762:
552:
517:
509:
37:
8332:
6971:
6880:"Effect of Protein Intake on Kidney Function in Adult Female Ostriches (
6717:
6648:"Distribution and Structure of Purkinje Fibers in the Heart of Ostrich (
4047:"Estimating dinosaur maximum running speeds using evolutionary robotics"
3412:
3378:
2855:
of the kidney. ADH causes a reabsorption of water from the lumen of the
1581:
528:, so the ostriches are now classified as the only members of the order.
8610:
8449:
7774:
6857:. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. p. 32.
6776:
6248:
4924:
3528:
3459:
3142:
3125:
3113:
2876:
2716:
2619:
2592:
2503:
2484:
2451:
2430:– a length of approximately 11–13 m (36–43 ft) – between the
2380:
2325:
2226:
1860:
1774:
1607:
1575:
1477:
1414:
1288:
1002:
955:
896:
836:
560:
532:
studies have shown that it is the sister group to all other members of
82:
47:
7280:
6027:
5147:"Ostriches lived in India 25,000 yrs ago: BSIP study - Times of India"
4402:
4359:
4346:
Martin, G. R.; Katzir, G. (2000). "Sun Shades and Eye Size in Birds".
3973:
1400:
recognize it as a different species. A few authorities, including the
793:
that are fused to hold their gut. Unlike most birds, the males have a
8462:
8418:
8051:"Exotic animal racing at the Fair Grounds Race Course: photo gallery"
7969:
7918:
7825:"Ostrich Riding & Racing – The Bizzarre Sport You Never Heard of"
7259:
Thompson, Dorothy Burr (1955). "A Portrait of Arsinoe Philadelphos".
5671:
5549:
4243:
Urban, Emil K. "Roberts Birds of Southern Africa." (2007): 1104-1106.
3628:
3503:. Uncooked, it is dark red or cherry red, a little darker than beef.
3488:
3246:
3181:
3159:
3097:
3066:
3052:
3029:
2899:
2895:
2880:
2807:
When the common ostrich is in a dehydrated state, plasma osmolality,
2749:
2740:
The majority of the common ostrich's internal solutes are made up of
2704:
2646:
Common ostriches employ adaptive features to manage the dry heat and
2627:
2563:) and composition of the ureteral urine in the ostrich, knowledge of
2544:
2536:
2423:
2373:
2093:
2007:
1959:
1836:
1464:) but remain a hypothetical form not supported by material evidence.
1410:
868:
786:
521:
508:. Struthioniformes previously contained all the ratites, such as the
199:
87:
31:
8397:
8225:
8180:. Vol. 6. Chicago, IL: The World Book, Inc. pp. 4422–4424.
7192:
6240:
5019:
4916:
3241:. The common ostrich SMR has been seen to be approximately 0.26 mL O
1915:, structure. The opening to the respiratory pathway begins with the
1658:
1532:
8423:
8248:
7272:
6646:
Parto, P.; Tadjalli, M.; Ghazi, S. R. & Salamat, M. A. (2013).
6603:
5583:(3rd ed.). Dubuque, IA: Kendall Hunt Publishing. p. 475.
4004:
Baker, A. J.; Haddrath, O.; McPherson, J. D.; Cloutier, A. (2014).
3644:
3500:
3342:
3056:
3044:
2869:
2852:
2757:
2720:
2398:
2369:
2321:
2237:
2147:
1971:
1955:
1948:
1848:
1571:
1357:
1349:
1330:
1218:
1202:
1183:
1179:
1135:
1119:
1036:
990:
939:
884:
727:
536:
and thus the flighted tinamous are the sister group to the extinct
478:
219:
104:
77:
72:
57:
52:
42:
8192:
7546:
6806:
3471:
1985:
8623:
8410:
8317:
7179:
Maloney, Shane K (2008). "Termoregulation in ratities:a review".
6511:
6458:"A qualitative and quantitative study of the lung of an ostrich,
5942:
4851:
3496:
3443:
3274:
3208:
3041:
3006:
of the surroundings. The morphology for heat exchange occurs via
2856:
2769:
2692:
increases while urination rate decreases. Under these conditions
2532:
2515:
2488:
2467:
2463:
1844:
1824:
1816:
1794:
period is 35 to 45 days, which is rather short compared to other
1627:
1611:
1567:
1506:
1502:
1481:
1472:
Common ostriches formerly occupied Africa north and south of the
1430:
1426:
1365:
1353:
1338:
1214:
1194:
1187:
1127:
1092:
1052:
1048:
1022:
1006:
974:
963:
951:
856:
806:
770:
758:
702:
583:
525:
466:
269:
100:
92:
67:
8220:
7049:
1480:. Today common ostriches prefer open land and are native to the
1476:, East Africa, Africa south of the rainforest belt, and much of
797:, which is retractable and 20 cm (7.9 in) long. Their
686:
8304:
7303:
Calliope's Sisters: A Comparative Study of Philosophies of Art.
4892:"Phylogeographic patterns in mitochondrial DNA of the Ostrich (
4578:
3620:
3557:
3084:
Further research will need to be done to find how this occurs.
2956:
2741:
2696:
2520:
2495:
2439:
2426:
organs. The common ostrich has an extremely long and developed
2332:
2274:
2265:
1944:
1936:
1916:
1912:
1865:
1795:
1615:
1603:
1473:
1435:
1273:
1222:
1210:
1131:
1115:
798:
782:
751:
483:
209:
4003:
3935:
3703:
3701:
3699:
2661:
resulting from their small body surface area per unit weight.
8574:
8392:
8210:
6753:
3499:, protein, and iron. It is considered to be both poultry and
3326:
3155:
2788:
and SCFA and partially absorbs KCl. The middle colon absorbs
2693:
2572:
2568:
2459:
2455:
1924:
1563:
1485:
1403:
Howard and Moore Complete Checklist of the Birds of the World
1361:
1334:
1276:
1265:
1206:
1175:
1044:
1040:
1028:
1010:
994:
986:
959:
947:
943:
832:
474:
172:
166:
7656:
7634:. US Department of Agriculture. 17 July 2019. Archived from
7337:
6689:
5022:"Metric variation in the postcranial skeleton of ostriches,
5786:
5026:(Aves: Palaeognathae), with new data on extinct subspecies"
4325:. Vol. I. London, UK: Academic Press. pp. 32–37.
3696:
3636:
3282:
2597:
2588:
2487:
is voided. This void is believed to be caused by the thick
2194:
2158:
2114:
2092:
by modifying ventilation of the respiratory medium. During
1907:
indicates that the structure conforms to that of the other
1904:
1820:
1269:
1018:
998:
982:
766:
739:
711:
229:
6266:. Vol. 2. New York: Academic Press. pp. 215–88.
6220:
Schmidt-Nielsen, K.; Kanwish, J. Lawsiewski R. C. (1969).
4181:
Usurelu, Sergiu; Bettencourt, Vanessa; Melo, Gina (2015).
2197:
this valve is only connected by a short septal attachment.
1911:, but still retains parts of its primitive avian species,
1060:
7232:
3441:
times, there was a demand for common ostriches to use in
2575:. Studies have shown that the amount of water intake and
872:
864:
611:
The feathers of adult males are mostly black, with white
537:
513:
5497:
Harrison, C.; Greensmith, A. (1993). Bunting, E. (ed.).
3855:
1835:. Predators of nests and young common ostriches include
6222:"Temperature Regulation and Respiration in the Ostrich"
5190:
4813:
Stöcker, Friedrich W.; Dietrich, Gerhard, eds. (1995).
4467:"Ostrich Wings Explain Mystery of Flightless Dinosaurs"
3789:"Systema Naturae 2000 / Classification, Genus Struthio"
3303:
Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species
3192:, which relates the BMR to the body mass of an animal.
2221:
position differs from other fowl. It is located in the
7795:"'They're Off!' Thrills of the Turf in Ostrich Racing"
7412:(3rd ed.). Charlotte, North Carolina: TAN Books.
6877:
5611:
Perrins, Christopher (1987) . Harrison, C.J.O. (ed.).
5059:(2nd ed.). Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
4698:(6th ed.). Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
4528:. Wallingford, UK: Cabi Publishing. pp. 136–155.
4180:
3815:
3707:
3337:
riding a common ostrich was found in a tomb in Egypt.
2839:(AII), are increased in blood plasma as a response to
656:
Feet are frequently missing the nail on the outer toe.
8173:
7513:
6604:
Henriquez, H.; Henriquez, J. & Olave, E. (2012).
6420:
5840:
5373:. Vol. 3, Part 1. W. Wells Gardner. p. 304.
5320:
The Continuum Encyclopedia of Animal Symbolism in Art
5172:"The outback ostriches — Australia's loneliest birds"
3475:
A platter of ostrich meat in Oudtshoorn, South Africa
2607:
In mammals and common ostriches, the increase of the
1702:
Only 15% of the surviving chicks reach 1 year of age.
555:
of any living bird (the extinct giant elephant bird (
8089:
7135:
6807:
Skadhauge, E; Warüi CN; Kamau JM; Maloiy GM (1984).
6652:) with the Special References on the Ultrastructure"
4152:
Doherty, James G. (March 1974). "Speed of animals".
3811:
3809:
3387:
2165:
layer. Moreover, similarities also include a larger
8205:
Species text in The Atlas of Southern African Birds
7947:"Shake a tail feather, get out to Ostrich Festival"
7521:"Do ostriches really bury their heads in the sand?"
6512:Tadjalli, M.; Ghazi, S. R. & Parto, P. (2009).
6358:(3rd ed.). Sunderland, MA: Sinauer Associates.
6215:
6213:
6211:
6209:
6207:
6205:
6203:
6201:
6199:
6197:
6195:
6193:
3076:helps to warm the cerebral blood that supplies the
2296:shows the highest amount of these Purkinje fibers.
7997:"Canterbury brings the Middle East to the Midwest"
7246:"Strawberry season has started - The Elephant Mum"
6354:Hill, W.R.; Wyse, A.G. & Anderson, M. (2012).
6191:
6189:
6187:
6185:
6183:
6181:
6179:
6177:
6175:
6173:
6153:The ostrich : biology, production, and health
5496:
5431:
4745:
4388:
3733:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T45020636A132189458.en
2406:. Hot, arid habitats pose osmotic stress, such as
765:to which wing muscles attach in flying birds. The
8140:. New York, NY: Harpercollins. pp. 170–171.
6455:
3806:
3752:
3750:
494:), which was recognized as a distinct species by
8643:
7405:
7101:. Ratite Science Newsletter: 1–4. Archived from
6997:
6802:
6800:
6798:
6796:
6794:
6792:
6790:
6788:
6786:
6353:
4974:
4972:
4890:Freitag, Stefanie; Robinson, Terence J. (1993).
4696:The Clements Checklist of the Birds of the World
4320:
4176:
4174:
3207:is body mass, and metabolic rate is measured in
2117:development, along with elaborate parabronchial
1517:these could have been fairly distant relatives.
769:is flat and broad, with a rounded tip. Like all
8024:"King of the Roxy seeks another crown at Ellis"
7887:. Sarasota, FL: Pineapple Press, Inc. pp.
