1608:, sales of CDs began to decline in the 2000s. For example, between 2000 and 2008, despite overall growth in music sales and one anomalous year of increase, major-label CD sales declined overall by 20%. Despite rapidly declining sales year-over-year, the pervasiveness of the technology lingered for a time, with companies placing CDs in pharmacies, supermarkets, and filling station convenience stores to target buyers less likely to be able to use Internet-based distribution. In 2012, CDs and DVDs made up only 34% of music sales in the United States. By 2015, only 24% of music in the United States was purchased on physical media, two thirds of this consisting of CDs; however, in the same year in Japan, over 80% of music was bought on CDs and other physical formats. In 2018, U.S. CD sales were 52 million units—less than 6% of the peak sales volume in 2000. In the UK, 32 million units were sold, almost 100 million fewer than in 2008. In 2018,
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1914:
The laser hits the disc, casting a circle of light wider than the modulated spiral track reflecting partially from the lands and partially from the top of any bumps where they are present. As the laser passes over a pit (bump), its height means that the round trip path of the light reflected from its peak is 1/2 wavelength out of phase with the light reflected from the land around it. This is because the height of a bump is around 1/4 of the wavelength of the light used, so the light falls 1/4 out of phase before reflection and another 1/4 wavelength out of phase after reflection. This causes partial
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51:
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60:
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vinyl LPs, and, by 1992, CD sales surpassed those of prerecorded music-cassette tapes. The success of the compact disc has been credited to the cooperation between
Philips and Sony, which together agreed upon and developed compatible hardware. The unified design of the compact disc allowed consumers to purchase any disc or player from any company and allowed the CD to dominate the at-home music market unchallenged.
1823:
1761:
6538:
1938:
1512:, which converts high-resolution low-frequency digital input signal into a lower-resolution high-frequency signal that is mapped to voltages and then smoothed with an analog filter. The temporary use of a lower-resolution signal simplified circuit design and improved efficiency, which is why it became dominant in CD players starting from the early 1990s. Philips used a variation of this technique called
8452:
2311:
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1322:, told by a former member of the task force, gives background information on the many technical decisions made, including the choice of the sampling frequency, playing time, and disc diameter. The task force consisted of around 6 persons, though according to Philips, the compact disc was "invented collectively by a large group of people working as a team".
2547:) resolution was chosen because it is half the vertical and half the horizontal resolution of the NTSC video. 352×288 is a similarly one-quarter PAL/SECAM resolution. This approximates the (overall) resolution of an analog VHS tape, which, although it has double the number of (vertical) scan lines, has a much lower horizontal resolution.
2736:
1989:
Scratches on the clear side can be repaired by refilling them with similar refractive plastic or by careful polishing. The edges of CDs are sometimes incompletely sealed, allowing gases and liquids to enter the CD and corrode the metal reflective layer and/or interfere with the focus of the laser on the pits, a condition known as
1934:. Where a worm gear is used, a second shorter-throw linear motor, in the form of a coil and magnet, makes fine position adjustments to track eccentricities in the disk at high speed. Some CD drives (particularly those manufactured by Philips during the 1980s and early 1990s) use a swing arm similar to that seen on a gramophone.
2569:
of DVD, and over 2.7 times the resolution of VCD. One CD-R disc can hold up to 60 minutes of standard-quality SVCD-format video. While no specific limit on SVCD video length is mandated by the specification, one must lower the video bit rate, and therefore quality, to accommodate very long videos. It
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plastic, and weighs 14–33 grams. From the center outward, components are: the center spindle hole (15 mm), the first-transition area (clamping ring), the clamping area (stacking ring), the second-transition area (mirror band), the program (data) area, and the rim. The inner program area occupies
2862:
is a re-recordable medium that uses a metallic alloy instead of a dye. The write laser, in this case, is used to heat and alter the properties (amorphous vs. crystalline) of the alloy, and hence change its reflectivity. A CD-RW does not have as great a difference in reflectivity as a pressed CD or a
1216:
video recorder. After this, in 1974 the leap to storing digital audio on an optical disc was easily made. Sony first publicly demonstrated an optical digital audio disc in
September 1976. A year later, in September 1977, Sony showed the press a 30 cm (12 in) disc that could play an hour of
1197:
In 1974, Lou Ottens, director of the audio division of
Philips, started a small group to develop an analog optical audio disc with a diameter of 20 cm (7.9 in) and a sound quality superior to that of the vinyl record. However, due to the unsatisfactory performance of the analog format, two
1188:
CD-DA standard was published in 1980. After their commercial release in 1982, compact discs and their players were extremely popular. Despite costing up to $ 1,000, over 400,000 CD players were sold in the United States between 1983 and 1984. By 1988, CD sales in the United States surpassed those of
2743:
In 1995, material costs were 30 cents for the jewel case and 10 to 15 cents for the CD. The wholesale cost of CDs was $ 0.75 to $ 1.15, while the typical retail price of a prerecorded music CD was $ 16.98. On average, the store received 35 percent of the retail price, the record company 27 percent,
1988:
CDs are susceptible to damage during handling and from environmental exposure. Pits are much closer to the label side of a disc, enabling defects and contaminants on the clear side to be out of focus during playback. Consequently, CDs are more likely to suffer damage on the label side of the disc.
1913:
through the bottom of the polycarbonate layer. The change in height between pits and lands results in a difference in the way the light is reflected. Because the pits are indented into the top layer of the disc and are read through the transparent polycarbonate base, the pits form bumps when read.
1173:
beam is used that enables the high information density required for high-quality digital audio signals. Unlike the prior art by
Optophonie and James Russell, the information on the disc is read from a reflective layer using a laser as a light source through a protective substrate. Prototypes were
2396:
is a special audio compact disc that contains graphics data in addition to the audio data on the disc. The disc can be played on a regular audio CD player, but when played on a special CD+G player, it can output a graphics signal (typically, the CD+G player is hooked up to a television set or a
2129:
code format had not yet been decided in
December 1979, when the 120 mm size was adopted. The adoption of EFM in June 1980 allowed 30 percent more playing time that would have resulted in 97 minutes for 120 mm diameter or 74 minutes for a disc as small as 100 millimetres (3.9 in).
2105:
The digital data on a CD begins at the center of the disc and proceeds toward the edge, which allows adaptation to the different sizes available. Standard CDs are available in two sizes. By far, the most common is 120 millimetres (4.7 in) in diameter, with a 74-, 80, 90, or 99-minute audio
1680:
Milestone award, 2009, for
Philips alone with the citation: "On 8 March 1979, N.V. Philips' Gloeilampenfabrieken demonstrated for the international press a Compact Disc Audio Player. The demonstration showed that it is possible by using digital optical recording and playback to reproduce audio
1650:
citing its rise to "young people who are finding they like hard copies of music in the digital age". It came at the same time as both vinyl and cassette reached sales levels not seen in 30 years. The RIAA reported that CD revenue made a dip in 2022, before increasing again in 2023 and overtook
1885:
With a scanning speed of 1.2 m/s, the playing time is 74 minutes or 650 MiB of data on a CD-ROM. A disc with data packed slightly more densely is tolerated by most players (though some old ones fail). Using a linear velocity of 1.2 m/s and a narrower track pitch of 1.5 μm
1198:
Philips research engineers recommended a digital format in March 1974. In 1977, Philips then established a laboratory with the mission of creating a digital audio disc. The diameter of
Philips's prototype compact disc was set at 11.5 cm (4.5 in), the diagonal of an audio cassette.
1505:, a time-related defect. Confronted with the instability of DACs, manufacturers initially turned to increasing the number of bits in the DAC and using several DACs per audio channel, averaging their output. This increased the cost of CD players but did not solve the core problem.
2819:. The design life is from 20 to 100 years, depending on the quality of the discs, the quality of the writing drive, and storage conditions. Testing has demonstrated such degradation of some discs in as little as 18 months under normal storage conditions. This failure is known as
3172:
2561:
Super Video CD (Super Video
Compact Disc or SVCD) is a format used for storing video media on standard compact discs. SVCD was intended as a successor to VCD and an alternative to DVD-Video and falls somewhere between both in terms of technical capability and picture quality.
1957:
encoding is used: a change from either pit to land or land to pit indicates a 1, while no change indicates a series of 0s. There must be at least two, and no more than ten 0s between each 1, which is defined by the length of the pit. This, in turn, is decoded by reversing the
1886:
increases the playing time to 80 minutes, and data capacity to 700 MiB. Even denser tracks are possible, with semi-standard 90 minute/800 MiB discs having 1.33 μm, and 99 minute/870 MiB having 1.26 μm, but compatibility suffers as density increases.
2106:
capacity and a 650, 700, 800, or 870 MiB (737,280,000-byte) data capacity. Discs are 1.2 millimetres (0.047 in) thick, with a 15 millimetres (0.59 in) center hole. The size of the hole was chosen by Joop Sinjou and based on a Dutch 10-cent coin: a
1867:, CLV)—equivalent to approximately 500 RPM at the inside of the disc, and approximately 200 RPM at the outside edge. The track on the CD begins at the inside and spirals outward so a disc played from beginning to end slows its rotation rate during playback.
1585:. However neither of these were adopted partly due to increased relevance of digital (virtual) music and the apparent lack of audible improvements in audio quality to most human ears. These effectively extended the CD's longevity in the music market.
2934:). One major drawback to these copy-protected discs is that most will not play on either computer CD-ROM drives or some standalone CD players that use CD-ROM mechanisms. Philips has stated that such discs are not permitted to bear the trademarked
2814:
CD-R recordings are designed to be permanent. Over time, the dye's physical characteristics may change causing read errors and data loss until the reading device cannot recover with error correction methods. Errors can be predicted using
2570:
is usually difficult to fit much more than 100 minutes of video onto one SVCD without incurring a significant quality loss, and many hardware players are unable to play a video with an instantaneous bit rate lower than 300 to 600
2411:(CD+G) format. Like CD+G, CD+EG uses basic CD-ROM features to display text and video information in addition to the music being played. This extra data is stored in subcode channels R-W. Very few CD+EG discs have been published.
1925:
To accommodate the spiral pattern of data, the laser is placed on a mobile mechanism within the disc tray of any CD player. This mechanism typically takes the form of a sled that moves along a rail. The sled can be driven by a
1237:. Sony's AES technical paper was published on 1 March 1979. A week later, on 8 March, Philips publicly demonstrated a prototype of an optical digital audio disc at a press conference called "Philips Introduce Compact Disc" in
2752:, and CDs were introduced, each was marketed at a higher price than the format they succeeded, even though the cost to produce the media was reduced. This was done because the perceived value increased. This continued from
2324:
The logical format of an audio CD (officially
Compact Disc Digital Audio or CD-DA) is described in a document produced in 1980 by the format's joint creators, Sony and Philips. The document is known colloquially as the
2592:
for digitizing and storing photos on a CD. Launched in 1992, the discs were designed to hold nearly 100 high-quality images, scanned prints, and slides using special proprietary encoding. Photo CDs are defined in the
2459:
Titles in the SACD format can be issued as hybrid discs; these discs contain the SACD audio stream as well as a standard audio CD layer which is playable in standard CD players, thus making them backward compatible.
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1153:
has been credited with inventing the first system to record digital media on a photosensitive plate. Russell's patent application was filed in 1966, and he was granted a patent in 1970. Following litigation,
2542:
video. Poorly compressed VCD video can sometimes be of lower quality than VHS video, but VCD exhibits block artifacts rather than analog noise and does not deteriorate further with each use. 352×240 (or
2381:
specification for an audio CD that allows for the storage of additional text information (e.g., album name, song name, artist) on a standards-compliant audio CD. The information is stored either in the
5507:
2845:
High-capacity recordable CD is a higher-density recording format that can hold 20% more data than conventional discs. The higher capacity is incompatible with some recorders and recording software.
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2874:
The ReWritable Audio CD is designed to be used in a consumer audio CD recorder, which will not (without modification) accept standard CD-RW discs. These consumer audio CD recorders use the
1442:. One of the first CD markets was devoted to reissuing popular music whose commercial potential was already proven. The first major artist to have their entire catalog converted to CD was
1162:
licensed
Russell's patents for recording in 1988. It is debatable whether Russell's concepts, patents, and prototypes instigated and in some measure influenced the compact disc's design.
1501:(DAC), which contained individual electrical components for each bit of the DAC. Even when using high-precision components, this approach was prone to decoding errors. Another issue was
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connections. Automakers viewed CD players as using up valuable space and taking up weight which could be reallocated to more popular features, like large touchscreens. By 2021, only
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sales began to decline in the late 1980s; CD sales overtook cassette sales in the early 1990s. In 1988, 400 million CDs were manufactured by 50 pressing plants around the world.
1229:—specifications similar to those later settled upon for the standard compact disc format in 1980. Technical details of Sony's digital audio disc were presented during the 62nd
1221:
encoding. In September 1978, the company demonstrated an optical digital audio disc with a 150-minute playing time, 44,056 Hz sampling rate, 16-bit linear resolution, and
7016:
2519:
Video CD (VCD, View CD, and Compact Disc digital video) is a standard digital format for storing video media on a CD. VCDs are playable in dedicated VCD players, most modern
2130:
Instead, the information density was lowered by 30 percent to keep the playing time at 74 minutes. The 120 mm diameter has been adopted by subsequent formats, including
7310:
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to see the data, just as it would with a standard stamped disc. The resulting discs can be read by most CD-ROM drives and played in most audio CD players. CD-Rs follow the
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format struggled. In 1979, Sony and Philips set up a joint task force of engineers to design a new digital audio disc. After a year of experimentation and discussion, the
5540:
7226:
1461:
The growing acceptance of the CD in 1983 marks the beginning of the popular digital audio revolution. It was enthusiastically received, especially in the early-adopting
2799:, are injection-molded with a "blank" data spiral. A photosensitive dye is then applied, after which the discs are metalized and lacquer-coated. The write laser of the
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discs were introduced. Recordable CDs became an alternative to tape for recording and distributing music and could be duplicated without degradation in sound quality.
1531:
for playing music, rather than as a data storage medium. However, CDs have grown to encompass other applications. In 1983, following the CD's introduction, Immink and
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1428:
The Japanese launch was followed on 14 March 1983 by the introduction of CD players and discs to Europe and North America where CBS Records released sixteen titles.
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7322:
5332:"Response To Koninklijke Philips Electronics, N.V.'s, Sony Corporation of Japan's And Pioneer Electronic Corporation of Japan's Request For Business Review Letter"
2472:
is a format used to store music-performance data, which upon playback is performed by electronic instruments that synthesize the audio. Hence, unlike the original
1574:
player as standard equipment in new automobiles, with 2010 being the final model year for any car in the United States to have a factory-equipped cassette player.
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and CD-i Bridge specifications as well. They are intended to play on CD-i players, Photo CD players, and any computer with suitable software (irrespective of
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4208:
1619:
During the 2010s, the increasing popularity of solid-state media and music streaming services caused automakers to remove automotive CD players in favor of
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mechanism. Known at least as early as 2001, attempts were made by record companies to market "copy-protected" non-standard compact discs, which cannot be
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Small quantities of 90-minute and 99-minute blanks have appeared Indications are that many recorders and some software don't work with the longer discs.
4546:
4493:
2942:
specifications. Numerous copy-protection systems have been countered by readily available, often free, software, or even by simply turning off automatic
1658:
in 2023, 10.5 million CDs were sold, almost double that of vinyl, but both of them represented generated 12% each of the French music industry revenues.
1469:
communities, and its handling quality received particular praise. As the price of players gradually came down, and with the introduction of the portable
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7208:
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5453:
Tim Buthe and Walter Mattli, The New Global Rulers: The Privatization of Regulation in the World Economy, Princeton University Press, Feb. 2011.
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Error scanning can reliably predict data losses caused by media deterioration. Support of error scanning differs between vendors and models of
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7268:
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performers to sing along with. The CD+G format takes advantage of the channels R through W. These six bits store the graphics information.
4834:
3934:
3306:
8370:
4386:
3683:
5562:
3567:
9617:
7960:
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2605:). The images can also be printed out on photographic paper with a special Kodak machine. This format is not to be confused with Kodak
1681:
signals with superb stereo quality. This research at Philips established the technical standard for digital optical recording systems."
1367:
and Norio Ohga (Sony), Joop van Tilburg (Philips), and Richard Busch (PolyGram), in the presence of Karajan who praised the new format.
4355:
1612:
announced plans to decrease their focus on CD sales, however, while continuing to sell records, sales of which are growing during the
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1963:
1084:. Several other formats were further derived, both pre-pressed and blank user writable, including write-once audio and data storage (
617:
5306:
4678:
9647:
5618:
5252:
2905:
4897:
4584:
2476:
CD-DA, these recordings are not digitally sampled audio recordings. The CD-MIDI format is defined as an extension of the original
9523:
6584:
6364:
6225:
4735:
4459:
2344:
869:
5652:
5530:
5193:
5032:
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Sony and Philips received praise for the development of the compact disc from professional organizations. These awards include:
5982:
3653:
897:
1646:
The decline in CD sales has slowed in recent years; in 2021, CD sales increased in the US for the first time since 2004, with
8431:
5865:
5821:
5165:
5153:
5012:
4183:
3973:
3827:
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1715:
1222:
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The recordable audio CD is designed to be used in a consumer audio CD recorder. These consumer audio CD recorders use SCMS (
1509:
1450:
in February 1985, along with four greatest hits albums; his fifteenth and sixteenth albums had already been issued on CD by
6178:
5055:
3631:
2899:
2886:(AHRA). The ReWritable Audio CD is typically somewhat more expensive than CD-R due to (a) lower volume and (b) a 3 percent
1999:
has been found—under conditions of high heat and humidity—to consume the polycarbonate plastic and aluminium found in CDs.
