Compact disc - Knowledge

1619:, sales of CDs began to decline in the 2000s. For example, between 2000 and 2008, despite overall growth in music sales and one anomalous year of increase, major-label CD sales declined overall by 20%. Despite rapidly declining sales year-over-year, the pervasiveness of the technology lingered for a time, with companies placing CDs in pharmacies, supermarkets, and filling station convenience stores to target buyers less likely to be able to use Internet-based distribution. In 2012, CDs and DVDs made up only 34% of music sales in the United States. By 2015, only 24% of music in the United States was purchased on physical media, two thirds of this consisting of CDs; however, in the same year in Japan, over 80% of music was bought on CDs and other physical formats. In 2018, U.S. CD sales were 52 million units—less than 6% of the peak sales volume in 2000. In the UK, 32 million units were sold, almost 100 million fewer than in 2008. In 2018, 1901: 1925:

The laser hits the disc, casting a circle of light wider than the modulated spiral track reflecting partially from the lands and partially from the top of any bumps where they are present. As the laser passes over a pit (bump), its height means that the round trip path of the light reflected from its peak is 1/2 wavelength out of phase with the light reflected from the land around it. This is because the height of a bump is around 1/4 of the wavelength of the light used, so the light falls 1/4 out of phase before reflection and another 1/4 wavelength out of phase after reflection. This causes partial

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vinyl LPs, and, by 1992, CD sales surpassed those of prerecorded music-cassette tapes. The success of the compact disc has been credited to the cooperation between Philips and Sony, which together agreed upon and developed compatible hardware. The unified design of the compact disc allowed consumers to purchase any disc or player from any company and allowed the CD to dominate the at-home music market unchallenged.

1834: 1772: 6549: 1949: 1523:, which converts high-resolution low-frequency digital input signal into a lower-resolution high-frequency signal that is mapped to voltages and then smoothed with an analog filter. The temporary use of a lower-resolution signal simplified circuit design and improved efficiency, which is why it became dominant in CD players starting from the early 1990s. Philips used a variation of this technique called 8463: 2322: 2304: 1333:, told by a former member of the task force, gives background information on the many technical decisions made, including the choice of the sampling frequency, playing time, and disc diameter. The task force consisted of around 6 persons, though according to Philips, the compact disc was "invented collectively by a large group of people working as a team". 2558:) resolution was chosen because it is half the vertical and half the horizontal resolution of the NTSC video. 352×288 is a similarly one-quarter PAL/SECAM resolution. This approximates the (overall) resolution of an analog VHS tape, which, although it has double the number of (vertical) scan lines, has a much lower horizontal resolution. 2747: 2000:

Scratches on the clear side can be repaired by refilling them with similar refractive plastic or by careful polishing. The edges of CDs are sometimes incompletely sealed, allowing gases and liquids to enter the CD and corrode the metal reflective layer and/or interfere with the focus of the laser on the pits, a condition known as

1945:. Where a worm gear is used, a second shorter-throw linear motor, in the form of a coil and magnet, makes fine position adjustments to track eccentricities in the disk at high speed. Some CD drives (particularly those manufactured by Philips during the 1980s and early 1990s) use a swing arm similar to that seen on a gramophone. 2580:

of DVD, and over 2.7 times the resolution of VCD. One CD-R disc can hold up to 60 minutes of standard-quality SVCD-format video. While no specific limit on SVCD video length is mandated by the specification, one must lower the video bit rate, and therefore quality, to accommodate very long videos. It

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plastic, and weighs 14–33 grams. From the center outward, components are: the center spindle hole (15 mm), the first-transition area (clamping ring), the clamping area (stacking ring), the second-transition area (mirror band), the program (data) area, and the rim. The inner program area occupies

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is a re-recordable medium that uses a metallic alloy instead of a dye. The write laser, in this case, is used to heat and alter the properties (amorphous vs. crystalline) of the alloy, and hence change its reflectivity. A CD-RW does not have as great a difference in reflectivity as a pressed CD or a

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video recorder. After this, in 1974 the leap to storing digital audio on an optical disc was easily made. Sony first publicly demonstrated an optical digital audio disc in September 1976. A year later, in September 1977, Sony showed the press a 30 cm (12 in) disc that could play an hour of

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In 1974, Lou Ottens, director of the audio division of Philips, started a small group to develop an analog optical audio disc with a diameter of 20 cm (7.9 in) and a sound quality superior to that of the vinyl record. However, due to the unsatisfactory performance of the analog format, two

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CD-DA standard was published in 1980. After their commercial release in 1982, compact discs and their players were extremely popular. Despite costing up to $ 1,000, over 400,000 CD players were sold in the United States between 1983 and 1984. By 1988, CD sales in the United States surpassed those of

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In 1995, material costs were 30 cents for the jewel case and 10 to 15 cents for the CD. The wholesale cost of CDs was $ 0.75 to $ 1.15, while the typical retail price of a prerecorded music CD was $ 16.98. On average, the store received 35 percent of the retail price, the record company 27 percent,

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CDs are susceptible to damage during handling and from environmental exposure. Pits are much closer to the label side of a disc, enabling defects and contaminants on the clear side to be out of focus during playback. Consequently, CDs are more likely to suffer damage on the label side of the disc.

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through the bottom of the polycarbonate layer. The change in height between pits and lands results in a difference in the way the light is reflected. Because the pits are indented into the top layer of the disc and are read through the transparent polycarbonate base, the pits form bumps when read.

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beam is used that enables the high information density required for high-quality digital audio signals. Unlike the prior art by Optophonie and James Russell, the information on the disc is read from a reflective layer using a laser as a light source through a protective substrate. Prototypes were

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is a special audio compact disc that contains graphics data in addition to the audio data on the disc. The disc can be played on a regular audio CD player, but when played on a special CD+G player, it can output a graphics signal (typically, the CD+G player is hooked up to a television set or a

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code format had not yet been decided in December 1979, when the 120 mm size was adopted. The adoption of EFM in June 1980 allowed 30 percent more playing time that would have resulted in 97 minutes for 120 mm diameter or 74 minutes for a disc as small as 100 millimetres (3.9 in).

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The digital data on a CD begins at the center of the disc and proceeds toward the edge, which allows adaptation to the different sizes available. Standard CDs are available in two sizes. By far, the most common is 120 millimetres (4.7 in) in diameter, with a 74-, 80, 90, or 99-minute audio

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Milestone award, 2009, for Philips alone with the citation: "On 8 March 1979, N.V. Philips' Gloeilampenfabrieken demonstrated for the international press a Compact Disc Audio Player. The demonstration showed that it is possible by using digital optical recording and playback to reproduce audio

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citing its rise to "young people who are finding they like hard copies of music in the digital age". It came at the same time as both vinyl and cassette reached sales levels not seen in 30 years. The RIAA reported that CD revenue made a dip in 2022, before increasing again in 2023 and overtook

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With a scanning speed of 1.2 m/s, the playing time is 74 minutes or 650 MiB of data on a CD-ROM. A disc with data packed slightly more densely is tolerated by most players (though some old ones fail). Using a linear velocity of 1.2 m/s and a narrower track pitch of 1.5 μm

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Philips research engineers recommended a digital format in March 1974. In 1977, Philips then established a laboratory with the mission of creating a digital audio disc. The diameter of Philips's prototype compact disc was set at 11.5 cm (4.5 in), the diagonal of an audio cassette.

1516:, a time-related defect. Confronted with the instability of DACs, manufacturers initially turned to increasing the number of bits in the DAC and using several DACs per audio channel, averaging their output. This increased the cost of CD players but did not solve the core problem. 2830:. The design life is from 20 to 100 years, depending on the quality of the discs, the quality of the writing drive, and storage conditions. Testing has demonstrated such degradation of some discs in as little as 18 months under normal storage conditions. This failure is known as 3183: 2572:

Super Video CD (Super Video Compact Disc or SVCD) is a format used for storing video media on standard compact discs. SVCD was intended as a successor to VCD and an alternative to DVD-Video and falls somewhere between both in terms of technical capability and picture quality.

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encoding is used: a change from either pit to land or land to pit indicates a 1, while no change indicates a series of 0s. There must be at least two, and no more than ten 0s between each 1, which is defined by the length of the pit. This, in turn, is decoded by reversing the

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increases the playing time to 80 minutes, and data capacity to 700 MiB. Even denser tracks are possible, with semi-standard 90 minute/800 MiB discs having 1.33 μm, and 99 minute/870 MiB having 1.26 μm, but compatibility suffers as density increases.

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capacity and a 650, 700, 800, or 870 MiB (737,280,000-byte) data capacity. Discs are 1.2 millimetres (0.047 in) thick, with a 15 millimetres (0.59 in) center hole. The size of the hole was chosen by Joop Sinjou and based on a Dutch 10-cent coin: a

1878:, CLV)—equivalent to approximately 500 RPM at the inside of the disc, and approximately 200 RPM at the outside edge. The track on the CD begins at the inside and spirals outward so a disc played from beginning to end slows its rotation rate during playback. 1596:. However neither of these were adopted partly due to increased relevance of digital (virtual) music and the apparent lack of audible improvements in audio quality to most human ears. These effectively extended the CD's longevity in the music market. 2945:). One major drawback to these copy-protected discs is that most will not play on either computer CD-ROM drives or some standalone CD players that use CD-ROM mechanisms. Philips has stated that such discs are not permitted to bear the trademarked 2825:

CD-R recordings are designed to be permanent. Over time, the dye's physical characteristics may change causing read errors and data loss until the reading device cannot recover with error correction methods. Errors can be predicted using

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is usually difficult to fit much more than 100 minutes of video onto one SVCD without incurring a significant quality loss, and many hardware players are unable to play a video with an instantaneous bit rate lower than 300 to 600

2422:(CD+G) format. Like CD+G, CD+EG uses basic CD-ROM features to display text and video information in addition to the music being played. This extra data is stored in subcode channels R-W. Very few CD+EG discs have been published. 1936:

To accommodate the spiral pattern of data, the laser is placed on a mobile mechanism within the disc tray of any CD player. This mechanism typically takes the form of a sled that moves along a rail. The sled can be driven by a

1248:. Sony's AES technical paper was published on 1 March 1979. A week later, on 8 March, Philips publicly demonstrated a prototype of an optical digital audio disc at a press conference called "Philips Introduce Compact Disc" in 2763:, and CDs were introduced, each was marketed at a higher price than the format they succeeded, even though the cost to produce the media was reduced. This was done because the perceived value increased. This continued from 2335:

The logical format of an audio CD (officially Compact Disc Digital Audio or CD-DA) is described in a document produced in 1980 by the format's joint creators, Sony and Philips. The document is known colloquially as the

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for digitizing and storing photos on a CD. Launched in 1992, the discs were designed to hold nearly 100 high-quality images, scanned prints, and slides using special proprietary encoding. Photo CDs are defined in the

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Titles in the SACD format can be issued as hybrid discs; these discs contain the SACD audio stream as well as a standard audio CD layer which is playable in standard CD players, thus making them backward compatible.

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has been credited with inventing the first system to record digital media on a photosensitive plate. Russell's patent application was filed in 1966, and he was granted a patent in 1970. Following litigation,

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video. Poorly compressed VCD video can sometimes be of lower quality than VHS video, but VCD exhibits block artifacts rather than analog noise and does not deteriorate further with each use. 352×240 (or

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specification for an audio CD that allows for the storage of additional text information (e.g., album name, song name, artist) on a standards-compliant audio CD. The information is stored either in the

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High-capacity recordable CD is a higher-density recording format that can hold 20% more data than conventional discs. The higher capacity is incompatible with some recorders and recording software.

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The ReWritable Audio CD is designed to be used in a consumer audio CD recorder, which will not (without modification) accept standard CD-RW discs. These consumer audio CD recorders use the

1453:. One of the first CD markets was devoted to reissuing popular music whose commercial potential was already proven. The first major artist to have their entire catalog converted to CD was 1173:

licensed Russell's patents for recording in 1988. It is debatable whether Russell's concepts, patents, and prototypes instigated and in some measure influenced the compact disc's design.

1512:(DAC), which contained individual electrical components for each bit of the DAC. Even when using high-precision components, this approach was prone to decoding errors. Another issue was 7703: 7153: 4097: 1638:

connections. Automakers viewed CD players as using up valuable space and taking up weight which could be reallocated to more popular features, like large touchscreens. By 2021, only

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sales began to decline in the late 1980s; CD sales overtook cassette sales in the early 1990s. In 1988, 400 million CDs were manufactured by 50 pressing plants around the world.

1240:—specifications similar to those later settled upon for the standard compact disc format in 1980. Technical details of Sony's digital audio disc were presented during the 62nd 1232:

encoding. In September 1978, the company demonstrated an optical digital audio disc with a 150-minute playing time, 44,056 Hz sampling rate, 16-bit linear resolution, and

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Video CD (VCD, View CD, and Compact Disc digital video) is a standard digital format for storing video media on a CD. VCDs are playable in dedicated VCD players, most modern

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Instead, the information density was lowered by 30 percent to keep the playing time at 74 minutes. The 120 mm diameter has been adopted by subsequent formats, including

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to see the data, just as it would with a standard stamped disc. The resulting discs can be read by most CD-ROM drives and played in most audio CD players. CD-Rs follow the

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format struggled. In 1979, Sony and Philips set up a joint task force of engineers to design a new digital audio disc. After a year of experimentation and discussion, the

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The growing acceptance of the CD in 1983 marks the beginning of the popular digital audio revolution. It was enthusiastically received, especially in the early-adopting

2810:, are injection-molded with a "blank" data spiral. A photosensitive dye is then applied, after which the discs are metalized and lacquer-coated. The write laser of the 7375: 7225: 7021: 6990: 1558:

discs were introduced. Recordable CDs became an alternative to tape for recording and distributing music and could be duplicated without degradation in sound quality.