7792:
7718:
6749:
6747:
6507:
6505:
6503:
6501:
6499:
6497:
6495:
6170:
5782:
5780:
5459:
5457:
5455:
5453:
5084:
5082:
5080:
5078:
5076:
5020:Elzanowski, Andrzej; Louchart, Antoine (2022).
4936:
4934:
4889:
4840:
4838:
4812:
4456:. Sandiegozoo.org. Retrieved on 21 August 2012.
4301:
4266:Davies, S. J. J. F.; Bertram, B. C. R. (2003).
3188:g h. This value can further be described using
2922:between the common ostrich and ambient heat is
817:The common ostrich was originally described by
7474:
7406:Attwater, Donald, ed. (1997). "Ostrich Eggs".
7181:Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture
6745:
6743:
6741:
6739:
6737:
6735:
6733:
6731:
6729:
6727:
6685:
6683:
6681:
6679:
6373:
5708:eggs: the origins of stone-throwing behaviour"
5346:"Ostriches Don't Hide Their Heads in the Sand"
5280:
5278:
4635:
4297:
4295:
4044:
3747:
3507:is a dish prepared using common ostrich meat.
2479:urine; cloacal urine has been found to be 800
1781:The female common ostrich lays her fertilized
7445:
7199:
6941:
6939:
6937:
6935:
6783:
6369:
6367:
6365:
5894:
5648:The Guinness Book of Animal Facts & Feats
5617:. Reader's Digest Association, Inc. pp.
4969:
4792:. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press. p. 26.
4781:
4779:
4777:
4775:
4773:
4771:
4497:. Cape Town: Struik Publishers. p. 164.
4265:
4171:
3065:Finally, they suggest that warm venous blood
3017:, a network of arteries originating from the
2571:, and samples or quantitative collections of
1935:to the cervical vertebrae extending from the
849:The common ostrich belongs to the Infraclass
8216:Index for various ostrich studies and papers
7905:
7451:
7401:
7399:
7397:
7395:
7085:
7083:
7081:
6993:
6991:
6989:
6846:
6844:
6813:Quarterly Journal of Experimental Physiology
6492:
5777:
5503:. New York, NY: Dorling Kindersley. p.
5450:
5073:
5055:Fuller, Errol (2001) . Bunney, Sarah (ed.).
4978:
4940:
4931:
4835:
4574:
4572:
4486:
4484:
4482:
4345:
4274:. Buffalo, NY: Firefly Books, Ltd. pp.
2641:
2032:
1773:
1766:
1389:The Clements Checklist of Birds of the World
7676:"Agritourism helps ostrich farm fly high".
7657:Canadian Ostrich Association (April 2008).
7475:Kreibich, Andreas; Sommer, Mathias (1995).
7174:
7172:
7170:
6878:Bennett, Darin C.; Yutaka Karasawa (2003).
6724:
6676:
6641:
6639:
6637:
6349:
6347:
6345:
6343:
6341:
6339:
6337:
6335:
6333:
6331:
6329:
6327:
6325:
6323:
6321:
6319:
6317:
6315:
6313:
6311:
6264:Biology and Comparative Physiology of Birds
6145:
6143:
6141:
6139:
6137:
6135:
6133:
6131:
6129:
6127:
6125:
6123:
6121:
6119:
6117:
6115:
6113:
6111:
6109:
6107:
6105:
6103:
6101:
6099:
6097:
6095:
6093:
6091:
6089:
6087:
5936:
5888:
5867:
5865:
5614:Birds: Their Lifes, Their Ways, Their World
5521:
5275:
5097:. University of Michigan Museum of Zoology.
4689:
4687:
4685:
4683:
4552:Biology and Comparative Physiology of Birds
4292:
4261:
4259:
4257:
4255:
4253:
4251:
4249:
3929:
3165:When a bird is inactive and unfed, and the
2539:generous quantities of highly concentrated
2392:
1467:
7739:
7045:
6932:
6362:
6309:
6307:
6305:
6303:
6301:
6299:
6297:
6295:
6293:
6291:
6261:
6085:
6083:
6081:
6079:
6077:
6075:
6073:
6071:
6069:
6067:
6023:
6021:
6019:
6017:
6015:
6013:
6011:
5606:
5604:
5602:
5600:
5258:
4847:"The Bitter Fate of Ostriches in the Wild"
4768:
4382:
4339:
4122:
4120:
4118:
4116:
4114:
4112:
4110:
3463:An ostrich in captivity in a farm park in
3260:
3051:They first suggest a possible increase in
2959:when faced with low ambient temperatures.
391:
144:
113:
8015:
7767:
7468:
7426:
7392:
7375:
7365:
7252:
7078:
7043:
7041:
7039:
7037:
7035:
7033:
7031:
7029:
7027:
7025:
7004:Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology A
6986:
6945:
6850:
6841:
6824:
6757:Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology A
6707:
6667:
6625:
6597:
6380:Respiratory Physiology & Neurobiology
6030:Respiratory Physiology & Neurobiology
5919:
5895:Hayward, M. W.; Kerley, G. I. H. (2005).
5723:
5721:
5252:
5226:
5216:
5108:Ostriches in Australia – and near my home
5030:Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society
4996:
4736:
4585:Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology A
4569:
4517:
4511:
4479:
4208:
4198:
4108:
4106:
4104:
4102:
4100:
4098:
4096:
4094:
4092:
4090:
4070:
4021:
3972:
3920:
3891:
3873:
3731:
3541:List of racing forms § Animal racing
3128:is 38 °C (100 °F), that of the
2868:on the systemic arterioles and acts as a
1672:reproduce several times over its lifetime
8211:British Domesticated Ostrich Association
8021:
7988:
7957:
7547:"Africa—Cape of Good Hope, Ostrich Farm"
7432:
7258:
7167:
6634:
6556:
6514:"Gross anatomy of the heart in Ostrich (
5862:
5817:
5665:
5490:
5425:
5366:
5360:
5110:. trevorsbirding.com (13 September 2007)
4754:"North African Ostrich Recovery Project"
4718:
4712:
4693:
4680:
4617:
4611:
4548:
4542:
4246:
4230:
4228:
3997:
3563:
3544:
3510:Some common ostrich farms also cater to
3470:
3458:
3419:
3411:
3359:
3307:
3264:
3087:
2502:of the dorsal wall. They are covered by
1984:
1894:
1805:
1657:
1646:
1580:
1539:
1531:
1527:
7963:
7604:. Roden Leather Company. Archived from
7331:
7308:
7205:
7178:
7136:Louw, Gideon; Belonje, Coetzee (1969).
6899:
6893:
6288:
6149:
6064:
6008:
5640:
5638:
5610:
5597:
5527:
5411:. Berlin: Springer-Verlag. p. 26.
5404:
5398:
5383:
5316:
5310:
5284:
5088:
4941:Bezuidenhout, Cornelius Carlos (1999).
4883:
4806:
4151:
4145:
4045:Sellers, W. I.; Manning, P. L. (2007).
2962:
2929:
2699::plasma ratio is approximately 2.5, or
801:differs from other ratites in that the
632:Head feathers are a thin layer of down.
8644:
8135:
7999:. Southwest Newspapers. Archived from
7994:
7938:
7911:
7874:
7599:
7492:
7452:Kruszelnicki, Karl (2 November 2006).
7314:
7022:
6156:. Wallingford : CABi. pp. 62–64.
5841:Longhorn Lester's (13 November 2023).
5718:
5343:
5337:
5054:
5048:
4666:. London: Facts on File. p. 176.
4126:
4087:
3914:
3786:
3483:, the English are credited with first
2719:, alongside their kidneys, to control
2410:, which triggers the common ostrich's
1514:Birbal Sahni Institute of Palaeobotany
821:from Sweden in his 18th-century work,
738:on the larger, inner toe resembling a
8230:
8229:
8154:
7944:
7880:
7843:
7786:
7770:"Extreme Race Day at Canterbury Park"
7761:
7593:
7573:
7129:
6550:
6449:
5813:
5811:
5734:Tropical Animal Health and Production
5434:The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Birds
4844:
4785:
4661:
4655:
4454:San Diego Zoo's Animal Bytes: Ostrich
4314:
4225:
2684:In times of water deprivation, urine
2161:shaped heart and being enclosed by a
1899:Diagrammatic location of the air sacs
579:for a harem of two to seven females.
8629:E3FEA23C-1913-4FF3-8914-5E46227AE02C
7914:"Florian-Ayala Fauna: Art Magickian"
7849:
7650:
7628:"Are ratites "red" or "white" meat?"
7539:
7089:
6255:
5787:National Geographic Society (2009).
5644:
5635:
5578:
5572:
4874:"Archived 2014 discussion: Ostrich (
4490:
3782:
3780:
3778:
3579:The racing is also a part of modern
3416:Fashion accessories, Amsterdam, 1919
2879:, excreting nitrogen in the form of
2776:concentrations and small changes in
2458:is stored in the coprodeum, and the
2299:
2248:and continues on into the tissue as
1614:. When eating, they will fill their
8652:IUCN Red List least concern species
7462:Australian Broadcasting Corporation
7433:Gosselin, Michael (December 2010).
7209:Environmental Physiology of Animals
6614:International Journal of Morphology
6466:The Journal of Experimental Biology
5472:
5466:The Ostrich Communal Nesting System
5177:Australian Broadcasting Corporation
4821:. Walter de Gruyter. p. 1149.
4636:Douglas Harper (11 December 2013).
3830:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
3719:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
3116:needs. The common ostrich utilizes
2886:
2804:and SCFA found in the lower colon.
1406:, do not recognize it as separate.
1099:Rivers. It is farmed for its meat,
13:
8157:Handbook of the Birds of the World
8085:
7884:200 Quick Looks at Florida History
7793:Modern Mechanix (September 1929).
7149:Scient. Pap. Namib Desert Res. STN
6709:10.1111/j.1432-1033.1977.tb11700.x
6456:Maina, J.N.; Nathaniel C. (2001).
6272:10.1016/B978-1-4832-3143-3.50014-9
5945:"Prey preferences of the leopard (
5808:
5686:10.1111/j.1474-919X.1989.tb02737.x
5581:Zoology: An Inside View of Animals
5323:. London: Continuum. p. 300.
5119:
4845:Rinat, Zafrir (25 December 2007).
4662:Gotch, A.F. (1995) . "Ostriches".
4518:Brand, T. S.; Gous, R. M. (2006).
4308:The New International Encyclopædia
4129:Grzimek's Animal Life Encyclopedia
2526:
2417:
1927:. The tip of the tongue then lies
501:The common ostrich belongs to the
14:
8718:
8185:
8138:Symbolic and Mythological Animals
7853:Weird and Wonderful Science Facts
6563:Anatomia, Histologia, Embryologia
5996:10.1111/j.1469-7998.2006.00184.x.
5408:The Ecophysiology of Desert Birds
5193:"Ostriches Sleep like Platypuses"
4494:The Garden Route and Little Karoo
4270:. In Perrins, Christopher (ed.).
3787:Brands, Sheila (14 August 2008).
3775:
2604:from 20 L·d to only 0.3–0.5 L·d.
2523:to the urodeum until discharged.
2387:
1903:Morphology of the common ostrich
1279:; it became extinct around 1966.