7068:
5596:
4773:
944:
format which typically provides 74 minutes of audio on a disc. In later years, the compact disc was adapted for non-audio
165:
780 nm wavelength, 800 nm wavelength, 870 nm wavelength (infrared and red edge) semiconductor laser in recordable formats
9132:
7518:
7110:
7086:
7080:
7074:
3995:
3474:
3212:
2863:
CD-R, and so many earlier CD audio players cannot read CD-RW discs, although most later CD audio players and stand-alone
2838:). The Recordable Audio CD is typically somewhat more expensive than CD-R due to lower production volume and a 3 percent
356:
5002:
1473:, the CD began to gain popularity in the larger popular and rock music markets. With the rise in CD sales, pre-recorded
6422:
4885:
4701:
3709:
3004:
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1524:(PWM), advertising it as MASH, which is an acronym derived from their patented Multi-stAge noiSe-sHaping PWM topology.
5708:
5471:
5365:
5109:
5091:
4017:
3501:
1269:
In 1979, Sony and Philips set up a joint task force of engineers to design a new digital audio disc. Led by engineers
7980:
7045:
6082:
5850:
5804:
5760:
3035:
2274:
1968:
1741:
1145:, first presented in 1931, was an early device that used light for both recording and playback of sound signals on a
963:
Standard CDs have a diameter of 120 mm (4.7 in), and are designed to hold up to 74 minutes of uncompressed
4606:
3102:
2256:
9262:
8788:
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6267:
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2099:
Comparison of several forms of disk storage showing tracks (not to scale); green denotes start and red denotes end.
864:
9080:
4142:
3135:
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2523:
players, personal computers, and some video game consoles. The VCD standard was created in 1993 by Sony, Philips,
1863:
When playing an audio CD, a motor within the CD player spins the disc to a scanning velocity of 1.2–1.4 m/s (
1249:
were convinced of the format's commercial potential and pushed further development despite widespread skepticism.
9192:
7965:
4200:
708:
591:
2760:
marketed MP3s for $ 0.99, and albums for $ 9.99. The incremental cost, though, to produce an MP3 is negligible.
1844:, encoded in a spiral track molded into the top of the polycarbonate layer. The areas between pits are known as
9602:
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8609:
8597:
8488:
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6541:
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1723:
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782:
517:
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2118:
1719:
1218:
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6765:
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6712:
6706:
6700:
4460:"Music Sales Decline for Seventh Time in Eight Years: Digital Downloads Can't Offset 20% Plunge in CD Sales"
3872:
1208:, in 1970, became general manager of Sony's audio department in 1971. In 1973, his team developed a digital
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8776:
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8170:
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8011:
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7358:
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6674:
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2126:
1959:
1954:
1390:
1309:
361:
5811:
5106:"ISO/IEC 10149 Information technology -- Data interchange on read-only 120 mm optical data disks (CD-ROM)"
4949:
2505:
medium using the same physical format as audio compact discs, readable by a computer with a CD-ROM drive.
1204:, who developed an early digital audio recorder within Japan's national public broadcasting organization,
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9176:
9142:
9070:
8365:
7780:
7403:
7130:
6577:
6407:
6230:
3170:, "Analog to digital to optical photographic recording and playback system", published 1970-03-17
1570:
CD sales in the United States peaked by 2000. By the early 2000s, the CD player had largely replaced the
1498:
825:
770:
715:
5785:
3167:
2397:
computer monitor); these graphics are almost exclusively used to display lyrics on a television set for
1643:
CDs continued to be strong in some markets such as Japan where 132 million units were produced in 2019.
351:
9292:
9100:
8783:
8771:
8112:
8021:
7526:
7507:
6730:
6718:
6694:
6188:
6010:
5975:
3895:
2730:
2649:
specification was added to create CD-i-compatible discs that can be accessed by regular CD-ROM drives.
2319:
941:
890:
584:
398:
31:
6616:
1807:
is applied to the surface, making it reflective. The metal is protected by a film of lacquer normally
1007:
has various diameters ranging from 60 to 80 millimetres (2.4 to 3.1 in); they have been used for
64:
The readable surface of a compact disc includes a spiral track wound tightly enough to cause light to
9627:
8335:
8233:
8213:
8054:
7879:
7818:
7736:
4251:
3918:
3310:
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1293:
as an international standard in 1987, with various amendments becoming part of the standard in 1996.
1230:
956:
in October 1982, the CD was the second optical disc technology to be invented, after the much larger
830:
5682:
2914:
audio specification, except for a simple "anti-copy" statement in the subcode, does not include any
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8456:
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2625:
2393:
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1513:
1438:
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777:
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3408:
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For the first few years of its existence, the CD was a medium used purely for audio. In 1988, the
2064:
2007:
9622:
9095:
8626:
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5940:
Sony History, Chapter 8, This is the replacement of Gramophone record ! (第8章 レコードに代わるものはこれだ)
5210:
3190:
2699:
2680:
2404:
2241:
1708:
960:(LD). By 2007, 200 billion CDs (including audio CDs, CD-ROMs and CD-Rs) had been sold worldwide.
701:
570:
537:
8541:
2440:. Introduced in 1999, it was developed by Sony and Philips, the same companies that created the
2359:
CD; thus, the mono source material is usually presented as two identical channels in a standard
2048:, of which higher rates indicate a possibly damaged or unclean data surface, low media quality,
1174:
developed by Philips and Sony independently in the late 1970s. Although originally dismissed by
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5158:
Electronics Technology (ISSE), 2010 33rd International Spring Seminar on Electronics Technology
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1966:, finally revealing the raw data stored on the disc. These encoding techniques (defined in the
1918:
of the laser's reflection from the surface. By measuring the reflected intensity change with a
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729:
577:
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178:
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and data in a second session. It was developed by Philips and Sony, and it is defined in the
2502:
1401:
compact disc was produced on 17 August 1982, a 1979 recording of Chopin waltzes performed by
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945:
883:
838:
694:
687:
146:
4236:
9457:
9340:
9328:
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809:
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24:
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3851:
Appetite for Self-Destruction: The Rise and Fall of the Record Industry in the Digital Age
3187:"Inventor and physicist James Russell '53 will receive Vollum Award at Reed's convocation"
2721:. The vinyl layer on the disc's label side can hold approximately three minutes of music.
8:
9652:
9508:
9427:
9367:
9287:
9147:
9000:
8721:
7927:
7609:
7286:
6666:
6123:
4670:
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1995:
1910:
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A laser beam is reflected off the CD to a sensor, which converts it into electronic data.
1755:
1559:
1418:
1380:
1353:
1349:
638:
65:
20:
7056:
5787:
Standard ECMA-130: Data Interchange on Read-only 120 mm Optical Data Disks (CD-ROM)
5622:
5248:
2744:
the artist 16 percent, the manufacturer 13 percent, and the distributor 9 percent. When
2671:
of track 1. This format was supposed to be more compatible with older audio CD players.
2645:
specification was later created to improve compatibility with audio CD players, and the
2501:
standard was established by Sony and Philips, which defined a non-volatile optical data
1811:
directly on the reflective layer. The label is printed on the lacquer layer, usually by
1285:
technology. After a year of experimentation and discussion, the task force produced the
9017:
8864:
8681:
8551:
8481:
8294:
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7907:
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7178:
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6771:
6305:
6298:
6288:
5794:
5781:
5645:"5. Conditions That Affect CDs and DVDs – Council on Library and Information Resources"
5535:
5502:
4576:
4147:
4103:
Kaptainis, Arthur (5 March 1983). "Sampling the latest sound: should last a lifetime".
3793:
3540:
3389:
2745:
2668:
2566:
2314:
Philips CD100 from 1983, the first commercially released CD player in the US and Europe
1344:
1305:
373:
341:
4274:
3453:
Kozinn, Allan (December 1988). "Have Compact Disks Become Too Much of a Good Thing?".
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9402:
9377:
9105:
9060:
9010:
8929:
8818:
8736:
8165:
8049:
8026:
7887:
7446:
7280:
7238:
6759:
6395:
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5861:
5846:
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5800:
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5391:
5226:
5161:
5126:
5028:
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3393:
3339:
3110:
3031:
2782:
2753:
2718:
2364:
1915:
1804:
1598:
1316:
method, CIRC, which offers resilience to defects such as scratches and fingerprints.
1113:
1078:
1031:
814:
744:
680:
5954:
5644:
5190:
4886:
https://www.riaa.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/2023-Year-End-Revenue-Statistics.pdf
3797:
3661:
3544:
1178:
management as a trivial pursuit, the CD became the primary focus for Philips as the
9538:
9503:
9483:
9452:
8936:
8556:
8340:
8279:
8238:
8145:
8122:
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7937:
7897:
7767:
7759:
7304:
7262:
7028:
6639:
6562:
5836:
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4118:
4058:
3777:
3524:
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2602:
1973:
1313:
1301:
1246:
1201:
1175:
1027:
549:
545:
69:
5949:
4796:"Let's Get Physical! Vinyl Sales up >51%, CD Sales up for First Time in 17-yrs"
3815:
3272:
2633:
players (1993). CD-i discs can contain audio tracks that can be played on regular
1289:
CD-DA standard. First published in 1980, the standard was formally adopted by the
1077:) for general purpose data storage and initially could hold much more data than a
9566:
9447:
9437:
9248:
9208:
9075:
9065:
9005:
8506:
8314:
8289:
8274:
8175:
8160:
8135:
7864:
7859:
7244:
6602:
5840:
5197:
4408:
3590:
2915:
2773:
2101:* Some CD-R(W) and DVD-R(W)/DVD+R(W) recorders operate in ZCLV, CAA or CAV modes.
1889:
1816:
1812:
1778:
1647:
1577:
Two new formats were marketed in the 2000s designed as successors to the CD: the
1462:
1454:
in 1983 and 1984, respectively. On 26 February 1987, the first four UK albums by
1339:
1081:
5307:"Perfecting the Compact Disc System - The six Philips/Sony meetings - 1979-1980"
3622:
2735:
2685:
Enhanced Music CD, also known as CD Extra or CD Plus, is a format that combines
2080:
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9533:
9493:
9442:
9360:
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9297:
8656:
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8309:
8304:
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7388:
7352:
6898:
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6795:
6503:
6432:
6380:
6320:
6135:
4765:
4640:"Best Buy, Winding Down CD Sales, Pounds Another Nail Into The Format's Coffin"
3385:
2556:
2420:
2386:
of the CD, where there are roughly five kilobytes of space available or in the
2131:
2113:
The official Philips history says the capacity was specified by Sony executive
2076:
2003:
1632:
1578:
1571:
1536:
1117:
1097:
1063:
434:
418:
414:
366:
260:
88:
5902:
5280:
4924:"En France comme aux États-Unis, les vinyles en position de force face aux CD"
3989:
3781:
3528:
3468:
3220:
2452:, but neither has replaced audio CDs. The SACD standard is referred to as the
1446:, whose first fourteen studio albums of (then) sixteen were made available by
9581:
9498:
9478:
9419:
9345:
9055:
8951:
8909:
8823:
8751:
8573:
8474:
8437:
8406:
8107:
8041:
7985:
7955:
7892:
7869:
7803:
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7495:
7487:
7470:
7455:
7334:
7121:
7048:
6846:
6807:
6654:
6163:
6103:
5230:
4096:
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3536:
3114:
2433:
2429:
2340:
1906:
1878:
The program area is 86.05 cm and the length of the recordable spiral is
1870:
1792:
1635:
were still including CD players as standard equipment with certain vehicles.
1613:
1474:
1402:
1274:
1184:
1035:
1023:
1019:
1012:
937:
919:
796:
736:
183:
6183:
4968:
3676:
1535:
presented the first experiments with erasable compact discs during the 73rd
30:
For the 'audio CD' specifically or the chemical element with symbol Cd, see
9518:
9387:
9382:
9323:
8798:
8726:
8520:
8180:
8140:
8082:
7975:
7945:
7824:
7382:
6789:
6622:
6055:
5704:
5463:
5105:
5087:
4607:"Best Buy will stop selling CDs as digital music revenue continues to grow"
4025:
3076:
2992:
2694:
2629:
specifies a standard for interactive multimedia compact discs designed for
2618:
2426:
2296:
1931:
1671:
1601:
1558:
use the same physical geometry as CD, and most DVD and Blu-ray players are
1532:
1528:
1433:
1282:
1039:
925:
922:
722:
336:
313:
81:
5764:
5222:
2095:
2010:, which can measure the rates of different types of data errors, known as
1066:
music formats in the mid-2000s ended the decade-long dominance of the CD.
1018:
The CD gained rapid popularity in the 1990s, quickly outselling all other
9548:
9409:
9392:
9372:
9027:
8894:
8838:
8803:
8793:
8761:
8756:
8746:
8602:
8525:
8421:
8416:
8375:
8360:
8284:
8269:
8228:
8185:
8001:
7429:
7298:
7062:
6680:
5886:
5154:"Optical measurements upon compact discs in education in optoelectronics"
3582:
3189:(Press release). Reed College public affairs office. 2000. Archived from
2800:
2646:
2122:
1950:
1808:
1455:
1451:
1447:
1443:
1364:
1217:
digital audio (44,100 Hz sampling rate and 16-bit resolution) using
1209:
1043:
5498:"Pennies That Add Up to $ 16.98: Why CD's Cost So Much – New York Times"
1485:
1003: bytes) by arranging data more closely on the same-sized disc. The
50:
9397:
9229:
9085:
8914:
8889:
8671:
8561:
8411:
8401:
8218:
8006:
7970:
7839:
7834:
7623:
7617:
7250:
6878:
6830:
6684:
6628:
6452:
6250:
6220:
5889:
Co., Ltd. in 1988 as part of the joint Philips-Sony development effort.
4090:
4049:"How Billy Joel's '52nd Street' Became the First Compact Disc released"
3702:
3367:
3365:
2998:
2947:
2922:, or copied, to hard drives or easily converted to other formats (like
2757:
2664:
2658:
2642:
2606:
2445:
2114:
1919:
1902:
1834:
1726: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1466:
1413:
1412:
in Japan on 1 October 1982, the first of which was a re-release of the
1242:
1105:
979: bytes) of data. Capacity is routinely extended to 80 minutes and
819:
611:
541:
6551:
4693:
4517:"News and Notes on 2015 Mid-Year RIAA Shipment and Revenue Statistics"
4370:
4341:
4339:
1976:, but they later became a standard for almost all CD formats (such as
59:
9513:
9355:
9335:
9318:
9032:
8924:
8899:
8884:
8676:
8590:
8585:
8031:
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7562:
7274:
7196:
6860:
6854:
6835:
6801:
6493:
6462:
6427:
6315:
6310:
6293:
6255:
4611:
4434:"Blu-ray is to DVD as SACD was to CD: Better, but not enough better?"
4131:
The New Schwann Record & Tape Guide Volume 37 No. 2 February 1985
3935:"Weltpräsentation des "Compact Disc Digital Audio System" (Audio-CD)"
3731:
3330:
3328:
2804:
2712:
2634:
2598:
2524:
2520:
2449:
2107:
2057:
1937:
1927:
1894:
1860:) is 1.6 μm (measured center-to-center, not between the edges).
1849:
1624:
1582:
1517:
1238:
1179:
1166:
1142:
1059:
1047:
1008:
957:
844:
665:
607:
513:
509:
489:
481:
446:
233:
134:
130:
126:
8636:
4598:
4451:
4134:
3438:
Billboard (March 1992). "CD Unit Sales Pass Cassettes, Majors Say".
3362:
2226:
1697:
1330:
Early milestones in the launch and adoption of the format included:
1265:
was part of the team that produced the standard compact disc in 1980
8731:
8701:
8223:
8200:
8190:
8130:
7917:
7728:
7698:
7629:
7586:
7580:
7568:
7538:
7316:
6498:
6457:
6417:
6390:
6385:
6235:
6215:
6198:
6140:
6108:
5730:
4729:
4727:
4336:
4223:
4125:
4111:
4010:
3957:
3857:
3768:
Peek, Hans B. (January 2010). "The Emergence of the Compact Disc".
3515:
Peek, Hans B. (January 2010). "The Emergence of the Compact Disc".
2986:
2943:
2820:
2803:
changes the color of the dye to allow the read laser of a standard
2583:
2514:
2352:
2337:
2304:
2177:
2049:
2016:
1990:
1800:
1620:
1609:
1385:
1257:
1234:
1101:
1093:
972:
804:
751:
646:
603:
485:
477:
430:
426:
422:
138:
4093:, Philips Media Release, 16 August 2007. Retrieved 6 October 2013.