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for playing music, rather than as a data storage medium. However, CDs have grown to encompass other applications. In 1983, following the CD's introduction, Immink and

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The Japanese launch was followed on 14 March 1983 by the introduction of CD players and discs to Europe and North America where CBS Records released sixteen titles.

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is a format used to store music-performance data, which upon playback is performed by electronic instruments that synthesize the audio. Hence, unlike the original

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player as standard equipment in new automobiles, with 2010 being the final model year for any car in the United States to have a factory-equipped cassette player.

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and CD-i Bridge specifications as well. They are intended to play on CD-i players, Photo CD players, and any computer with suitable software (irrespective of

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During the 2010s, the increasing popularity of solid-state media and music streaming services caused automakers to remove automotive CD players in favor of

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mechanism. Known at least as early as 2001, attempts were made by record companies to market "copy-protected" non-standard compact discs, which cannot be

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Small quantities of 90-minute and 99-minute blanks have appeared Indications are that many recorders and some software don't work with the longer discs.

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specifications. Numerous copy-protection systems have been countered by readily available, often free, software, or even by simply turning off automatic

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in 2023, 10.5 million CDs were sold, almost double that of vinyl, but both of them represented generated 12% each of the French music industry revenues.

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communities, and its handling quality received particular praise. As the price of players gradually came down, and with the introduction of the portable

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Tim Buthe and Walter Mattli, The New Global Rulers: The Privatization of Regulation in the World Economy, Princeton University Press, Feb. 2011.

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Error scanning can reliably predict data losses caused by media deterioration. Support of error scanning differs between vendors and models of

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performers to sing along with. The CD+G format takes advantage of the channels R through W. These six bits store the graphics information.

4845: 3945: 3317: 8381: 4397: 3694: 5573: 3578: 9628: 7971: 7761: 4806: 2616:). The images can also be printed out on photographic paper with a special Kodak machine. This format is not to be confused with Kodak 1692:

signals with superb stereo quality. This research at Philips established the technical standard for digital optical recording systems."

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and Norio Ohga (Sony), Joop van Tilburg (Philips), and Richard Busch (PolyGram), in the presence of Karajan who praised the new format.

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announced plans to decrease their focus on CD sales, however, while continuing to sell records, sales of which are growing during the

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CD-DA, these recordings are not digitally sampled audio recordings. The CD-MIDI format is defined as an extension of the original

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Sony and Philips received praise for the development of the compact disc from professional organizations. These awards include:

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The decline in CD sales has slowed in recent years; in 2021, CD sales increased in the US for the first time since 2004, with

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The recordable audio CD is designed to be used in a consumer audio CD recorder. These consumer audio CD recorders use SCMS (

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in February 1985, along with four greatest hits albums; his fifteenth and sixteenth albums had already been issued on CD by

6189: 5066: 3642: 2910: 2897:(AHRA). The ReWritable Audio CD is typically somewhat more expensive than CD-R due to (a) lower volume and (b) a 3 percent 2010:

has been found—under conditions of high heat and humidity—to consume the polycarbonate plastic and aluminium found in CDs.

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format which typically provides 74 minutes of audio on a disc. In later years, the compact disc was adapted for non-audio

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780 nm wavelength, 800 nm wavelength, 870 nm wavelength (infrared and red edge) semiconductor laser in recordable formats

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CD-R, and so many earlier CD audio players cannot read CD-RW discs, although most later CD audio players and stand-alone

2849:). The Recordable Audio CD is typically somewhat more expensive than CD-R due to lower production volume and a 3 percent 367: 5013: 1484:, the CD began to gain popularity in the larger popular and rock music markets. With the rise in CD sales, pre-recorded 6433: 4896: 4712: 3720: 3015: 2985: 1535:(PWM), advertising it as MASH, which is an acronym derived from their patented Multi-stAge noiSe-sHaping PWM topology. 5719: 5482: 5376: 5120: 5102: 4028: 3512: 1280:

In 1979, Sony and Philips set up a joint task force of engineers to design a new digital audio disc. Led by engineers

7991: 7056: 6093: 5861: 5815: 5771: 3046: 2285: 1979: 1752: 1156:, first presented in 1931, was an early device that used light for both recording and playback of sound signals on a 974:

Standard CDs have a diameter of 120 mm (4.7 in), and are designed to hold up to 74 minutes of uncompressed

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Comparison of several forms of disk storage showing tracks (not to scale); green denotes start and red denotes end.

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players, personal computers, and some video game consoles. The VCD standard was created in 1993 by Sony, Philips,

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When playing an audio CD, a motor within the CD player spins the disc to a scanning velocity of 1.2–1.4 m/s (

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were convinced of the format's commercial potential and pushed further development despite widespread skepticism.

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marketed MP3s for $ 0.99, and albums for $ 9.99. The incremental cost, though, to produce an MP3 is negligible.

1855:, encoded in a spiral track molded into the top of the polycarbonate layer. The areas between pits are known as 9613: 9443: 8620: 8608: 8499: 7754: 6552: 6056: 4986: 4650: 2263: 1734: 1145: 793: 528: 5745: 4500: 9623: 8161: 7786: 7664: 7434: 6735: 6458: 2886: 2838: 2259: 2129: 1730: 1229: 6788: 6776: 6753: 6723: 6717: 6711: 4471:"Music Sales Decline for Seventh Time in Eight Years: Digital Downloads Can't Offset 20% Plunge in CD Sales" 3883: 1219:, in 1970, became general manager of Sony's audio department in 1971. In 1973, his team developed a digital 9643: 9198: 9193: 8787: 8356: 8181: 8098: 8022: 7860: 7609: 7369: 7159: 6701: 6685: 3254: 2137: 1970: 1965: 1401: 1320: 372: 17: 5822: 5117:"ISO/IEC 10149 Information technology -- Data interchange on read-only 120 mm optical data disks (CD-ROM)" 4960: 2516:

medium using the same physical format as audio compact discs, readable by a computer with a CD-ROM drive.

1215:, who developed an early digital audio recorder within Japan's national public broadcasting organization, 9499: 9187: 9153: 9081: 8376: 7791: 7414: 7141: 6588: 6418: 6241: 3181:, "Analog to digital to optical photographic recording and playback system", published 1970-03-17 1581:

CD sales in the United States peaked by 2000. By the early 2000s, the CD player had largely replaced the

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computer monitor); these graphics are almost exclusively used to display lyrics on a television set for

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CDs continued to be strong in some markets such as Japan where 132 million units were produced in 2019.

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specification was added to create CD-i-compatible discs that can be accessed by regular CD-ROM drives.

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is applied to the surface, making it reflective. The metal is protected by a film of lacquer normally

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has various diameters ranging from 60 to 80 millimetres (2.4 to 3.1 in); they have been used for

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The readable surface of a compact disc includes a spiral track wound tightly enough to cause light to

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as an international standard in 1987, with various amendments becoming part of the standard in 1996.

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in October 1982, the CD was the second optical disc technology to be invented, after the much larger

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audio specification, except for a simple "anti-copy" statement in the subcode, does not include any

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For the first few years of its existence, the CD was a medium used purely for audio. In 1988, the

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Sony History, Chapter 8, This is the replacement of Gramophone record ! (第8章レコードに代わるものはこれだ)

5221: 3201: 2710: 2691: 2415: 2252: 1719: 971:(LD). By 2007, 200 billion CDs (including audio CDs, CD-ROMs and CD-Rs) had been sold worldwide. 712: 581: 548: 8552: 2451:. Introduced in 1999, it was developed by Sony and Philips, the same companies that created the 2370:

CD; thus, the mono source material is usually presented as two identical channels in a standard

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developed by Philips and Sony independently in the late 1970s. Although originally dismissed by

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Electronics Technology (ISSE), 2010 33rd International Spring Seminar on Electronics Technology

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of the laser's reflection from the surface. By measuring the reflected intensity change with a

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and data in a second session. It was developed by Philips and Sony, and it is defined in the

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compact disc was produced on 17 August 1982, a 1979 recording of Chopin waltzes performed by

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Appetite for Self-Destruction: The Rise and Fall of the Record Industry in the Digital Age

3198:"Inventor and physicist James Russell '53 will receive Vollum Award at Reed's convocation" 2732:. The vinyl layer on the disc's label side can hold approximately three minutes of music. 8: 9663: 9519: 9438: 9378: 9298: 9158: 9011: 8732: 7938: 7620: 7297: 6677: 6134: 4681: 2555: 2006: 1921: 1795:

A laser beam is reflected off the CD to a sensor, which converts it into electronic data.

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Standard ECMA-130: Data Interchange on Read-only 120 mm Optical Data Disks (CD-ROM)

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the artist 16 percent, the manufacturer 13 percent, and the distributor 9 percent. When

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of track 1. This format was supposed to be more compatible with older audio CD players.

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specification was later created to improve compatibility with audio CD players, and the

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standard was established by Sony and Philips, which defined a non-volatile optical data

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directly on the reflective layer. The label is printed on the lacquer layer, usually by

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technology. After a year of experimentation and discussion, the task force produced the

9028: 8875: 8692: 8562: 8492: 8305: 8108: 7923: 7918: 7824: 7555: 7475: 7189: 7045: 6782: 6316: 6309: 6299: 5805: 5792: 5656:"5. Conditions That Affect CDs and DVDs – Council on Library and Information Resources" 5546: 5513: 4587: 4158: 4114:

Kaptainis, Arthur (5 March 1983). "Sampling the latest sound: should last a lifetime".

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Philips CD100 from 1983, the first commercially released CD player in the US and Europe

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Kozinn, Allan (December 1988). "Have Compact Disks Become Too Much of a Good Thing?".

9539: 9413: 9388: 9116: 9071: 9021: 8940: 8829: 8747: 8176: 8060: 8037: 7898: 7457: 7291: 7249: 6770: 6406: 6256: 6104: 5872: 5857: 5828: 5811: 5435: 5402: 5237: 5172: 5137: 5039: 5019: 4324: 4190: 3980: 3796: 3757: 3543: 3404: 3350: 3121: 3042: 2793: 2764: 2729: 2375: 1926: 1815: 1609: 1327:

method, CIRC, which offers resilience to defects such as scratches and fingerprints.

1124: 1089: 1042: 825: 755: 691: 5965: 5655: 5201: 4897:

https://www.riaa.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/2023-Year-End-Revenue-Statistics.pdf

3808: 3672: 3555: 1189:

management as a trivial pursuit, the CD became the primary focus for Philips as the

9549: 9514: 9494: 9463: 8947: 8567: 8351: 8290: 8249: 8156: 8133: 8103: 7948: 7908: 7778: 7770: 7315: 7273: 7039: 6650: 6573: 5847: 5229: 4129: 4069: 3788: 3535: 3392: 2760: 2613: 1984: 1324: 1312: 1257: 1212: 1186: 1038: 560: 556: 80: 5960: 4807:"Let's Get Physical! Vinyl Sales up >51%, CD Sales up for First Time in 17-yrs" 3826: 3283: 2644:

players (1993). CD-i discs can contain audio tracks that can be played on regular

1300:

CD-DA standard. First published in 1980, the standard was formally adopted by the

1088:) for general purpose data storage and initially could hold much more data than a 9577: 9458: 9448: 9259: 9219: 9086: 9076: 9016: 8517: 8325: 8300: 8285: 8186: 8171: 8146: 7875: 7870: 7255: 6613: 5851: 5208: 4419: 3601: 2926: 2784: 2112:* Some CD-R(W) and DVD-R(W)/DVD+R(W) recorders operate in ZCLV, CAA or CAV modes. 1900: 1827: 1823: 1789: 1658: 1588:

Two new formats were marketed in the 2000s designed as successors to the CD: the

1473: 1465:

in 1983 and 1984, respectively. On 26 February 1987, the first four UK albums by

1350: 1092: 5318:"Perfecting the Compact Disc System - The six Philips/Sony meetings - 1979-1980" 3633: 2746: 2696:

Enhanced Music CD, also known as CD Extra or CD Plus, is a format that combines

2091: 9554: 9544: 9504: 9453: 9371: 9324: 9308: 8667: 8361: 8320: 8315: 8310: 8270: 8088: 8083: 7819: 7567: 7399: 7363: 6909: 6883: 6806: 6514: 6443: 6391: 6331: 6146: 4776: 4651:"Best Buy, Winding Down CD Sales, Pounds Another Nail Into The Format's Coffin" 3396: 2567: 2431: 2397:

of the CD, where there are roughly five kilobytes of space available or in the

2142: 2124:

The official Philips history says the capacity was specified by Sony executive

2087: 2014: 1643: 1589: 1582: 1547: 1128: 1108: 1074: 445: 429: 425: 377: 271: 99: 5913: 5291: 4935:"En France comme aux États-Unis, les vinyles en position de force face aux CD" 4000: 3792: 3539: 3479: 3231: 2463:, but neither has replaced audio CDs. The SACD standard is referred to as the 1457:, whose first fourteen studio albums of (then) sixteen were made available by 9592: 9509: 9489: 9430: 9356: 9066: 8962: 8920: 8834: 8762: 8584: 8485: 8448: 8417: 8118: 8052: 7996: 7966: 7903: 7880: 7814: 7691: 7506: 7498: 7481: 7466: 7345: 7132: 7059: 6857: 6818: 6665: 6174: 6114: 5241: 4107: 3800: 3547: 3125: 2444: 2440: 2351: 1917: 1889:

The program area is 86.05 cm and the length of the recordable spiral is

1881: 1803: 1646:

were still including CD players as standard equipment with certain vehicles.

1624: 1485: 1413: 1285: 1195: 1046: 1034: 1030: 1023: 948: 930: 807: 747: 194: 6194: 4979: 3687: 1546:

presented the first experiments with erasable compact discs during the 73rd

41:

For the 'audio CD' specifically or the chemical element with symbol Cd, see

9529: 9398: 9393: 9334: 8809: 8737: 8531: 8191: 8151: 8093: 7986: 7956: 7835: 7393: 6800: 6633: 6066: 5715: 5474: 5116: 5098: 4618:"Best Buy will stop selling CDs as digital music revenue continues to grow" 4036: 3087: 3003: 2705: 2640:

specifies a standard for interactive multimedia compact discs designed for

2629: 2437: 2307: 1942: 1682: 1612: 1569:

use the same physical geometry as CD, and most DVD and Blu-ray players are

1543: 1539: 1444: 1293: 1050: 936: 933: 733: 347: 324: 92: 5775: 5233: 2106: 2021:, which can measure the rates of different types of data errors, known as 1077:

music formats in the mid-2000s ended the decade-long dominance of the CD.