903:Subspecies of the common ostrich
734:(most birds have four), with the
486:order of birds. The other is the
8692:Extant Miocene first appearances
8191:
8120:
8106:
8092:
8056:
8049:DeMocker, Michael (August 2014)
8043:
7912:Barton, Dave (7 February 2013).
7856:. Sterling Pub Co. Inc. p.
7817:
7747:"Ostrich riding in South Africa"
7712:
7698:
7684:
7669:
7620:
7574:Bryce, Emma (20 February 2023).
7567:
7295:
7238:
7226:
7120:
6826:10.1113/expphysiol.1984.sp002870
6696:European Journal of Biochemistry
6656:International Journal of Zoology
6575:10.1111/j.1439-0264.2011.01109.x
5968:10.1111/j.1469-7998.2006.00139.x
5882:"Epic cheetah hunt filmed in HD"
5480:"Ostriches "Flirt With Farmers""
5405:Maclean, Gordon Lindsay (1996).
5344:Hiskey, Daven (12 August 2010).
4872:Taylor, Joe (4 September 2013).
4187:Annals of Medicine & Surgery
3366:Church of Saint Lazarus, Larnaca
3214:In common ostriches, a BMR (mL O
2609:glomerular filtration rate (GFR)
2141:
1810:Young female chased by a cheetah
1755:
1743:
1731:
1719:
1707:
1695:
1372:
1287:
1260:Was formerly very common in the
1229:
1199:Democratic Republic of the Congo
1142:
1124:Democratic Republic of the Congo
1059:
754:, and 20–23 secondary feathers.
694:
685:
673:
661:
649:
644:Long eyelashes protect the eyes.
637:
625:
563:and the south island giant moa (
186:
35:
7922:. OC Weekly, LP. Archived from
7768:Palosaari, Ben (19 July 2008).
7261:American Journal of Archaeology
7092:"Ostrich Welfare and Transport"
6871:
6627:10.4067/S0717-95022012000300040
6414:
5999:
5989:
5897:"Prey preferences of the lion (
5874:
5853:
5834:
5799:
5768:
5692:
5377:
5243:
5184:
5164:
5139:
5122:"Ostriches lived in India once"
5113:
5101:
5013:
4866:
4725:Bird Conservation International
4629:
4555:. Academic Press. p. 446.
4525:Feeding in Domestic Vertebrates
4459:
4447:
4425:
4237:
4167:Physics World, February 2, 2017
4160:
4038:
4010:Molecular Biology and Evolution
3708:BirdLife International (2018).
3603:, consists of both ostrich and
3407:
3229:, heat is produced to maintain
2986:below their body temperatures (
2800:. There is no net movements of
2735:
2710:
1943:, where the trachea enters the
730:, having just two toes on each
8029:Evansville Courier & Press
8022:Ethridge, Tim (18 July 2009).
7525:Science World British Columbia
7479:. Landwirtschaftsverlag GmbH.
6964:10.1086/physzool.68.1.30163924
6918:10.1086/physzool.56.4.30155880
6423:News in Physiological Sciences
5367:Halcombe, John Joseph (1872).
3908:
3849:
3677:
3599:. Likewise, the arts scene in
3583:. Within the United States, a
3293:. Of its five subspecies, the
2715:A number of avian species use
2136:
1919:cavity lying posterior to the
1885:
597:
1:
7301:Anderson, Richard L. (2004).
6769:10.1016/S0300-9629(76)80046-1
5843:"Ostrich Decapitates Coyote!"
5469:. Princeton University Press.
5285:Stewart, D. (1 August 2006).
4597:10.1016/S1095-6433(03)00006-0
4522:. In Bels, Vincent L. (ed.).
4391:Brain, Behavior and Evolution
4348:Brain, Behavior and Evolution
4272:Firefly Encyclopedia of Birds
4183:"Abdominal trauma by ostrich"
3690:
3364:Eggs on the oil lamps of the
3235:standard metabolic rate (SMR)
3149:
3059:blood arriving from the core.
2831:. Two antidiuretic hormones,
2567:has been based on samples of
2104:Common ostriches develop via
2061:). The oxygen rich air flows
2041:
1880:
890:
7945:Scott, Luci (8 March 2011).
7706:"South Africa Ostrich Rides"
7441:. Canadian Museum of Nature.
7072:10.1016/0306-4565(94)90042-6
7016:10.1016/0300-9629(88)91088-2
5463:Bertram, Brian C.R. (1992).
5297:National Wildlife Federation
5218:10.1371/journal.pone.0023203
4979:Bezuidenhout, A. J. (1984).
4819:Concise Encyclopedia Biology
4549:Marshall, Alan John (1960).
3312:Roman mosaic, 2nd century AD
3289:to treat it as a species of
3239:resting metabolic rate (RMR)
2819:ions all increase; however,
2404:surface area to volume ratio
2106:Intussusceptive angiogenesis
1947:, dividing into two primary
1801:
1653:Ngorongoro Conservation Area
7:
8702:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
8687:Birds of Sub-Saharan Africa
7995:Fluker, Meryn (July 2007).
5818:Hurxthal, Lewis M. (1986).
5732:) ecology and physiology".
4642:Online Etymology Dictionary
3658:
3269:The Ketola Ostrich Farm in
2657:that hold up to 87% water.
2491:layering of the coprodeum.
2121:, and reorientation of the
2001:
1570:animals, such as zebras or
946:in the east throughout the
812:
10:
8723:
7052:Journal of Thermal Biology
6854:Ostrich Production Systems
6392:10.1016/j.resp.2009.09.011
6042:10.1016/j.resp.2011.11.005
5789:"Ostrich Struthio camelus"
5651:. Sterling Publishing Co.
5042:10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab049
4751:Sahara Conservation Fund:
4200:10.1016/j.amsu.2014.12.004
3556:In some countries, people
3538:
3517:
3393:Contrary to popular belief
3175:basal metabolic rate (BMR)
3092:The common ostrich has no
2494:Common ostriches have two
2414:response to osmoregulate.
1890:
1597:
1512:Research conducted by the
958:in the west, and north to
129:) male (left) and females
16:Species of flightless bird
8238:
8221:World Ostrich Association
8064:"Ostrich Races in the US"
7725:. Penguin. pp. 76–.
7602:"Genuine Ostrich Leather"
7439:Natural History Notebooks
7233:Strutsitarha Ketolan Tila
6531:(1): 21–7. Archived from
5930:10.1017/S0952836905007508
5820:"Our gang, ostrich style"
5746:10.1007/s11250-009-9428-2
5317:Werness, Hope B. (2006).
4738:10.1017/S0959270906000487
3726:: e.T45020636A132189458.
3534:
3487:common ostriches outside
3325:and African centres like
3316:
2642:Water intake and turnover
2006:The common ostrich is an
1726:Recently hatched from egg
1642:
399:
390:
324:
319:
298:
291:
183:Scientific classification
181:
164:
142:
133:
121:
112:
23:
7881:Clark, James C. (2000).
7719:Coyne, Jerry A. (2010).
6851:Shanawany, M.M. (1999).
5436:. Barnes and Noble Inc.
5384:Jelagat, Chemis (2009).
5089:Donegan, Keenan (2002).
4694:Clements, James (2007).
4625:(in Latin). p. 155.
3922:10.3410/f.1115666.571731
3793:Project: The Taxonomicon
3670:
2851:(ADH) which targets the
2833:Arginine vasotocin (AVT)
2397:The common ostrich is a
2393:Physiological challenges
1666:Common ostriches become
1468:Distribution and habitat
1417:due to formation of the
979:Central African Republic
859:. Other members include
8697:Birds described in 1758
7953:. The Arizona Republic.
7493:Ekesbo, Ingvar (2011).
7477:Ostrich Farm Management
7367:10.1073/pnas.0913047107
6478:10.1242/jeb.204.13.2313
6435:10.1152/nips.01395.2001
4719:Thiollay, J.M. (2006).
3965:10.1126/science.1251981
3388:"Head in the sand" myth
3261:Status and conservation
2979:to increase heat loss.
2948:conductance coefficient
2796:and water and secretes
2766:short-chain fatty acids
2187:interventricular septum
1970:air sacs including the
1448:Struthio camelus spatzi
1345:in northeastern Kenya.
809:bones are unconnected.
590:. Its skin is used for
8136:Cooper, J. C. (1992).
7964:Hedding, Judy (2008).
7692:"Curacao Ostrich Farm"
7454:"Ostrich head in sand"
6150:Deeming, D.C. (1999).
5579:Hyde, Kenneth (2004).
5287:"A Bird Like No Other"
4435:. TheWonderofBirds.com
4063:10.1098/rspb.2007.0846
3875:10.3390/biology2010419
3837:: e.T22732795A95049558
3823:Struthio molybdophanes
3817:BirdLife International
3576:
3553:
3476:
3468:
3434:
3417:
3369:
3355:Diepkloof Rock Shelter
3313:
3287:BirdLife International
3277:
2679:Euphorbia heterochroma
2654:Euphorbia heterochroma
2444:microbial fermentation
2352:ostrich uses inositol
2183:atrioventricular valve
2154:and systemic circuit.
2037:
1990:
1900:
1811:
1778:
1771:
1750:Female incubating eggs
1663:
1655:
1626:) the food enters the
1586:
1558:
1537:
1446:was once separated as
1394:BirdLife International
1256:Middle Eastern ostrich
1186:and parts of southern
1103:, and feathers in the
777:, and it also lacks a
710:However, the head and
582:The common ostrich is
542:largest living species
496:BirdLife International
492:Struthio molybdophanes
8562:Paleobiology Database
7850:Pyke, Magnus (1985).
7722:Why Evolution Is True
7600:Lappin, Alan (2017).
7552:World Digital Library
7499:. CABI. p. 181.
7458:ABC Science: In Depth
7409:A Catholic Dictionary
7305:2nd edition. Pearson.
7206:Willmer, Pat (2009).
6952:Physiological Zoology
6906:Physiological Zoology
5702:Neophron percnopterus
5645:Wood, Gerald (1983).
5392:University of Nairobi
4786:Roots, Clive (2006).
4433:"Bird claws or nails"
4023:10.1093/molbev/msu153
3589:Jacksonville, Florida
3581:South African culture
3575:1933, The Netherlands
3574:
3550:Jacksonville, Florida
3548:
3495:, as well as high in
3474:
3462:
3432:
3415:
3382:prayer be fruitless.
3363:
3311:
3268:
3088:Breathing adaptations
2891:Common ostriches are
2690:osmotic concentration
2613:urine flow rate (UFR)
2219:atrioventricular node
2193:is occurring. In the
2169:volume and a thicker
2090:respiratory alkalosis
2036:
1988:
1898:
1874:East African cheetahs
1809:
1777:
1770:
1661:
1650:
1610:to grind food in the
1584:
1548:
1535:
1528:Behaviour and ecology
1348:Northeastern Africa:
1323:), also known as the
1160:), also known as the
1077:), also known as the
1070:South African ostrich
968:Critically Endangered
928:), also known as the
921:North African ostrich
773:, the ostrich has no
761:is flat, lacking the
757:The common ostrich's
355:South African ostrich
341:North African ostrich
7976:on 15 September 2009
7799:Mechanix Illustrated
7321:Anthropology Leaflet
6472:(Pt 13): 2313–2330.