3963:
3887:
3842:
3325:
3001: – Classification system for commercial compact disc releases
1852:
deep by 500 nm wide, and varies from 850 nm to 3.5
1508:
A breakthrough in the late 1980s culminated in development of the
9090:
9022:
8941:
8904:
8879:
8869:
8859:
8828:
8741:
8651:
8641:
8614:
8319:
8064:
7686:
7417:
7370:
6478:
6442:
6193:
6098:
6067:
5933:
5923:
4942:
4311:
4229:
MAC Audio News. No. 178, November 1989. pp 19–21 Glenn Baddeley.
3804:
2919:
2571:
2398:
2390:
channels R to W on the disc, which can store about 31 megabytes.
2387:
2374:
2332:
after the color of its cover. The format is a two-channel 16-bit
2147:
2143:
1654:
In the US, 33.4 million CD albums were sold in the year 2022. In
1555:
1490:
1470:
1213:
1159:
1004:
929:
651:
532:
525:
521:
501:
497:
458:
442:
197:
150:
35:
8874:
4724:
2890:
used to compensate the music industry for the making of a copy.
2842:
used to compensate the music industry for the making of a copy.
1822:
1623:
auxiliary inputs, wired connections to USB devices and wireless
1356:, who had been enlisted as an ambassador for the format in 1979.
1308:, based on video LaserDisc technology. Philips also contributed
9153:
9137:
8977:
8766:
8716:
8711:
8696:
6488:
6030:
5960:
5152:
Pencheva, Tamara; Gyoch, Berkant; Mashkov, Petko (1 May 2010).
5088:"IEC 60908 Audio recording - Compact disc digital audio system"
4857:"Vinyl and cassette UK sales continue to surge to 30 year high"
4547:"Music Streaming Service Aims at Japan, Where CD Is Still King"
4490:"Buying CDs continues to be a tradition in Japan – Tokyo Times"
4409:"Journal of the AES » 2007 September - Volume 55 Number 9"
3761:
2931:
2690:
2638:
2498:
2489:
2368:
2139:
1977:
1768:
A polycarbonate disc layer has the data encoded by using bumps.
1655:
1540:
1502:
1074:
1055:
964:
949:
674:
670:
631:
598:
556:
493:
473:
454:
402:
321:
2823:, for which there are several, mostly environmental, reasons.
9271:
8919:
8833:
8706:
8691:
8646:
8385:
8355:
7574:
7435:
7346:
6087:
6050:
6040:
2859:
2854:
2686:
2589:
2329:
1628:
1278:
1170:
1121:
1089:
1046:. The CD is considered the last dominant audio format of the
953:
657:
624:
505:
469:
438:
410:
250:
170:
9225:
Sony Toshiba IBM Center of Competence for the Cell Processor
3916:, and the first CD actually pressed at a factory was ABBA's
3213:"Inventor of the Week – James T. Russell – The Compact Disc"
2310:
1853:
1760:
9159:
8956:
8946:
8854:
8813:
8497:
8155:
7704:
7550:
6910:
6890:
6402:
6118:
6020:
5943:
5758:
4522:. Recording Industry Association of America. Archived from
4021:
2923:
2796:
2790:
2630:
2469:
2407:(CD+EG, also known as CD+XG) is an improved variant of the
2084:
2053:
1677:
1544:
1155:
1109:
1085:
933:
450:
406:
201:
166:
5833:, IEEE Communications Magazine, Jan. 2010, pp. 10–17.
2292:
9240:
8686:
7922:
6483:
5908:
5678:
5563:"Cost Per Gigabyte of Popular Data Storage - Infographic"
5127:"Compact disc (CD) | Definition & Facts | Britannica"
4084:"Philips celebrates 25th anniversary of the Compact Disc"
3922:, but that disc wasn't released commercially until later.
3216:
2927:
2864:
2778:
2539:
2528:
2333:
2135:
1605:
1551:
1375:
1290:
1205:
1051:
464:
255:
142:
110:
106:
102:
3964:
Bilyeu, Melinda; Hector Cook; Andrew Môn Hughes (2004).
2538:
Overall picture quality is intended to be comparable to
1791:
A CD is made from 1.2-millimetre (0.047 in) thick,
8466:
8264:
4766:"Physical Formats Still Dominate Japanese Music Market"
4671:"End of a Era: Best Buy Significantly Cuts Back on CDs"
3941:(in German). Salzburg: Archiv der Erzdiözese Salzburg.
2977: – Proprietary backward-compatible CD audio format
2717:
VinylDisc is the hybrid of a standard audio CD and the
2300:
2150:") can hold up to 24 minutes of music or 210 MiB.
2146:
Disc. The 80-millimetre (3.1 in) diameter discs ("
2024:
and extended (finer-grain) error measurements known as
1897:
wide, between 830 nm and 3,000 nm long and 150 nm deep.
5386:
5180:
An Introduction to Digital Audio, John Watkinson, 1994
2425:
Super Audio CD (SACD) is a high-resolution, read-only
1192:
5885:
The world's first CD-R was made by the Japanese firm
3473:. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 10 June 2015.
1840:
CD data is represented as tiny indentations known as
1527:
The CD was primarily planned as the successor to the
1425:
The first CD played on BBC Radio was in October 1982.
6592:
5419:
5151:
4283:"PDM, PWM, Delta-Sigma, 1-Bit DACs by John Atkinson"
3810:
3334:
3267:
2739:
Individual pits are visible on the micrometer scale.
2693:
on the same disc by putting audio tracks in a first
1432:
The first artist to sell a million copies on CD was
1252:
1038:. By 2000, the CD accounted for 92.3% of the entire
5267:"Philips DVD-R 8x (InfodiscR20) - Philips - Gleitz"
3498:"Why CDs may actually sound better than vinyl]"
1962:used in mastering the disc, and then reversing the
9209:Sony Institute of Higher Education Shohoku College
3621:
3589:
2960:Comparison of popular optical data-storage systems
1856:in length. The distance between the windings (the
1149:. More than thirty years later, American inventor
618:High-Definition Versatile Multilayer Disc (HD VMD)
19:"CD" and "CDs" redirect here. For other uses, see
5358:"Sony chairman credited with developing CDs dies"
3991:1985 News Story on Debut of the Compact Disc (CD)
3710:"Sony chairman credited with developing CDs dies"
3372:Straw, Will (2009). "The Music CD and Its Ends".
2724:
2110:. Philips/Sony patented the physical dimensions.
1922:, a modulated signal is read back from the disc.
1651:downloading for the first time in over a decade.
9579:
4249:
2995: – Music not detectable by casual listeners
2663:Philips defined a format similar to CD-i called
2609:, which is a consumer product in CD-ROM format.
1348:, recorded December 1–3, 1980 and played by the
5759:Campaign For Digital Rights (5 December 2001).
2371:, can have audio file formats with mono sound.
5189:Council on Library and Information Resources:
5004:The Compact Disc: A Handbook of Theory and Use
4018:"Sony History: A Great Invention 100 Years On"
3848:
3614:
3557:
2637:, but CD-i discs are not compatible with most
1325:
145:edge) semiconductor laser (early players used
9256:
9046:
8482:
7744:
6578:
5976:
5676:
4314:"Experiments Toward an Erasable Compact Disc"
3236:"Scientist's invention was let go for a song"
2667:, which puts CD-i software and data into the
1359:The world presentation took place during the
891:
173:, pressed mold (stamper) in read only formats
5495:
5380:
5350:
4668:
4201:"When Did the CD Replace the Cassette Tape?"
3233:
2090:
1774:A layer of lacquer protects the shiny layer.
1543:(read-only memory) and, in 1990, recordable
1304:, and contributed the general manufacturing
8371:Professional Lighting and Sound Association
5672:
5670:
5491:
5489:
4898:"Physical album shipments in the U.S. 2022"
4699:
4514:
4379:"For Car Cassette Decks, Play Time Is Over"
4140:
3470:Introducing the amazing Compact Disc (1982)
2299:from 1982, the first commercially released
2255:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
1874:Comparison of various optical storage media
1363:on 15 April 1981, at a press conference of
9263:
9249:
8489:
8475:
7961:Comparison of analog and digital recording
7751:
7737:
6585:
6571:
5983:
5969:
5813:Origins and Successors of the Compact Disc
5429:IEEE Information Theory Society Newsletter
5425:"Shannon, Beethoven, and the Compact Disc"
4312:K. Schouhamer Immink and J. Braat (1984).
3646:
3344:IEEE Information Theory Society Newsletter
3340:"Shannon, Beethoven, and the Compact Disc"
2674:
2121:on one disc. This is a myth according to
1497:Early CD players employed binary-weighted
1493:D-E307CK portable CD player with 1-bit DAC
1261:Dutch inventor and Philips chief engineer
898:
884:
58:
9643:Science and technology in the Netherlands
9638:Information technology in the Netherlands
5611:
5585:
5053:
4102:
3437:
3263:
3261:
2763:
2347:was to be an allowable option within the
2275:Learn how and when to remove this message
1742:Learn how and when to remove this message
1233:Convention, held on 13–16 March 1979, in
6831:Tefiphon/Teficord (early 1930s), Tefifon
5667:
5593:"CD-R Unreadable in Less Than Two Years"
5486:
5098:
5000:
4637:
4376:
4280:
3912:The first test CD was Richard Strauss's
3820:Journal of the Audio Engineering Society
3495:
3277:Journal of the Audio Engineering Society
2906:Sony BMG copy protection rootkit scandal
2882:(DRM), to conform to the United States'
2772:
2734:
2351:format, but has never been implemented.
2309:
2291:
2094:
1936:
1888:
1869:
1821:
1759:
1714:Relevant discussion may be found on the
1484:
1300:in line with another audio product, the
1256:
109:(also up to 90 minutes audio), 870
16:Digital optical disc data storage format
9524:Multiple-prism grating laser oscillator
5816:. Springer Science+Business Media B.V.
5752:
5723:
5413:
4824:
4736:"Do You Want a CD Player in a New Car?"
4544:
4348:"The Rise and Fall of the Compact Disc"
3966:The Bee Gees:tales of the brothers Gibb
3623:"A Long Play Digital Audio Disc System"
3591:"A Long Play Digital Audio Disc System"
3100:
2006:of compact discs can be measured using
1901:A CD is read by focusing a 780 nm
1661:
1458:were released in mono on compact disc.
952:and its derivatives. First released in
870:High-definition optical disc format war
9580:
5799:. Middleton, Wisconsin: A-R Editions.
5685:from the original on 20 September 2007
5655:from the original on 15 September 2016
5528:
5259:
5255:from the original on 12 December 2013.
5237:from the original on 12 December 2013.
5080:
4921:
4250:van Willenswaard, Peter (1 May 1989).
4176:Digital Audio's Guide to Compact Discs
4173:
3452:
3258:
3027:Springer Handbook of Lasers and Optics
3023:
2983: – Type of compact disc corrosion
2117:to be able to contain the entirety of
1539:. In June 1985, the computer-readable
1480:
1245:, later CEO and chairman of Sony, and
709:Stacked Volumetric Optical Disk (SVOD)
592:China Blue High-definition Disc (CBHD)
213:Thickness: 1.2 mm (0.047 in)
9244:
8470:
8432:New Interfaces for Musical Expression
7732:
6566:
5964:
5737:from the original on 18 November 2013
5273:
5208:
5121:
5119:
4982:from the original on 26 November 2009
4827:"CD Sales Are Rising Again, but Why?"
4806:from the original on 14 November 2022
4733:
4496:from the original on 20 December 2016
4457:
4389:from the original on 10 November 2012
4377:Williams, Stephen (4 February 2011).
4143:"NOW ON CD'S, FIRST 4 BEATLES ALBUMS"
4046:
3994:. acmestreamingDOTcom. 20 July 2010.
3893:
3477:from the original on 23 November 2015
3419:from the original on 16 December 2015
3406:
3371:
3103:"How the compact disc lost its shine"
1964:cross-interleaved Reed–Solomon coding
1848:. Each pit is approximately 100
1223:cross-interleaved Reed-Solomon coding
9598:Rotating disc computer storage media
7758:
6537:
5950:Popularized History on Soundfountain
5911:Exhaustive basics on CD-Recordable's
5183:
5061:. Deluxe Global Media Services Ltd.
4956:from the original on 26 October 2014
4776:from the original on 28 October 2022
4712:from the original on 12 January 2022
4619:from the original on 6 February 2018
4587:from the original on 8 November 2020
4557:from the original on 20 October 2017
4470:from the original on 20 October 2017
4358:from the original on 13 October 2019
4293:from the original on 4 February 2021
4262:from the original on 4 February 2021
4211:from the original on 13 October 2019
3896:"Rock on! The compact disc turns 30"
3894:Kelly, Heather (29 September 2012).
3767:
3514:
3508:
3409:"Compact Discs: Sound of the Future"
3052:"The Compact Disc (CD) is Developed"
2900:Compact Disc and DVD copy protection
2436:digital audio reproduction than the
2432:format that was designed to provide
2355:audio has no existing standard on a
2253:adding citations to reliable sources
2220:
1949:directly represent the 0s and 1s of
1724:adding citations to reliable sources
1691:
1165:The compact disc is an evolution of
1135:Compact Disc Digital Audio § History
211:Diameter: 120 mm (4.7 in)
5955:A Media History of the Compact Disc
5510:from the original on 11 August 2013
5191:Conditions that Affect CDs and DVDs
4867:from the original on 27 August 2023
4837:from the original on 27 August 2023
4746:from the original on 27 August 2023
4700:Biersdorfer, J.D. (17 March 2017).
4604:
4345:
4252:"PDM, PWM, Delta-Sigma, 1-Bit DACs"
3945:from the original on 27 August 2023
3902:from the original on 28 August 2018
3496:Kornelis, Chris (27 January 2015).
2087:optical drives so far, as of 2020.
1687:
1212:that made audio recordings using a
1193:Digital audio laser-disc prototypes
105:(up to 80 minutes audio), 800
13:
5905:How Compact Discs are Manufactured
5775:
5711:from the original on 1 August 2013
5573:from the original on 17 April 2016
5116:
4825:Kariuki, Patrick (18 March 2022).
4650:from the original on 6 August 2018
4577:"Is this the end of owning music?"
4198:
4155:from the original on 10 March 2017
3830:from the original on 19 April 2023
3570:from the original on 19 March 2015
3309:. Philips Research. Archived from
3287:from the original on 19 April 2023
3005:List of optical disc manufacturers
2975:High Definition Compatible Digital
2946:to prevent the running of the DRM
2893:
2408:
2201:80×54 mm – 80×64 mm
1593:With the advent and popularity of
1550:Other newer video formats such as
1312:(EFM), while Sony contributed the
14:
9664:
9618:Audiovisual introductions in 1982
7981:Reel-to-reel audio tape recording
7693:Pioneer Artists Compact LaserDisc
7143:Mohawk Message repeater cartridge
5915:Philips history of the CD (cache)
5896:
5830:The emergence of the compact disc
5279:
5068:from the original on 9 March 2016
4922:Bazoge, Mickaël (27 March 2024).
4681:from the original on 14 July 2018
3998:from the original on 25 June 2022
3849:Knopper, Steve (7 January 2009).
3634:from the original on 25 July 2009
3602:from the original on 25 July 2009
3558:McClure, Steve (8 January 2000).
3234:Brier Dudley (29 November 2004).
3148:from the original on 4 April 2016
2989: – Double-sided optical disc
2588:Photo CD is a system designed by
2550:
2414:
2216:
1771:A shiny layer reflects the laser.
1638:
1253:Collaboration and standardization
9562:
9561:
8450:
6546:
6536:
6527:
6526:
5990:
5705:"Understanding CD-R & CD-RW"
5543:from the original on 12 May 2013
5112:from the original on 6 May 2016.
5094:from the original on 6 May 2016.
5035:from the original on 12 May 2016
4141:JON PARELES (25 February 1987).
4065:from the original on 6 July 2017
3745:. 17 August 2007. Archived from
3720:from the original on 21 May 2013
3660:. 17 August 2007. Archived from
2970:Extended Resolution Compact Disc
2848:
2768:
2225:
1796:a radius from 25 to 58 mm.
1696:
1133:This section is an excerpt from
928:format that was co-developed by
865:History of optical storage media
585:Holographic Versatile Disc (HVD)
320:
49:
9648:Science and technology in Japan
7966:Experimental musical instrument
7221:Nippon Electronic Vity cassette
6932:Cosmos Industries MX-303A/ANQ-1
6365:Optical disc authoring software
5879:
5731:"CD-Recordable FAQ – Section 3"
5697:
5677:Andy McFadden (8 August 2007).
5637:
5555:
5529:Harmon, Amy (12 October 2003).
5522:
5474:from the original on 6 May 2016
5464:"IEC 60908:1999 | IEC Webstore"
5456:
5447:
5364:. 24 April 2011. Archived from
5324:
5299:
5241:
5202:
5174:
5145:
5056:"Introduction to CD and CD-ROM"
5054:Sharpless, Graham (July 2003).
5047:
5021:
4994:
4978:. IEEE Global History Network.
4915:
4890:
4879:
4849:
4818:
4788:
4758:
4662:
4638:Owsinski, Bobby (7 July 2018).
4631:
4569:
4533:
4515:Friedlander, Joshua P. (2015).
4508:
4482:
4458:Smith, Ethan (2 January 2009).
4426:
4401:
4305:
4192:
4167:
4077:
4040:
3982:
3927:
3551:
3489:
3461:
3446:
3431:
3400:
3299:
3219:. December 1999. Archived from
3101:Lynskey, Dorian (28 May 2015).