1029:

The CD gained rapid popularity in the 1990s, quickly outselling all other

9559: 9420: 9403: 9383: 9038: 8905: 8849: 8814: 8804: 8772: 8767: 8757: 8613: 8536: 8432: 8427: 8386: 8371: 8295: 8280: 8239: 8196: 8012: 7440: 7309: 7073: 6691: 5897: 5165:"Optical measurements upon compact discs in education in optoelectronics" 3593: 3200:(Press release). Reed College public affairs office. 2000. Archived from 2811: 2657: 2133: 1961: 1819: 1466: 1462: 1458: 1454: 1375: 1228:

digital audio (44,100 Hz sampling rate and 16-bit resolution) using

1220: 1054: 5509:"Pennies That Add Up to $ 16.98: Why CD's Cost So Much – New York Times" 1496: 1014: bytes) by arranging data more closely on the same-sized disc. The 61: 9408: 9240: 9096: 8925: 8900: 8682: 8572: 8422: 8412: 8229: 8017: 7981: 7850: 7845: 7634: 7628: 7261: 6889: 6841: 6695: 6639: 6463: 6261: 6231: 5900:

Co., Ltd. in 1988 as part of the joint Philips-Sony development effort.

4101: 4060:"How Billy Joel's '52nd Street' Became the First Compact Disc released" 3713: 3378: 3376: 3009: 2958: 2933:, or copied, to hard drives or easily converted to other formats (like 2768: 2675: 2669: 2653: 2617: 2456: 2125: 1930: 1913: 1845: 1737: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 1477: 1424: 1423:

in Japan on 1 October 1982, the first of which was a re-release of the

1253: 1116: 990: bytes) of data. Capacity is routinely extended to 80 minutes and 830: 622: 552: 6562: 4704: 4528:"News and Notes on 2015 Mid-Year RIAA Shipment and Revenue Statistics" 4381: 4352: 4350: 1987:, but they later became a standard for almost all CD formats (such as 70: 9524: 9366: 9346: 9329: 9043: 8935: 8910: 8895: 8687: 8601: 8596: 8042: 7961: 7727: 7573: 7285: 7207: 6871: 6865: 6846: 6812: 6504: 6473: 6438: 6326: 6321: 6304: 6266: 4622: 4445:"Blu-ray is to DVD as SACD was to CD: Better, but not enough better?" 4142:

The New Schwann Record & Tape Guide Volume 37 No. 2 February 1985

3946:"Weltpräsentation des "Compact Disc Digital Audio System" (Audio-CD)" 3742: 3341: 3339: 2815: 2723: 2645: 2609: 2535: 2531: 2460: 2118: 2068: 1948: 1938: 1905: 1871:) is 1.6 μm (measured center-to-center, not between the edges). 1860: 1635: 1593: 1528: 1249: 1190: 1177: 1153: 1070: 1058: 1019: 968: 855: 676: 618: 524: 520: 500: 492: 457: 244: 145: 141: 137: 8647: 4609: 4462: 4145: 3449:

Billboard (March 1992). "CD Unit Sales Pass Cassettes, Majors Say".

3373: 2237: 1708: 1341:

Early milestones in the launch and adoption of the format included:

1276:

was part of the team that produced the standard compact disc in 1980

8742: 8712: 8234: 8211: 8201: 8141: 7928: 7739: 7709: 7640: 7597: 7591: 7579: 7549: 7327: 6509: 6468: 6428: 6401: 6396: 6246: 6226: 6209: 6151: 6119: 5741: 4740: 4738: 4347: 4234: 4136: 4122: 4021: 3968: 3868: 3779:

Peek, Hans B. (January 2010). "The Emergence of the Compact Disc".

3526:

Peek, Hans B. (January 2010). "The Emergence of the Compact Disc".

2997: 2954: 2831: 2814:

changes the color of the dye to allow the read laser of a standard

2594: 2525: 2363: 2348: 2315: 2188: 2060: 2027: 2001: 1811: 1631: 1620: 1396: 1268: 1245: 1112: 1104: 983: 815: 762: 657: 614: 496: 488: 441: 437: 433: 149: 4104:, Philips Media Release, 16 August 2007. Retrieved 6 October 2013. 3974: 3898: 3853: 3336: 3012: – Classification system for commercial compact disc releases 1863:

deep by 500 nm wide, and varies from 850 nm to 3.5

1519:

A breakthrough in the late 1980s culminated in development of the

9101: 9033: 8952: 8915: 8890: 8880: 8870: 8839: 8752: 8662: 8652: 8625: 8330: 8075: 7697: 7428: 7381: 6489: 6453: 6204: 6109: 6078: 5944: 5934: 4953: 4322: 4240:

MAC Audio News. No. 178, November 1989. pp 19–21 Glenn Baddeley.

3815: 2930: 2582: 2409: 2401:

channels R to W on the disc, which can store about 31 megabytes.

2398: 2385: 2343:

after the color of its cover. The format is a two-channel 16-bit

2158: 2154: 1665:

In the US, 33.4 million CD albums were sold in the year 2022. In

1566: 1501: 1481: 1224: 1170: 1015: 940: 662: 543: 536: 532: 512: 508: 469: 453: 208: 161: 46: 8885: 4735: 2901:

used to compensate the music industry for the making of a copy.

2853:

used to compensate the music industry for the making of a copy.

1833: 1634:

auxiliary inputs, wired connections to USB devices and wireless

1367:, who had been enlisted as an ambassador for the format in 1979. 1319:, based on video LaserDisc technology. Philips also contributed 9164: 9148: 8988: 8777: 8727: 8722: 8707: 6499: 6041: 5971: 5163:

Pencheva, Tamara; Gyoch, Berkant; Mashkov, Petko (1 May 2010).

5099:"IEC 60908 Audio recording - Compact disc digital audio system" 4868:"Vinyl and cassette UK sales continue to surge to 30 year high" 4558:"Music Streaming Service Aims at Japan, Where CD Is Still King" 4501:"Buying CDs continues to be a tradition in Japan – Tokyo Times" 4420:"Journal of the AES » 2007 September - Volume 55 Number 9" 3772: 2942: 2701: 2649: 2509: 2500: 2379: 2150: 1988: 1779:

A polycarbonate disc layer has the data encoded by using bumps.

1666: 1551: 1513: 1085: 1066: 975: 960: 685: 681: 642: 609: 567: 504: 484: 465: 413: 332: 2834:, for which there are several, mostly environmental, reasons. 9282: 8930: 8844: 8717: 8702: 8657: 8396: 8366: 7585: 7446: 7357: 6098: 6061: 6051: 2870: 2865: 2697: 2600: 2340: 1639: 1289: 1181: 1132: 1100: 1057:. The CD is considered the last dominant audio format of the 964: 668: 635: 516: 480: 449: 421: 261: 181: 9236:

Sony Toshiba IBM Center of Competence for the Cell Processor

3927:, and the first CD actually pressed at a factory was ABBA's 3224:"Inventor of the Week – James T. Russell – The Compact Disc" 2321: 1864: 1771: 9170: 8967: 8957: 8865: 8824: 8508: 8166: 7715: 7561: 6921: 6901: 6413: 6129: 6031: 5954: 5769: 4533:. Recording Industry Association of America. Archived from 4032: 2934: 2807: 2801: 2641: 2480: 2418:(CD+EG, also known as CD+XG) is an improved variant of the 2095: 2064: 1688: 1555: 1166: 1120: 1096: 944: 461: 417: 212: 177: 5844:, IEEE Communications Magazine, Jan. 2010, pp. 10–17. 2303: 9251: 8697: 7933: 6494: 5919: 5689: 5574:"Cost Per Gigabyte of Popular Data Storage - Infographic" 5138:"Compact disc (CD) | Definition & Facts | Britannica" 4095:"Philips celebrates 25th anniversary of the Compact Disc" 3933:, but that disc wasn't released commercially until later. 3227: 2938: 2875: 2789: 2550: 2539: 2344: 2146: 1616: 1562: 1386: 1301: 1216: 1062: 475: 266: 153: 121: 117: 113: 3975:

Bilyeu, Melinda; Hector Cook; Andrew Môn Hughes (2004).

2549:

Overall picture quality is intended to be comparable to

1802:

A CD is made from 1.2-millimetre (0.047 in) thick,

8477: 8275: 4777:"Physical Formats Still Dominate Japanese Music Market" 4682:"End of a Era: Best Buy Significantly Cuts Back on CDs" 3952:(in German). Salzburg: Archiv der Erzdiözese Salzburg. 2988: – Proprietary backward-compatible CD audio format 2728:

VinylDisc is the hybrid of a standard audio CD and the

2311: 2161:") can hold up to 24 minutes of music or 210 MiB. 2157:

Disc. The 80-millimetre (3.1 in) diameter discs ("

2035:

and extended (finer-grain) error measurements known as

1908:

wide, between 830 nm and 3,000 nm long and 150 nm deep.

5397: 5191:

An Introduction to Digital Audio, John Watkinson, 1994

2436:

Super Audio CD (SACD) is a high-resolution, read-only

1203: 5896:

The world's first CD-R was made by the Japanese firm

3484:. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 10 June 2015. 1851:

CD data is represented as tiny indentations known as

1538:

The CD was primarily planned as the successor to the

1436:

The first CD played on BBC Radio was in October 1982.

6603: 5430: 5162: 4294:"PDM, PWM, Delta-Sigma, 1-Bit DACs by John Atkinson" 3821: 3345: 3278: 2750:

Individual pits are visible on the micrometer scale.

2704:

on the same disc by putting audio tracks in a first

1443:

The first artist to sell a million copies on CD was

1263: 1049:. By 2000, the CD accounted for 92.3% of the entire 5278:"Philips DVD-R 8x (InfodiscR20) - Philips - Gleitz" 3509:"Why CDs may actually sound better than vinyl]" 1973:used in mastering the disc, and then reversing the 9220:Sony Institute of Higher Education Shohoku College 3632: 3600: 2971:Comparison of popular optical data-storage systems 1867:in length. The distance between the windings (the 1160:. More than thirty years later, American inventor 629:High-Definition Versatile Multilayer Disc (HD VMD) 30:"CD" and "CDs" redirect here. For other uses, see 5369:"Sony chairman credited with developing CDs dies" 4002:1985 News Story on Debut of the Compact Disc (CD) 3721:"Sony chairman credited with developing CDs dies" 3383:Straw, Will (2009). "The Music CD and Its Ends". 2735: 2121:. Philips/Sony patented the physical dimensions. 1933:, a modulated signal is read back from the disc. 1662:downloading for the first time in over a decade. 9590: 4260: 3006: – Music not detectable by casual listeners 2674:Philips defined a format similar to CD-i called 2620:, which is a consumer product in CD-ROM format. 1359:, recorded December 1–3, 1980 and played by the 5770:Campaign For Digital Rights (5 December 2001). 2382:, can have audio file formats with mono sound. 5200:Council on Library and Information Resources: 5015:The Compact Disc: A Handbook of Theory and Use 4029:"Sony History: A Great Invention 100 Years On" 3859: 3625: 3568: 2648:, but CD-i discs are not compatible with most 1336: 156:edge) semiconductor laser (early players used 9267: 9057: 8493: 7755: 6589: 5987: 5687: 4325:"Experiments Toward an Erasable Compact Disc" 3247:"Scientist's invention was let go for a song" 2678:, which puts CD-i software and data into the 1370:The world presentation took place during the 902: 184:, pressed mold (stamper) in read only formats 5506: 5391: 5361: 4679: 4212:"When Did the CD Replace the Cassette Tape?" 3244: 2101: 1785:A layer of lacquer protects the shiny layer. 1554:(read-only memory) and, in 1990, recordable 1315:, and contributed the general manufacturing 8382:Professional Lighting and Sound Association 5683: 5681: 5502: 5500: 4909:"Physical album shipments in the U.S. 2022" 4710: 4525: 4390:"For Car Cassette Decks, Play Time Is Over" 4151: 3481:Introducing the amazing Compact Disc (1982) 2310:from 1982, the first commercially released 2266:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 1885:Comparison of various optical storage media 1374:on 15 April 1981, at a press conference of 9274: 9260: 8500: 8486: 7972:Comparison of analog and digital recording 7762: 7748: 6596: 6582: 5994: 5980: 5824:Origins and Successors of the Compact Disc 5440:IEEE Information Theory Society Newsletter 5436:"Shannon, Beethoven, and the Compact Disc" 4323:K. Schouhamer Immink and J. Braat (1984). 3657: 3355:IEEE Information Theory Society Newsletter 3351:"Shannon, Beethoven, and the Compact Disc" 2685: 2132:on one disc. This is a myth according to 1508:Early CD players employed binary-weighted 1504:D-E307CK portable CD player with 1-bit DAC 1272:Dutch inventor and Philips chief engineer 909: 895: 69: 9654:Science and technology in the Netherlands 9649:Information technology in the Netherlands 5622: 5596: 5064: 4113: 3448: 3274: 3272: 2774: 2358:was to be an allowable option within the 2286:Learn how and when to remove this message 1753:Learn how and when to remove this message 1244:Convention, held on 13–16 March 1979, in 6842:Tefiphon/Teficord (early 1930s), Tefifon 5678: 5604:"CD-R Unreadable in Less Than Two Years" 5497: 5109: 5011: 4648: 4387: 4291: 3923:The first test CD was Richard Strauss's 3831:Journal of the Audio Engineering Society 3506: 3288:Journal of the Audio Engineering Society 2917:Sony BMG copy protection rootkit scandal 2893:(DRM), to conform to the United States' 2783: 2745: 2362:format, but has never been implemented. 2320: 2302: 2105: 1947: 1899: 1880: 1832: 1770: 1725:Relevant discussion may be found on the 1495: 1311:in line with another audio product, the 1267: 120:(also up to 90 minutes audio), 870 27:Digital optical disc data storage format 9535:Multiple-prism grating laser oscillator 5827:. Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 5763: 5734: 5424: 4835: 4747:"Do You Want a CD Player in a New Car?" 4555: 4359:"The Rise and Fall of the Compact Disc" 3977:The Bee Gees:tales of the brothers Gibb 3634:"A Long Play Digital Audio Disc System" 3602:"A Long Play Digital Audio Disc System" 3111: 2017:of compact discs can be measured using 1912:A CD is read by focusing a 780 nm 1672: 1469:were released in mono on compact disc. 963:and its derivatives. First released in 881:High-definition optical disc format war 14: 9591: 5810:. Middleton, Wisconsin: A-R Editions. 5696:from the original on 20 September 2007 5666:from the original on 15 September 2016 5539: 5270: 5266:from the original on 12 December 2013. 5248:from the original on 12 December 2013. 5091: 4932: 4261:van Willenswaard, Peter (1 May 1989). 4187:Digital Audio's Guide to Compact Discs 4184: 3463: 3269: 3038:Springer Handbook of Lasers and Optics 3034: 2994: – Type of compact disc corrosion 2128:to be able to contain the entirety of 1550:. In June 1985, the computer-readable 1491: 1256:, later CEO and chairman of Sony, and 720:Stacked Volumetric Optical Disk (SVOD) 603:China Blue High-definition Disc (CBHD) 224:Thickness: 1.2 mm (0.047 in) 9255: 8481: 8443:New Interfaces for Musical Expression 7743: 6577: 5975: 5748:from the original on 18 November 2013 5284: 5219: 5132: 5130: 4993:from the original on 26 November 2009 4838:"CD Sales Are Rising Again, but Why?" 4817:from the original on 14 November 2022 4744: 4507:from the original on 20 December 2016 4468: 4400:from the original on 10 November 2012 4388:Williams, Stephen (4 February 2011). 4154:"NOW ON CD'S, FIRST 4 BEATLES ALBUMS" 4057: 4005:. acmestreamingDOTcom. 20 July 2010. 3904: 3488:from the original on 23 November 2015 3430:from the original on 16 December 2015 3417: 3382: 3114:"How the compact disc lost its shine" 1975:cross-interleaved Reed–Solomon coding 1859:. Each pit is approximately 100 1234:cross-interleaved Reed-Solomon coding 9609:Rotating disc computer storage media 7769: 6548: 5961:Popularized History on Soundfountain 5922:Exhaustive basics on CD-Recordable's 5194: 5072:. Deluxe Global Media Services Ltd. 4967:from the original on 26 October 2014 4787:from the original on 28 October 2022 4723:from the original on 12 January 2022 4630:from the original on 6 February 2018 4598:from the original on 8 November 2020 4568:from the original on 20 October 2017 4481:from the original on 20 October 2017 4369:from the original on 13 October 2019 4304:from the original on 4 February 2021 4273:from the original on 4 February 2021 4222:from the original on 13 October 2019 3907:"Rock on! The compact disc turns 30" 3905:Kelly, Heather (29 September 2012). 3778: 3525: 3519: 3420:"Compact Discs: Sound of the Future" 3063:"The Compact Disc (CD) is Developed" 2911:Compact Disc and DVD copy protection 2447:digital audio reproduction than the 2443:format that was designed to provide 2366:audio has no existing standard on a 2264:adding citations to reliable sources 2231: 1960:directly represent the 0s and 1s of 1735:adding citations to reliable sources 1702: 1176:The compact disc is an evolution of 1146:Compact Disc Digital Audio § History 222:Diameter: 120 mm (4.7 in) 5966:A Media History of the Compact Disc 5521:from the original on 11 August 2013 5202:Conditions that Affect CDs and DVDs 4878:from the original on 27 August 2023 4848:from the original on 27 August 2023 4757:from the original on 27 August 2023 4711:Biersdorfer, J.D. (17 March 2017). 4615: 4356: 4263:"PDM, PWM, Delta-Sigma, 1-Bit DACs" 3956:from the original on 27 August 2023 3913:from the original on 28 August 2018 3507:Kornelis, Chris (27 January 2015). 2098:optical drives so far, as of 2020. 1698: 1223:that made audio recordings using a 1204:Digital audio laser-disc prototypes 116:(up to 80 minutes audio), 800 24: 5916:How Compact Discs are Manufactured 5786: 5722:from the original on 1 August 2013 5584:from the original on 17 April 2016 5127: 4836:Kariuki, Patrick (18 March 2022). 4661:from the original on 6 August 2018 4588:"Is this the end of owning music?" 4209: 4166:from the original on 10 March 2017 3841:from the original on 19 April 2023 3581:from the original on 19 March 2015 3320:. Philips Research. Archived from 3298:from the original on 19 April 2023 3016:List of optical disc manufacturers 2986:High Definition Compatible Digital 2957:to prevent the running of the DRM 2904: 2419: 2212:80×54 mm – 80×64 mm 1604:With the advent and popularity of 1561:Other newer video formats such as 1323:(EFM), while Sony contributed the 25: 9675: 9629:Audiovisual introductions in 1982 7992:Reel-to-reel audio tape recording 7704:Pioneer Artists Compact LaserDisc 7154:Mohawk Message repeater cartridge 5926:Philips history of the CD (cache) 5907: 5841:The emergence of the compact disc 5290: 5079:from the original on 9 March 2016 4933:Bazoge, Mickaël (27 March 2024). 4692:from the original on 14 July 2018 4009:from the original on 25 June 2022 3860:Knopper, Steve (7 January 2009). 3645:from the original on 25 July 2009 3613:from the original on 25 July 2009 3569:McClure, Steve (8 January 2000). 3245:Brier Dudley (29 November 2004). 3159:from the original on 4 April 2016 3000: – Double-sided optical disc 2599:Photo CD is a system designed by 2561: 2425: 2227: 1782:A shiny layer reflects the laser. 1649: 1264:Collaboration and standardization 9573: 9572: 8461: 6557: 6547: 6538: 6537: 6001: 5716:"Understanding CD-R & CD-RW" 5554:from the original on 12 May 2013 5123:from the original on 6 May 2016. 5105:from the original on 6 May 2016. 5046:from the original on 12 May 2016 4152:JON PARELES (25 February 1987). 4076:from the original on 6 July 2017 3756:. 17 August 2007. Archived from 3731:from the original on 21 May 2013 3671:. 17 August 2007. Archived from 2981:Extended Resolution Compact Disc 2859: 2779: 2236: 1807:a radius from 25 to 58 mm. 1707: 1144:This section is an excerpt from 939:format that was co-developed by 876:History of optical storage media 596:Holographic Versatile Disc (HVD) 331: 60: 9659:Science and technology in Japan 7977:Experimental musical instrument 7232:Nippon Electronic Vity cassette 6943:Cosmos Industries MX-303A/ANQ-1 6376:Optical disc authoring software 5890: 5742:"CD-Recordable FAQ – Section 3" 5708: 5688:Andy McFadden (8 August 2007). 5648: 5566: 5540:Harmon, Amy (12 October 2003). 5533: 5485:from the original on 6 May 2016 5475:"IEC 60908:1999 | IEC Webstore" 5467: 5458: 5375:. 