5348:. Todayifoundout.com
5263:. Digital West Media
5095:Animal Diversity Web
3758:"Appendices | CITES"
3665:Tallest extant birds
3611:, hosts the annual "
3374:Eastern Christianity
2988:thermal neutral zone
2984:ambient temperatures
2963:Internal adaptations
2940:convective heat loss
2930:Physical adaptations
2920:temperature gradient
2849:antidiuretic hormone
2545:uric acid and urates
2252:branches toward the
1829:African hunting dogs
1442:The population from
1384:Tree of Life Project
1166:East African ostrich
1079:black-necked ostrich
835:is derived from the
8203:(Common) Ostrich –
7638:on 15 November 2022
7358:2010PNAS..107.6180T
7315:Laufer, B. (1926).
7212:. Wiley-Blackwell.
7108:on 28 December 2013
7090:Mitchell, Malcolm.
7064:1994JTBio..19..423P
6669:10.1155/2013/293643
5977:on 29 February 2020
5795:on 7 February 2010.
5700:"Egyptian Vultures
5542:1979Natur.279..233B
5259:Desert USA (1996).
5209:2011PLoSO...623203L
4756:. 16 September 2019
4638:"struthious (adj.)"
4520:"Feeding ostriches"
4491:Nell, Leon (2003).
4323:The Birds of Africa
4057:(1626): 2711–2716.
3957:2014Sci...344..898M
3401:National Geographic
3335:Arsinoe II of Egypt
3227:thermo-neutral zone
3223:ambient temperature
3196:Metabolic rate = 70
3171:thermo-neutral zone
3167:ambient temperature
3004:ambient temperature
2861:extracellular fluid
2191:ventricular systole
2070:total lung capacity
2051:inspiratory muscles
1536:Two birds "dancing"
1462:Struthio bidactylus
1398:IOC World Bird List
1325:blue-necked ostrich
1299:
1162:pink-necked ostrich
1091:Found south of the
904:
855:commonly known as
136:Conservation status
8662:Domesticated birds
8003:on 24 October 2007
7966:"Ostrich Festival"
7831:. 30 December 2021
7805:on 28 January 2016
7527:. 11 December 2015
5956:Journal of Zoology
5908:Journal of Zoology
5884:. 12 October 2009.
5500:Birds of the World
5151:The Times of India
5091:"Struthio camelus"
4985:Journal of Anatomy
3597:history of Florida
3585:tourist attraction
3577:
3554:
3481:Frank G. Carpenter
3477:
3469:
3435:
3418:
3370:
3314:
3278:
3225:is lower than the
3110:lung surface shunt
2632:circulatory system
2549:renal conservation
2446:chambers used for
2362:incubation periods
2347:Furthermore, the P
2290:conducting pathway
2055:expiratory muscles
2038:
2013:diaphragmatic pump
1991:
1901:
1868:on one occasion.
1812:
1779:
1772:
1664:
1656:
1587:
1559:
1538:
1522:Australian outback
1499:Dahlak Archipelago
1329:Found in southern
1297:
1250:also known as the
930:red-necked ostrich
902:
827:under its current
680:Claws on the wings
8639:
8638:
8549:Open Tree of Life
8232:Taxon identifiers
8196:Works related to
8166:978-84-87334-09-2
8147:978-1-85538-118-6
8068:Sand-boarding.com
7926:on 6 October 2016
7898:978-1-56164-200-7
7867:978-0-8069-6254-2
7829:Sand-boarding.com
7782:on 18 March 2015.
7749:. SouthAfrica.com
7732:978-0-14-311664-6
7608:on 10 August 2020
7419:978-0-89555-549-6
7352:(14): 6180–6185.
7187:(10): 1293–1301.
6864:978-92-5-104300-4
6356:Animal Physiology
6281:978-1-4832-3143-3
6163:978-0-85199-350-8
5658:978-0-85112-235-9
5628:978-0-89577-065-3
5590:978-0-7575-0170-8
5536:(5710): 233–234.
5514:978-1-56458-295-9
5443:978-0-7607-0152-2
5418:978-3-540-59269-3
5292:National Wildlife
5180:. September 2018.
5066:978-0-19-850837-3
4828:978-3-11-010661-9
4799:978-0-313-33545-7
4705:978-0-8014-4501-9
4673:978-0-8160-3377-5
4619:Linnaeus, Carolus
4535:978-1-84593-063-9
4504:978-1-86872-856-5
4403:10.1159/000047265
4360:10.1159/000047218
4332:978-0-12-137301-6
4285:978-1-55297-777-4
4138:978-0-7876-5784-0
3951:(6186): 898–900.
3609:Chandler, Arizona
3601:Indio, California
3572:
3430:
3019:ophthalmic artery
3008:cerebral arteries
2829:hypovolemic state
2827:, resulting in a
2717:nasal salt glands
2581:plasma osmolality
2555:conducted on the
2300:Blood composition
2292:of the heart the
2254:apex of the heart
2152:pulmonary circuit
2127:blood–gas barrier
2108:, a mechanism of
1853:Egyptian vultures
1546:
1494:Arabian ostriches
1492:populations. The
1429:bird of the open
1419:East African Rift
1408:Mitochondrial DNA
1380:
1379:
1295:
1294:
1262:Arabian Peninsula
1114:Southern Africa:
973:Northern Africa:
565:Dinornis robustus
557:Aepyornis maximus
449:
448:
445:
444:
403:distribution map
383:
368:
354:
340:
176:
159:
8714:
8667:Flightless birds
8632:
8631:
8619:
8618:
8616:Struthio-camelus
8606:
8605:
8596:
8595:
8583:
8582:
8570:
8569:
8557:
8556:
8544:
8543:
8531:
8530:
8518:
8517:
8515:NHMSYS0001689684
8505:
8504:
8492:
8491:
8479:
8478:
8466:
8465:
8453:
8452:
8440:
8439:
8427:
8426:
8414:
8413:
8401:
8400:
8388:
8387:
8375:
8374:
8362:
8361:
8349:
8348:
8336:
8335:
8326:
8325:
8323:2247CB050A76CF8E
8313:
8312:
8310:struthio-camelus
8300:
8299:
8297:Struthio_camelus
8287:
8286:
8284:Struthio_camelus
8274:
8273:
8272:
8270:Struthio camelus
8259:
8258:
8257:
8240:Struthio camelus
8227:
8226:
8195:
8181:
8170:
8151:
8130:
8125:
8124:
8123:
8116:
8111:
8110:
8109:
8102:
8097:
8096:
8080:
8079:
8077:
8075:
8070:. 31 August 2021
8060:
8054:
8047:
8041:
8040:
8038:
8036:
8019:
8013:
8012:
8010:
8008:
7992:
7986:
7985:
7983:
7981:
7972:. Archived from
7961:
7955:
7954:
7942:
7936:
7935:
7933:
7931:
7909:
7903:
7902:
7878:
7872:
7871:
7847:
7841:
7840:
7838:
7836:
7821:
7815:
7814:
7812:
7810:
7801:. Archived from
7790:
7784:
7783:
7778:. Archived from
7765:
7759:
7758:
7756:
7754:
7743:
7737:
7736:
7716:
7710:
7709:
7702:
7696:
7695:
7688:
7682:
7681:
7680:. 19 March 2007.
7673:
7667:
7666:
7661:. Archived from
7654:
7648:
7647:
7645:
7643:
7624:
7618:
7617:
7615:
7613:
7597:
7591:
7590:
7588:
7586:
7571:
7565:
7564:
7562:
7560:
7543:
7537:
7536:
7534:
7532:
7517:
7511:
7510:
7490:
7472:
7466:
7465:
7449:
7443:
7442:
7430:
7424:
7423:
7403:
7390:
7389:
7379:
7369:
7335:
7329:
7328:
7312:
7306:
7299:
7293:
7292:
7256:
7250:
7249:
7242:
7236:
7230:
7224:
7223:
7203:
7197:
7196:
7176:
7165:
7164:
7162:
7160:
7146:
7140:Struthio Camelus
7133:
7127:
7124:
7118:
7117:
7115:
7113:
7107:
7096:
7087:
7076:
7075:
7047:
7020:
7019:
7000:Struthio camelus
6995:
6984:
6983:
6948:Struthio camelus
6943:
6930:
6929:
6902:Struthio camelus
6897:
6891:
6890:
6888:
6882:Struthio Camelus
6875:
6869:
6868:
6848:
6839:
6838:
6828:
6804:
6781:
6780:
6751:
6722:
6721:
6711:
6687:
6674:
6673:
6671:
6650:Struthio camelus
6643:
6632:
6631:
6629:
6620:(3): 1013–1018.
6608:Struthio Camelus
6601:
6595:
6594:
6559:Struthio camelus
6554:
6548:
6547:
6545:
6543:
6538:on 18 March 2017
6537:
6525:Iran J. Vet. Res
6522:
6516:Struthio camelus
6509:
6490:
6489:
6460:Struthio camelus
6453:
6447:
6446:
6418:
6412:
6411:
6376:Struthio camelus
6371:
6360:
6359:
6351:
6286:
6285:
6259:
6253:
6252:
6226:
6217:
6168:
6167:
6147:
6062:
6061:
6036:(2–3): 183–192.
6025:
6006:
6003:
5997:
5993:
5987:
5986:
5984:
5982:
5976:
5970:. Archived from
5953:
5940:
5934:
5933:
5923:
5905:
5892:
5886:
5885:
5878:
5872:
5869:
5860:
5857:
5851:
5850:
5838:
5832:
5831:
5815:
5806:
5803:
5797:
5796:
5791:. Archived from
5784:
5775:
5772:
5766:
5765:
5730:Struthio camelus
5725:
5716:
5715:
5706:Struthio camelus
5696:
5690:
5689:
5669:
5663:
5662:
5642:
5633:
5632:
5608:
5595:
5594:
5576:
5570:
5569:
5550:10.1038/279233a0
5525:
5519:
5518:
5494:
5488:
5487:
5476:
5470:
5461:
5448:
5447:
5429:
5423:
5422:
5402:
5396:
5395:
5381:
5375:
5374:
5364:
5358:
5357:
5355:
5353:
5341:
5335:
5334:
5314:
5308:
5307:
5305:
5303:
5282:
5273:
5272:
5270:
5268:
5256:
5250:
5247:
5241:
5240:
5230:
5220:
5188:
5182:
5181:
5168:
5162:
5161:
5159:
5157:
5143:
5137:
5136:
5134:
5132:
5117:
5111:
5105:
5099:
5098:
5086:
5071:
5070:
5052:
5046:
5045:
5017:
5011:
5010:
5000:
4976:
4967:
4966:
4964:
4962:
4957:on 18 March 2017
4953:. Archived from
4945:Struthio camelus
4938:
4929:
4928:
4900:
4894:Struthio camelus
4887:
4881:
4876:Struthio camelus
4870:
4864:
4863:
4861:
4859:
4842:
4833:
4832:
4810:
4804:
4803:
4789:Flightless Birds
4783:
4766:
4765:
4763:
4761:
4749:
4743:
4742:
4740:
4716:
4710:
4709:
4691:
4678:
4677:
4659:
4653:
4652:
4650:
4648:
4633:
4627:
4626:
4615:
4609:
4608:
4581:Struthio camelus
4576:
4567:
4566:
4546:
4540:
4539:
4515:
4509:
4508:
4488:
4477:
4476:
4463:
4457:
4451:
4445:
4444:
4442:
4440:
4429:
4423:
4422:
4386:
4380:
4379:
4343:
4337:
4336:
4318:
4312:
4311:
4299:
4290:
4289:
4263:
4244:
4241:
4235:
4232:
4223:
4222:
4212:
4202:
4178:
4169:
4164:
4158:
4157:
4149:
4143:
4142:
4124:
4085:
4084:
4074:
4042:
4036:
4035:
4025:
4016:(7): 1686–1696.