2867:players can. CD-RWs follow the
2834:(DRM), to conform to the AHRA (
2056:written to by a malfunctioning
1972:) were originally designed for
1707:needs additional citations for
9433:Amplified spontaneous emission
8610:Sony Music Entertainment Japan
8598:Sony Interactive Entertainment
5595:. cdfreaks.com. Archived from
5392:"How we made the compact disc"
5269:(in German). 18 November 2006.
4734:Ramey, Jay (9 February 2021).
4047:Giles, Jeff (1 October 2012).
3968:. Omnibus Press. p. 519.
3227:
3205:
3179:
3160:
3128:
3094:
3069:
3044:
3017:
2938:logo because they violate the
2725:Manufacture, cost, and pricing
1277:, the research pushed forward
1241:, Netherlands. Sony executive
1:
8151:Electronic musical instrument
5858:Compact Disc (Object Lessons)
5793:Pohlmann, Kenneth C. (1992).
4605:Ong, Thuy (6 February 2018).
4545:Sisario, Ben (11 June 2015).
3939:Salzburg. Geschichte. Kultur.
3077:"U.S. Music Revenue Database"
3010:
2876:Serial Copy Management System
2828:Serial Copy Management System
2652:
2079:) has only been available on
1516:(PDM), while Matsushita (now
1219:modified frequency modulation
1073:format was later adapted (as
571:Enhanced Versatile Disc (EVD)
9179:(umbrella company in the US)
8547:Sony Semiconductor Solutions
8457:Record production portal
8346:Institute of Broadcast Sound
7017:Thermionic Products Recordon
5496:Neil Strauss (5 July 1995).
4669:Chris Morris (2 July 2018).
3770:IEEE Communications Magazine
3517:IEEE Communications Magazine
3024:Träger, Frank (5 May 2012).
2756:to CDs, but was broken when
2706:
1983:
1960:eight-to-fourteen modulation
1955:non-return-to-zero, inverted
1499:digital-to-analog converters
1310:eight-to-fourteen modulation
1169:technology, where a focused
1108:, Compact Disc-Interactive (
995: bytes), or 99 minutes
578:Forward Versatile Disc (FVD)
113:(and up to 99 minutes audio)
7:
9489:Chirped pulse amplification
9177:Sony Corporation of America
9143:Sony Professional Solutions
9138:Sony Network Communications
8366:Musical Electronics Library
7404:Analog-to-digital converter
7311:Nippon Electronic Memo-call
4233:. Melbourne Audio Club Inc.
4178:. Bantam Books. p. 4.
3136:"Das Photo als Schalplatte"
2953:
2577:
2508:
2287:
1674:for Sony and Philips, 1998.
1595:Internet-based distribution
1326:Initial launch and adoption
730:Nintendo optical disc (NOD)
716:Fluorescent Multilayer Disc
695:Ultra Density Optical (UDO)
292:; 41 years ago
278:; 41 years ago
10:
9669:
9293:List of laser applications
9270:
9101:Sony Entertainment Network
8784:Sony Entertainment Network
8113:Sound reinforcement system
8022:Sound reinforcement system
7527:Compact Disc Digital Audio
6611:Music box cylinder or disc
6355:CD copy protection schemes
5957:(1-hour podcast interview)
5920:Patent History (CD Player)
5790:, 2nd edition (June 1996).
5531:"MUSIC; What Price Music?"
3739:"How the CD Was Developed"
3654:"How the CD Was Developed"
3407:Rasen, Edward (May 1985).
3386:10.2752/175470709787375751
2936:Compact Disc Digital Audio
2903:
2897:
2852:
2795:Recordable Compact Discs,
2788:
2731:Compact Disc manufacturing
2728:
2710:
2678:
2656:
2616:
2581:
2554:
2531:and is referred to as the
2512:
2487:
2463:
2418:
2320:Compact Disc Digital Audio
2317:
2119:Beethoven's Ninth Symphony
1833:of a compact disc under a
1753:
1588:
1132:
1127:
942:Compact Disc Digital Audio
564:Universal Media Disc (UMD)
301:(Europe and North America)
32:Compact Disc Digital Audio
29:
18:
9557:
9471:
9418:
9306:
9278:
9217:
9201:
9169:
9125:
8987:
8965:
8847:
8625:
8534:
8513:
8504:
8446:
8394:
8336:Audio Engineering Society
8328:
8252:
8234:Software effect processor
8214:Digital audio workstation
8199:
8121:
8063:
8055:Digital signal processing
8040:
7994:
7936:
7878:
7819:Digital audio workstation
7794:
7766:
7673:
7608:
7517:
7486:
7454:
7445:
7402:
7227:Grundig Cassette LFH 0084
7120:
7044:
7006:
6989:
6908:
6888:
6845:
6823:
6752:
6664:
6647:
6638:
6601:
6522:
6471:
6373:
6347:
6331:
6277:Hardware/software/content
6276:
6156:
5998:
5810:Peek, Hans et al. (2009)
5796:The Compact Disc Handbook
5196:15 September 2016 at the
5001:Pohlmann, Ken C. (1989).
4231:November 1989 News Update
3782:10.1109/MCOM.2010.5394021
3686:. Philips. Archived from
3628:Audio Engineering Society
3596:Audio Engineering Society
3529:10.1109/MCOM.2010.5394021
2880:digital rights management
2878:(SCMS), an early form of
2832:digital rights management
2641:drives and software. The
2483:
2091:Disc shapes and diameters
2073:"advanced error scanning"
2071:error scanning (known as
1893:The pits in a CD are 500
1408:The first 50 titles were
987: bytes), 90 minutes
831:Apple ISO 9660 Extensions
639:Personal Video Disc (PVD)
269:
239:
225:
217:
207:
189:
177:
157:
117:
101:Typically up to 700
97:
87:
77:
57:
48:
9033:Great American Pure Flix
8496:
8427:Professional audio store
8329:People and organizations
8315:Sound recording engineer
7477:Digital Compact Cassette
7365:Capitol Records Audiopak
7215:Dictaphone Travel master
7011:Telefunken magnetic disc
6980:Crouzet-Jaeger cartridge
5872:
5860:. New York: Bloomsbury.
5839:; Ogawa, Hiroshi (1992)
5287:. QPxTool. 1 August 2008
4950:"Technical Grammy Award"
3865:"The Inventor of the CD"
3816:"The Compact Disc Story"
3273:"The Compact Disc Story"
3056:historyofinformation.com
2884:Audio Home Recording Act
2836:Audio Home Recording Act
2565:SVCD has two-thirds the
1880:86.05 cm / 1.6 μm =
1865:constant linear velocity
1514:pulse-density modulation
1436:, with their 1985 album
1361:Salzburg Easter Festival
1296:Philips coined the term
1120:(SACD) which may have a
940:recordings. It uses the
9202:Nonprofit organizations
7845:Microphone preamplifier
7293:Assmann-Stuzzi Memocord
6974:Protona Minifon special
6595:audio recording formats
6360:CD player manufacturers
5842:Compact Disc Technology
4281:Atkinson, John (1989).
4107:. Toronto. p. E11.
3307:"The History of the CD"
2681:Blue Book (CD standard)
2675:Enhanced Music CD (CD+)
2612:
2409:Compact Disc + Graphics
2394:Compact Disc + Graphics
2377:is an extension of the
1941:Philips CDM210 CD Drive
1781:on the top of the disc.
1565:
967:digital audio or about
837:Universal Disk Format (
702:3D optical data storage
681:Video Single Disc (VSD)
9283:List of laser articles
8973:Sony Creative Software
7786:Electronic and digital
7377:Bandai micro cartridge
7323:Muntz Stereo Mini-twin
5930:Patent History CD Disc
5856:Barry, Robert (2020).
5388:K.A. Schouhamer Immink
5285:qpxtool.sourceforge.io
5209:Bosch, Xavier (2001).
4702:"Hand Me the AUX Cord"
4174:Canale, Larry (1986).
3684:"Philips Compact Disc"
2965:Optical disc packaging
2817:surface error scanning
2786:
2764:Writable compact discs
2740:
2405:CD + Extended Graphics
2315:
2307:
2102:
2008:surface error scanning
1945:The pits and lands do
1942:
1898:
1875:
1837:
1788:
1522:pulse-width modulation
1494:
1338:was of a recording of
1320:The Compact Disc Story
1271:Kees Schouhamer Immink
1266:
1263:Kees Schouhamer Immink
1147:transparent photograph
791:(layer jump recording)
357:Recording technologies
347:Optical disc authoring
221:Audio and data storage
9603:Digital audio storage
9071:Anime Digital Network
7245:Cousino Echo-matic II
6725:Indestructible record
5932: – published by
5922: – published by
5845:, Tokyo, Ohmsha Ltd.
5311:DutchAudioClassics.nl
5223:10.1038/news010628-11
5007:. A-R Editions, Inc.
4529:on 30 September 2015.
4054:Ultimate Classic Rock
2981:Compact disc bronzing
2776:
2738:
2503:computer data storage
2313:
2295:
2210:"Business card" size
2162:CD-ROM data capacity
2098:
1940:
1892:
1873:
1825:
1764:Diagram of CD layers
1763:
1488:
1378:television programme
1260:
1227:error correction code
1088:), rewritable media (
946:computer data storage
688:Magneto-optical discs
9613:Consumer electronics
9458:Population inversion
9188:List of acquisitions
9037:Great American Media
9035:(joint venture with
8581:Sony Financial Group
8244:Software synthesizer
8209:Digital audio editor
7995:Playback transducers
7855:Multitrack recording
7341:Sanyo Tape cartridge
7167:Rediffusion Reditune
7046:Loose (reel-to-reel)
6997:Magnetic stripe card
6926:US Army RD-11B/GNQ-1
6691:Perfected phonograph
6619:(early 17th century)
6374:Variants based on CD
6339:Orange-Book-Standard
5761:"Copy Protected CDs"
5567:Blank Media Printing
5421:K. Schouhamer Immink
5160:. pp. 531–535.
4006:– via YouTube.
3812:K. Schouhamer Immink
3485:– via YouTube.
3336:K. Schouhamer Immink
3269:K. Schouhamer Immink
2830:), an early form of
2363:stereo track (i.e.,
2249:improve this section
1720:improve this article
1662:Awards and accolades
1372:public demonstration
1026:by 1991, ending the
25:CDS (disambiguation)
9633:Japanese inventions
9509:Laser beam profiler
9428:Active laser medium
9368:Free-electron laser
9288:List of laser types
9148:Sony Honda Mobility
9001:PlayStation Network
8989:Online distribution
8848:Historical products
8819:Video8/Hi8/Digital8
7155:Mohawk Midgetape RL
6968:Protona Minifon P55
6962:Protona Minifon P51
6737:Blue Amberol record
6719:Gold moulded record
6713:Le Céleste cylinder
6685:Dictaphone cylinder
6675:Phonograph cylinder
5946:website in Japanese
5767:on 5 December 2001.
5679:"CD-Recordable FAQ"
5599:on 14 February 2007
5249:"Fungus 'eats' CDs"
4976:"IEEE CD Milestone"
4802:. 26 January 2022.
4464:Wall Street Journal
3749:on 22 December 2007
3664:on 22 December 2007
2597:and conform to the
2065:optical disc drives
2050:deteriorating media
1996:Geotrichum candidum
1911:semiconductor laser
1756:Shaped compact disc
1560:backward compatible
1481:Further development
1354:Herbert von Karajan
1350:Berlin Philharmonic
433:), Super Video CD (
386:Optical media types
45:
21:CD (disambiguation)
9183:Other subsidiaries
9018:Sony Pictures Core
8552:Sony Entertainment
8535:Primary businesses
8295:Re-recording mixer
8098:Keyboard amplifier
7814:Binaural recording
7610:Electronic circuit
7465:Digital Audio Tape
7179:RCA tape cartridge
7137:Cousino Echo-matic
7035:Audio High Density
6784:Edison Voicewriter
6299:Portable CD player
6179:CD copy protection
5782:Ecma International
5733:. 9 January 2010.
5625:on 4 February 2005
5536:The New York Times
5503:The New York Times
5396:Nature Electronics
5281:"QPxTool glossary"
5251:. BBC. June 2001.
5131:www.britannica.com
4861:Officialcharts.com
4706:The New York Times
4583:, 3 January 2019,
4551:The New York Times
4492:. 23 August 2013.
4148:The New York Times
4105:The Globe and Mail
4089:17 August 2015 at
3914:Eine Alpensinfonie
3875:on 29 January 2008
3560:"Heitaro Nakajima"
3455:The New York Times
3374:Design and Culture
2787:
2754:phonograph records
2746:8-track cartridges
2741:
2345:Four-channel sound
2316:
2308:
2103:
1943:
1899:
1876:
1838:
1789:
1495:
1394:(1981) was played.
1384:in 1981, when the
1345:An Alpine Symphony
1267:
936:to store and play
417:, Super Audio CD (
374:Burst cutting area
352:Authoring software
342:Optical disc drive
147:helium–neon lasers
43:
9575:
9574:
9529:Optical amplifier
9378:Solid-state laser
9238:
9237:
9193:List of libraries
9121:
9120:
9061:PlayStation Video
9011:PlayStation Store
8464:
8463:
8270:Guitar technician
8166:Music workstation
8050:Digital recording
8027:Speaker enclosure
7946:8-track cartridge
7888:Phonograph record
7726:
7725:
7669:
7668:
7398:
7397:
7233:Orrtronic Tapette
7161:Dictaphone Dictet
6760:Phonograph record
6617:Mechanical cuckoo
6560:
6559:
6396:Video Single Disc
5909:CD-Recordable FAQ
5866:978-1-5013-4851-8
5837:Nakajima, Heitaro
5822:978-1-4020-9552-8
5167:978-1-4244-7849-1
5014:978-0-89579-228-0
4318:J. Audio Eng. Soc
4185:978-0-553-34356-4
3975:978-1-84449-057-8
3716:, 24 April 2011,
3246:on 10 August 2014
3240:The Seattle Times
3223:on 17 April 2003.
3193:on 9 October 2013
2783:mechanical pencil
2750:compact cassettes
2285:
2284:
2277:
2214:
2213:
1803:or, more rarely,
1752:
1751:
1744:
1352:and conducted by
1114:Enhanced Music CD
1079:personal computer
1050:, as the rise of
1032:phonograph record
908:
907:
745:Professional Disc
652:MD Data, MD Data2
546:Mini Blu-ray Disc
308:
307:
276:October 1982
9660:
9628:Dutch inventions
9565:
9564:
9539:Optical isolator
9504:Injection seeder
9484:Beam homogenizer
9463:Ultrashort pulse
9453:Lasing threshold
9265:
9258:
9251:
9242:
9241:
9126:Other businesses
9044:
9043:
8557:Sony Music Group
8542:Sony Corporation
8491:
8484:
8477:
8468:
8467:
8455:
8454:
8453:
8341:Goji Electronics
8280:Monitor engineer
8239:Software sampler
8146:Electronic drums
8123:Electronic music
8093:Guitar amplifier
7938:Analog recording
7898:Compact cassette
7860:Music production
7768:Music technology
7760:Music technology
7753:
7746:
7739:
7730:
7729:
7452:
7451:
7305:DC-International
7263:Compact cassette
7081:Fullcoat magfilm
7023:Record Maker Pye
6990:Magnetic surface
6920:Lorenz Textophon
6743:Paradis cylinder
6707:Stentor cylinder
6645:
6644:
6587:
6580:
6573:
6564:
6563:
6550:
6540:
6539:
6530:
6529:
6428:Hybrid DVD-Audio
6189:CD manufacturing
6129:business card CD
5985:
5978:
5971:
5962:
5961:
5890:
5883:
5769:
5768:
5763:. Archived from
5756:
5750:
5749:
5744:
5742:
5727:
5721:
5720:
5718:
5716:
5701:
5695:
5694:
5692:
5690:
5674:
5665:
5664:
5662:
5660:
5641:
5635:
5634:
5632:
5630:
5621:. Archived from
5615:
5609:
5608:
5606:
5604:
5589:
5583:
5582:
5580:
5578:
5559:
5553:
5552:
5550:
5548:
5526:
5520:
5519:
5517:
5515:
5493:
5484:
5483:
5481:
5479:
5460:
5454:
5451:
5445:
5444:
5442:
5440:
5417:
5411:
5410:
5408:
5406:
5384:
5378:
5377:
5375:
5373:
5354:
5348:
5347:
5345:
5343:
5328:
5322:
5321:
5319:
5317:
5303:
5297:
5296:
5294:
5292:
5277:
5271:
5270:
5263:
5257:
5256:
5245:
5239:
5238:
5211:"Fungus eats CD"
5206:
5200:
5187:
5181:
5178:
5172:
5171:
5149:
5143:
5142:
5140:
5138:
5123:
5114:
5113:
5102:
5096:
5095:
5084:
5078:
5077:
5075:
5073:
5067:
5060:
5051:
5045:
5044:
5042:
5040:
5025:
5019:
5018:
4998:
4992:
4991:
4989:
4987:
4972:
4966:
4965:
4963:
4961:
4946:
4940:
4939:
4937:
4935:
4919:
4913:
4912:
4910:
4908:
4894:
4888:
4883:
4877:
4876:
4874:
4872:
4853:
4847:
4846:
4844:
4842:
4822:
4816:
4815:
4813:
4811:
4792:
4786:
4785:
4783:
4781:
4772:. 24 June 2020.
