110:
182:. The new company was intended to compete not only in the process control and military market, where its staff was already seasoned, but also in the office computing sector of the French market, where IBM and Bull were dominant at the time. The plan enacted government subsidies for CII between 1967 and 1971, and was reconducted for another four years. A minor side of the plan was devoted to peripherals, while CII's main parent company,
186:, received government support to develop its semiconductor plants and R & D. Overall, while CII mainframes benefitted from preferential procurement by the French government, the Plan Calcul left peripherals, components and small computers makers compete on the free market. The same went for software companies, which were already thriving in France.
230:
warned that international cooperation was necessary, however, as "something must happen or there won't be a
European computer industry". The French government had spent more than $ 100 million on Plan Calcul in the first five years, and planned to spend more than that amount in the next five. France
80:, the largest French computer manufacturer, which had the second highest market share in France, after IBM, and was a leading IT equipment maker in Europe. Following this partial takeover, known as "Affaire Bull", GE-Bull dropped two Bull computers from its product line.
243:, who was a strong opponent of the Plan Calcul; meanwhile, CII's sleeping partner, CGE-Alcatel, woke up to oppose the domination of its archrival Siemens over the European computer industry. Unidata was terminated and CII was absorbed into
536:
84:
56:, in the aftermath of two key events that made his government worry about French dependence on the US computer industry. In the mid-1960s, the United States denied export licenses for American-made
17:
212:(1971), which became a commercial success in the following decade. The company also was a minority participant in the production of magnetic periphals thru part ownership of
239:
to form a joint
European company, Unidata, which shipped its first computers in 1974. Yet a new President of the Republic was elected then, former Finance minister
89:
220:
692:
682:
65:
697:
672:
523:
362:
499:
461:
385:
358:
298:
314:
302:
435:
240:
593:
473:
Pierre
Mounier-Kuhn, “From General Electric to Bull: A case of managerial knowledge transfer (1956-1970)”,
677:
478:
219:
As of 1971 IBM had more than 50% market share in almost every
European country. Information Bureau head
403:
291:
Changing the rules: technological change, international competition, and regulation in communications
231:
expected CII to reach $ 200 million in revenue before 1975. That year, CII began negotiations with
61:
687:
516:
L’Informatique en France, de la seconde guerre mondiale au Plan Calcul. L’émergence d’une science
179:
109:
575:
225:
554:
213:
83:
Responsibility for administering the plan was given to a newly created government agency,
8:
197:. It was accompanied with a vast educational effort in programming and computer science.
175:
318:
649:
612:
519:
495:
457:
381:
354:
294:
53:
639:
73:
440:
644:
627:
666:
653:
31:
244:
200:
In the late 1960s, CII announced its new, internally designed mainframes
183:
77:
378:
Histoire d'un pionnier de l'informatique: 40 ans de recherche Ă l'Inria
479:
http://www.cairn.info/revue-entreprises-et-histoire-2014-2-page-42.htm
433:
Emmanuel
Laurentin interview with Pierre Mounier-Kuhn (26 Sep 2006)
265:
40:
was a French governmental program to promote a national or
European
209:
41:
236:
232:
205:
201:
492:
Creating the computer: government, industry, and high technology
94:(Information Bureau), answering directly to the prime minister.
260:
69:
189:
On the research side, the program also led to the creation of
194:
250:
This government initiative was ultimately deemed a failure.
351:
High-Tech Europe: the politics of international cooperation
44:
industry and associated research and education activities.
97:
323:
191:
L'Institut de recherche en informatique et en automatique
57:
454:
Information technology policy: an international history
174:) was established as a manufacturer of commercial and
628:"Industrial Policies in France: The Old and the New"
537:"IRIS 50 - FIRST OF SERIES OF NEW FRENCH COMPUTERS"
18:Compagnie internationale pour l'informatique
664:
397:
395:
393:
52:The plan was approved in July 1966 by President
166:As part of the program, in December 1966, the
390:
120:Part of the Plan Calcul governemental program
613:"The Rise and Fall of Philips Data Systems"
68:in order to prevent it from perfecting its
632:Journal of Industry, Competition and Trade
436:1966 : La France lance le plan Calcul
108:
643:
353:, University of California Press, 1992,
404:"Close Cooperation: Europe's Best Hope"
168:Compagnie Internationale d'Informatique
103:Compagnie Internationale d'Informatique
98:Compagnie Internationale d'Informatique
14:
693:Computer-related introductions in 1966
665:
401:
307:
285:
283:
281:
625:
494:, Brookings Institution Press, 1988,
293:, Brookings Institution Press, 1989,
610:
443:, La fabrique de l'histoire (series)
426:
424:
345:
343:
341:
315:"COMPUTERS DENIED TO FRANCE BY U.S."
85:Délégation générale à l'informatique
367:
289:Robert W. Crandall, Kenneth Flamm,
278:
193:(IRIA) in 1967, which later became
24:
505:
484:
446:
25:
709:
456:, Oxford University Press, 2004,
421:
338:
208:, and developed a mini-computer,
66:Commissariat Ă l'Ă©nergie atomique
683:Science and technology in France
402:Forest, Robert B. (1971-12-15).
698:Presidency of Charles de Gaulle
619:
604:
586:
568:
547:
529:
178:, initially under licence from
673:History of computing in France
477:, June 2014, n° 75, p. 42-56 (
467:
376:Alain Beltran, Pascal Griset,
13:
1:
272:
7:
253:
78:Compagnie des Machines Bull
76:had acquired a majority of
27:French governmental program
10:
714:
626:Cohen, Elie (2007-12-01).