4001:
3995:
3994:
3976:
3942:
3933:
3927:
3926:
3924:
3912:
3906:
3905:
3895:
3877:
3853:
3847:
3846:
3844:
3842:
3813:
3804:
3803:
3801:
3799:
3784:
3773:
3772:
3770:
3768:
3754:
3745:
3744:
3742:
3740:
3735:
3712:Struthio camelus
3705:
3684:
3681:
3613:Ostrich Festival
3573:
3431:
3351:Middle Stone Age
3339:Hunter-gatherers
3257: g h.
3231:body temperature
3118:gular fluttering
3102:evaporative heat
2936:thermoregulation
2887:Thermoregulation
2866:vasoconstriction
2822:
2818:
2814:
2810:
2803:
2799:
2795:
2791:
2787:
2783:
2779:
2775:
2763:
2755:
2747:
2585:urine osmolality
2561:Poiseuille's Law
2270:atrioventricular
2250:interventricular
2185:is fixed to the
2175:systemic circuit
2086:respiration rate
2063:unidirectionally
2043:
1759:
1747:
1735:
1723:
1711:
1699:
1682:males typically
1574:. Ostriches are
1547:
1376:
1321:S. molybdophanes
1300:
1296:
1291:
1249:
1233:
1193:Eastern Africa:
1146:
1130:, South Africa,
1087:southern ostrich
1063:
1027:Western Africa:
905:
901:
899:are recognized:
795:copulatory organ
698:
689:
677:
665:
653:
641:
629:
553:the largest eggs
506:Struthioniformes
458:Struthio camelus
440:S. molybdophanes
438:
429:
419:
410:
405:
404:
395:
378:
363:
349:
332:
304:
302:Struthio camelus
250:Struthioniformes
191:
190:
170:
153:
148:
147:
117:
107:
97:
34:
27:Temporal range:
21:
20:
8722:
8721:
8717:
8716:
8715:
8713:
8712:
8711:
8682:Birds of Africa
8642:
8641:
8640:
8635:
8627:
8622:
8614:
8609:
8601:
8599:
8591:
8586:
8578:
8573:
8565:
8560:
8552:
8547:
8539:
8536:Observation.org
8534:
8526:
8521:
8513:
8508:
8500:
8495:
8487:
8482:
8474:
8469:
8461:
8456:
8448:
8443:
8435:
8430:
8422:
8417:
8409:
8404:
8396:
8391:
8383:
8378:
8370:
8365:
8357:
8352:
8344:
8339:
8331:
8329:
8321:
8316:
8308:
8303:
8295:
8290:
8282:
8277:
8268:
8267:
8262:
8253:
8252:
8247:
8234:
8188:
8167:
8148:
8126:
8121:
8119:
8112:
8107:
8105:
8098:
8091:
8088:
8086:Further reading
8083:
8073:
8071:
8062:
8061:
8057:
8048:
8044:
8034:
8032:
8020:
8016:
8006:
8004:
7993:
7989:
7979:
7977:
7962:
7958:
7943:
7939:
7929:
7927:
7910:
7906:
7899:
7879:
7875:
7868:
7848:
7844:
7834:
7832:
7823:
7822:
7818:
7808:
7806:
7791:
7787:
7766:
7762:
7752:
7750:
7745:
7744:
7740:
7733:
7717:
7713:
7704:
7703:
7699:
7690:
7689:
7685:
7678:Farmer's Weekly
7675:
7674:
7670:
7665:on 6 July 2011.
7655:
7651:
7641:
7639:
7626:
7625:
7621:
7611:
7609:
7598:
7594:
7584:
7582:
7572:
7568:
7558:
7556:
7545:
7544:
7540:
7530:
7528:
7519:
7518:
7514:
7507:
7487:
7473:
7469:
7450:
7446:
7431:
7427:
7420:
7404:
7393:
7336:
7332:
7313:
7309:
7300:
7296:
7257:
7253:
7248:. 19 July 2017.
7244:
7243:
7239:
7231:
7227:
7220:
7204:
7200:
7193:10.1071/EA08142
7177:
7168:
7158:
7156:
7144:
7134:
7130:
7125:
7121:
7111:
7109:
7105:
7099:Ostrich Welfare
7094:
7088:
7079:
7048:
7023:
6996:
6987:
6944:
6933:
6898:
6894:
6889:. pp. vii.
6886:
6876:
6872:
6865:
6849:
6842:
6805:
6784:
6752:
6725:
6688:
6677:
6644:
6635:
6602:
6598:
6555:
6551:
6541:
6539:
6535:
6520:
6510:
6493:
6454:
6450:
6419:
6415:
6372:
6363:
6352:
6289:
6282:
6260:
6256:
6241:10.2307/1365733
6224:
6218:
6171:
6164:
6148:
6065:
6026:
6009:
6004:
6000:
5994:
5990:
5980:
5978:
5974:
5951:
5947:Panthera pardus
5941:
5937:
5921:10.1.1.611.8271
5903:
5893:
5889:
5880:
5879:
5875:
5870:
5863:
5858:
5854:
5839:
5835:
5824:Natural History
5816:
5809:
5804:
5800:
5785:
5778:
5773:
5769:
5726:
5719:
5698:
5697:
5693:
5670:
5666:
5659:
5643:
5636:
5629:
5609:
5598:
5591:
5577:
5573:
5526:
5522:
5515:
5495:
5491:
5486:. 9 March 2003.
5478:
5477:
5473:
5462:
5451:
5444:
5430:
5426:
5419:
5403:
5399:
5382:
5378:
5365:
5361:
5351:
5349:
5342:
5338:
5331:
5315:
5311:
5301:
5299:
5283:
5276:
5266:
5264:
5257:
5253:
5248:
5244:
5189:
5185:
5170:
5169:
5165:
5155:
5153:
5145:
5144:
5140:
5130:
5128:
5118:
5114:
5106:
5102:
5087:
5074:
5067:
5053:
5049:
5018:
5014:
4977:
4970:
4960:
4958:
4939:
4932:
4917:10.2307/4088425
4898:
4888:
4884:
4880:, birdlife.org.
4871:
4867:
4857:
4855:
4843:
4836:
4829:
4811:
4807:
4800:
4784:
4769:
4759:
4757:
4752:
4750:
4746:
4717:
4713:
4706:
4692:
4681:
4674:
4660:
4656:
4646:
4644:
4634:
4630:
4616:
4612:
4577:
4570:
4563:
4547:
4543:
4536:
4516:
4512:
4505:
4489:
4480:
4475:. 30 June 2010.
4465:
4464:
4460:
4452:
4448:
4438:
4436:
4431:
4430:
4426:
4387:
4383:
4344:
4340:
4333:
4319:
4315:
4300:
4293:
4286:
4264:
4247:
4242:
4238:
4233:
4226:
4179:
4172:
4165:
4161:
4154:Natural History
4150:
4146:
4139:
4125:
4088:
4051:Proc. R. Soc. B
4043:
4039:
4002:
3998:
3940:
3934:
3930:
3913:
3909:
3854:
3850:
3840:
3838:
3814:
3807:
3797:
3795:
3785:
3776:
3766:
3764:
3756:
3755:
3748:
3738:
3736:
3706:
3697:
3693:
3688:
3687:
3682:
3678:
3673:
3661:
3633:Prairie Meadows
3625:Canterbury Park
3564:
3558:race each other
3543:
3537:
3520:
3465:Gloucestershire
3420:
3410:
3397:Pliny the Elder
3390:
3347:Howiesons Poort
3331:Kingdom of Kush
3319:
3295:Arabian ostrich
3263:
3256:
3247:metabolic scope
3244:
3217:
3187:
3152:
3107:
3090:
2965:
2932:
2889:
2847:. AVT triggers
2841:hyperosmolality
2820:
2816:
2812:
2808:
2801:
2797:
2793:
2789:
2785:
2781:
2777:
2773:
2761:
2753:
2745:
2738:
2713:
2675:metabolic water
2670:metabolic water
2666:metabolic water
2648:solar radiation
2644:
2529:
2527:Kidney function
2450:breakdown. The
2434:and the paired
2420:
2418:System overview
2395:
2390:
2350:
2343:
2324:is composed of
2318:oxygen affinity
2314:
2302:
2286:sinoatrial node
2282:Purkinje fibers
2246:coronary groove
2211:Purkinje fibers
2207:Moderator bands
2201:Pulmonary veins
2144:
2139:
2004:
1972:interclavicular
1893:
1888:
1883:
1804:
1763:
1760:
1751:
1748:
1739:
1738:Hen with chicks
1736:
1727:
1724:
1715:
1712:
1703:
1700:
1668:sexually mature
1645:
1633:metabolic water
1600:
1555:slow-wave sleep
1549:Sleeping, with
1540:
1530:
1470:
1423:S. c. massaicus
1343:S. c. massaicus
1333:, northeastern
1298:Somali ostrich
1243:
1240:Arabian ostrich
1158:S. c. massaicus
1075:S. c. australis
934:Barbary ostrich
893:
824:Systema Naturae
815:
705:
699:
690:
681:
678:
669:
666:
657:
654:
645:
642:
633:
630:
600:
588:feather dusters
549:living dinosaur
471:flightless bird
436:
431:S. c. massaicus
427:
421:S. c. australis
417:
408:
384:Arabian ostrich
360:S. c. massaicus
346:S. c. australis
315:
306:
300:
287:
284:S. camelus
185:
177:
160:
149:
145:
138:
127:S. c. australis
108:
98:
96:
95:
90:
85:
80:
75:
70:
65:
60:
55:
50:
45:
40:
29:
28:
25:
17:
12:
11:
5:
8720:
8710:
8709:
8704:
8699:
8694:
8689:
8684:
8679:
8674:
8669:
8664:
8659:
8654:
8637:
8636:
8634:
8633:
8620:
8607:
8597:
8584:
8571:
8558:
8545:
8532:
8519:
8506:
8493:
8480:
8467:
8454:
8441:
8428:
8415:
8402:
8389:
8376:
8363:
8350:
8337:
8327:
8314:
8301:
8288:
8275:
8260:
8244:
8242:
8236:
8235:
8224:
8223:
8218:
8213:
8208:
8201:
8187:
8186:External links
8184:
8183:
8182:
8171:
8165:
8152:
8146:
8132:
8131:
8117:
8103:
8100:Animals portal
8087:
8084:
8082:
8081:
8055:
8042:
8014:
7987:
7956:
7937:
7904:
7897:
7873:
7866:
7842:
7816:
7785:
7760:
7738:
7731:
7711:
7697:
7683:
7668:
7659:"Cooking Tips"
7649:
7619:
7592:
7566:
7538:
7512:
7505:
7486:978-3784327297
7485:
7467:
7444:
7425:
7418:
7391:
7330:
7307:
7294:
7273:10.2307/500319
7267:(3): 199–206.