4762:
4756:
4755:
4753:
4751:
4731:
4722:
4721:
4719:
4717:
4697:
4691:
4690:
4688:
4686:
4666:
4660:
4659:
4657:
4655:
4635:
4629:
4628:
4626:
4624:
4602:
4596:
4595:
4594:
4592:
4573:
4567:
4566:
4564:
4562:
4537:
4531:
4530:
4528:
4521:
4512:
4506:
4505:
4503:
4501:
4486:
4480:
4479:
4477:
4475:
4455:
4449:
4448:
4446:
4444:
4430:
4424:
4423:
4421:
4419:
4405:
4399:
4398:
4396:
4394:
4374:
4368:
4367:
4365:
4363:
4346:Richter, Felix.
4343:
4334:
4333:
4331:
4329:
4309:
4303:
4302:
4300:
4298:
4278:
4272:
4271:
4269:
4267:
4247:
4234:
4227:
4221:
4220:
4218:
4216:
4196:
4190:
4189:
4171:
4165:
4164:
4162:
4160:
4138:
4132:
4129:
4123:
4115:
4109:
4108:
4100:
4094:
4081:
4075:
4074:
4072:
4070:
4059:Townsquare Media
4044:
4038:
4037:
4035:
4033:
4028:on 2 August 2008
4024:. Archived from
4014:
4008:
4007:
4005:
4003:
3986:
3980:
3979:
3961:
3955:
3954:
3952:
3950:
3931:
3925:
3924:
3909:
3907:
3891:
3885:
3884:
3882:
3880:
3871:. Archived from
3869:Philips Research
3861:
3855:
3854:
3846:
3840:
3839:
3837:
3835:
3808:
3802:
3801:
3765:
3759:
3758:
3756:
3754:
3735:
3729:
3728:
3727:
3725:
3706:
3700:
3699:
3697:
3695:
3690:on 19 March 2009
3680:
3674:
3673:
3671:
3669:
3650:
3644:
3643:
3641:
3639:
3625:
3618:
3612:
3611:
3609:
3607:
3593:
3586:
3580:
3579:
3577:
3575:
3555:
3549:
3548:
3512:
3506:
3505:
3504:on 9 April 2016.
3500:. Archived from
3493:
3487:
3486:
3484:
3482:
3465:
3459:
3458:
3450:
3444:
3443:
3435:
3429:
3428:
3426:
3424:
3404:
3398:
3397:
3369:
3360:
3359:
3357:
3355:
3332:
3323:
3322:
3320:
3318:
3303:
3297:
3296:
3294:
3292:
3265:
3256:
3255:
3253:
3251:
3242:. Archived from
3231:
3225:
3224:
3209:
3203:
3202:
3200:
3198:
3183:
3177:
3176:
3175:
3171:
3164:
3158:
3157:
3155:
3153:
3147:
3140:
3132:
3126:
3125:
3123:
3121:
3098:
3092:
3091:
3089:
3087:
3073:
3067:
3066:
3064:
3062:
3048:
3042:
3041:
3021:
2603:operating system
2444:. SACD was in a
2280:
2273:
2269:
2266:
2260:
2229:
2221:
2153:
2152:
2054:recordable media
1974:CD Digital Audio
1884:
1881:
1799:A thin layer of
1747:
1740:
1736:
1733:
1727:
1700:
1692:
1688:Physical details
1599:lossy-compressed
1562:with audio CDs.
1439:Brothers in Arms
1381:Tomorrow's World
1314:error-correction
1302:Compact Cassette
1247:Heitaro Nakajima
1202:Heitaro Nakajima
1176:Philips Research
1151:James T. Russell
1042:in regard to US
1028:market dominance
1002:
998:
994:
990:
986:
982:
978:
970:
900:
893:
886:
785:(packet writing)
550:Ultra HD Blu-ray
538:BD-R & BD-RE
324:
310:
309:
300:
298:
293:
286:
284:
279:
243:
229:
193:
161:
133:wavelength, 870
129:wavelength, 800
121:
70:visible spectrum
62:
53:
46:
42:
9668:
9667:
9663:
9662:
9661:
9659:
9658:
9657:
9578:
9577:
9576:
9571:
9553:
9467:
9448:Laser linewidth
9438:Continuous wave
9414:
9307:Types of lasers
9302:
9274:
9269:
9239:
9234:
9213:
9197:
9165:
9117:
9076:Anime on Demand
9066:PlayStation Vue
9042:
9006:PlayStation Now
8991:
8983:
8978:FeliCa Networks
8961:
8843:
8777:8 channel films
8628:
8621:
8530:
8509:
8500:
8495:
8465:
8460:
8451:
8449:
8442:
8390:
8324:
8290:Record producer
8275:Mixing engineer
8248:
8195:
8161:MIDI controller
8136:Circuit bending
8117:
8059:
8036:
8012:Monitor speaker
7990:
7932:
7880:Recording media
7874:
7865:Music sequencer
7850:Monitor speaker
7796:Sound recording
7790:
7762:
7757:
7727:
7722:
7665:
7654:USB flash drive
7648:Toymax VJ Starz
7604:
7513:
7482:
7441:
7394:
7257:Philips EL 3583
7203:Cousino MR-9000
7191:Protona Attaché
7185:Philips EL 3581
7116:
7040:
7002:
6985:
6904:
6889:Loose magnetic
6884:
6841:
6819:
6748:
6660:
6648:Grooved surface
6634:
6597:
6591:
6561:
6556:
6518:
6467:
6369:
6343:
6327:
6272:
6152:
5994:
5989:
5899:
5894:
5893:
5884:
5880:
5875:
5827:Peek, Hans B.,
5778:
5776:Further reading
5773:
5772:
5757:
5753:
5740:
5738:
5729:
5728:
5724:
5714:
5712:
5703:
5702:
5698:
5688:
5686:
5675:
5668:
5658:
5656:
5643:
5642:
5638:
5628:
5626:
5617:
5616:
5612:
5602:
5600:
5591:
5590:
5586:
5576:
5574:
5561:
5560:
5556:
5546:
5544:
5527:
5523:
5513:
5511:
5494:
5487:
5477:
5475:
5468:webstore.iec.ch
5462:
5461:
5457:
5452:
5448:
5438:
5436:
5418:
5414:
5404:
5402:
5385:
5381:
5371:
5369:
5356:
5355:
5351:
5341:
5339:
5330:
5329:
5325:
5315:
5313:
5305:
5304:
5300:
5290:
5288:
5278:
5274:
5265:
5264:
5260:
5247:
5246:
5242:
5207:
5203:
5198:Wayback Machine
5188:
5184:
5179:
5175:
5168:
5150:
5146:
5136:
5134:
5125:
5124:
5117:
5104:
5103:
5099:
5086:
5085:
5081:
5071:
5069:
5065:
5058:
5052:
5048:
5038:
5036:
5027:
5026:
5022:
5015:
4999:
4995:
4985:
4983:
4974:
4973:
4969:
4959:
4957:
4948:
4947:
4943:
4933:
4931:
4920:
4916:
4906:
4904:
4896:
4895:
4891:
4884:
4880:
4870:
4868:
4855:
4854:
4850:
4840:
4838:
4823:
4819:
4809:
4807:
4794:
4793:
4789:
4779:
4777:
4764:
4763:
4759:
4749:
4747:
4732:
4725:
4715:
4713:
4698:
4694:
4684:
4682:
4667:
4663:
4653:
4651:
4636:
4632:
4622:
4620:
4603:
4599:
4590:
4588:
4575:
4574:
4570:
4560:
4558:
4538:
4534:
4526:
4519:
4513:
4509:
4499:
4497:
4488:
4487:
4483:
4473:
4471:
4456:
4452:
4442:
4440:
4432:
4431:
4427:
4417:
4415:
4407:
4406:
4402:
4392:
4390:
4375:
4371:
4361:
4359:
4344:
4337:
4327:
4325:
4310:
4306:
4296:
4294:
4287:stereophile.com
4279:
4275:
4265:
4263:
4256:stereophile.com
4248:
4237:
4228:
4224:
4214:
4212:
4199:Harlow, Oliva.
4197:
4193:
4186:
4172:
4168:
4158:
4156:
4139:
4135:
4130:
4126:
4116:
4112:
4101:
4097:
4082:
4078:
4068:
4066:
4045:
4041:
4031:
4029:
4016:
4015:
4011:
4001:
3999:
3988:
3987:
3983:
3976:
3962:
3958:
3948:
3946:
3933:
3932:
3928:
3905:
3903:
3892:
3888:
3878:
3876:
3863:
3862:
3858:
3847:
3843:
3833:
3831:
3809:
3805:
3766:
3762:
3752:
3750:
3737:
3736:
3732:
3723:
3721:
3708:
3707:
3703:
3693:
3691:
3682:
3681:
3677:
3667:
3665:
3652:
3651:
3647:
3637:
3635:
3620:
3619:
3615:
3605:
3603:
3588:
3587:
3583:
3573:
3571:
3556:
3552:
3513:
3509:
3494:
3490:
3480:
3478:
3467:
3466:
3462:
3451:
3447:
3436:
3432:
3422:
3420:
3405:
3401:
3370:
3363:
3353:
3351:
3333:
3326:
3316:
3314:
3305:
3304:
3300:
3290:
3288:
3266:
3259:
3249:
3247:
3232:
3228:
3211:
3210:
3206:
3196:
3194:
3185:
3184:
3180:
3173:
3166:
3165:
3161:
3151:
3149:
3145:
3138:
3134:
3133:
3129:
3119:
3117:
3099:
3095:
3085:
3083:
3075:
3074:
3070:
3060:
3058:
3050:
3049:
3045:
3038:
3022:
3018:
3013:
2956:
2916:copy protection
2908:
2902:
2896:
2894:Copy protection
2857:
2851:
2793:
2781:CD-R next to a
2771:
2766:
2733:
2727:
2715:
2709:
2683:
2677:
2661:
2655:
2621:
2615:
2586:
2580:
2559:
2553:
2517:
2511:
2492:
2486:
2466:
2434:higher-fidelity
2423:
2417:
2322:
2290:
2281:
2270:
2264:
2261:
2246:
2230:
2219:
2193:185–210 MB
2159:Audio capacity
2100:
2093:
1986:
1882:
1879:
1817:offset printing
1813:screen printing
1787:
1758:
1748:
1737:
1731:
1728:
1713:
1701:
1690:
1685:
1684:
1664:
1641:
1591:
1568:
1483:
1463:classical music
1340:Richard Strauss
1328:
1255:
1195:
1138:
1130:
1082:hard disk drive
1000:
996:
992:
988:
984:
980:
976:
968:
904:
875:
874:
860:
852:
851:
766:
758:
757:
387:
379:
378:
362:Recording modes
332:
304:
296:
294:
291:
290:March 1983
282:
280:
277:
265:
241:
227:
212:
191:
159:
119:
73:
39:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
9666:
9656:
9655:
9650:
9645:
9640:
9635:
9630:
9625:
9623:Joint ventures
9620:
9615:
9610:
9605:
9600:
9595:
9590:
9573:
9572:
9570:
9569:
9558:
9555:
9554:
9552:
9551:
9546:
9544:Output coupler
9541:
9536:
9534:Optical cavity
9531:
9526:
9521:
9516:
9511:
9506:
9501:
9496:
9494:Gain-switching
9491:
9486:
9481:
9475:
9473:
9469:
9468:
9466:
9465:
9460:
9455:
9450:
9445:
9443:Laser ablation
9440:
9435:
9430:
9424:
9422:
9416:
9415:
9413:
9412:
9407:
9406:
9405:
9400:
9395:
9390:
9385:
9375:
9370:
9365:
9364:
9363:
9358:
9353:
9348:
9343:
9341:Carbon dioxide
9333:
9332:
9331:
9329:Liquid-crystal
9326:
9316:
9314:Chemical laser
9310:
9308:
9304:
9303:
9301:
9300:
9298:Laser acronyms
9295:
9290:
9285:
9279:
9276:
9275:
9268:
9267:
9260:
9253:
9245:
9236:
9235:
9233:
9232:
9227:
9221:
9219:
9215:
9214:
9212:
9211:
9205:
9203:
9199:
9198:
9196:
9195:
9190:
9185:
9180:
9173:
9171:
9167:
9166:
9164:
9163:
9157:
9151:
9145:
9140:
9135:
9129:
9127:
9123:
9122:
9119:
9118:
9116:
9115:
9114:
9113:
9103:
9098:
9093:
9088:
9083:
9078:
9073:
9068:
9063:
9058:
9052:
9050:
9048:Former/Defunct
9041:
9040:
9030:
9025:
9020:
9015:
9014:
9013:
9008:
8997:
8995:
8985:
8984:
8982:
8981:
8975:
8969:
8967:
8963:
8962:
8960:
8959:
8954:
8949:
8944:
8939:
8934:
8933:
8932:
8922:
8917:
8912:
8907:
8902:
8897:
8892:
8887:
8882:
8877:
8872:
8867:
8862:
8857:
8851:
8849:
8845:
8844:
8842:
8841:
8836:
8831:
8826:
8821:
8816:
8811:
8806:
8801:
8796:
8791:
8786:
8781:
8780:
8779:
8769:
8764:
8759:
8754:
8749:
8744:
8739:
8734:
8729:
8724:
8719:
8714:
8709:
8707:HDCAM/HDCAM-SR
8704:
8699:
8694:
8689:
8684:
8679:
8674:
8669:
8664:
8659:
8654:
8649:
8644:
8639:
8633:
8631:
8623:
8622:
8620:
8619:
8618:
8617:
8607:
8606:
8605:
8595:
8594:
8593:
8588:
8578:
8577:
8576:
8571:
8570:
8569:
8564:
8549:
8544:
8538:
8536:
8532:
8531:
8529:
8528:
8523:
8517:
8515:
8511:
8510:
8505:
8502:
8501:
8494:
8493:
8486:
8479:
8471:
8462:
8461:
8447:
8444:
8443:
8441:
8440:
8435:
8429:
8424:
8419:
8414:
8409:
8404:
8398:
8396:
8395:Related topics
8392:
8391:
8389:
8388:
8383:
8378:
8373:
8368:
8363:
8358:
8353:
8351:Lejaren Hiller
8348:
8343:
8338:
8332:
8330:
8326:
8325:
8323:
8322:
8317:
8312:
8310:Sound operator
8307:
8305:Sound follower
8302:
8300:Sound designer
8297:
8292:
8287:
8282:
8277:
8272:
8267:
8262:
8260:Audio engineer
8256:
8254:
8250:
8249:
8247:
8246:
8241:
8236:
8231:
8226:
8221:
8216:
8211:
8205:
8203:
8197:
8196:
8194:
8193:
8188:
8183:
8178:
8173:
8168:
8163:
8158:
8153:
8148:
8143:
8138:
8133:
8127:
8125:
8119:
8118:
8116:
8115:
8110:
8105:
8100:
8095:
8090:
8085:
8080:
8078:Bass amplifier
8075:
8073:Mixing console
8069:
8067:
8061:
8060:
8058:
8057:
8052:
8046:
8044:
8038:
8037:
8035:
8034:
8029:
8024:
8019:
8014:
8009:
8004:
7998:
7996:
7992:
7991:
7989:
7988:
7983:
7978:
7973:
7968:
7963:
7958:
7953:
7948:
7942:
7940:
7934:
7933:
7931:
7930:
7925:
7920:
7915:
7910:
7905:
7900:
7895:
7890:
7884:
7882:
7876:
7875:
7873:
7872:
7867:
7862:
7857:
7852:
7847:
7842:
7837:
7832:
7827:
7822:
7816:
7811:
7809:Mixing console
7806:
7800:
7798:
7792:
7791:
7789:
7788:
7783:
7778:
7772:
7770:
7764:
7763:
7756:
7755:
7748:
7741:
7733:
7724:
7723:
7721:
7720:
7714:
7711:Timecode vinyl
7708:
7702:
7696:
7690:
7684:
7677:
7675:
7671:
7670:
7667:
7666:
7664:
7663:
7657:
7651:
7645:
7639:
7633:
7627:
7621:
7614:
7612:
7606:
7605:
7603:
7602:
7596:
7590:
7584:
7578:
7572:
7566:
7560:
7557:Super Audio CD
7554:
7548:
7542:
7536:
7533:Philips CD-BGM
7530:
7523:
7521:
7515:
7514:
7512:
7511:
7505:
7499:
7492:
7490:
7484:
7483:
7481:
7480:
7474:
7468:
7461:
7459:
7449:
7443:
7442:
7440:
7439:
7433:
7427:
7421:
7415:
7408:
7406:
7400:
7399:
7396:
7395:
7393:
7392:
7389:Pocket Rockers
7386:
7380:
7374:
7368:
7362:
7356:
7353:Steno-Cassette
7350:
7344:
7338:
7332:
7329:Grundig DeJ614
7326:
7320:
7314:
7308:
7302:
7296:
7290:
7284:
7278:
7272:
7266:
7260:
7254:
7248:
7242:
7236:
7230:
7224:
7218:
7212:
7206:
7200:
7194:
7188:
7182:
7176:
7170:
7164:
7158:
7152:
7146:
7140:
7134:
7127:
7125:
7118:
7117:
7115:
7114:
7108:
7102:
7096:
7090:
7087:Stripe magfilm
7084:
7078:
7072:
7066:
7060:
7053:
7051:
7042:
7041:
7039:
7038:
7032:
7026:
7020:
7014:
7007:
7004:
7003:
7001:
7000:
6993:
6991:
6987:
6986:
6984:
6983:
6977:
6971:
6965:
6959:
6956:Peirce 330/360
6953:
6947:
6941:
6935:
6929:
6923:
6916:
6914:
6906:
6905:
6903:
6902:
6899:Wire recording
6895:
6893:
6886:
6885:
6883:
6882:
6876:
6870:
6864:
6858:
6851:
6849:
6843:
6842:
6840:
6839:
6833:
6827:
6825:
6821:
6820:
6818:
6817:
6811:
6805:
6799:
6793:
6787:
6781:
6778:Pathé Actuelle
6775:
6769:
6763:
6756:
6754:
6750:
6749:
6747:
6746:
6740:
6734:
6731:Amberol record
6728:
6722:
6716:
6710:
6704:
6701:Salon cylinder
6698:
6688:
6678:
6671:
6669:
6662:
6661:
6659:
6658:
6651:
6649:
6642:
6636:
6635:
6633:
6632:
6626:
6620:
6614:
6607:
6605:
6599:
6598:
6590:
6589:
6582:
6575:
6567:
6558:
6557:
6555:
6554:
6544:
6534:
6523:
6520:
6519:
6517:
6516:
6511:
6506:
6501:
6496:
6491:
6486:
6481:
6475:
6473:
6469:
6468:
6466:
6465:
6460:
6455:
6450:
6445:
6440:
6439:
6438:
6430:
6425:
6420:
6415:
6414:
6413:
6405:
6400:
6399:
6398:
6388:
6383:
6381:5.1 Music Disc
6377:
6375:
6371:
6370:
6368:
6367:
6362:
6357:
6351:
6349:
6345:
6344:
6342:
6341:
6335:
6333:
6329:
6328:
6326:
6325:
6324:
6323:
6321:Mini CD single
6313:
6308:
6303:
6302:
6301:
6291:
6286:
6280:
6278:
6274:
6273:
6271:
6270:
6265:
6260:
6259:
6258:
6253:
6248:
6243:
6233:
6228:
6223:
6218:
6213:
6208:
6207:
6206:
6196:
6191:
6186:
6181:
6176:
6171:
6166:
6160:
6158:
6154:
6153:
6151:
6150:
6149:
6148:
6138:
6133:
6132:
6131:
6121:
6116:
6115:
6114:
6106:
6101:
6096:
6091:
6085:
6080:
6079:
6078:
6070:
6065:
6064:
6063:
6053:
6048:
6043:
6038:
6037:
6036:
6028:
6027:
6026:
6018:
6017:
6016:
6008:
6002:
6000:
5996:
5995:
5988:
5987:
5980:
5973:
5965:
5959:
5958:
5952:
5947:
5937:
5927:
5917:
5912:
5906:
5898:
5897:External links
5895:
5892:
5891:
5877:
5876:
5874:
5871:
5870:
5869:
5854:
5834:
5825:
5808:
5791:
5777:
5774:
5771:
5770:
5751:
5722:
5696:
5666:
5636:
5610:
5584:
5554:
5521:
5485:
5455:
5446:
5412:
5379:
5368:on 21 May 2013
5349:
5338:. 25 June 2015
5323:
5298:
5272:
5258:
5240:
5201:
5182:
5173:
5166:
5144:
5133:. 7 March 2024
5115:
5097:
5079:
5046:
5029:"Compact Disc"
5020:
5013:
4993:
4967:
4941:
4914:
4889:
4878:
4848:
4817:
4800:Strata-gee.com
4787:
4757:
4723:
4692:
4661:
4630:
4597:
4568:
4543:11 June 2015:
4541:New York Times
4532:
4507:
4481:
4450:
4425:
4400:
4383:New York Times
4369:
4335:
4304:
4273:
4235:
4222:
4191:
4184:
4166:
4133:
4124:
4110:
4095:
4076:
4039:
4009:
3981:
3974:
3956:
3926:
3886:
3856:
3841:
3826:(5): 458–460.