24 April 2011. Archived from 5335: 5310: 5252: 5213: 5185: 5156: 5067:"Introduction to CD and CD-ROM" 5065:Sharpless, Graham (July 2003). 5058: 5032: 5005: 4989:. IEEE Global History Network. 4926: 4901: 4890: 4860: 4829: 4799: 4769: 4673: 4649:Owsinski, Bobby (7 July 2018). 4642: 4580: 4544: 4526:Friedlander, Joshua P. (2015). 4519: 4493: 4469:Smith, Ethan (2 January 2009). 4437: 4412: 4316: 4203: 4178: 4088: 4051: 3993: 3938: 3562: 3500: 3472: 3457: 3442: 3411: 3310: 3230:. December 1999. Archived from 3112:Lynskey, Dorian (28 May 2015). 2878:players can. CD-RWs follow the 2845:(DRM), to conform to the AHRA ( 2067:written to by a malfunctioning 1983:) were originally designed for 1718:needs additional citations for 9444:Amplified spontaneous emission 8621:Sony Music Entertainment Japan 8609:Sony Interactive Entertainment 5606:. cdfreaks.com. Archived from 5403:"How we made the compact disc" 5280:(in German). 18 November 2006. 4745:Ramey, Jay (9 February 2021). 4058:Giles, Jeff (1 October 2012). 3979:. Omnibus Press. p. 519. 3238: 3216: 3190: 3171: 3139: 3105: 3080: 3055: 3028: 2949:logo because they violate the 2736:Manufacture, cost, and pricing 1288:, the research pushed forward 1252:, Netherlands. Sony executive 13: 1: 8162:Electronic musical instrument 5869:Compact Disc (Object Lessons) 5804:Pohlmann, Kenneth C. (1992). 4616:Ong, Thuy (6 February 2018). 4556:Sisario, Ben (11 June 2015). 3950:Salzburg. Geschichte. Kultur. 3088:"U.S. Music Revenue Database" 3021: 2887:Serial Copy Management System 2839:Serial Copy Management System 2663: 2090:) has only been available on 1527:(PDM), while Matsushita (now 1230:modified frequency modulation 1084:format was later adapted (as 582:Enhanced Versatile Disc (EVD) 9190:(umbrella company in the US) 8558:Sony Semiconductor Solutions 8468:Record production portal 8357:Institute of Broadcast Sound 7028:Thermionic Products Recordon 5507:Neil Strauss (5 July 1995). 4680:Chris Morris (2 July 2018). 3781:IEEE Communications Magazine 3528:IEEE Communications Magazine 3035:Träger, Frank (5 May 2012). 2767:to CDs, but was broken when 2717: 1994: 1971:eight-to-fourteen modulation 1966:non-return-to-zero, inverted 1510:digital-to-analog converters 1321:eight-to-fourteen modulation 1180:technology, where a focused 1119:, Compact Disc-Interactive ( 1006: bytes), or 99 minutes 589:Forward Versatile Disc (FVD) 124:(and up to 99 minutes audio) 7: 9500:Chirped pulse amplification 9188:Sony Corporation of America 9154:Sony Professional Solutions 9149:Sony Network Communications 8377:Musical Electronics Library 7415:Analog-to-digital converter 7322:Nippon Electronic Memo-call 4244:. Melbourne Audio Club Inc. 4189:. Bantam Books. p. 4. 3147:"Das Photo als Schalplatte" 2964: 2588: 2519: 2298: 1685:for Sony and Philips, 1998. 1606:Internet-based distribution 1337:Initial launch and adoption 741:Nintendo optical disc (NOD) 727:Fluorescent Multilayer Disc 706:Ultra Density Optical (UDO) 303:; 41 years ago 289:; 41 years ago 10: 9680: 9304:List of laser applications 9281: 9112:Sony Entertainment Network 8795:Sony Entertainment Network 8124:Sound reinforcement system 8033:Sound reinforcement system 7538:Compact Disc Digital Audio 6622:Music box cylinder or disc 6366:CD copy protection schemes 5968:(1-hour podcast interview) 5931:Patent History (CD Player) 5801:, 2nd edition (June 1996). 5542:"MUSIC; What Price Music?" 3750:"How the CD Was Developed" 3665:"How the CD Was Developed" 3418:Rasen, Edward (May 1985). 3397:10.2752/175470709787375751 2947:Compact Disc Digital Audio 2914: 2908: 2863: 2806:Recordable Compact Discs, 2799: 2742:Compact Disc manufacturing 2739: 2721: 2689: 2667: 2627: 2592: 2565: 2542:and is referred to as the 2523: 2498: 2474: 2429: 2331:Compact Disc Digital Audio 2328: 2130:Beethoven's Ninth Symphony 1844:of a compact disc under a 1764: 1599: 1143: 1138: 953:Compact Disc Digital Audio 575:Universal Media Disc (UMD) 312:(Europe and North America) 43:Compact Disc Digital Audio 40: 29: 9568: 9482: 9429: 9317: 9289: 9228: 9212: 9180: 9136: 8998: 8976: 8858: 8636: 8545: 8524: 8515: 8457: 8405: 8347:Audio Engineering Society 8339: 8263: 8245:Software effect processor 8225:Digital audio workstation 8210: 8132: 8074: 8066:Digital signal processing 8051: 8005: 7947: 7889: 7830:Digital audio workstation 7805: 7777: 7684: 7619: 7528: 7497: 7465: 7456: 7413: 7238:Grundig Cassette LFH 0084 7131: 7055: 7017: 7000: 6919: 6899: 6856: 6834: 6763: 6675: 6658: 6649: 6612: 6533: 6482: 6384: 6358: 6342: 6288:Hardware/software/content 6287: 6167: 6009: 5821:Peek, Hans et al. (2009) 5807:The Compact Disc Handbook 5207:15 September 2016 at the 5012:Pohlmann, Ken C. (1989). 4242:November 1989 News Update 3793:10.1109/MCOM.2010.5394021 3697:. Philips. Archived from 3639:Audio Engineering Society 3607:Audio Engineering Society 3540:10.1109/MCOM.2010.5394021 2891:digital rights management 2889:(SCMS), an early form of 2843:digital rights management 2652:drives and software. The 2494: 2102:Disc shapes and diameters 2084:"advanced error scanning" 2082:error scanning (known as 1904:The pits in a CD are 500 1419:The first 50 titles were 998: bytes), 90 minutes 842:Apple ISO 9660 Extensions 650:Personal Video Disc (PVD) 280: 250: 236: 228: 218: 200: 188: 168: 128: 112:Typically up to 700 108: 98: 88: 68: 59: 9044:Great American Pure Flix 8507: 8438:Professional audio store 8340:People and organizations 8326:Sound recording engineer 7488:Digital Compact Cassette 7376:Capitol Records Audiopak 7226:Dictaphone Travel master 7022:Telefunken magnetic disc 6991:Crouzet-Jaeger cartridge 5883: 5871:. New York: Bloomsbury. 5850:; Ogawa, Hiroshi (1992) 5298:. QPxTool. 1 August 2008 4961:"Technical Grammy Award" 3876:"The Inventor of the CD" 3827:"The Compact Disc Story" 3284:"The Compact Disc Story" 3067:historyofinformation.com 2895:Audio Home Recording Act 2847:Audio Home Recording Act 2576:SVCD has two-thirds the 1891:86.05 cm / 1.6 μm = 1876:constant linear velocity 1525:pulse-density modulation 1447:, with their 1985 album 1372:Salzburg Easter Festival 1307:Philips coined the term 1131:(SACD) which may have a 951:recordings. It uses the 9213:Nonprofit organizations 7856:Microphone preamplifier 7304:Assmann-Stuzzi Memocord 6985:Protona Minifon special 6606:audio recording formats 6371:CD player manufacturers 5853:Compact Disc Technology 4292:Atkinson, John (1989). 4118:. Toronto. p. E11. 3318:"The History of the CD" 2692:Blue Book (CD standard) 2686:Enhanced Music CD (CD+) 2623: 2420:Compact Disc + Graphics 2405:Compact Disc + Graphics 2388:is an extension of the 1952:Philips CDM210 CD Drive 1792:on the top of the disc. 1576: 978:digital audio or about 848:Universal Disk Format ( 713:3D optical data storage 692:Video Single Disc (VSD) 9294:List of laser articles 8984:Sony Creative Software 7797:Electronic and digital 7388:Bandai micro cartridge 7334:Muntz Stereo Mini-twin 5941:Patent History CD Disc 5867:Barry, Robert (2020). 5399:K.A. Schouhamer Immink 5296:qpxtool.sourceforge.io 5220:Bosch, Xavier (2001). 4713:"Hand Me the AUX Cord" 4185:Canale, Larry (1986). 3695:"Philips Compact Disc" 2976:Optical disc packaging 2828:surface error scanning 2797: 2775:Writable compact discs 2751: 2416:CD + Extended Graphics 2326: 2318: 2113: 2019:surface error scanning 1956:The pits and lands do 1953: 1909: 1886: 1848: 1799: 1533:pulse-width modulation 1505: 1349:was of a recording of 1331:The Compact Disc Story 1282:Kees Schouhamer Immink 1277: 1274:Kees Schouhamer Immink 1158:transparent photograph 802:(layer jump recording) 368:Recording technologies 358:Optical disc authoring 232:Audio and data storage 9614:Digital audio storage 9082:Anime Digital Network 7256:Cousino Echo-matic II 6736:Indestructible record 5943: – published by 5933: – published by 5856:, Tokyo, Ohmsha Ltd. 5322:DutchAudioClassics.nl 5234:10.1038/news010628-11 5018:. A-R Editions, Inc. 4540:on 30 September 2015. 4065:Ultimate Classic Rock 2992:Compact disc bronzing 2787: 2749: 2514:computer data storage 2324: 2306: 2221:"Business card" size 2173:CD-ROM data capacity 2109: 1951: 1903: 1884: 1836: 1775:Diagram of CD layers 1774: 1499: 1389:television programme 1271: 1238:error correction code 1099:), rewritable media ( 957:computer data storage 699:Magneto-optical discs 9624:Consumer electronics 9469:Population inversion 9199:List of acquisitions 9048:Great American Media 9046:(joint venture with 8592:Sony Financial Group 8255:Software synthesizer 8220:Digital audio editor 8006:Playback transducers 7866:Multitrack recording 7352:Sanyo Tape cartridge 7178:Rediffusion Reditune 7057:Loose (reel-to-reel) 7008:Magnetic stripe card 6937:US Army RD-11B/GNQ-1 6702:Perfected phonograph 6630:(early 17th century) 6385:Variants based on CD 6350:Orange-Book-Standard 5772:"Copy Protected CDs" 5578:Blank Media Printing 5432:K. Schouhamer Immink 5171:. pp. 531–535. 4017:– via YouTube. 3823:K. Schouhamer Immink 3496:– via YouTube. 3347:K. Schouhamer Immink 3280:K. Schouhamer Immink 2841:), an early form of 2374:stereo track (i.e., 2260:improve this section 1731:improve this article 1673:Awards and accolades 1383:public demonstration 1037:by 1991, ending the 36:CDS (disambiguation) 9644:Japanese inventions 9520:Laser beam profiler 9439:Active laser medium 9379:Free-electron laser 9299:List of laser types 9159:Sony Honda Mobility 9012:PlayStation Network 9000:Online distribution 8859:Historical products 8830:Video8/Hi8/Digital8 7166:Mohawk Midgetape RL 6979:Protona Minifon P55 6973:Protona Minifon P51 6748:Blue Amberol record 6730:Gold moulded record 6724:Le Céleste cylinder 6696:Dictaphone cylinder 6686:Phonograph cylinder 5957:website in Japanese 5778:on 5 December 2001. 5690:"CD-Recordable FAQ" 5610:on 14 February 2007 5260:"Fungus 'eats' CDs" 4987:"IEEE CD Milestone" 4813:. 26 January 2022. 4475:Wall Street Journal 3760:on 22 December 2007 3675:on 22 December 2007 2608:and conform to the 2076:optical disc drives 2061:deteriorating media 2007:Geotrichum candidum 1922:semiconductor laser 1767:Shaped compact disc 1571:backward compatible 1492:Further development 1365:Herbert von Karajan 1361:Berlin Philharmonic 444:), Super Video CD ( 397:Optical media types 56: 32:CD (disambiguation) 9194:Other subsidiaries 9029:Sony Pictures Core 8563:Sony Entertainment 8546:Primary businesses 8306:Re-recording mixer 8109:Keyboard amplifier 7825:Binaural recording 7621:Electronic circuit 7476:Digital Audio Tape 7190:RCA tape cartridge 7148:Cousino Echo-matic 7046:Audio High Density 6795:Edison Voicewriter 6310:Portable CD player 6190:CD copy protection 5793:Ecma International 5744:. 9 January 2010. 5636:on 4 February 2005 5547:The New York Times 5514:The New York Times 5407:Nature Electronics 5292:"QPxTool glossary" 5262:. BBC. June 2001. 