326:. May 21, 1966. p. 12
152:Absorbed by Honeywell-Bull
47:
29:
645:10.1007/s10842-007-0024-8
156:
148:
140:
132:
124:
116:
107:
541:Computers and Automation
64:computers to the French
30:Not to be confused with
576:"Bull computer History"
475:Entreprises et Histoire
180:Scientific Data Systems
598:www.feb-patrimoine.com
580:www.feb-patrimoine.com
380:, EDP Sciences, 2007,
72:. Meanwhile, in 1964,
518:, Paris, PUPS, 2010,
514:Pierre Mounier-Kuhn,
128:Computer manufacturer
214:Magnetic Peripherals
176:scientific computers
104:
678:Politics of France
543:: 48–49. Nov 1968.
319:The New York Times
102:
524:978-2-84050-654-6
349:Wayne Sandholtz,
241:Giscard d'Estaing
164:
163:
54:Charles de Gaulle
16:(Redirected from
705:
658:
657:
647:
623:
617:
616:
611:Läppinen, Arne.
608:
602:
601:
590:
584:
583:
572:
566:
565:
563:
561:
555:"Siris 8 family"
551:
545:
544:
533:
527:
513:
509:
503:
488:
482:
471:
465:
452:Richard Coopey,
450:
444:
432:
428:
419:
418:
416:
415:
410:. pp. 26–33
399:
388:
375:
371:
365:
347:
336:
335:
333:
331:
311:
305:
287:
229:
112:
105:
101:
93:
74:General Electric
21:
713:
712:
708:
707:
706:
704:
703:
702:
663:
662:
661:
624:
620:
609:
605:
592:
591:
587:
574:
573:
569:
559:
557:
553:
552:
548:
535:
534:
530:
511:
510:
506:
490:Kenneth Flamm,
489:
485:
472:
468:
451:
447:
430:
429:
422:
413:
411:
400:
391:
373:
372:
368:
348:
339:
329:
327:
313:
312:
308:
288:
279:
275:
270:
256:
223:
221:Maurice Allègre
100:
87:
50:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
711:
701:
700:
695:
690:
688:1966 in France
685:
680:
675:
660:
659:
638:(3): 213–227.
618:
603:
585:
582:. CII systems.
567:
546:
528:
504:
483:
466:
445:
441:France Culture
420:
389:
366:
337:
306:
276:
274:
271:
269:
268:
263:
257:
255:
252:
245:Honeywell-Bull
162:
161:
158:
154:
153:
150:
146:
145:
142:
138:
137:
134:
130:
129:
126:
122:
121:
118:
114:
113:
99:
96:
49:
46:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
710:
699:
696:
694:
691:
689:
686:
684:
681:
679:
676:
674:
671:
670:
668:
655:
651:
646:
641:
637:
633:
629:
622:
614:
607:
599:
595:
594:"CII History"
589:
581:
577:
571:
556:
550:
542:
538:
532:
525:
521:
517:
508:
501:
500:0-8157-2849-2
497:
493:
487:
480:
476:
470:
463:
462:0-19-924105-8
459:
455:
449:
442:
438:
437:
427:
425:
409:
405:
398:
396:
394:
387:
386:2-86883-806-5
383:
379:
370:
364:
360:
359:0-520-07313-4
356:
352:
346:
344:
342:
325:
321:
320:
316:
310:
304:
300:
299:0-8157-1596-X
296:
292:
286:
284:
282:
277:
267:
264:
262:
259:
258:
251:
248:
246:
242:
238:
234:
227:
222:
217:
215:
211:
207:
203:
198:
196:
192:
187:
185:
181:
177:
173:
169:
159:
155:
151:
147:
143:
139:
135:
131:
127:
123:
119:
115:
111:
106:
95:
91:
86:
81:
79:
75:
71:
67:
63:
59:
55:
45:
43:
39:
33:
19:
635:
631:
621:
606:
597:
588:
579:
570:
558:. Retrieved
549:
540:
531:
515:
507:
491:
486:
474:
469:
453:
448:
434:
412:. Retrieved
407:
377:
369:
350:
328:. Retrieved
317:
309:
290:
249:
218:
199:
190:
188:
171:
167:
165:
160:Thompson-CSF
117:Company type
82:
51:
37:
36:
512:(in French)
431:(in French)
374:(in French)
224: [
184:Thomson-CSF
88: [
38:Plan Calcul
667:Categories
414:2019-12-03
408:Datamation
330:20 October
273:References
247:in 1976.
32:PlankalkĂĽl
654:1573-7012
560:April 19,
266:Cloudwatt
502:, p. 156
254:See also
210:Mitra 15
125:Industry
42:computer
237:Philips
233:Siemens
206:Iris 80
202:Iris 50
141:Defunct
133:Founded
48:History
652:
522:
498:
464:, p. 9
460:
384:
357:
297:
261:Quaero
70:H bomb
361:, p.
301:, p.
228:]
216:Inc.
195:INRIA
157:Owner
92:]
650:ISSN
562:2019
520:ISBN
496:ISBN
458:ISBN
382:ISBN
355:ISBN
332:2022
295:ISBN
235:and
204:and
149:Fate
144:1976
136:1966
60:and
640:doi
324:UPI
303:285
172:CII
62:CDC
58:IBM
669::
648:.
634:.
630:.
596:.
578:.
539:.
439:,
423:^
406:.
392:^
363:76
340:^
322:.
280:^
226:fr
90:fr
656:.
642::
636:7
615:.
600:.
564:.
526:.
481:)
417:.
334:.
170:(
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