3803:
3760:
3730:
3701:
3675:
3645:
3630:. March 1979.
3613:
3598:. March 1979.
3581:
3566:. p. 68.
3550:
3507:
3488:
3460:
3445:
3430:
3399:
3361:
3324:
3313:on 23 May 2016
3298:
3283:(5): 458–460.
3257:
3226:
3204:
3178:
3159:
3127:
3093:
3068:
3043:
3036:
3015:
3014:
3012:
3009:
3008:
3007:
3002:
2996:
2990:
2984:
2978:
2972:
2967:
2962:
2955:
2952:
2898:Main article:
2895:
2892:
2853:Main article:
2850:
2847:
2789:Main article:
2770:
2767:
2765:
2762:
2729:Main article:
2726:
2723:
2711:Main article:
2708:
2705:
2679:Main article:
2676:
2673:
2657:Main article:
2654:
2651:
2617:Main article:
2614:
2611:
2582:Main article:
2579:
2576:
2557:Super Video CD
2555:Main article:
2552:
2551:Super Video CD
2549:
2513:Main article:
2510:
2507:
2488:Main article:
2485:
2482:
2465:
2462:
2421:Super Audio CD
2419:Main article:
2416:
2415:Super Audio CD
2413:
2336:encoding at a
2318:Main article:
2289:
2286:
2283:
2282:
2233:
2231:
2224:
2218:
2217:Logical format
2215:
2212:
2211:
2208:
2205:
2202:
2198:
2197:
2194:
2191:
2188:
2184:
2183:
2182:Standard size
2180:
2174:
2171:
2167:
2166:
2163:
2160:
2157:
2156:Physical size
2132:Super Audio CD
2092:
2089:
2077:Nero DiscSpeed
2004:data integrity
1985:
1982:
1786:
1785:
1782:
1779:screen printed
1775:
1772:
1769:
1765:
1750:
1749:
1718:. Please help
1704:
1702:
1695:
1689:
1686:
1683:
1682:
1675:
1663:
1660:
1640:
1639:Current status
1637:
1633:General Motors
1590:
1587:
1579:Super Audio CD
1572:audio cassette
1567:
1564:
1537:AES Convention
1482:
1479:
1430:
1429:
1426:
1423:
1406:
1395:
1368:
1357:
1327:
1324:
1254:
1251:
1194:
1191:
1139:
1131:
1129:
1126:
1118:Super Audio CD
1098:Super Video CD
1013:device drivers
1011:or delivering
906:
905:
903:
902:
895:
888:
880:
877:
876:
873:
872:
867:
861:
858:
857:
854:
853:
850:
849:
848:
847:
842:
835:
834:
833:
828:
823:
817:
812:
799:
794:
793:
792:
786:
767:
764:
763:
760:
759:
756:
755:
748:
741:
733:
726:
719:
712:
705:
698:
691:
684:
677:
661:
654:
642:
635:
628:
621:
614:
595:
588:
581:
574:
567:
560:
553:
548:, 4K Blu-ray (
531:Blu-ray Disc (
528:
461:
415:5.1 Music Disc
392:Compact disc (
388:
385:
384:
381:
380:
377:
376:
371:
370:
369:
367:Packet writing
364:
354:
349:
344:
339:
333:
330:
329:
326:
325:
317:
316:
306:
305:
303:
302:
288:
273:
271:
267:
266:
264:
263:
261:Super Audio CD
258:
253:
247:
245:
237:
236:
231:
223:
222:
219:
215:
214:
209:
205:
204:
195:
187:
186:
181:
175:
174:
163:
155:
154:
123:
115:
114:
99:
95:
94:
91:
85:
84:
79:
75:
74:
63:
55:
54:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
9665:
9654:
9651:
9649:
9646:
9644:
9641:
9639:
9636:
9634:
9631:
9629:
9626:
9624:
9621:
9619:
9616:
9614:
9611:
9609:
9608:Video storage
9606:
9604:
9601:
9599:
9596:
9594:
9591:
9589:
9586:
9585:
9583:
9568:
9560:
9559:
9556:
9550:
9547:
9545:
9542:
9540:
9537:
9535:
9532:
9530:
9527:
9525:
9522:
9520:
9517:
9515:
9512:
9510:
9507:
9505:
9502:
9500:
9499:Gaussian beam
9497:
9495:
9492:
9490:
9487:
9485:
9482:
9480:
9479:Beam expander
9477:
9476:
9474:
9470:
9464:
9461:
9459:
9456:
9454:
9451:
9449:
9446:
9444:
9441:
9439:
9436:
9434:
9431:
9429:
9426:
9425:
9423:
9421:
9420:Laser physics
9417:
9411:
9408:
9404:
9401:
9399:
9396:
9394:
9391:
9389:
9386:
9384:
9381:
9380:
9379:
9376:
9374:
9371:
9369:
9366:
9362:
9359:
9357:
9354:
9352:
9349:
9347:
9344:
9342:
9339:
9338:
9337:
9334:
9330:
9327:
9325:
9322:
9321:
9320:
9317:
9315:
9312:
9311:
9309:
9305:
9299:
9296:
9294:
9291:
9289:
9286:
9284:
9281:
9280:
9277:
9273:
9266:
9261:
9259:
9254:
9252:
9247:
9246:
9243:
9231:
9228:
9226:
9223:
9222:
9220:
9216:
9210:
9207:
9206:
9204:
9200:
9194:
9191:
9189:
9186:
9184:
9181:
9178:
9175:
9174:
9172:
9168:
9161:
9158:
9155:
9152:
9149:
9146:
9144:
9141:
9139:
9136:
9134:
9131:
9130:
9128:
9124:
9112:
9109:
9108:
9107:
9104:
9102:
9099:
9097:
9094:
9092:
9089:
9087:
9084:
9082:
9079:
9077:
9074:
9072:
9069:
9067:
9064:
9062:
9059:
9057:
9054:
9053:
9051:
9049:
9045:
9038:
9034:
9031:
9029:
9026:
9024:
9021:
9019:
9016:
9012:
9009:
9007:
9004:
9003:
9002:
8999:
8998:
8996:
8994:
8990:
8986:
8979:
8976:
8974:
8971:
8970:
8968:
8964:
8958:
8955:
8953:
8950:
8948:
8945:
8943:
8940:
8938:
8937:1 inch Type C
8935:
8931:
8928:
8927:
8926:
8923:
8921:
8918:
8916:
8913:
8911:
8908:
8906:
8903:
8901:
8898:
8896:
8893:
8891:
8888:
8886:
8883:
8881:
8878:
8876:
8873:
8871:
8868:
8866:
8863:
8861:
8858:
8856:
8853:
8852:
8850:
8846:
8840:
8837:
8835:
8832:
8830:
8827:
8825:
8822:
8820:
8817:
8815:
8812:
8810:
8807:
8805:
8802:
8800:
8797:
8795:
8792:
8790:
8787:
8785:
8782:
8778:
8775:
8774:
8773:
8770:
8768:
8765:
8763:
8760:
8758:
8755:
8753:
8750:
8748:
8745:
8743:
8740:
8738:
8735:
8733:
8730:
8728:
8725:
8723:
8720:
8718:
8715:
8713:
8710:
8708:
8705:
8703:
8700:
8698:
8695:
8693:
8690:
8688:
8685:
8683:
8682:Dream Machine
8680:
8678:
8675:
8673:
8670:
8668:
8665:
8663:
8660:
8658:
8655:
8653:
8650:
8648:
8645:
8643:
8640:
8638:
8635:
8634:
8632:
8630:
8624:
8616:
8613:
8612:
8611:
8608:
8604:
8601:
8600:
8599:
8596:
8592:
8589:
8587:
8584:
8583:
8582:
8579:
8575:
8574:Sony Pictures
8572:
8568:
8565:
8563:
8562:Entertainment
8560:
8559:
8558:
8555:
8554:
8553:
8550:
8548:
8545:
8543:
8540:
8539:
8537:
8533:
8527:
8524:
8522:
8519:
8518:
8516:
8512:
8508:
8503:
8499:
8492:
8487:
8485:
8480:
8478:
8473:
8472:
8469:
8459:
8458:
8445:
8439:
8438:Vehicle audio
8436:
8433:
8430:
8428:
8425:
8423:
8420:
8418:
8415:
8413:
8410:
8408:
8407:High fidelity
8405:
8403:
8400:
8399:
8397:
8393:
8387:
8384:
8382:
8379:
8377:
8374:
8372:
8369:
8367:
8364:
8362:
8359:
8357:
8354:
8352:
8349:
8347:
8344:
8342:
8339:
8337:
8334:
8333:
8331:
8327:
8321:
8318:
8316:
8313:
8311:
8308:
8306:
8303:
8301:
8298:
8296:
8293:
8291:
8288:
8286:
8283:
8281:
8278:
8276:
8273:
8271:
8268:
8266:
8263:
8261:
8258:
8257:
8255:
8251:
8245:
8242:
8240:
8237:
8235:
8232:
8230:
8227:
8225:
8222:
8220:
8217:
8215:
8212:
8210:
8207:
8206:
8204:
8202:
8198:
8192:
8189:
8187:
8184:
8182:
8179:
8177:
8174:
8172:
8169:
8167:
8164:
8162:
8159:
8157:
8154:
8152:
8149:
8147:
8144:
8142:
8139:
8137:
8134:
8132:
8129:
8128:
8126:
8124:
8120:
8114:
8111:
8109:
8106:
8104:
8101:
8099:
8096:
8094:
8091:
8089:
8086:
8084:
8081:
8079:
8076:
8074:
8071:
8070:
8068:
8066:
8062:
8056:
8053:
8051:
8048:
8047:
8045:
8043:
8042:Digital audio
8039:
8033:
8030:
8028:
8025:
8023:
8020:
8018:
8015:
8013:
8010:
8008:
8005:
8003:
8000:
7999:
7997:
7993:
7987:
7986:Tape recorder
7984:
7982:
7979:
7977:
7974:
7972:
7969:
7967:
7964:
7962:
7959:
7957:
7956:Cassette deck
7954:
7952:
7949:
7947:
7944:
7943:
7941:
7939:
7935:
7929:
7926:
7924:
7921:
7919:
7916:
7914:
7911:
7909:
7906:
7904:
7901:
7899:
7896:
7894:
7893:Magnetic tape
7891:
7889:
7886:
7885:
7883:
7881:
7877:
7871:
7870:Outboard gear
7868:
7866:
7863:
7861:
7858:
7856:
7853:
7851:
7848:
7846:
7843:
7841:
7838:
7836:
7833:
7831:
7828:
7826:
7823:
7820:
7817:
7815:
7812:
7810:
7807:
7805:
7804:Audio channel
7802:
7801:
7799:
7797:
7793:
7787:
7784:
7782:
7779:
7777:
7774:
7773:
7771:
7769:
7765:
7761:
7754:
7749:
7747:
7742:
7740:
7735:
7734:
7731:
7718:
7715:
7712:
7709:
7706:
7703:
7700:
7697:
7694:
7691:
7688:
7685:
7682:
7681:Mini-cassette
7679:
7678:
7676:
7672:
7661:
7658:
7655:
7652:
7649:
7646:
7643:
7642:Takara E-kara
7640:
7637:
7634:
7631:
7628:
7625:
7622:
7619:
7616:
7615:
7613:
7611:
7607:
7600:
7597:
7594:
7591:
7588:
7585:
7582:
7579:
7576:
7573:
7570:
7567:
7564:
7561:
7558:
7555:
7552:
7549:
7546:
7543:
7540:
7537:
7534:
7531:
7528:
7525:
7524:
7522:
7520:
7516:
7509:
7506:
7503:
7500:
7497:
7494:
7493:
7491:
7489:
7488:Sound-on-film
7485:
7478:
7475:
7472:
7469:
7466:
7463:
7462:
7460:
7457:
7456:Magnetic tape
7453:
7450:
7448:
7444:
7437:
7434:
7431:
7428:
7425:
7422:
7419:
7416:
7413:
7410:
7409:
7407:
7405:
7401:
7390:
7387:
7384:
7381:
7378:
7375:
7372:
7369:
7366:
7363:
7360:
7359:Stenorette DL
7357:
7354:
7351:
7348:
7345:
7342:
7339:
7336:
7335:Microcassette
7333:
7330:
7327:
7324:
7321:
7318:
7315:
7312:
7309:
7306:
7303:
7300:
7297:
7294:
7291:
7288:
7287:Micro pack 35
7285:
7282:
7279:
7276:
7273:
7270:
7267:
7264:
7261:
7258:
7255:
7252:
7249:
7246:
7243:
7240:
7237:
7234:
7231:
7228:
7225:
7222:
7219:
7216:
7213:
7210:
7209:IBM Magnabelt
7207:
7204:
7201:
7198:
7195:
7192:
7189:
7186:
7183:
7180:
7177:
7174:
7171:
7168:
7165:
7162:
7159:
7156:
7153:
7150:
7147:
7144:
7141:
7138:
7135:
7132:
7129:
7128:
7126:
7123:
7122:Magnetic tape
7119:
7112:
7109:
7106:
7103:
7100:
7097:
7094:
7091:
7088:
7085:
7082:
7079:
7076:
7073:
7070:
7067:
7064:
7061:
7058:
7057:Blattnerphone
7055:
7054:
7052:
7050:
7049:magnetic tape
7047:
7043:
7036:
7033:
7030:
7027:
7024:
7021:
7018:
7015:
7012:
7009:
7008:
7005:
6998:
6995:
6994:
6992:
6988:
6981:
6978:
6975:
6972:
6969:
6966:
6963:
6960:
6957:
6954:
6951:
6948:
6945:
6942:
6939:
6936:
6933:
6930:
6927:
6924:
6921:
6918:
6917:
6915:
6912:
6907:
6900:
6897:
6896:
6894:
6892:
6887:
6880:
6877:
6874:
6871:
6868:
6865:
6862:
6859:
6856:
6853:
6852:
6850:
6848:
6847:Sound-on-film
6844:
6837:
6834:
6832:
6829:
6828:
6826:
6822:
6815:
6812:
6809:
6808:Highway Hi-Fi
6806:
6803:
6800:
6797:
6794:
6791:
6788:
6785:
6782:
6779:
6776:
6773:
6770:
6767:
6764:
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6758:
6757:
6755:
6751:
6744:
6741:
6738:
6735:
6732:
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6726:
6723:
6720:
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6708:
6705:
6702:
6699:
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6692:
6689:
6686:
6682:
6679:
6676:
6673:
6672:
6670:
6668:
6663:
6656:
6653:
6652:
6650:
6646:
6643:
6641:
6637:
6630:
6627:
6624:
6621:
6618:
6615:
6613:(9th century)
6612:
6609:
6608:
6606:
6604:
6600:
6596:
6588:
6583:
6581:
6576:
6574:
6569:
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6497:
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6411:
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6409:
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6404:
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6397:
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6350:
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6340:
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6300:
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6264:
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6214:
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6209:
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6192:
6190:
6187:
6185:
6182:
6180:
6177:
6175:
6172:
6170:
6167:
6165:
6164:Rainbow Books
6162:
6161:
6159:
6155:
6147:
6144:
6143:
6142:
6139:
6137:
6134:
6130:
6127:
6126:
6125:
6122:
6120:
6117:
6112:
6111:
6110:
6107:
6105:
6104:Mixed Mode CD
6102:
6100:
6097:
6095:
6092:
6089:
6086:
6084:
6081:
6076:
6075:
6074:
6071:
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6019:
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5997:
5993:
5986:
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5910:
5907:
5904:
5901:
5900:
5888:
5882:
5878:
5867:
5863:
5859:
5855:
5852:
5851:4-274-03347-3
5848:
5844:
5843:
5838:
5835:
5832:
5831:
5826:
5823:
5819:
5815:
5814:
5809:
5806:
5805:0-89579-300-8
5802:
5798:
5797:
5792:
5789:
5788:
5783:
5780:
5779:
5766:
5762:
5755:
5748:
5736:
5732:
5726:
5710:
5706:
5700:
5684:
5680:
5673:
5671:
5654:
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5640:
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5614:
5598:
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5532:
5525:
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5504:
5499:
5492:
5490:
5473:
5469:
5465:
5459:
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5426:
5422:
5416:
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5397:
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5389:
5383:
5367:
5363:
5359:
5353:
5337:
5333:
5327:
5312:
5308:
5302:
5286:
5282:
5276:
5268:
5262:
5254:
5250:
5244:
5236:
5232:
5228:
5224:
5220:
5216:
5212:
5205:
5199:
5195:
5192:
5186:
5177:
5169:
5163:
5159:
5155:
5148:
5132:
5128:
5122:
5120:
5111:
5107:
5101:
5093:
5089:
5083:
5064:
5057:
5050:
5034:
5030:
5024:
5016:
5010:
5006:
5005:
4997:
4981:
4977:
4971:
4955:
4951:
4945:
4929:
4925:
4918:
4903:
4899:
4893:
4887:
4882:
4866:
4862:
4858:
4852:
4836:
4832:
4831:Makeuseof.com
4828:
4821:
4805:
4801:
4797:
4791:
4775:
4771:
4767:
4761:
4745:
4741:
4737:
4730:
4728:
4711:
4707:
4703:
4696:
4680:
4676:
4672:
4665:
4649:
4645:
4641:
4634:
4618:
4614:
4613:
4608:
4601:
4586:
4582:
4578:
4572:
4556:
4552:
4548:
4542:
4539:Sisaro, Ben.