5142:www.britannica.com 4872:Officialcharts.com 4717:The New York Times 4594:, 3 January 2019, 4562:The New York Times 4503:. 23 August 2013. 4159:The New York Times 4116:The Globe and Mail 4100:17 August 2015 at 3925:Eine Alpensinfonie 3886:on 29 January 2008 3571:"Heitaro Nakajima" 3466:The New York Times 3385:Design and Culture 2798: 2765:phonograph records 2757:8-track cartridges 2752: 2356:Four-channel sound 2327: 2319: 2114: 1954: 1910: 1887: 1849: 1800: 1506: 1405:(1981) was played. 1395:in 1981, when the 1356:An Alpine Symphony 1278: 947:to store and play 428:, Super Audio CD ( 385:Burst cutting area 363:Authoring software 353:Optical disc drive 158:helium–neon lasers 54: 9586: 9585: 9540:Optical amplifier 9389:Solid-state laser 9249: 9248: 9204:List of libraries 9132: 9131: 9072:PlayStation Video 9022:PlayStation Store 8475: 8474: 8281:Guitar technician 8177:Music workstation 8061:Digital recording 8038:Speaker enclosure 7957:8-track cartridge 7899:Phonograph record 7737: 7736: 7680: 7679: 7409: 7408: 7244:Orrtronic Tapette 7172:Dictaphone Dictet 6771:Phonograph record 6628:Mechanical cuckoo 6571: 6570: 6407:Video Single Disc 5920:CD-Recordable FAQ 5877:978-1-5013-4851-8 5848:Nakajima, Heitaro 5833:978-1-4020-9552-8 5178:978-1-4244-7849-1 5025:978-0-89579-228-0 4329:J. Audio Eng. Soc 4196:978-0-553-34356-4 3986:978-1-84449-057-8 3727:, 24 April 2011, 3257:on 10 August 2014 3251:The Seattle Times 3234:on 17 April 2003. 3204:on 9 October 2013 2794:mechanical pencil 2761:compact cassettes 2296: 2295: 2288: 2225: 2224: 1814:or, more rarely, 1763: 1762: 1755: 1363:and conducted by 1125:Enhanced Music CD 1090:personal computer 1061:, as the rise of 1043:phonograph record 919: 918: 756:Professional Disc 663:MD Data, MD Data2 557:Mini Blu-ray Disc 319: 318: 287:October 1982 16:(Redirected from 9671: 9639:Dutch inventions 9576: 9575: 9550:Optical isolator 9515:Injection seeder 9495:Beam homogenizer 9474:Ultrashort pulse 9464:Lasing threshold 9276: 9269: 9262: 9253: 9252: 9137:Other businesses 9055: 9054: 8568:Sony Music Group 8553:Sony Corporation 8502: 8495: 8488: 8479: 8478: 8466: 8465: 8464: 8352:Goji Electronics 8291:Monitor engineer 8250:Software sampler 8157:Electronic drums 8134:Electronic music 8104:Guitar amplifier 7949:Analog recording 7909:Compact cassette 7871:Music production 7779:Music technology 7771:Music technology 7764: 7757: 7750: 7741: 7740: 7463: 7462: 7316:DC-International 7274:Compact cassette 7092:Fullcoat magfilm 7034:Record Maker Pye 7001:Magnetic surface 6931:Lorenz Textophon 6754:Paradis cylinder 6718:Stentor cylinder 6656: 6655: 6598: 6591: 6584: 6575: 6574: 6561: 6551: 6550: 6541: 6540: 6439:Hybrid DVD-Audio 6200:CD manufacturing 6140:business card CD 5996: 5989: 5982: 5973: 5972: 5901: 5894: 5780: 5779: 5774:. Archived from 5767: 5761: 5760: 5755: 5753: 5738: 5732: 5731: 5729: 5727: 5712: 5706: 5705: 5703: 5701: 5685: 5676: 5675: 5673: 5671: 5652: 5646: 5645: 5643: 5641: 5632:. Archived from 5626: 5620: 5619: 5617: 5615: 5600: 5594: 5593: 5591: 5589: 5570: 5564: 5563: 5561: 5559: 5537: 5531: 5530: 5528: 5526: 5504: 5495: 5494: 5492: 5490: 5471: 5465: 5462: 5456: 5455: 5453: 5451: 5428: 5422: 5421: 5419: 5417: 5395: 5389: 5388: 5386: 5384: 5365: 5359: 5358: 5356: 5354: 5339: 5333: 5332: 5330: 5328: 5314: 5308: 5307: 5305: 5303: 5288: 5282: 5281: 5274: 5268: 5267: 5256: 5250: 5249: 5222:"Fungus eats CD" 5217: 5211: 5198: 5192: 5189: 5183: 5182: 5160: 5154: 5153: 5151: 5149: 5134: 5125: 5124: 5113: 5107: 5106: 5095: 5089: 5088: 5086: 5084: 5078: 5071: 5062: 5056: 5055: 5053: 5051: 5036: 5030: 5029: 5009: 5003: 5002: 5000: 4998: 4983: 4977: 4976: 4974: 4972: 4957: 4951: 4950: 4948: 4946: 4930: 4924: 4923: 4921: 4919: 4905: 4899: 4894: 4888: 4887: 4885: 4883: 4864: 4858: 4857: 4855: 4853: 4833: 4827: 4826: 4824: 4822: 4803: 4797: 4796: 4794: 4792: 4783:. 24 June 2020. 4773: 4767: 4766: 4764: 4762: 4742: 4733: 4732: 4730: 4728: 4708: 4702: 4701: 4699: 4697: 4677: 4671: 4670: 4668: 4666: 4646: 4640: 4639: 4637: 4635: 4613: 4607: 4606: 4605: 4603: 4584: 4578: 4577: 4575: 4573: 4548: 4542: 4541: 4539: 4532: 4523: 4517: 4516: 4514: 4512: 4497: 4491: 4490: 4488: 4486: 4466: 4460: 4459: 4457: 4455: 4441: 4435: 4434: 4432: 4430: 4416: 4410: 4409: 4407: 4405: 4385: 4379: 4378: 4376: 4374: 4357:Richter, Felix. 4354: 4345: 4344: 4342: 4340: 4320: 4314: 4313: 4311: 4309: 4289: 4283: 4282: 4280: 4278: 4258: 4245: 4238: 4232: 4231: 4229: 4227: 4207: 4201: 4200: 4182: 4176: 4175: 4173: 4171: 4149: 4143: 4140: 4134: 4126: 4120: 4119: 4111: 4105: 4092: 4086: 4085: 4083: 4081: 4070:Townsquare Media 4055: 4049: 4048: 4046: 4044: 4039:on 2 August 2008 4035:. Archived from 4025: 4019: 4018: 4016: 4014: 3997: 3991: 3990: 3972: 3966: 3965: 3963: 3961: 3942: 3936: 3935: 3920: 3918: 3902: 3896: 3895: 3893: 3891: 3882:. Archived from 3880:Philips Research 3872: 3866: 3865: 3857: 3851: 3850: 3848: 3846: 3819: 3813: 3812: 3776: 3770: 3769: 3767: 3765: 3746: 3740: 3739: 3738: 3736: 3717: 3711: 3710: 3708: 3706: 3701:on 19 March 2009 3691: 3685: 3684: 3682: 3680: 3661: 3655: 3654: 3652: 3650: 3636: 3629: 3623: 3622: 3620: 3618: 3604: 3597: 3591: 3590: 3588: 3586: 3566: 3560: 3559: 3523: 3517: 3516: 3515:on 9 April 2016. 3511:. Archived from 3504: 3498: 3497: 3495: 3493: 3476: 3470: 3469: 3461: 3455: 3454: 3446: 3440: 3439: 3437: 3435: 3415: 3409: 3408: 3380: 3371: 3370: 3368: 3366: 3343: 3334: 3333: 3331: 3329: 3314: 3308: 3307: 3305: 3303: 3276: 3267: 3266: 3264: 3262: 3253:. Archived from 3242: 3236: 3235: 3220: 3214: 3213: 3211: 3209: 3194: 3188: 3187: 3186: 3182: 3175: 3169: 3168: 3166: 3164: 3158: 3151: 3143: 3137: 3136: 3134: 3132: 3109: 3103: 3102: 3100: 3098: 3084: 3078: 3077: 3075: 3073: 3059: 3053: 3052: 3032: 2614:operating system 2455:. SACD was in a 2291: 2284: 2280: 2277: 2271: 2240: 2232: 2164: 2163: 2065:recordable media 1985:CD Digital Audio 1895: 1892: 1810:A thin layer of 1758: 1751: 1747: 1744: 1738: 1711: 1703: 1699:Physical details 1610:lossy-compressed 1573:with audio CDs. 1450:Brothers in Arms 1392:Tomorrow's World 1325:error-correction 1313:Compact Cassette 1258:Heitaro Nakajima 1213:Heitaro Nakajima 1187:Philips Research 1162:James T. Russell 1053:in regard to US 1039:market dominance 1013: 1009: 1005: 1001: 997: 993: 989: 981: 911: 904: 897: 796:(packet writing) 561:Ultra HD Blu-ray 549:BD-R & BD-RE 335: 321: 320: 311: 309: 304: 297: 295: 290: 254: 240: 204: 172: 144:wavelength, 870 140:wavelength, 800 132: 81:visible spectrum 73: 64: 57: 53: 21: 9679: 9678: 9674: 9673: 9672: 9670: 9669: 9668: 9589: 9588: 9587: 9582: 9564: 9478: 9459:Laser linewidth 9449:Continuous wave 9425: 9318:Types of lasers 9313: 9285: 9280: 9250: 9245: 9224: 9208: 9176: 9128: 9087:Anime on Demand 9077:PlayStation Vue 9053: 9017:PlayStation Now 9002: 8994: 8989:FeliCa Networks 8972: 8854: 8788:8 channel films 8639: 8632: 8541: 8520: 8511: 8506: 8476: 8471: 8462: 8460: 8453: 8401: 8335: 8301:Record producer 8286:Mixing engineer 8259: 8206: 8172:MIDI controller 8147:Circuit bending 8128: 8070: 8047: 8023:Monitor speaker 8001: 7943: 7891:Recording media 7885: 7876:Music sequencer 7861:Monitor speaker 7807:Sound recording 7801: 7773: 7768: 7738: 7733: 7676: 7665:USB flash drive 7659:Toymax VJ Starz 7615: 7524: 7493: 7452: 7405: 7268:Philips EL 3583 7214:Cousino MR-9000 7202:Protona Attaché 7196:Philips EL 3581 7127: 7051: 7013: 6996: 6915: 6900:Loose magnetic 6895: 6852: 6830: 6759: 6671: 6659:Grooved surface 6645: 6608: 6602: 6572: 6567: 6529: 6478: 6380: 6354: 6338: 6283: 6163: 6005: 6000: 5910: 5905: 5904: 5895: 5891: 5886: 5838:Peek, Hans B., 5789: 5787:Further reading 5784: 5783: 5768: 5764: 5751: 5749: 5740: 5739: 5735: 5725: 5723: 5714: 5713: 5709: 5699: 5697: 5686: 5679: 5669: 5667: 5654: 5653: 5649: 5639: 5637: 5628: 5627: 5623: 5613: 5611: 5602: 5601: 5597: 5587: 5585: 5572: 5571: 5567: 5557: 5555: 5538: 5534: 5524: 5522: 5505: 5498: 5488: 5486: 5479:webstore.iec.ch 5473: 5472: 5468: 5463: 5459: 5449: 5447: 5429: 5425: 5415: 5413: 5396: 5392: 5382: 5380: 5367: 5366: 5362: 5352: 5350: 5341: 5340: 5336: 5326: 5324: 5316: 5315: 5311: 5301: 5299: 5289: 5285: 5276: 5275: 5271: 5258: 5257: 5253: 5218: 5214: 5209:Wayback Machine 5199: 5195: 5190: 5186: 5179: 5161: 5157: 5147: 5145: 5136: 5135: 5128: 5115: 5114: 5110: 5097: 5096: 5092: 5082: 5080: 5076: 5069: 5063: 5059: 5049: 5047: 5038: 5037: 5033: 5026: 5010: 5006: 4996: 4994: 4985: 4984: 4980: 4970: 4968: 4959: 4958: 4954: 4944: 4942: 4931: 4927: 4917: 4915: 4907: 4906: 4902: 4895: 4891: 4881: 4879: 4866: 4865: 4861: 4851: 4849: 4834: 4830: 4820: 4818: 4805: 4804: 4800: 4790: 4788: 4775: 4774: 4770: 4760: 4758: 4743: 4736: 4726: 4724: 4709: 4705: 4695: 4693: 4678: 4674: 4664: 4662: 4647: 4643: 4633: 4631: 4614: 4610: 4601: 4599: 4586: 4585: 4581: 4571: 4569: 4549: 4545: 4537: 4530: 4524: 4520: 4510: 4508: 4499: 4498: 4494: 4484: 4482: 4467: 4463: 4453: 4451: 4443: 4442: 4438: 4428: 4426: 4418: 4417: 4413: 4403: 4401: 4386: 4382: 4372: 4370: 4355: 4348: 4338: 4336: 4321: 4317: 4307: 4305: 4298:stereophile.com 4290: 4286: 4276: 4274: 4267:stereophile.com 4259: 4248: 4239: 4235: 4225: 4223: 4210:Harlow, Oliva. 4208: 4204: 4197: 4183: 4179: 4169: 4167: 4150: 4146: 4141: 4137: 4127: 4123: 4112: 4108: 4093: 4089: 4079: 4077: 4056: 4052: 4042: 4040: 4027: 4026: 4022: 4012: 4010: 3999: 3998: 3994: 3987: 3973: 3969: 3959: 3957: 3944: 3943: 3939: 3916: 3914: 3903: 3899: 3889: 3887: 3874: 3873: 3869: 3858: 3854: 3844: 3842: 3820: 3816: 3777: 3773: 3763: 3761: 3748: 3747: 3743: 3734: 3732: 3719: 3718: 3714: 3704: 3702: 3693: 3692: 3688: 3678: 3676: 3663: 3662: 3658: 3648: 3646: 3631: 3630: 3626: 3616: 3614: 3599: 3598: 3594: 3584: 3582: 3567: 3563: 3524: 3520: 3505: 3501: 3491: 3489: 3478: 3477: 3473: 3462: 3458: 3447: 3443: 3433: 3431: 3416: 3412: 3381: 3374: 3364: 3362: 3344: 3337: 3327: 3325: 3316: 3315: 3311: 3301: 3299: 3277: 3270: 3260: 3258: 3243: 3239: 3222: 3221: 3217: 3207: 3205: 3196: 3195: 3191: 3184: 3177: 3176: 3172: 3162: 3160: 3156: 3149: 3145: 3144: 3140: 3130: 3128: 3110: 3106: 3096: 3094: 3086: 3085: 3081: 3071: 3069: 3061: 3060: 3056: 3049: 3033: 3029: 3024: 2967: 2927:copy protection 2919: 2913: 2907: 2905:Copy protection 2868: 2862: 2804: 2792:CD-R next to a 2782: 2777: 2744: 2738: 2726: 2720: 2694: 2688: 2672: 2666: 2632: 2626: 2597: 2591: 2570: 2564: 2528: 2522: 2503: 2497: 2477: 2445:higher-fidelity 2434: 2428: 2333: 2301: 2292: 2281: 2275: 2272: 2257: 2241: 2230: 2204:185–210 MB 2170:Audio capacity 2111: 2104: 1997: 1893: 1890: 1828:offset printing 1824:screen printing 1798: 1769: 1759: 1748: 1742: 1739: 1724: 1712: 1701: 1696: 1695: 1675: 1652: 1602: 1579: 1494: 1474:classical music 1351:Richard Strauss 1339: 1266: 1206: 1149: 1141: 1093:hard disk drive 1011: 1007: 1003: 999: 995: 991: 987: 979: 915: 886: 885: 871: 863: 862: 777: 769: 768: 398: 390: 