7251:
7237:
7225:
7219:978-1405107242
7218:
7198:
7166:
7128:
7119:
7077:
7058:(6): 423–430.
7021:
7010:(2): 251–256.
6985:
6958:(1): 164–175.
6931:
6912:(4): 568–579.
6892:
6870:
6863:
6840:
6782:
6763:(2): 151–156.
6723:
6702:(3): 567–574.
6675:
6633:
6596:
6549:
6491:
6448:
6429:(5): 197–201.
6413:
6386:(3): 262–270.
6361:
6287:
6280:
6254:
6235:(4): 341–352.
6169:
6162:
6063:
6007:
5998:
5988:
5962:(4): 298–313.
5935:
5914:(3): 309–322.
5887:
5873:
5861:
5852:
5833:
5807:
5798:
5776:
5767:
5740:(3): 363–373.
5717:
5691:
5664:
5657:
5634:
5627:
5596:
5589:
5571:
5520:
5513:
5489:
5471:
5449:
5442:
5424:
5417:
5397:
5376:
5359:
5336:
5329:
5309:
5274:
5251:
5242:
5183:
5163:
5138:
5112:
5100:
5072:
5065:
5047:
5012:
4968:
4930:
4911:(3): 614–622.
4882:
4865:
4834:
4827:
4805:
4798:
4767:
4744:
4731:(4): 353–365.
4711:
4704:
4679:
4672:
4654:
4628:
4610:
4591:(4): 749–755.
4568:
4561:
4541:
4534:
4510:
4503:
4478:
4458:
4446:
4424:
4397:(2): 115–120.
4381:
4354:(6): 340–344.
4338:
4331:
4313:
4291:
4284:
4245:
4236:
4224:
4170:
4159:
4144:
4137:
4086:
4037:
3996:
3928:
3907:
3868:(1): 419–444.
3848:
3805:
3774:
3746:
3694:
3692:
3689:
3686:
3685:
3675:
3674:
3672:
3669:
3668:
3667:
3660:
3657:
3536:
3533:
3519:
3516:
3409:
3406:
3389:
3386:
3349:period of the
3333:. A statue of
3318:
3315:
3299:S. c. syriacus
3262:
3259:
3254:
3242:
3215:
3201:
3200:
3185:
3151:
3148:
3105:
3089:
3086:
3082:
3081:
3063:
3060:
2969:countercurrent
2964:
2961:
2931:
2928:
2905:metabolic heat
2888:
2885:
2875:Ostriches are
2737:
2734:
2712:
2709:
2643:
2640:
2565:renal function
2528:
2525:
2510:, middle, and
2419:
2416:
2394:
2391:
2389:
2388:Osmoregulation
2386:
2378:immunoglobulin
2354:polyphosphates
2348:
2341:
2312:
2306:red blood cell
2301:
2298:
2215:
2214:
2204:
2198:
2173:to fulfil the
2171:left ventricle
2143:
2140:
2138:
2135:
2059:Fick Principle
2031:
2030:
2027:
2024:
2003:
2000:
1892:
1889:
1887:
1884:
1882:
1879:
1833:spotted hyenas
1803:
1800:
1765:
1764:
1761:
1754:
1752:
1749:
1742:
1740:
1737:
1730:
1728:
1725:
1718:
1716:
1713:
1706:
1704:
1701:
1694:
1644:
1641:
1599:
1596:
1529:
1526:
1469:
1466:
1378:
1377:
1370:
1369:
1368:
1327:
1316:Somali ostrich
1311:
1310:
1307:
1304:
1293:
1292:
1285:
1284:
1283:
1258:
1252:Syrian ostrich
1246:S. c. syriacus
1235:
1234:
1227:
1226:
1225:
1168:
1148:
1147:
1140:
1139:
1138:
1089:
1065:
1064:
1057:
1056:
1055:
1025:
936:
916:
915:
912:
909:
892:
889:
881:elephant birds
814:
811:
707:
706:
701:Male running,
700:
693:
691:
684:
682:
679:
672:
670:
667:
660:
658:
655:
648:
646:
643:
636:
634:
631:
624:
599:
596:
488:Somali ostrich
453:common ostrich
447:
446:
443:
442:
433:
424:
423:
414:
397:
396:
388:
387:
386:
385:
375:S. c. syriacus
370:
356:
342:
322:
321:
317:
316:
307:
296:
295:
289:
288:
281:
279:
275:
274:
267:
263:
262:
257:
253:
252:
247:
243:
242:
237:
233:
232:
227:
223:
222:
217:
213:
212:
207:
203:
202:
197:
193:
192:
179:
178:
165:
162:
161:
143:
140:
139:
134:
131:
130:
119:
118:
110:
109:
91:
86:
81:
76:
71:
66:
61:
56:
51:
46:
41:
36:
26:
24:Common ostrich
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
8719:
8708:
8705:
8703:
8700:
8698:
8695:
8693:
8690:
8688:
8685:
8683:
8680:
8678:
8675:
8673:
8670:
8668:
8665:
8663:
8660:
8658:
8655:
8653:
8650:
8649:
8647:
8630:
8625:
8621:
8617:
8612:
8608:
8604:
8598:
8594:
8589:
8585:
8581:
8576:
8572:
8568:
8563:
8559:
8555:
8550:
8546:
8542:
8537:
8533:
8529:
8524:
8520:
8516:
8511:
8507:
8503:
8498:
8494:
8490:
8485:
8481:
8477:
8472:
8468:
8464:
8459:
8455:
8451:
8446:
8442:
8438:
8433:
8429:
8425:
8420:
8416:
8412:
8407:
8403:
8399:
8394:
8390:
8386:
8381:
8377:
8373:
8368:
8364:
8360:
8355:
8351:
8347:
8342:
8338:
8334:
8328:
8324:
8319:
8315:
8311:
8306:
8302:
8298:
8293:
8289:
8285:
8280:
8276:
8271:
8265:
8261:
8256:
8250:
8246:
8245:
8243:
8241:
8237:
8233:
8228:
8222:
8219:
8217:
8214:
8212:
8209:
8206:
8202:
8200:at Wikisource
8199:
8194:
8190:
8189:
8179:
8178:
8172:
8168:
8162:
8158:
8153:
8149:
8143:
8139:
8134:
8133:
8129:
8128:Africa portal
8118:
8115:
8104:
8101:
8095:
8090:
8069:
8065:
8059:
8052:
8046:
8031:
8030:
8025:
8018:
8002:
7998:
7991:
7975:
7971:
7967:
7960:
7952:
7951:AZCentral.com
7948:
7941:
7925:
7921:
7920:
7915:
7908:
7900:
7894:
7890:
7886:
7885:
7877:
7869:
7863:
7859:
7855:
7854:
7846:
7830:
7826:
7820:
7804:
7800:
7796:
7789:
7781:
7777:
7776:
7771:
7764:
7748:
7742:
7734:
7728:
7724:
7723:
7715:
7707:
7701:
7693:
7687:
7679:
7672:
7664:
7660:
7653:
7637:
7633:
7629:
7623:
7607:
7603:
7596:
7581:
7577:
7570:
7554:
7553:
7548:
7542:
7526:
7522:
7516:
7508:
7506:9781845937706
7502:
7498:
7497:
7488:
7482:
7478:
7471:
7463:
7459:
7455:
7448:
7440:
7436:
7429:
7421:
7415:
7411:
7410:
7402:
7400:
7398:
7396:
7387:
7383:
7378:
7373:
7368:
7363:
7359:
7355:
7351:
7347:
7346:
7341:
7334:
7326:
7322:
7318:
7311:
7304:
7298:
7290:
7286:
7282:
7278:
7274:
7270:
7266:
7262:
7255:
7247:
7241:
7234:
7229:
7221:
7215:
7211:
7210:
7202:
7194:
7190:
7186:
7182:
7175:
7173:
7171:
7154:
7150:
7143:
7141:
7132:
7123:
7104:
7100:
7093:
7086:
7084:
7082:
7073:
7069:
7065:
7061:
7057:
7053:
7046:
7044:
7042:
7040:
7038:
7036:
7034:
7032:
7030:
7028:
7026:
7017:
7013:
7009:
7005:
7001:
6994:
6992:
6990:
6981:
6977:
6973:
6969:
6965:
6961:
6957:
6953:
6949:
6942:
6940:
6938:
6936:
6927:
6923:
6919:
6915:
6911:
6907:
6903:
6896:
6885:
6883:
6874:
6866:
6860:
6856:
6855:
6847:
6845:
6836:
6832:
6827:
6822:
6819:(4): 809–18.
6818:
6814:
6810:
6803:
6801:
6799:
6797:
6795:
6793:
6791:
6789:
6787:
6778:
6774:
6770:
6766:
6762:
6758:
6750:
6748:
6746:
6744:
6742:
6740:
6738:
6736:
6734:
6732:
6730:
6728:
6719:
6715:
6710:
6705:
6701:
6697:
6693:
6686:
6684:
6682:
6680:
6670:
6665:
6661:
6657:
6653:
6651:
6642:
6640:
6638:
6628:
6623:
6619:
6615:
6611:
6609:
6600:
6592:
6588:
6584:
6580:
6576:
6572:
6568:
6564:
6560:
6553:
6534:
6530:
6526:
6519:
6517:
6508:
6506:
6504:
6502:
6500:
6498:
6496:
6487:
6483:
6479:
6475:
6471:
6467:
6463:
6461:
6452:
6444:
6440:
6436:
6432:
6428:
6424:
6417:
6409:
6405:
6401:
6397:
6393:
6389:
6385:
6381:
6377:
6370:
6368:
6366:
6357:
6350:
6348:
6346:
6344:
6342:
6340:
6338:
6336:
6334:
6332:
6330:
6328:
6326:
6324:
6322:
6320:
6318:
6316:
6314:
6312:
6310:
6308:
6306:
6304:
6302:
6300:
6298:
6296:
6294:
6292:
6283:
6277:
6273:
6269:
6265:
6258:
6250:
6246:
6242:
6238:
6234:
6230:
6223:
6216:
6214:
6212:
6210:
6208:
6206:
6204:
6202:
6200:
6198:
6196:
6194:
6192:
6190:
6188:
6186:
6184:
6182:
6180:
6178:
6176:
6174:
6165:
6159:
6155:
6154:
6146:
6144:
6142:
6140:
6138:
6136:
6134:
6132:
6130:
6128:
6126:
6124:
6122:
6120:
6118:
6116:
6114:
6112:
6110:
6108:
6106:
6104:
6102:
6100:
6098:
6096:
6094:
6092:
6090:
6088:
6086:
6084:
6082:
6080:
6078:
6076:
6074:
6072:
6070:
6068:
6059:
6055:
6051:
6047:
6043:
6039:
6035:
6031:
6024:
6022:
6020:
6018:
6016:
6014:
6012:
6002:
5992:
5973:
5969:
5965:
5961:
5957:
5950:
5948:
5939:
5931:
5927:
5922:
5917:
5913:
5909:
5902:
5900:
5891:
5883:
5877:
5868:
5866:
5856:
5848:
5844:
5837:
5829:
5825:
5821:
5814:
5812:
5802:
5794:
5790:
5783:
5781:
5771:
5763:
5759:
5755:
5751:
5747:
5743:
5739:
5735:
5731:
5724:
5722:
5713:
5709:
5707:
5703:
5695:
5687:
5683:
5679:
5675:
5668:
5660:
5654:
5650:
5649:
5641:
5639:
5630:
5624:
5620:
5616:
5615:
5607:
5605:
5603:
5601:
5592:
5586:
5582:
5575:
5567:
5563:
5559:
5555:
5551:
5547:
5543:
5539:
5535:
5531:
5524:
5516:
5510:
5506:
5502:
5501:
5493:
5485:
5481:
5475:
5468:
5467:
5460:
5458:
5456:
5454:
5445:
5439:
5435:
5428:
5420:
5414:
5410:
5409:
5401:
5393:
5389:
5388:
5380:
5372:
5371:
5363:
5347:
5340:
5332:
5330:9780826419132
5326:
5322:
5321:
5313:
5298:
5294:
5293:
5288:
5281:
5279:
5262:
5255:
5246:
5238:
5234:
5229:
5224:
5219:
5214:
5210:
5206:
5203:(8): e23203.