4536:
4525:
4518:
4511:
4495:
4491:
4485:
4469:
4465:
4461:
4454:
4439:
4435:
4429:
4414:
4410:
4404:
4388:
4384:
4380:
4373:
4357:
4353:
4349:
4342:
4340:
4323:
4319:
4315:
4308:
4292:
4288:
4284:
4277:
4261:
4257:
4253:
4246:
4244:
4242:
4240:
4232:
4226:
4210:
4206:
4202:
4195:
4187:
4181:
4177:
4170:
4154:
4150:
4149:
4144:
4137:
4128:
4121:
4120:
4114:
4106:
4099:
4092:
4088:
4085:
4080:
4064:
4060:
4056:
4055:
4050:
4043:
4027:
4023:
4019:
4013:
3997:
3993:
3992:
3985:
3977:
3971:
3967:
3960:
3944:
3940:
3936:
3930:
3923:
3921:
3920:
3915:
3901:
3897:
3890:
3874:
3870:
3866:
3860:
3853:. Free Press.
3852:
3845:
3829:
3825:
3821:
3817:
3813:
3807:
3799:
3795:
3791:
3787:
3783:
3779:
3775:
3771:
3764:
3748:
3744:
3740:
3734:
3719:
3715:
3711:
3705:
3689:
3685:
3679:
3663:
3659:
3655:
3649:
3633:
3629:
3624:
3617:
3601:
3597:
3592:
3585:
3569:
3565:
3561:
3554:
3546:
3542:
3538:
3534:
3530:
3526:
3522:
3518:
3511:
3503:
3499:
3492:
3476:
3472:
3471:
3464:
3456:
3449:
3441:
3434:
3418:
3414:
3410:
3403:
3395:
3391:
3387:
3383:
3379:
3375:
3368:
3366:
3349:
3345:
3341:
3337:
3331:
3329:
3312:
3308:
3302:
3286:
3282:
3278:
3274:
3270:
3264:
3262:
3245:
3241:
3237:
3230:
3222:
3218:
3214:
3208:
3192:
3188:
3182:
3169:
3163:
3144:
3141:(in German).
3137:
3131:
3116:
3112:
3108:
3104:
3097:
3082:
3078:
3072:
3057:
3053:
3047:
3039:
3037:9783642194092
3033:
3029:
3028:
3020:
3016:
3006:
3003:
3000:
2997:
2994:
2991:
2988:
2985:
2982:
2979:
2976:
2973:
2971:
2968:
2966:
2963:
2961:
2958:
2957:
2951:
2949:
2945:
2941:
2937:
2933:
2929:
2925:
2921:
2917:
2913:
2907:
2901:
2891:
2889:
2885:
2881:
2877:
2872:
2870:
2866:
2861:
2856:
2849:ReWritable CD
2846:
2843:
2841:
2837:
2833:
2829:
2824:
2822:
2818:
2812:
2810:
2806:
2802:
2798:
2792:
2784:
2780:
2775:
2769:Recordable CD
2761:
2759:
2755:
2751:
2747:
2737:
2732:
2722:
2720:
2714:
2704:
2702:
2701:
2696:
2692:
2688:
2682:
2672:
2670:
2666:
2660:
2650:
2648:
2644:
2640:
2636:
2632:
2628:
2627:
2620:
2610:
2608:
2604:
2600:
2596:
2591:
2585:
2575:
2573:
2568:
2563:
2558:
2548:
2546:
2541:
2536:
2534:
2530:
2526:
2522:
2516:
2506:
2504:
2500:
2497:
2491:
2481:
2479:
2475:
2471:
2461:
2457:
2455:
2451:
2447:
2443:
2439:
2435:
2431:
2428:
2422:
2412:
2410:
2406:
2402:
2400:
2395:
2391:
2389:
2385:
2380:
2376:
2372:
2370:
2366:
2365:mirrored mono
2362:
2358:
2354:
2350:
2346:
2343:per channel.
2342:
2341:sampling rate
2339:
2338:44.1 kHz
2335:
2331:
2328:
2321:
2312:
2306:
2302:
2298:
2294:
2279:
2276:
2268:
2258:
2254:
2250:
2244:
2243:
2239:
2234:This section
2232:
2228:
2223:
2222:
2209:
2207:10–65 MB
2206:
2203:
2200:
2199:
2196:Mini-CD size
2195:
2192:
2189:
2186:
2185:
2181:
2179:
2176:650–700
2175:
2172:
2169:
2168:
2164:
2161:
2158:
2155:
2154:
2151:
2149:
2145:
2141:
2137:
2133:
2128:
2124:
2120:
2116:
2111:
2109:
2097:
2088:
2086:
2082:
2078:
2074:
2070:
2066:
2061:
2059:
2055:
2051:
2047:
2043:
2039:
2035:
2031:
2027:
2023:
2019:
2018:
2013:
2009:
2005:
2000:
1998:
1997:
1993:. The fungus
1992:
1981:
1979:
1975:
1971:
1970:
1965:
1961:
1956:
1952:
1948:
1939:
1935:
1933:
1929:
1923:
1921:
1917:
1912:
1908:
1907:near infrared
1904:
1896:
1891:
1887:
1883:5.38 km.
1872:
1868:
1866:
1861:
1859:
1855:
1851:
1847:
1843:
1836:
1832:
1828:
1824:
1820:
1818:
1814:
1810:
1806:
1802:
1797:
1794:
1793:polycarbonate
1783:
1780:
1776:
1773:
1770:
1767:
1766:
1762:
1757:
1746:
1743:
1735:
1725:
1721:
1717:
1711:
1710:
1705:This section
1703:
1699:
1694:
1693:
1679:
1676:
1673:
1669:
1668:
1667:
1659:
1657:
1652:
1649:
1644:
1636:
1634:
1630:
1626:
1622:
1617:
1615:
1614:vinyl revival
1611:
1607:
1603:
1602:audio formats
1600:
1596:
1586:
1584:
1580:
1575:
1573:
1563:
1561:
1557:
1553:
1548:
1546:
1542:
1538:
1534:
1530:
1525:
1523:
1519:
1515:
1511:
1506:
1504:
1500:
1492:
1487:
1478:
1476:
1475:cassette tape
1472:
1468:
1464:
1459:
1457:
1453:
1449:
1445:
1441:
1440:
1435:
1427:
1424:
1421:
1420:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1404:
1403:Claudio Arrau
1400:
1396:
1393:
1392:
1387:
1383:
1382:
1377:
1373:
1369:
1366:
1362:
1358:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1346:
1341:
1337:
1336:test pressing
1333:
1332:
1331:
1323:
1321:
1317:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1294:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1275:Toshitada Doi
1272:
1264:
1259:
1250:
1248:
1244:
1240:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1190:
1187:
1186:
1181:
1177:
1172:
1168:
1163:
1161:
1157:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1136:
1125:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1071:Digital Audio
1067:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1036:cassette tape
1033:
1029:
1025:
1024:United States
1021:
1020:audio formats
1016:
1014:
1010:
1006:
974:
966:
961:
959:
955:
951:
947:
943:
939:
938:digital audio
935:
931:
927:
924:
921:
917:
913:
901:
896:
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868:
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855:
846:
843:
840:
836:
832:
829:
827:
824:
821:
818:
816:
813:
811:
808:
807:
806:
803:
802:
801:File systems
800:
798:
797:Rainbow Books
795:
790:
787:
784:
783:Mount Rainier
781:
780:
779:
775:
772:
769:
768:
762:
761:
754:
753:
749:
747:
746:
742:
740:
738:
737:Archival Disc
734:
732:
731:
727:
725:
724:
720:
718:
717:
713:
711:
710:
706:
704:
703:
699:
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692:
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689:
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669:
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629:
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619:
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582:
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568:
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479:
475:
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468:
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460:
456:
452:
448:
444:
440:
436:
432:
429:), Video CD (
428:
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400:
397:
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383:
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375:
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350:
348:
345:
343:
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335:
334:
328:
327:
323:
319:
318:
315:
314:Optical discs
312:
311:
289:
275:
274:
272:
268:
262:
259:
257:
254:
252:
249:
248:
246:
238:
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224:
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199:
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188:
185:
184:Rainbow Books
182:
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136:
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128:
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83:
80:
76:
71:
67:
61:
56:
52:
47:
41:
37:
33:
26:
22:
9593:120 mm discs
9588:Compact disc
9519:Mode locking
9472:Laser optics
9170:Other assets
9047:
8799:Tunnel diode
8727:Memory Stick
8722:LocationFree
8661:
8627:Technologies
8521:Masaru Ibuka
8448:
8181:Sound module
8141:Drum machine
8083:Effects unit
7976:Player piano
7903:Compact disc
7902:
7825:Effects unit
7620:(late 1970s)
7519:Optical disc
7383:Picocassette
7379:(late 1980s)
7173:Saba Sabafon
6944:RCA MI-12877
6938:RCA MI-12875
6824:Grooved tape
6790:SoundScriber
6786:(late 1940s)
6772:Diamond disc
6753:Grooved disc
6655:Phonautogram
6623:Punched card
6437:Scarlet Book
6184:CD emulation
6169:CD authoring
6005:
5992:Compact disc
5991:
5881:
5857:
5841:
5829:
5812:
5795:
5786:
5765:the original
5754:
5746:
5739:. Retrieved
5725:
5713:. Retrieved
5707:. Osta.org.
5699:
5689:20 September
5687:. Retrieved
5657:. Retrieved
5648:
5639:
5627:. Retrieved
5623:the original
5613:
5601:. Retrieved
5597:the original
5587:
5575:. Retrieved
5566:
5557:
5545:. Retrieved
5534:
5524:
5512:. Retrieved
5501:
5476:. Retrieved
5467:
5458:
5449:
5437:. Retrieved
5432:
5428:
5415:
5403:. Retrieved
5399:
5395:
5382:
5370:. Retrieved
5366:the original
5361:
5352:
5340:. Retrieved
5335:
5326:
5314:. Retrieved
5310:
5301:
5289:. Retrieved
5284:
5275:
5261:
5243:
5214:
5204:
5185:
5176:
5157:
5147:
5135:. Retrieved
5130:
5100:
5082:
5070:. Retrieved
5049:
5037:. Retrieved
5023:
5003:
4996:
4984:. Retrieved
4970:
4958:. Retrieved
4944:
4932:. Retrieved
4927:
4917:
4905:. Retrieved
4901:
4892:
4881:
4869:. Retrieved
4860:
4851:
4839:. Retrieved
4830:
4820:
4808:. Retrieved
4799:
4790:
4778:. Retrieved
4769:
4760:
4748:. Retrieved
4739:
4714:. Retrieved
4705:
4695:
4683:. Retrieved
4674:
4664:
4652:. Retrieved
4643:
4633:
4621:. Retrieved
4610:
4600:
4589:, retrieved
4580:
4571:
4559:. Retrieved
4550:
4540:
4535:
4524:the original
4510:
4498:. Retrieved
4484:
4472:. Retrieved
4463:
4453:
4441:. Retrieved
4437:
4428:
4416:. Retrieved
4412:
4403:
4391:. Retrieved
4382:
4372:
4360:. Retrieved
4351:
4326:. Retrieved
4321:
4317:
4307:
4295:. Retrieved
4286:
4276:
4264:. Retrieved
4255:
4230:
4225:
4213:. Retrieved
4204:
4194:
4175:
4169:
4157:. Retrieved
4146:
4136:
4127:
4117:
4113:
4104:
4098:
4079:
4067:. Retrieved
4052:
4042:
4030:. Retrieved
4026:the original
4012:
4000:. Retrieved
3990:
3984:
3965:
3959:
3947:. Retrieved
3938:
3929:
3919:The Visitors
3917:
3913:
3911:
3906:30 September
3904:. Retrieved
3889:
3877:. Retrieved
3873:the original
3868:
3859:
3850:
3844:
3832:. Retrieved
3823:
3819:
3806:
3776:(1): 10–17.
3773:
3769:
3763:
3751:. Retrieved
3747:the original
3742:
3733:
3722:, retrieved
3713:
3704:
3692:. Retrieved
3688:the original
3678:
3666:. Retrieved
3662:the original
3657:
3648:
3636:. Retrieved
3627:
3616:
3604:. Retrieved
3595:
3584:
3572:. Retrieved
3563:
3553:
3523:(1): 10–17.
3520:
3516:
3510:
3502:the original
3491:
3479:. Retrieved
3469:
3463:
3454:
3448:
3439:
3433:
3421:. Retrieved
3412:
3402:
3380:(1): 79–91.
3377:
3373:
3352:. Retrieved
3347:
3343:
3315:. Retrieved
3311:the original
3301:
3289:. Retrieved
3280:
3276:
3248:. Retrieved
3244:the original
3239:
3229:
3221:the original
3207:
3195:. Retrieved
3191:the original
3181:
3168:US 3,501,586
3162:
3150:. Retrieved
3130:
3118:. Retrieved
3107:The Guardian
3106:
3096:
3084:. Retrieved
3080:
3071:
3059:. Retrieved
3055:
3046:
3030:. Springer.