389: 373:Recording modes 343: 315: 307: 305: 302: 301:March 1983 293: 291: 288: 276: 252: 238: 223: 202: 170: 130: 84: 50: 39: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 9677: 9667: 9666: 9661: 9656: 9651: 9646: 9641: 9636: 9634:Joint ventures 9631: 9626: 9621: 9616: 9611: 9606: 9601: 9584: 9583: 9581: 9580: 9569: 9566: 9565: 9563: 9562: 9557: 9555:Output coupler 9552: 9547: 9545:Optical cavity 9542: 9537: 9532: 9527: 9522: 9517: 9512: 9507: 9505:Gain-switching 9502: 9497: 9492: 9486: 9484: 9480: 9479: 9477: 9476: 9471: 9466: 9461: 9456: 9454:Laser ablation 9451: 9446: 9441: 9435: 9433: 9427: 9426: 9424: 9423: 9418: 9417: 9416: 9411: 9406: 9401: 9396: 9386: 9381: 9376: 9375: 9374: 9369: 9364: 9359: 9354: 9352:Carbon dioxide 9344: 9343: 9342: 9340:Liquid-crystal 9337: 9327: 9325:Chemical laser 9321: 9319: 9315: 9314: 9312: 9311: 9309:Laser acronyms 9306: 9301: 9296: 9290: 9287: 9286: 9279: 9278: 9271: 9264: 9256: 9247: 9246: 9244: 9243: 9238: 9232: 9230: 9226: 9225: 9223: 9222: 9216: 9214: 9210: 9209: 9207: 9206: 9201: 9196: 9191: 9184: 9182: 9178: 9177: 9175: 9174: 9168: 9162: 9156: 9151: 9146: 9140: 9138: 9134: 9133: 9130: 9129: 9127: 9126: 9125: 9124: 9114: 9109: 9104: 9099: 9094: 9089: 9084: 9079: 9074: 9069: 9063: 9061: 9059:Former/Defunct 9052: 9051: 9041: 9036: 9031: 9026: 9025: 9024: 9019: 9008: 9006: 8996: 8995: 8993: 8992: 8986: 8980: 8978: 8974: 8973: 8971: 8970: 8965: 8960: 8955: 8950: 8945: 8944: 8943: 8933: 8928: 8923: 8918: 8913: 8908: 8903: 8898: 8893: 8888: 8883: 8878: 8873: 8868: 8862: 8860: 8856: 8855: 8853: 8852: 8847: 8842: 8837: 8832: 8827: 8822: 8817: 8812: 8807: 8802: 8797: 8792: 8791: 8790: 8780: 8775: 8770: 8765: 8760: 8755: 8750: 8745: 8740: 8735: 8730: 8725: 8720: 8718:HDCAM/HDCAM-SR 8715: 8710: 8705: 8700: 8695: 8690: 8685: 8680: 8675: 8670: 8665: 8660: 8655: 8650: 8644: 8642: 8634: 8633: 8631: 8630: 8629: 8628: 8618: 8617: 8616: 8606: 8605: 8604: 8599: 8589: 8588: 8587: 8582: 8581: 8580: 8575: 8560: 8555: 8549: 8547: 8543: 8542: 8540: 8539: 8534: 8528: 8526: 8522: 8521: 8516: 8513: 8512: 8505: 8504: 8497: 8490: 8482: 8473: 8472: 8458: 8455: 8454: 8452: 8451: 8446: 8440: 8435: 8430: 8425: 8420: 8415: 8409: 8407: 8406:Related topics 8403: 8402: 8400: 8399: 8394: 8389: 8384: 8379: 8374: 8369: 8364: 8362:Lejaren Hiller 8359: 8354: 8349: 8343: 8341: 8337: 8336: 8334: 8333: 8328: 8323: 8321:Sound operator 8318: 8316:Sound follower 8313: 8311:Sound designer 8308: 8303: 8298: 8293: 8288: 8283: 8278: 8273: 8271:Audio engineer 8267: 8265: 8261: 8260: 8258: 8257: 8252: 8247: 8242: 8237: 8232: 8227: 8222: 8216: 8214: 8208: 8207: 8205: 8204: 8199: 8194: 8189: 8184: 8179: 8174: 8169: 8164: 8159: 8154: 8149: 8144: 8138: 8136: 8130: 8129: 8127: 8126: 8121: 8116: 8111: 8106: 8101: 8096: 8091: 8089:Bass amplifier 8086: 8084:Mixing console 8080: 8078: 8072: 8071: 8069: 8068: 8063: 8057: 8055: 8049: 8048: 8046: 8045: 8040: 8035: 8030: 8025: 8020: 8015: 8009: 8007: 8003: 8002: 8000: 7999: 7994: 7989: 7984: 7979: 7974: 7969: 7964: 7959: 7953: 7951: 7945: 7944: 7942: 7941: 7936: 7931: 7926: 7921: 7916: 7911: 7906: 7901: 7895: 7893: 7887: 7886: 7884: 7883: 7878: 7873: 7868: 7863: 7858: 7853: 7848: 7843: 7838: 7833: 7827: 7822: 7820:Mixing console 7817: 7811: 7809: 7803: 7802: 7800: 7799: 7794: 7789: 7783: 7781: 7775: 7774: 7767: 7766: 7759: 7752: 7744: 7735: 7734: 7732: 7731: 7725: 7722:Timecode vinyl 7719: 7713: 7707: 7701: 7695: 7688: 7686: 7682: 7681: 7678: 7677: 7675: 7674: 7668: 7662: 7656: 7650: 7644: 7638: 7632: 7625: 7623: 7617: 7616: 7614: 7613: 7607: 7601: 7595: 7589: 7583: 7577: 7571: 7568:Super Audio CD 7565: 7559: 7553: 7547: 7544:Philips CD-BGM 7541: 7534: 7532: 7526: 7525: 7523: 7522: 7516: 7510: 7503: 7501: 7495: 7494: 7492: 7491: 7485: 7479: 7472: 7470: 7460: 7454: 7453: 7451: 7450: 7444: 7438: 7432: 7426: 7419: 7417: 7411: 7410: 7407: 7406: 7404: 7403: 7400:Pocket Rockers 7397: 7391: 7385: 7379: 7373: 7367: 7364:Steno-Cassette 7361: 7355: 7349: 7343: 7340:Grundig DeJ614 7337: 7331: 7325: 7319: 7313: 7307: 7301: 7295: 7289: 7283: 7277: 7271: 7265: 7259: 7253: 7247: 7241: 7235: 7229: 7223: 7217: 7211: 7205: 7199: 7193: 7187: 7181: 7175: 7169: 7163: 7157: 7151: 7145: 7138: 7136: 7129: 7128: 7126: 7125: 7119: 7113: 7107: 7101: 7098:Stripe magfilm 7095: 7089: 7083: 7077: 7071: 7064: 7062: 7053: 7052: 7050: 7049: 7043: 7037: 7031: 7025: 7018: 7015: 7014: 7012: 7011: 7004: 7002: 6998: 6997: 6995: 6994: 6988: 6982: 6976: 6970: 6967:Peirce 330/360 6964: 6958: 6952: 6946: 6940: 6934: 6927: 6925: 6917: 6916: 6914: 6913: 6910:Wire recording 6906: 6904: 6897: 6896: 6894: 6893: 6887: 6881: 6875: 6869: 6862: 6860: 6854: 6853: 6851: 6850: 6844: 6838: 6836: 6832: 6831: 6829: 6828: 6822: 6816: 6810: 6804: 6798: 6792: 6789:Pathé Actuelle 6786: 6780: 6774: 6767: 6765: 6761: 6760: 6758: 6757: 6751: 6745: 6742:Amberol record 6739: 6733: 6727: 6721: 6715: 6712:Salon cylinder 6709: 6699: 6689: 6682: 6680: 6673: 6672: 6670: 6669: 6662: 6660: 6653: 6647: 6646: 6644: 6643: 6637: 6631: 6625: 6618: 6616: 6610: 6609: 6601: 6600: 6593: 6586: 6578: 6569: 6568: 6566: 6565: 6555: 6545: 6534: 6531: 6530: 6528: 6527: 6522: 6517: 6512: 6507: 6502: 6497: 6492: 6486: 6484: 6480: 6479: 6477: 6476: 6471: 6466: 6461: 6456: 6451: 6450: 6449: 6441: 6436: 6431: 6426: 6425: 6424: 6416: 6411: 6410: 6409: 6399: 6394: 6392:5.1 Music Disc 6388: 6386: 6382: 6381: 6379: 6378: 6373: 6368: 6362: 6360: 6356: 6355: 6353: 6352: 6346: 6344: 6340: 6339: 6337: 6336: 6335: 6334: 6332:Mini CD single 6324: 6319: 6314: 6313: 6312: 6302: 6297: 6291: 6289: 6285: 6284: 6282: 6281: 6276: 6271: 6270: 6269: 6264: 6259: 6254: 6244: 6239: 6234: 6229: 6224: 6219: 6218: 6217: 6207: 6202: 6197: 6192: 6187: 6182: 6177: 6171: 6169: 6165: 6164: 6162: 6161: 6160: 6159: 6149: 6144: 6143: 6142: 6132: 6127: 6126: 6125: 6117: 6112: 6107: 6102: 6096: 6091: 6090: 6089: 6081: 6076: 6075: 6074: 6064: 6059: 6054: 6049: 6048: 6047: 6039: 6038: 6037: 6029: 6028: 6027: 6019: 6013: 6011: 6007: 6006: 5999: 5998: 5991: 5984: 5976: 5970: 5969: 5963: 5958: 5948: 5938: 5928: 5923: 5917: 5909: 5908:External links 5906: 5903: 5902: 5888: 5887: 5885: 5882: 5881: 5880: 5865: 5845: 5836: 5819: 5802: 5788: 5785: 5782: 5781: 5762: 5733: 5707: 5677: 5647: 5621: 5595: 5565: 5532: 5496: 5466: 5457: 5423: 5390: 5379:on 21 May 2013 5360: 5349:. 25 June 2015 5334: 5309: 5283: 5269: 5251: 5212: 5193: 5184: 5177: 5155: 5144:. 7 March 2024 5126: 5108: 5090: 5057: 5040:"Compact Disc" 5031: 5024: 5004: 4978: 4952: 4925: 4900: 4889: 4859: 4828: 4811:Strata-gee.com 4798: 4768: 4734: 4703: 4672: 4641: 4608: 4579: 4554:11 June 2015: 4552:New York Times 4543: 4518: 4492: 4461: 4436: 4411: 4394:New York Times 4380: 4346: 4315: 4284: 4246: 4233: 4202: 4195: 4177: 4144: 4135: 4121: 4106: 4087: 4050: 4020: 3992: 3985: 3967: 3937: 3897: 3867: 3852: 3837:(5): 458–460. 3814: 3771: 3741: 3712: 3686: 3656: 3641:. March 1979. 3624: 3609:. March 1979. 3592: 3577:. p. 68. 3561: 3518: 3499: 3471: 3456: 3441: 3410: 3372: 3335: 3324:on 23 May 2016 3309: 3294:(5): 458–460. 3268: 3237: 3215: 3189: 3170: 3138: 3104: 3079: 3054: 3047: 3026: 3025: 3023: 3020: 3019: 3018: 3013: 3007: 3001: 2995: 2989: 2983: 2978: 2973: 2966: 2963: 2909:Main article: 2906: 2903: 2864:Main article: 2861: 2858: 2800:Main article: 2781: 2778: 2776: 2773: 2740:Main article: 2737: 2734: 2722:Main article: 2719: 2716: 2690:Main article: 2687: 2684: 2668:Main article: 2665: 2662: 2628:Main article: 2625: 2622: 2593:Main article: 2590: 2587: 2568:Super Video CD 2566:Main article: 2563: 2562:Super Video CD 2560: 2524:Main article: 2521: 2518: 2499:Main article: 2496: 2493: 2476: 2473: 2432:Super Audio CD 2430:Main article: 2427: 2426:Super Audio CD 2424: 2347:encoding at a 2329:Main article: 2300: 2297: 2294: 2293: 2244: 2242: 2235: 2229: 2228:Logical format 2226: 2223: 2222: 2219: 2216: 2213: 2209: 2208: 2205: 2202: 2199: 2195: 2194: 2193:Standard size 2191: 2185: 2182: 2178: 2177: 2174: 2171: 2168: 2167:Physical size 2143:Super Audio CD 2103: 2100: 2088:Nero DiscSpeed 2015:data integrity 1996: 1993: 1797: 1796: 1793: 1790:screen printed 1786: 1783: 1780: 1776: 1761: 1760: 1729:. Please help 1715: 1713: 1706: 1700: 1697: 1694: 1693: 1686: 1674: 1671: 1651: 1650:Current status 1648: 1644:General Motors 1601: 1598: 1590:Super Audio CD 1583:audio cassette 1578: 1575: 1548:AES Convention 1493: 1490: 1441: 1440: 1437: 1434: 1417: 1406: 1379: 1368: 1338: 1335: 1265: 1262: 1205: 1202: 1150: 1142: 1140: 1137: 1129:Super Audio CD 1109:Super Video CD 1024:device drivers 1022:or delivering 917: 916: 914: 913: 906: 899: 891: 888: 887: 884: 883: 878: 872: 869: 868: 865: 864: 861: 860: 859: 858: 853: 846: 845: 844: 839: 834: 828: 823: 810: 805: 804: 803: 797: 778: 775: 774: 771: 770: 767: 766: 759: 752: 744: 737: 730: 723: 716: 709: 702: 695: 688: 672: 665: 653: 646: 639: 632: 625: 606: 599: 592: 585: 578: 571: 564: 559:, 4K Blu-ray ( 542:Blu-ray Disc ( 539: 472: 426:5.1 Music Disc 403:Compact disc ( 399: 396: 395: 392: 391: 388: 387: 382: 381: 380: 378:Packet writing 375: 365: 360: 355: 350: 344: 341: 340: 337: 336: 328: 327: 317: 316: 314: 313: 299: 284: 282: 278: 277: 275: 274: 272:Super Audio CD 269: 264: 258: 256: 248: 247: 242: 234: 233: 230: 226: 225: 220: 216: 215: 206: 198: 197: 192: 186: 185: 174: 166: 165: 134: 126: 125: 110: 106: 105: 102: 96: 95: 90: 86: 85: 74: 66: 65: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 9676: 9665: 9662: 9660: 9657: 9655: 9652: 9650: 9647: 9645: 9642: 9640: 9637: 9635: 9632: 9630: 9627: 9625: 9622: 9620: 9619:Video storage 9617: 9615: 9612: 9610: 9607: 9605: 9602: 9600: 9597: 9596: 9594: 9579: 9571: 9570: 9567: 9561: 9558: 9556: 9553: 9551: 9548: 9546: 9543: 9541: 9538: 9536: 9533: 9531: 9528: 9526: 9523: 9521: 9518: 9516: 9513: 9511: 9510:Gaussian beam 9508: 9506: 9503: 9501: 9498: 9496: 9493: 9491: 9490:Beam expander 9488: 9487: 9485: 9481: 9475: 9472: 9470: 9467: 9465: 9462: 9460: 9457: 9455: 9452: 9450: 9447: 9445: 9442: 9440: 9437: 9436: 9434: 9432: 9431:Laser physics 9428: 9422: 9419: 9415: 9412: 9410: 9407: 9405: 9402: 9400: 9397: 9395: 9392: 9391: 9390: 9387: 9385: 9382: 9380: 9377: 9373: 9370: 9368: 9365: 9363: 9360: 9358: 9355: 9353: 9350: 9349: 9348: 9345: 9341: 9338: 9336: 9333: 9332: 9331: 9328: 9326: 9323: 9322: 9320: 9316: 9310: 9307: 9305: 9302: 9300: 9297: 9295: 9292: 9291: 9288: 9284: 9277: 9272: 9270: 9265: 9263: 9258: 9257: 9254: 9242: 9239: 9237: 9234: 9233: 9231: 9227: 9221: 9218: 9217: 9215: 9211: 9205: 9202: 9200: 9197: 9195: 9192: 9189: 9186: 9185: 9183: 9179: 9172: 9169: 9166: 9163: 9160: 9157: 9155: 9152: 9150: 9147: 9145: 9142: 9141: 9139: 9135: 9123: 9120: 9119: 9118: 9115: 9113: 9110: 9108: 9105: 9103: 9100: 9098: 9095: 9093: 9090: 9088: 9085: 9083: 9080: 9078: 9075: 9073: 9070: 9068: 9065: 9064: 9062: 9060: 9056: 9049: 9045: 9042: 9040: 