5202:
5198:
5194:
5187:
5179:
5178:
5173:
5167:
5152:
5148:
5142:
5127:
5123:
5116:
5109:
5104:
5096:
5092:
5085:
5083:
5081:
5079:
5077:
5068:
5062:
5058:
5057:Extinct Birds
5051:
5043:
5039:
5036:(1): 88–105.
5035:
5031:
5027:
5025:
5016:
5008:
5004:
4999:
4994:
4991:(3): 385–97.
4990:
4986:
4982:
4975:
4973:
4956:
4952:
4948:
4946:
4937:
4935:
4926:
4922:
4918:
4914:
4910:
4906:
4905:
4897:
4895:
4886:
4879:
4877:
4869:
4854:
4853:
4848:
4841:
4839:
4830:
4824:
4820:
4816:
4809:
4801:
4795:
4791:
4790:
4782:
4780:
4778:
4776:
4774:
4772:
4755:
4748:
4739:
4734:
4730:
4726:
4722:
4715:
4707:
4701:
4697:
4690:
4688:
4686:
4684:
4675:
4669:
4665:
4658:
4643:
4639:
4632:
4624:
4620:
4614:
4606:
4602:
4598:
4594:
4590:
4586:
4582:
4575:
4573:
4564:
4562:9780124736016
4558:
4554:
4553:
4545:
4537:
4531:
4527:
4526:
4521:
4514:
4506:
4500:
4496:
4495:
4487:
4485:
4483:
4474:
4473:
4468:
4462:
4455:
4450:
4434:
4428:
4420:
4416:
4412:
4408:
4404:
4400:
4396:
4392:
4385:
4377:
4373:
4369:
4365:
4361:
4357:
4353:
4349:
4342:
4334:
4328:
4324:
4317:
4309:
4305:
4298:
4296:
4287:
4281:
4277:
4273:
4269:
4262:
4260:
4258:
4256:
4254:
4252:
4250:
4240:
4231:
4229:
4220:
4216:
4211:
4206:
4201:
4196:
4192:
4188:
4184:
4177:
4175:
4168:
4163:
4155:
4148:
4140:
4134:
4130:
4123:
4121:
4119:
4117:
4115:
4113:
4111:
4109:
4107:
4105:
4103:
4101:
4099:
4097:
4095:
4093:
4091:
4082:
4078:
4073:
4068:
4064:
4060:
4056:
4052:
4048:
4041:
4033:
4029:
4024:
4019:
4015:
4011:
4007:
4000:
3992:
3988:
3984:
3980:
3975:
3970:
3966:
3962:
3958:
3954:
3950:
3946:
3939:
3932:
3923:
3918:
3911:
3903:
3899:
3894:
3889:
3885:
3881:
3876:
3871:
3867:
3863:
3859:
3852:
3836:
3832:
3831:
3826:
3824:
3818:
3812:
3810:
3794:
3790:
3783:
3781:
3779:
3763:
3759:
3753:
3751:
3734:
3729:
3725:
3721:
3720:
3715:
3713:
3704:
3702:
3700:
3695:
3680:
3676:
3666:
3663:
3662:
3656:
3655:, Louisiana.
3654:
3650:
3646:
3642:
3638:
3634:
3630:
3626:
3622:
3618:
3617:Virginia City
3614:
3610:
3606:
3602:
3598:
3594:
3590:
3586:
3582:
3562:
3559:
3551:
3547:
3542:
3532:
3530:
3526:
3515:
3513:
3508:
3506:
3502:
3498:
3494:
3490:
3486:
3482:
3473:
3466:
3461:
3457:
3455:
3451:
3446:
3445:
3440:
3414:
3405:
3402:
3398:
3394:
3385:
3383:
3380:
3375:
3367:
3362:
3358:
3356:
3352:
3348:
3344:
3340:
3336:
3332:
3328:
3324:
3310:
3306:
3304:
3300:
3296:
3292:
3291:least concern
3288:
3284:
3276:
3272:
3267:
3258:
3252:
3251:turnover rate
3248:
3240:
3236:
3232:
3228:
3224:
3219:
3212:
3210:
3206:
3199:
3195:
3194:
3193:
3191:
3190:Kleiber's law
3183:
3182:non-passerine
3178:
3176:
3172:
3169:(i.e. in the
3168:
3163:
3161:
3157:
3147:
3144:
3140:
3134:
3131:
3130:tracheal area
3127:
3121:
3119:
3115:
3111:
3103:
3099:
3095:
3085:
3079:
3075:
3072:
3068:
3064:
3061:
3058:
3054:
3050:
3049:
3048:
3046:
3043:
3037:
3035:
3031:
3027:
3024:
3020:
3016:
3013:
3009:
3005:
2999:
2997:
2991:
2989:
2985:
2980:
2978:
2974:
2970:
2960:
2958:
2954:
2949:
2944:
2941:
2937:
2927:
2925:
2921:
2917:
2912:
2910:
2906:
2901:
2897:
2894:
2884:
2882:
2878:
2873:
2871:
2867:
2862:
2858:
2854:
2850:
2846:
2842:
2838:
2834:
2830:
2826:
2805:
2771:
2767:
2759:
2751:
2743:
2733:
2730:
2726:
2722:
2721:hypertonicity
2718:
2708:
2706:
2702:
2698:
2695:
2691:
2687:
2682:
2680:
2676:
2671:
2667:
2662:
2658:
2656:
2655:
2649:
2639:
2637:
2636:blood vessels
2633:
2629:
2625:
2621:
2618:
2614:
2610:
2605:
2603:
2599:
2594:
2590:
2586:
2582:
2578:
2574:
2570:
2569:cloacal urine
2566:
2562:
2558:
2554:
2553:renal studies
2550:
2546:
2542:
2538:
2534:
2524:
2522:
2517:
2513:
2509:
2505:
2501:
2500:pelvic cavity
2497:
2492:
2490:
2486:
2482:
2478:
2474:
2469:
2465:
2461:
2457:
2453:
2449:
2445:
2441:
2437:
2433:
2429:
2425:
2415:
2413:
2409:
2405:
2400:
2385:
2382:
2379:
2375:
2371:
2366:
2363:
2359:
2355:
2345:
2338:
2334:
2329:
2327:
2323:
2319:
2315:
2307:
2297:
2295:
2294:bundle of his
2291:
2287:
2283:
2278:
2276:
2271:
2267:
2263:
2259:
2255:
2251:
2247:
2243:
2239:
2236:
2231:
2228:
2224:
2220:
2212:
2208:
2205:
2202:
2199:
2196:
2192:
2188:
2184:
2180:
2179:
2178:
2176:
2172:
2168:
2164:
2160:
2155:
2153:
2149:
2142:Heart anatomy
2134:
2132:
2128:
2124:
2120:
2116:
2111:
2107:
2102:
2100:
2095:
2091:
2087:
2083:
2078:
2075:
2071:
2066:
2064:
2060:
2056:
2052:
2047:
2035:
2028:
2025:
2022:
2021:
2020:
2018:
2014:
2009:
1999:
1997:
1987:
1983:
1981:
1977:
1973:
1969:
1965:
1961:
1957:
1954:
1950:
1946:
1942:
1938:
1934:
1930:
1926:
1925:buccal cavity
1922:
1918:
1914:
1910:
1909:avian species
1906:
1897:
1878:
1875:
1869:
1867:
1862:
1856:
1854:
1850:
1846:
1842:
1841:birds of prey
1838:
1834:
1830:
1826:
1822:
1818:
1808:
1799:
1797:
1793:
1787:
1784:
1776:
1769:
1758:
1753:
1746:
1741:
1734:
1729:
1722:
1717:
1710:
1705:
1698:
1693:
1692:
1691:
1687:
1685:
1681:
1677:
1676:mating season
1673:
1669:
1660:
1654:
1649:
1640:
1638:
1634:
1629:
1625:
1621:
1617:
1613:
1609:
1605:
1595:
1591:
1583:
1579:
1577:
1573:
1569:
1565:
1556:
1552:
1534:
1525:
1523:
1518:
1515:
1510:
1508:
1504:
1500:
1495:
1491:
1487:
1483:
1479:
1475:
1465:
1463:
1458:
1454:
1453:S. c. camelus
1449:
1445:
1440:
1438:
1437:
1432:
1428:
1424:
1420:
1416:
1412:
1409:
1405:
1404:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1390:
1385:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1346:
1344:
1340:
1336:
1332:
1328:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1317:
1313:
1312:
1308:
1305:
1302:
1301:
1290:
1286:
1281:
1280:
1278:
1275:
1271:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1257:
1253:
1247:
1242:
1241:
1237:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1191:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1172:mating season
1169:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1154:
1153:Masai ostrich
1150:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1112:
1110:
1109:Cape Province
1106:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1071:
1067:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1004:
1000:
996:
992:
988:
984:
980:
976:
972:
971:
969:
965:
962:and southern
961:
957:
953:
949:
945:
941:
937:
935:
931:
927:
926:S. c. camelus
923:
922:
918:
917:
913:
910:
907:
906:
900:
898:
888:
886:
882:
878:
874:
870:
866:
862:
858:
854:
853:
852:Palaeognathae
847:
845:
844:Ancient Greek
841:
838:
834:
830:
829:binomial name
826:
825:
820:
819:Carl Linnaeus
810:
808:
804:
800:
796:
792:
788:
784:
780:
776:
772:
768:
764:
760:
755:
753:
747:
745:
741:
737:
733:
729:
725:
721:
715:
713:
704:
697:
692:
688:
683:
676:
671:
664:
659:
652:
647:
640:
635:
628:
623:
622:
621:
619:
614:
609:
606:
595:
593:
589:
585:
580:
577:
576:invertebrates
572:
570:
566:
562:
558:
554:
550:
547:
543:
539:
535:
534:Palaeognathae
531:
527:
523:
519:
515:
511:
507:
504:
499:
497:
493:
489:
485:
481:
480:
476:
472:
468:
464:
461:), or simply
460:
459:
454:
441:
434:
432:
426:
425:
422:
415:
413:
412:S. c. camelus
407:
406:
402:
398:
394:
389:
381:
377:
376:
371:
369:Masai ostrich
366:
362:
361:
357:
352:
348:
347:
343:
339:
335:
331:
330:
329:S. c. camelus
326:
325:
323:
318:
314:
310:
305:
303:
297:
294:
293:Binomial name
290:
286:
285:
280:
277:
276:
273:
272:
268:
265:
264:
261:
260:Struthionidae
258:
255:
254:
251:
248:
245:
244:
241:
240:Palaeognathae
238:
235:
234:
231:
228:
225:
224:
221:
218:
215:
214:
211:
208:
205:
204:
201:
198:
195:
194:
189:
184:
180:
174:
168:
163:
157:
152:
151:Least Concern
141:
137:
132:
128:
124:
123:South African
120:
116:
111:
106:
102:
94:
89:
84:
79:
74:
69:
64:
59:
54:
49:
44:
39:
33:
22:
19:
8239:
8176:
8156:
8137:
8114:Birds portal
8072:. Retrieved
8067:
8058:
8045:
8033:. Retrieved
8027:
8017:
8005:. Retrieved
8001:the original
7990:
7978:. Retrieved
7974:the original
7959:
7950:
7940:
7928:. Retrieved
7924:the original
7917:
7907:
7883:
7876:
7852:
7845:
7833:. Retrieved
7828:
7819:
7807:. Retrieved
7803:the original
7788:
7780:the original
7773:
7763:
7751:. Retrieved
7741:
7721:
7714:
7700:
7686:
7677:
7671:
7663:the original
7652:
7640:. Retrieved
7636:the original
7631:
7622:
7610:. Retrieved
7606:the original
7595:
7583:. Retrieved
7580:the Guardian
7579:
7569:
7557:. Retrieved
7550:
7541:
7529:. Retrieved
7524:
7515:
7495:
7476:
7470:
7457:
7447:
7438:
7428:
7408:
7349:
7343:
7333:
7324:
7320:
7310:
7302:
7297:
7264:
7260:
7254:
7240:
7235:(in Finnish)
7228:
7208:
7201:
7184:
7180:
7157:. Retrieved
7152:
7148:
7139:
7131:
7122:
7110:. Retrieved
7103:the original
7098:
7055:
7051:
7007:
7003:
6999:
6955:
6951:
6947:
6909:
6905:
6901:
6895:
6881:
6873:
6853:
6816:
6812:
6760:
6756:
6699:
6695:
6659:
6655:
6649:
6617:
6613:
6607:
6599:
6569:(1): 75–78.