3026:
3019:
2993:Hidden track
2939:
2935:
2911:
2909:
2888:AHRA royalty
2873:
2868:
2858:
2844:
2840:AHRA royalty
2825:
2813:
2808:
2794:
2742:
2719:vinyl record
2716:
2698:
2687:audio tracks
2684:
2662:
2624:
2623:The Philips
2622:
2619:Philips CD-i
2594:
2587:
2574:per second.
2564:
2560:
2537:
2532:
2518:
2495:
2493:
2477:
2473:
2467:
2458:
2454:Scarlet Book
2453:
2441:
2437:
2424:
2403:
2392:
2384:lead-in area
2378:
2373:
2360:
2356:
2348:
2326:
2323:
2297:Sony CDP-101
2271:
2262:
2247:Please help
2235:
2112:
2104:
2072:
2068:
2062:
2045:
2041:
2037:
2033:
2029:
2025:
2021:
2015:
2011:
2001:
1994:
1987:
1967:
1946:
1944:
1932:linear motor
1924:
1916:cancellation
1900:
1877:
1862:
1857:
1845:
1841:
1839:
1830:
1826:
1798:
1790:
1738:
1729:
1709:verification
1706:
1672:Grammy Award
1665:
1653:
1645:
1642:
1618:
1597:of files in
1592:
1576:
1569:
1549:
1533:Joseph Braat
1529:vinyl record
1526:
1507:
1496:
1460:
1437:
1434:Dire Straits
1431:
1417:
1409:
1398:
1389:
1379:
1371:
1343:
1335:
1329:
1319:
1318:
1298:compact disc
1297:
1295:
1286:
1283:optical disc
1268:
1200:
1196:
1183:
1164:
1140:
1070:
1068:
1064:downloadable
1062:, and other
1040:market share
1017:
962:
948:purposes as
926:data storage
923:optical disc
915:
912:compact disc
911:
909:
750:
743:
735:
728:
723:Hyper CD-ROM
721:
714:
707:
700:
693:
686:
679:
663:
656:
644:
637:
630:
623:
616:
597:
590:
583:
576:
569:
562:
555:
530:
463:
425:, CD Video (
393:
391:
337:Optical disc
137:wavelength (
82:Optical disc
68:into a full
44:Compact disc
40:
9549:Q-switching
9410:X-ray laser
9403:Ti-sapphire
9373:Laser diode
9351:Helium–neon
9028:Crunchyroll
8966:Electronics
8804:TransferJet
8794:Sony Tablet
8757:PlayStation
8603:PlayStation
8526:Akio Morita
8422:Music store
8417:Home cinema
8376:Robert Moog
8361:Max Mathews
8285:Piano tuner
8253:Professions
8229:Scorewriter
8186:Synthesizer
8002:Loudspeaker
7430:PCM adaptor
7418:X80/ProDigi
7412:Soundstream
7299:Cantata 700
7269:Grundig En3
7063:Magnetophon
6950:Peirce 265B
6814:Bandai 8ban
6681:Graphophone
6433:Hybrid SACD
6412:Purple Book
6332:Court cases
6306:CD recorder
6204:CD bronzing
6035:Yellow Book
6025:Orange Book
5887:Taiyo Yuden
5741:25 November
5336:justice.gov
4930:(in French)
4871:14 November
4841:14 November
4810:14 November
4780:14 November
4500:30 December
4413:www.aes.org
4032:28 February
3694:14 February
3638:14 February
3606:14 February
2869:Orange Book
2809:Orange Book
2801:CD recorder
2691:data tracks
2647:CD-i Bridge
2496:Yellow Book
2303:player for
2170:120 mm
2165:Definition
2123:Kees Immink
1953:. Instead,
1951:binary data
1809:spin coated
1777:Artwork is
1581:(SACD) and
1456:the Beatles
1452:EMI Records
1448:RCA Records
1444:David Bowie
1419:52nd Street
1391:Living Eyes
1374:was on the
1365:Akio Morita
1210:PCM adaptor
1058:, cellular
1044:music sales
1001:912,261,120
999: MiB (
993:838,860,800
991: MiB (
985:734,003,200
983: MiB (
977:681,574,400
664:LaserDisc (
9653:Home video
9582:Categories
9230:Sony timer
9086:Funimation
8672:Cyber-shot
8629:and brands
8567:Publishing
8412:Home audio
8402:Audiophile
8219:GarageBand
8065:Live music
8007:Headphones
7971:Phonograph
7840:Microphone
7835:Headphones
7781:Electrical
7776:Mechanical
7636:Yaboom Box
7624:MP3 player
7618:Sound chip
7436:DA-88/DTRS
7251:Stereo-Pak
7149:Stenorette
7029:Synchrofax
6879:Fantasound
6873:Photophone
6766:Pathé disc
6629:Music roll
6603:Mechanical
6552:Wiktionary
6453:Picture CD
6251:Rock Ridge
6221:CD-i Ready
6211:CD subcode
6194:CD ripping
6174:CD burning
6157:Technology
6146:White Book
6113:Beige Book
6061:Green Book
5629:1 February
5619:"CD-R ROT"
5603:1 February
5439:6 February
5316:26 January
4986:14 October
4960:5 November
4770:nippon.com
4750:12 January
4716:12 January
4623:6 February
4362:13 October
4328:2 February
4297:30 January
4266:30 January
4215:13 October
4159:6 February
4091:Archive-It
4069:13 October
3949:11 January
3879:16 January
3834:6 February
3724:14 October
3574:4 November
3354:6 February
3291:6 February
3061:9 February
3011:References
2999:SPARS code
2948:executable
2904:See also:
2871:standard.
2811:standard.
2665:CD-i Ready
2659:CD-i Ready
2653:CD-i Ready
2643:CD-i Ready
2635:CD players
2626:Green Book
2607:Picture CD
2595:Beige Book
2567:resolution
2535:standard.
2533:White Book
2525:Matsushita
2456:standard.
2446:format war
2430:audio disc
2187:80 mm
2115:Norio Ohga
1920:photodiode
1903:wavelength
1835:microscope
1754:See also:
1670:Technical
1467:audiophile
1414:Billy Joel
1399:commercial
1397:The first
1370:The first
1334:The first
1243:Norio Ohga
1106:Picture CD
1009:CD singles
820:Rock Ridge
789:Mount Fuji
645:MiniDisc (
612:HD DVD-RAM
542:Blu-ray 3D
208:Dimensions
78:Media type
9514:M squared
9336:Gas laser
9319:Dye laser
9133:Sony DADC
9111:Minisodes
8993:platforms
8930:FD series
8925:Trinitron
8885:Jumbotron
8875:Sony CLIÉ
8637:α (Alpha)
8591:Sony Bank
8586:Sony Life
8176:Sequencer
8103:PA system
8032:Subwoofer
8017:PA system
7951:Amplifier
7913:Hard disk
7830:Equalizer
7717:VinylDisc
7563:DVD-Audio
7458:cartridge
7275:Sabamobil
7239:3M Scotch
7197:Fidelipac
7124:cartridge
7105:3/4" tape
7075:1/2" tape
7069:1/4" tape
6913:cartridge
6909:Magnetic
6867:Movietone
6861:Tri-Ergon
6855:Phonofilm
6836:Dictabelt
6802:Long play
6796:Audograph
6593:Physical
6494:LaserDisc
6463:VinylDisc
6316:CD single
6311:CD ripper
6294:CD player
6256:ISO 13490
6231:El Torito
6226:4ch CD-DA
6124:shaped CD
6090:(Karaoke)
6077:Blue Book
5577:1 January
5231:0028-0836
4928:01net.com
4612:The Verge
4561:26 August
4324:: 531–538
3790:0163-6804
3753:17 August
3668:17 August
3564:Billboard
3537:0163-6804
3481:9 January
3440:Billboard
3423:9 January
3394:191574354
3115:0261-3077
2950:program.
2805:CD player
2785:for scale
2777:700
2713:VinylDisc
2707:VinylDisc
2700:Blue Book
2599:CD-ROM XA
2521:DVD-Video
2450:DVD-Audio
2305:consumers
2236:does not
2190:21–24 min
2173:74–80 min
2125:, as the
2108:dubbeltje
2083:and some
2058:CD writer
1984:Integrity
1928:worm gear
1716:talk page
1625:Bluetooth
1583:DVD-Audio
1518:Panasonic
1510:1-bit DAC
1239:Eindhoven
1180:LaserDisc
1167:LaserDisc
1143:optophone
1060:ringtones
1048:album era
958:LaserDisc
845:ISO 13490
826:El Torito
765:Standards
608:HD DVD-RW
514:DVD-Video
447:CD-ROM XA
234:LaserDisc
190:Developed
162:mechanism
149:), 1,200
122:mechanism
9567:Category
9361:Nitrogen
9081:AnimeLab
8952:Watchman
8824:Vision-S
8732:MiniDisc
8702:Handycam
8514:Founders
8224:ProTools
8201:Software
8191:Theremin
8131:Chiptune
8088:Foldback
7918:MiniDisc
7699:CD Video
7630:HitClips
7587:BD-Audio
7581:DualDisc
7569:DataPlay
7539:MiniDisc
7317:PlayTape
7131:Optaphon
6695:Ediphone
6667:cylinder
6665:Grooved
6532:Category
6499:MiniDisc
6472:See also
6458:VideoNow
6418:DualDisc
6391:CD Video
6386:ATRAC CD
6289:CD drive
6236:ISO 9660
6216:C2 error
6109:Photo CD
6015:Red Book
5942: –
5735:Archived
5709:Archived
5683:Archived
5653:Archived
5649:clir.org
5571:Archived
5541:Archived
5508:Archived
5472:Archived
5423:(2007).
5405:16 April
5390:(2018).
5372:2 August
5362:Fox News
5253:Archived
5235:Archived
5194:Archived
5137:24 March
5110:Archived
5092:Archived
5063:Archived
5033:Archived
4980:Archived
4954:Archived
4902:Statista
4865:Archived
4835:Archived
4804:Archived
4774:Archived
4744:Archived
4740:Autoweek
4710:Archived
4685:6 August
4679:Archived
4654:6 August
4648:Archived
4617:Archived
4585:archived
4581:BBC News
4555:Archived
4494:Archived
4468:Archived
4387:Archived
4356:Archived
4352:Statista
4291:Archived
4260:Archived
4209:Archived
4205:artifact
4153:Archived
4087:Archived
4063:Archived
3996:Archived
3943:Archived
3900:Archived
3828:Archived
3814:(1998).
3798:21402165
3743:BBC News
3718:archived
3714:Fox News
3658:BBC News
3632:Archived
3600:Archived
3568:Archived
3545:21402165
3475:Archived
3417:Archived
3338:(2007).
3285:Archived
3271:(1998).
3143:Archived
3120:17 March
3086:17 March
2987:DualDisc
2954:See also
2944:AutoPlay
2940:Red Book
2912:Red Book
2821:disc rot
2584:Photo CD
2578:Photo CD
2572:kilobits
2515:Video CD
2509:Video CD
2478:Red Book
2474:Red Book
2442:Red Book
2438:Red Book
2379:Red Book
2361:Red Book
2357:Red Book
2353:Monaural
2349:Red Book
2327:Red Book
2288:Audio CD
2265:May 2018
2148:Mini CDs
2069:extended
1991:disc rot
1969:Red Book
1801:aluminum
1732:May 2016
1621:minijack
1610:Best Buy
1604:such as
1520:) chose
1410:released
1388:' album
1386:Bee Gees
1287:Red Book
1235:Brussels
1185:Red Book
1102:Photo CD
1100:(SVCD),
1094:Video CD
1034:and the
859:See also
805:ISO 9660
752:DataPlay
604:HD DVD-R
490:DVD+R DS
486:DVD-R DS
482:DVD+R DL
478:DVD-R DL
423:Photo CD
270:Released
240:Extended
226:Extended
179:Standard
139:infrared
98:Capacity
89:Encoding
66:diffract
9346:Excimer
9156:(39.4%)
9106:Crackle
9091:Wakanim
9056:PlayNow
9023:SonyLIV
8942:U-matic
8905:Optiarc
8880:Discman
8870:Betamax
8860:CV-2000
8829:Walkman
8752:PlayNow
8742:MicroMV
8652:Blu-ray
8642:Betacam
8615:Aniplex
8507:History
8320:Tape op
8171:Sampler
7687:U-matic
7660:MicroSD
7447:Digital
7371:Elcaset
7281:8-track
7111:3" tape
7099:2" tape
7093:1" tape
6715:(1890s)
6709:(1890s)
6703:(1890s)
6542:Commons
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6094:Gold CD
6068:CD-Text
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5934:Philips
5926:in 2005
5924:Philips
5715:25 July
5547:25 July
5514:25 July
5435:: 42–46
5291:22 July
4675:Fortune
4591:3 March
4474:4 March
4393:18 July
4061:, LLC.
4002:25 June
3898:. CNN.
3350:: 42–46
3250:24 July
3197:24 July
2695:session
2464:CD-MIDI
2427:optical
2399:karaoke
2388:subcode
2375:CD-Text
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1124:layer.
1096:(VCD),
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7674:Hybrid
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7638:(1999)
7632:(2000)
7626:(1996)
7601:(2014)
7599:MQA-CD
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7589:(2008)
7583:(2004)
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7535:(1989)
7529:(1982)
7510:(1993)
7504:(1990)
7498:(1986)
7479:(1992)
7473:(1992)
7467:(1987)
7438:(1993)
7432:(1982)
7426:(1982)
7420:(1980)
7414:(1976)
7391:(1988)
7385:(1985)
7373:(1976)
7367:(1972)
7361:(1972)
7355:(1971)
7349:(1971)
7343:(1969)
7337:(1969)
7331:(1968)
7325:(1967)
7319:(1966)
7313:(1965)
7307:(1965)
7301:(1965)
7295:(1965)
7289:(1964)
7283:(1964)
7277:(1964)
7271:(1964)
7265:(1963)
7259:(1963)
7253:(1962)
7247:(1962)
7241:(1962)
7235:(1962)
7229:(1962)
7223:(1961)
7217:(1961)
7211:(1961)
7205:(1960)
7199:(1959)
7193:(1959)
7187:(1958)
7181:(1958)
7175:(1958)
7169:(1957)
7163:(1957)
7157:(1955)
7151:(1954)
7145:(1953)
7139:(1952)
7133:(1951)
7113:(1978)
7107:(1969)
7101:(1967)
7095:(1957)
7089:(1953)
7083:(1953)
7077:(1953)
7071:(1949)
7065:(1935)
7059:(1928)
7037:(1978)
7031:(1959)
7025:(1953)
7019:(1948)
7013:(1945)
6999:(1900)
6982:(1962)
6976:(1961)
6970:(1955)
6964:(1951)
6958:(1951)
6952:(1951)
6946:(1947)
6940:(1947)
6934:(1944)
6928:(1944)
6922:(1942)
6901:(1898)
6881:(1940)
6875:(1929)
6869:(1926)
6863:(1922)
6857:(1919)
6838:(1947)
6816:(2004)
6810:(1956)
6804:(1948)
6798:(1945)
6792:(1945)
6780:(1920)
6774:(1912)
6768:(1905)
6762:(1889)
6745:(1913)
6739:(1912)
6733:(1908)
6727:(1907)
6721:(1902)
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6687:(1887)
6677:(1877)
6657:(1857)
6640:Analog
6631:(1883)
6625:(1881)
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5820:
5803:
5659:5 July
5478:9 July
5342:14 May
5229:
5215:Nature
5164:
5011:
4644:Forbes
4182:
4122:, 2004
3972:
3796:
3788:
3543:
3535:
3392:
3317:7 June
3174:
3152:2 July
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228:
192:
160:
120:
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9218:Other
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8980:(57%)
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8915:Rolly
8890:Lissa
8834:XDCAM
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5066:(PDF)
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4934:3 May
4907:3 May
4527:(PDF)
4520:(PDF)
4443:3 May
4418:3 May
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3390:S2CID
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5579:2016
5549:2013
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5480:2020
5441:2018
5407:2018
5374:2024
5344:2022
5318:2022
5293:2020
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5162:ISBN
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4873:2022
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4812:2022
4782:2022
4752:2022
4718:2022
4687:2018
4656:2018
4625:2018
4593:2021
4563:2017
4502:2016
4476:2009
4445:2024
4438:CNET
4420:2024
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4330:2018
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4268:2021
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3836:2018
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3696:2009
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3640:2009
3608:2009
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3533:ISSN
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3425:2016
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3356:2018
3319:2014
3293:2018
3252:2014
3199:2014
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2613:CD-i
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1829:and
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451:CD-i
439:CD+G
435:SVCD
419:SACD
407:CD-R
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3217:MIT
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2928:MP3
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2540:VHS
2529:JVC
2468:CD-
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2251:by
2136:DVD
2127:EFM
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2030:E12
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1947:not
1930:or
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1552:DVD
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1342:'s
1291:IEC
1231:AES
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1092:),
1052:MP3
997:870
989:800
981:700
973:MiB
969:650
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256:DVD
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