9037: 9035: 9032: 9030: 9027: 9023: 9020: 9018: 9015: 9014: 9013: 9010: 9009: 9007: 9005: 9001: 8997: 8990: 8987: 8985: 8982: 8981: 8979: 8975: 8969: 8966: 8964: 8961: 8959: 8956: 8954: 8951: 8949: 8948:1 inch Type C 8946: 8942: 8939: 8938: 8937: 8934: 8932: 8929: 8927: 8924: 8922: 8919: 8917: 8914: 8912: 8909: 8907: 8904: 8902: 8899: 8897: 8894: 8892: 8889: 8887: 8884: 8882: 8879: 8877: 8874: 8872: 8869: 8867: 8864: 8863: 8861: 8857: 8851: 8848: 8846: 8843: 8841: 8838: 8836: 8833: 8831: 8828: 8826: 8823: 8821: 8818: 8816: 8813: 8811: 8808: 8806: 8803: 8801: 8798: 8796: 8793: 8789: 8786: 8785: 8784: 8781: 8779: 8776: 8774: 8771: 8769: 8766: 8764: 8761: 8759: 8756: 8754: 8751: 8749: 8746: 8744: 8741: 8739: 8736: 8734: 8731: 8729: 8726: 8724: 8721: 8719: 8716: 8714: 8711: 8709: 8706: 8704: 8701: 8699: 8696: 8694: 8693:Dream Machine 8691: 8689: 8686: 8684: 8681: 8679: 8676: 8674: 8671: 8669: 8666: 8664: 8661: 8659: 8656: 8654: 8651: 8649: 8646: 8645: 8643: 8641: 8635: 8627: 8624: 8623: 8622: 8619: 8615: 8612: 8611: 8610: 8607: 8603: 8600: 8598: 8595: 8594: 8593: 8590: 8586: 8585:Sony Pictures 8583: 8579: 8576: 8574: 8573:Entertainment 8571: 8570: 8569: 8566: 8565: 8564: 8561: 8559: 8556: 8554: 8551: 8550: 8548: 8544: 8538: 8535: 8533: 8530: 8529: 8527: 8523: 8519: 8514: 8510: 8503: 8498: 8496: 8491: 8489: 8484: 8483: 8480: 8470: 8469: 8456: 8450: 8449:Vehicle audio 8447: 8444: 8441: 8439: 8436: 8434: 8431: 8429: 8426: 8424: 8421: 8419: 8418:High fidelity 8416: 8414: 8411: 8410: 8408: 8404: 8398: 8395: 8393: 8390: 8388: 8385: 8383: 8380: 8378: 8375: 8373: 8370: 8368: 8365: 8363: 8360: 8358: 8355: 8353: 8350: 8348: 8345: 8344: 8342: 8338: 8332: 8329: 8327: 8324: 8322: 8319: 8317: 8314: 8312: 8309: 8307: 8304: 8302: 8299: 8297: 8294: 8292: 8289: 8287: 8284: 8282: 8279: 8277: 8274: 8272: 8269: 8268: 8266: 8262: 8256: 8253: 8251: 8248: 8246: 8243: 8241: 8238: 8236: 8233: 8231: 8228: 8226: 8223: 8221: 8218: 8217: 8215: 8213: 8209: 8203: 8200: 8198: 8195: 8193: 8190: 8188: 8185: 8183: 8180: 8178: 8175: 8173: 8170: 8168: 8165: 8163: 8160: 8158: 8155: 8153: 8150: 8148: 8145: 8143: 8140: 8139: 8137: 8135: 8131: 8125: 8122: 8120: 8117: 8115: 8112: 8110: 8107: 8105: 8102: 8100: 8097: 8095: 8092: 8090: 8087: 8085: 8082: 8081: 8079: 8077: 8073: 8067: 8064: 8062: 8059: 8058: 8056: 8054: 8053:Digital audio 8050: 8044: 8041: 8039: 8036: 8034: 8031: 8029: 8026: 8024: 8021: 8019: 8016: 8014: 8011: 8010: 8008: 8004: 7998: 7997:Tape recorder 7995: 7993: 7990: 7988: 7985: 7983: 7980: 7978: 7975: 7973: 7970: 7968: 7967:Cassette deck 7965: 7963: 7960: 7958: 7955: 7954: 7952: 7950: 7946: 7940: 7937: 7935: 7932: 7930: 7927: 7925: 7922: 7920: 7917: 7915: 7912: 7910: 7907: 7905: 7904:Magnetic tape 7902: 7900: 7897: 7896: 7894: 7892: 7888: 7882: 7881:Outboard gear 7879: 7877: 7874: 7872: 7869: 7867: 7864: 7862: 7859: 7857: 7854: 7852: 7849: 7847: 7844: 7842: 7839: 7837: 7834: 7831: 7828: 7826: 7823: 7821: 7818: 7816: 7815:Audio channel 7813: 7812: 7810: 7808: 7804: 7798: 7795: 7793: 7790: 7788: 7785: 7784: 7782: 7780: 7776: 7772: 7765: 7760: 7758: 7753: 7751: 7746: 7745: 7742: 7729: 7726: 7723: 7720: 7717: 7714: 7711: 7708: 7705: 7702: 7699: 7696: 7693: 7692:Mini-cassette 7690: 7689: 7687: 7683: 7672: 7669: 7666: 7663: 7660: 7657: 7654: 7653:Takara E-kara 7651: 7648: 7645: 7642: 7639: 7636: 7633: 7630: 7627: 7626: 7624: 7622: 7618: 7611: 7608: 7605: 7602: 7599: 7596: 7593: 7590: 7587: 7584: 7581: 7578: 7575: 7572: 7569: 7566: 7563: 7560: 7557: 7554: 7551: 7548: 7545: 7542: 7539: 7536: 7535: 7533: 7531: 7527: 7520: 7517: 7514: 7511: 7508: 7505: 7504: 7502: 7500: 7499:Sound-on-film 7496: 7489: 7486: 7483: 7480: 7477: 7474: 7473: 7471: 7468: 7467:Magnetic tape 7464: 7461: 7459: 7455: 7448: 7445: 7442: 7439: 7436: 7433: 7430: 7427: 7424: 7421: 7420: 7418: 7416: 7412: 7401: 7398: 7395: 7392: 7389: 7386: 7383: 7380: 7377: 7374: 7371: 7370:Stenorette DL 7368: 7365: 7362: 7359: 7356: 7353: 7350: 7347: 7346:Microcassette 7344: 7341: 7338: 7335: 7332: 7329: 7326: 7323: 7320: 7317: 7314: 7311: 7308: 7305: 7302: 7299: 7298:Micro pack 35 7296: 7293: 7290: 7287: 7284: 7281: 7278: 7275: 7272: 7269: 7266: 7263: 7260: 7257: 7254: 7251: 7248: 7245: 7242: 7239: 7236: 7233: 7230: 7227: 7224: 7221: 7220:IBM Magnabelt 7218: 7215: 7212: 7209: 7206: 7203: 7200: 7197: 7194: 7191: 7188: 7185: 7182: 7179: 7176: 7173: 7170: 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Free Press. 3863: 3856: 3840: 3836: 3832: 3828: 3824: 3818: 3810: 3806: 3802: 3798: 3794: 3790: 3786: 3782: 3775: 3759: 3755: 3751: 3745: 3730: 3726: 3722: 3716: 3700: 3696: 3690: 3674: 3670: 3666: 3660: 3644: 3640: 3635: 3628: 3612: 3608: 3603: 3596: 3580: 3576: 3572: 3565: 3557: 3553: 3549: 3545: 3541: 3537: 3533: 3529: 3522: 3514: 3510: 3503: 3487: 3483: 3482: 3475: 3467: 3460: 3452: 3445: 3429: 3425: 3421: 3414: 3406: 3402: 3398: 3394: 3390: 3386: 3379: 3377: 3360: 3356: 3352: 3348: 3342: 3340: 3323: 3319: 3313: 3297: 3293: 3289: 3285: 3281: 3275: 3273: 3256: 3252: 3248: 3241: 3233: 3229: 3225: 3219: 3203: 3199: 3193: 3180: 3174: 3155: 3152:(in German). 3148: 3142: 3127: 3123: 3119: 3115: 3108: 3093: 3089: 3083: 3068: 3064: 3058: 3050: 3048:9783642194092 3044: 3040: 3039: 3031: 3027: 3017: 3014: 3011: 3008: 3005: 3002: 2999: 2996: 2993: 2990: 2987: 2984: 2982: 2979: 2977: 2974: 2972: 2969: 2968: 2962: 2960: 2956: 2952: 2948: 2944: 2940: 2936: 2932: 2928: 2924: 2918: 2912: 2902: 2900: 2896: 2892: 2888: 2883: 2881: 2877: 2872: 2867: 2860:ReWritable CD 2857: 2854: 2852: 2848: 2844: 2840: 2835: 2833: 2829: 2823: 2821: 2817: 2813: 2809: 2803: 2795: 2791: 2786: 2780:Recordable CD 2772: 2770: 2766: 2762: 2758: 2748: 2743: 2733: 2731: 2725: 2715: 2713: 2712: 2707: 2703: 2699: 2693: 2683: 2681: 2677: 2671: 2661: 2659: 2655: 2651: 2647: 2643: 2639: 2638: 2631: 2621: 2619: 2615: 2611: 2607: 2602: 2596: 2586: 2584: 2579: 2574: 2569: 2559: 2557: 2552: 2547: 2545: 2541: 2537: 2533: 2527: 2517: 2515: 2511: 2508: 2502: 2492: 2490: 2486: 2482: 2472: 2468: 2466: 2462: 2458: 2454: 2450: 2446: 2442: 2439: 2433: 2423: 2421: 2417: 2413: 2411: 2406: 2402: 2400: 2396: 2391: 2387: 2383: 2381: 2377: 2376:mirrored mono 2373: 2369: 2365: 2361: 2357: 2354:per channel. 2353: 2352:sampling rate 2350: 2349:44.1 kHz 2346: 2342: 2339: 2332: 2323: 2317: 2313: 2309: 2305: 2290: 2287: 2279: 2269: 2265: 2261: 2255: 2254: 2250: 2245:This section 2243: 2239: 2234: 2233: 2220: 2218:10–65 MB 2217: 2214: 2211: 2210: 2207:Mini-CD size 2206: 2203: 2200: 2197: 2196: 2192: 2190: 2187:650–700 2186: 2183: 2180: 2179: 2175: 2172: 2169: 2166: 2165: 2162: 2160: 2156: 2152: 2148: 2144: 2139: 2135: 2131: 2127: 2122: 2120: 2108: 2099: 2097: 2093: 2089: 2085: 2081: 2077: 2072: 2070: 2066: 2062: 2058: 2054: 2050: 2046: 2042: 2038: 2034: 2030: 2029: 2024: 2020: 2016: 2011: 2009: 2008: 2004:. The fungus 2003: 1992: 1990: 1986: 1982: 1981: 1976: 1972: 1967: 1963: 1959: 1950: 1946: 1944: 1940: 1934: 1932: 1928: 1923: 1919: 1918:near infrared 1915: 1907: 1902: 1898: 1894:5.38 km. 1883: 1879: 1877: 1872: 1870: 1866: 1862: 1858: 1854: 1847: 1843: 1839: 1835: 1831: 1829: 1825: 1821: 1817: 1813: 1808: 1805: 1804:polycarbonate 1794: 1791: 1787: 1784: 1781: 1778: 1777: 1773: 1768: 1757: 1754: 1746: 1736: 1732: 1728: 1722: 1721: 1716:This section 1714: 1710: 1705: 1704: 1690: 1687: 1684: 1680: 1679: 1678: 1670: 1668: 1663: 1660: 1655: 1647: 1645: 1641: 1637: 1633: 1628: 1626: 1625:vinyl revival 1622: 1618: 1614: 1613:audio formats 1611: 1607: 1597: 1595: 1591: 1586: 1584: 1574: 1572: 1568: 1564: 1559: 1557: 1553: 1549: 1545: 1541: 1536: 1534: 1530: 1526: 1522: 1517: 1515: 1511: 1503: 1498: 1489: 1487: 1486:cassette tape 1483: 1479: 1475: 1470: 1468: 1464: 1460: 1456: 1452: 1451: 1446: 1438: 1435: 1432: 1431: 1426: 1422: 1418: 1415: 1414:Claudio Arrau 1411: 1407: 1404: 1403: 1398: 1394: 1393: 1388: 1384: 1380: 1377: 1373: 1369: 1366: 1362: 1358: 1357: 1352: 1348: 1347:test pressing 1344: 1343: 1342: 1334: 1332: 1328: 1326: 1322: 1318: 1314: 1310: 1305: 1303: 1299: 1295: 1291: 1287: 1286:Toshitada Doi 1283: 1275: 1270: 1261: 1259: 1255: 1251: 1247: 1243: 1239: 1235: 1231: 1226: 1222: 1218: 1214: 1210: 1201: 1198: 1197: 1192: 1188: 1183: 1179: 1174: 1172: 1168: 1163: 1159: 1155: 1147: 1136: 1134: 1130: 1126: 1122: 1118: 1114: 1110: 1106: 1102: 1098: 1094: 1091: 1087: 1083: 1082:Digital Audio 1078: 1076: 1072: 1068: 1064: 1060: 1056: 1052: 1048: 1047:cassette tape 1044: 1040: 1036: 1035:United States 1032: 1031:audio formats 1027: 1025: 1021: 1017: 985: 977: 972: 970: 966: 962: 958: 954: 950: 949:digital audio 946: 942: 938: 935: 932: 928: 924: 912: 907: 905: 900: 898: 893: 892: 890: 889: 882: 879: 877: 874: 873: 867: 866: 857: 854: 851: 847: 843: 840: 838: 835: 832: 829: 827: 824: 822: 819: 818: 817: 814: 813: 812:File systems 811: 809: 808:Rainbow Books 806: 801: 798: 795: 794:Mount Rainier 792: 791: 790: 786: 783: 780: 779: 773: 772: 765: 764: 760: 758: 757: 753: 751: 749: 748:Archival Disc 745: 743: 742: 738: 736: 735: 731: 729: 728: 724: 722: 721: 717: 715: 714: 710: 708: 707: 703: 701: 700: 696: 694: 693: 689: 687: 683: 680: 678: 673: 671: 670: 666: 664: 661: 659: 654: 652: 651: 647: 645: 644: 640: 638: 637: 633: 631: 630: 626: 624: 620: 616: 613: 611: 607: 605: 604: 600: 598: 597: 593: 591: 590: 586: 584: 583: 579: 577: 576: 572: 570: 569: 565: 562: 558: 554: 550: 547: 545: 540: 538: 534: 530: 526: 522: 518: 514: 510: 506: 502: 498: 494: 490: 486: 482: 479: 477: 473: 471: 467: 463: 459: 455: 451: 447: 443: 440:), Video CD ( 439: 435: 431: 427: 423: 419: 415: 411: 408: 406: 401: 400: 394: 393: 386: 383: 379: 376: 374: 371: 370: 369: 366: 364: 361: 359: 356: 354: 351: 349: 346: 345: 339: 338: 334: 330: 329: 326: 325:Optical discs 323: 322: 300: 286: 285: 283: 279: 273: 270: 268: 265: 263: 260: 259: 257: 249: 246: 243: 235: 231: 227: 221: 217: 214: 210: 207: 199: 196: 195:Rainbow Books 193: 191: 187: 183: 179: 175: 167: 163: 159: 155: 151: 147: 143: 139: 135: 127: 123: 119: 115: 111: 107: 103: 101: 97: 94: 91: 87: 82: 78: 72: 67: 63: 58: 52: 48: 44: 37: 33: 19: 9604:120 mm discs 9599:Compact disc 9530:Mode locking 9483:Laser optics 9181:Other assets 9058: 8810:Tunnel diode 8738:Memory Stick 8733:LocationFree 8672: 8638:Technologies 8532:Masaru Ibuka 8459: 8192:Sound module 8152:Drum machine 8094:Effects unit 7987:Player piano 7914:Compact disc 7913: 7836:Effects unit 7631:(late 1970s) 7530:Optical disc 7394:Picocassette 7390:(late 1980s) 7184:Saba Sabafon 6955:RCA MI-12877 6949:RCA MI-12875 6835:Grooved tape 6801:SoundScriber 6797:(late 1940s) 6783:Diamond disc 6764:Grooved disc 6666:Phonautogram 6634:Punched card 6448:Scarlet Book 6195:CD emulation 6180:CD authoring 6016: 6003:Compact disc 6002: 5892: 5868: 5852: 5840: 5823: 5806: 5797: 5776:the original 5765: 5757: 5750:. 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