6566:
6562:
6558:
6552:
6540:. Retrieved
6533:the original
6528:
6524:
6515:
6469:
6465:
6459:
6451:
6426:
6422:
6416:
6383:
6379:
6375:
6355:
6263:
6257:
6232:
6228:
6152:
6033:
6029:
6001:
5991:
5979:. Retrieved
5972:the original
5959:
5955:
5946:
5938:
5911:
5907:
5899:Panthera leo
5898:
5890:
5876:
5855:
5846:
5836:
5830:: 34–41, 94.
5827:
5823:
5801:
5793:the original
5770:
5737:
5733:
5729:
5712:ResearchGate
5711:
5705:
5704:and Ostrich
5701:
5694:
5677:
5673:
5667:
5647:
5613:
5580:
5574:
5533:
5529:
5523:
5499:
5492:
5483:
5474:
5464:
5433:
5427:
5407:
5400:
5391:
5386:
5379:
5370:Mission life
5369:
5362:
5350:. Retrieved
5339:
5319:
5312:
5300:. Retrieved
5290:
5265:. Retrieved
5254:
5245:
5200:
5196:
5186:
5175:
5166:
5154:. Retrieved
5150:
5141:
5129:. Retrieved
5125:
5115:
5103:
5094:
5056:
5050:
5033:
5029:
5023:
5015:
4988:
4984:
4959:. Retrieved
4955:the original
4950:
4944:
4908:
4902:
4893:
4885:
4875:
4868:
4856:. Retrieved
4850:
4818:
4808:
4788:
4758:. Retrieved
4747:
4728:
4724:
4714:
4695:
4663:
4657:
4645:. Retrieved
4641:
4631:
4622:
4613:
4588:
4584:
4580:
4551:
4544:
4524:
4513:
4493:
4472:Live Science
4470:
4461:
4449:
4437:. Retrieved
4427:
4394:
4390:
4384:
4351:
4347:
4341:
4322:
4316:
4307:
4271:
4239:
4193:(1): 41–43.
4190:
4186:
4162:
4153:
4147:
4128:
4054:
4050:
4040:
4013:
4009:
3999:
3948:
3944:
3931:
3910:
3865:
3861:
3851:
3839:. Retrieved
3834:
3828:
3822:
3796:. Retrieved
3792:
3765:. Retrieved
3761:
3737:. Retrieved
3723:
3717:
3711:
3679:
3605:camel racing
3578:
3555:
3552:, circa 1911
3521:
3512:agri-tourism
3509:
3505:Ostrich stew
3478:
3442:
3436:
3408:Economic use
3391:
3384:
3371:
3320:
3298:
3279:
3220:
3213:
3204:
3202:
3197:
3179:
3164:
3153:
3135:
3122:
3094:sweat glands
3091:
3083:
3078:hypothalamus
3038:
3034:carotid rete
3000:
2992:
2981:
2973:heterotherms
2966:
2953:piloerection
2945:
2933:
2924:equilibrated
2913:
2893:homeothermic
2890:
2874:
2806:
2768:(SCFA), and
2739:
2736:Biochemistry
2725:blood plasma
2714:
2711:Nasal glands
2701:hyperosmotic
2683:
2678:
2663:
2659:
2652:
2645:
2617:clearance of
2606:
2579:impacts the
2573:voided urine
2530:
2493:
2477:hyperosmotic
2448:carbohydrate
2442:, forms the
2421:
2396:
2367:
2346:
2337:Hemoglobin E
2330:
2303:
2279:
2232:
2216:
2167:right atrium
2156:
2145:
2123:gas exchange
2110:blood vessel
2103:
2082:hyperthermia
2079:
2074:tidal volume
2067:
2039:
2005:
1992:
1902:
1870:
1857:
1813:
1788:
1780:
1688:
1665:
1601:
1592:
1588:
1560:
1519:
1511:
1471:
1461:
1457:S. c. spatzi
1456:
1452:
1447:
1441:
1434:
1422:
1401:
1387:
1381:
1342:
1324:
1320:
1314:
1255:
1251:
1245:
1238:
1178:and eastern
1165:
1161:
1157:
1151:
1105:Little Karoo
1086:
1083:Cape ostrich
1082:
1078:
1074:
1068:
1033:Burkina Faso
933:
929:
925:
919:
894:
850:
848:
839:
822:
816:
756:
748:
716:
708:
610:
601:
581:
573:
569:South Africa
564:
556:
544:of bird and
530:Phylogenetic
500:
491:
477:
462:
457:
456:
452:
450:
439:
430:
420:
411:
400:
373:
358:
344:
327:
301:
299:
283:
282:
270:
236:Infraclass:
126:
18:
8458:iNaturalist
8264:Wikispecies
7642:15 November
7585:23 November
7555:. 1910–1920
7159:29 November
7112:28 December
5267:17 February
5120:Prasad, R.
4647:14 December
3841:15 February
3739:19 November
3653:New Orleans
3649:Fairgrounds
3593:attractions
3493:cholesterol
3454:World War I
3323:Mesopotamia
2996:vasodilates
2994:itself and
2967:The use of
2916:respiration
2845:hypovolemia
2837:angiotensin
2825:haematocrit
2686:electrolyte
2624:dehydration
2577:dehydration
2473:aldosterone
2466:(where the
2412:homeostatic
2408:dehydration
2331:During the
2223:endocardium
2163:pericardium
2137:Circulation
2131:capillaries
2119:vasculature
2099:Henry's Law
2046:parabronchi
1980:parabronchi
1923:within the
1886:Respiration
1861:wildebeests
1680:Territorial
1637:dehydration
1608:gastroliths
1306:Description
1015:South Sudan
911:Description
869:cassowaries
791:pubic bones
779:gallbladder
598:Description
522:cassowaries
320:Subspecies
8646:Categories
8611:Xeno-canto
8053:. nola.com
7775:City Pages
6229:The Condor
5352:7 November
4951:PhD thesis
4858:8 November
4439:22 January
3974:2328/35953
3798:4 February
3767:14 January
3691:References
3647:, and the
3641:Ellis Park
3539:See also:
3529:Oudtshoorn
3525:disembowel
3467:, England.
3379:fictitious
3271:Nurmijärvi
3150:Metabolism
3126:gular area
3100:increases
3071:ophthalmic
3023:ophthalmic
3012:ophthalmic
2909:dissipated
2900:appendages
2896:endotherms
2877:uricotelic
2729:osmolality
2620:creatinine
2593:osmolality
2504:peritoneum
2485:epithelium
2452:catabolism
2381:antibodies
2326:hemoglobin
2262:ventricles
2227:myofibrils
2209:, full of
2181:The right
1881:Physiology
1839:, various
1792:incubation
1651:Mating in
1478:Asia Minor
1444:Río de Oro
1396:, and the
1003:Mauritania
956:Mauritania
908:Subspecies
897:subspecies
891:Subspecies
837:Late Latin
744:wing chord
561:Madagascar
551:. It lays
380:Rothschild
169:Appendix I
30:15–0
8707:Ostriches
8672:Livestock
7970:About.com
7930:17 August
7919:OC Weekly
7531:2 January
7491:cited in
7435:"Ostrich"
7289:192967497
5916:CiteSeerX
5394:(Thesis).
5261:"Ostrich"
5126:The Hindu
4815:"Ostrich"
4304:"Ostrich"
4268:"Ostrich"
3991:206555952
3884:2079-7737
3762:cites.org
3629:Minnesota
3489:Cape Town
3211:per day.
3160:allometry
3156:oxidation
3143:turbulent
3114:metabolic
3067:perfusion
3053:metabolic
3030:analogous
2957:shivering
2881:uric acid
2764:), total
2750:potassium
2723:in their
2705:excretion
2602:flow rate
2557:flow rate
2432:coprodeum
2424:excretory
2374:phagocyte
2333:embryonic
2159:conically
2094:hyperpnea
2008:endotherm
1996:avascular
1960:mesentery
1953:posterior
1933:ventrally
1917:laryngeal
1802:Predators
1662:With eggs
1572:antelopes
1551:REM sleep
1501:, in the
1439:habitat.
1411:haplotype
787:coprodeum
613:primaries
278:Species:
206:Kingdom:
200:Eukaryota
8657:Struthio
8575:Species+
8502:45020636
8476:10199490
8411:45513749
8346:45020636
8341:BirdLife
8330:BioLib:
8249:Wikidata
8074:23 April
8035:17 March
7835:28 April
7809:17 March
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