296:"With a harsh voice he (Duke William) called to Eustace of Boulogne, who with 50 knights was turning in flight and was about to give the signal for retreat. This man came up to the Duke and said in his ear that he ought to retire since he would court death if he went forward. But at the very moment when he uttered the words Eustace was struck between the shoulders with such force that blood gushed out from his mouth and nose and half dead he only made his escape with the aid of his followers."
157:
310:"There were present in this battle: Eustace, Count of Boulogne; William, son of Richard, Count of Evreux; Geoffrey, son of Rotrou, Count of Mortagne; William FitzOsbern; Haimo, Vicomte of Thouars; Walter Giffard; Hugh of Montfort-sur-Risle; Rodulf of Tosny; Hugh of Grantmesnil; William of Warenne, and many other most renowned warriors whose names are worthy to be commemorated in histories among the bravest soldiers of all time."
78:
22:
282:"A certain Norman, Robert, son of Roger of Beaumont, being nephew and heir to Henry, Count of Meulan, through Henry's sister Adeline, found himself that day in battle for the first time. He was as yet but a young man and he performed feats of valour worthy of perpetual remembrance. At the head of a troop which he commanded on the right wing he attacked with the utmost bravery and success."
253:, an annotated pictorial representation of the Norman Conquest. It was probably made in Canterbury, shortly after the event in the 11th century (many figures on the tapestry can be shown to have been copied from figures on manuscripts known to have been in Canterbury at the time). It may have been taken to Bayeux by Bishop Odo, William's half brother, when he returned there in the 1070s.
187:
225:. He died in 1090. His work is a eulogistic biography of the Duke. The earlier and concluding parts are lost, but the extant part covers the period between 1047 and 1068 and contains details of the Conqueror's life, although untrustworthy with regard to affairs in England. It gives a detailed description of the preparations for the
257:
These three sources are unfortunately manifestly inadequate, as all are primarily from a Norman perspective. William of
Poitiers, chamberlain to Duke William and a trained knight, who provides the most detail, was absent in France during the battle, and betrays severe prejudices in respect of Breton
173:
Over the centuries since the Battle of
Hastings, many people in England have claimed that an ancestor fought on the Norman side. While there is sound evidence of extensive settlement in England by people of Norman, Breton and Flemish origin after 1066, the fact remains that the names of only 15 men
147:
The term "Companions of the
Conqueror" in the widest sense signifies those who planned, organised and joined with William the Conqueror, Duke of Normandy, in the great adventure which was the Norman Conquest (1066-1071). The term is however more narrowly defined as those nobles who actually fought
168:
version of
Eustace. He has therefore been identified as Eustace, Count of Boulogne. His finger pointing to Duke William seems to depict his urging the Duke to retreat, as the account in William of Poitiers relates. However, others state the figure to be Turstin FitzRolf, due to its carrying of a
177:
This group is sometimes called the "proven companions," Many lists and so-called "rolls" of other alleged companions have been drawn up over the ages but, unless new evidence turns up, all are conjecture of no historical value. The three unchallenged sources remain as follows:
194:"Here Odo the Bishop holding a club gives strength to the boys." The club may reflect his clerical status which might have precluded the shedding of blood by sword, yet in the same scene Duke William himself also holds a club (Bayeux Tapestry)
834:
Douglas, David C. & Greenaway, George W. (Eds.) English
Historical Documents 1042-1189, London, 1959. "William of Poitiers: the Deeds of William, Duke of the Normans and King of the English," pp. 217–232 & "The Bayeux Tapestry,"
729:
Wm. of
Poitiers, per Douglas (1959), p.229. Malet is not described by William of Poitiers as active during the battle, but rather as present in the Duke's camp after the battle. This should suffice to deem him a participant in the
384:"His (King Harold's) corpse was brought into the Duke's camp and William gave it for burial to William, surnamed Malet, and not to Harold's mother, who offered for the body of her beloved son its weight in gold."
198:
The following three sources constitute the only generally accepted reliable contemporary evidence which names participants at the Battle of
Hastings. Between all three sources only 15 names result.
243:
by
Orderic Vitalis, particularly books 4 & 5. Orderic was born in England in about 1075, the son of a Norman priest, and at the age of 11 became a novice monk in Normandy in the monastery of
635:
While
Douglas (1959) wrote: "Express evidence vouching the presence of particular persons at Hastings can be found in the case of less than 35 persons." (p.227, footnote 2), he gave no names.
97:"Here (is) Odo the Bishop holding a club" (see detail below). To the far right, holding a standard, is Eustace, Count of Boulogne (see detail below), with legend above, in upper margin:
258:
culture and their role at
Hastings. Both William and Orderic state that the Bretons were a major component of the battle array, but neither names any of the Bretons present.
482:
46:
1200:
169:
standard depicting a cross, apparently the Papal Banner. Turstin was described as having carried the "Standard of the Normans," by Orderic Vitalis.
117:"Turstin son of Rollo carried the standard of the Normans," The Tapestry however depicts it as the Papal Banner, a cross, granted to the Duke by
559:, Normandy, 1862. Names were engraved in 1862 under the auspices of the French Archaeological Society, on the wall of the nave of the Norman
247:. He started his great work, commissioned to be primarily a history of his monastery, in about 1110 and continued it until his death in 1142.
548:, various in number, date and reliability, surviving from 16th century. The original version, now long lost, is said to have been placed in
1296:
348:
942:
274:
560:
327:
1092:
903:
369:
567:. The names are therefore merely those of Normans holding land in England in 1086, many of whom may have fought at Hastings.
1301:
341:
604:
Attribution to Eustace of this person depicted in the Bayeux Tapestry given by Douglas (1959), p.238, re plate LXXIII
574:, Normandy, 1931. This consists of a bronze plaque erected on the initiative of the French government in 1931 in the
64:
1210:
376:
1311:
1072:
1067:
935:
288:
1215:
1133:
316:
148:
with Duke William in the Battle of Hastings. This article is concerned with the latter narrow definition.
1306:
1258:
1190:
496:
302:
226:
141:
1225:
1001:
473:
37:
1082:
928:
876:
791:
447:
320:
1230:
1138:
529:
165:
160:
This knight depicted in the Bayeux Tapestry (detail of above) appears below the marginal legend
1016:
552:, built by William the Conqueror on the spot of King Harold's death, shortly after the Battle.
1205:
1195:
1052:
965:
542:(1529–1580), first published in 1577, in England. Said to be based on Le Talleur, and Leland.
137:
691:
687:
683:
679:
575:
1113:
1011:
856:
My Ancestors Came With the Conqueror: those who did and some of those who probably did not.
617:
revised edition, vol. 12, postscript to Appendix L, pp.47-48: "Companions of the Conqueror"
501:
464:
460:(19) Vital. Believed to be a follower of the Bishop of Bayeux (Source: The Bayeux Tapestry)
334:
129:
8:
1270:
1220:
1164:
1143:
980:
440:
362:
217:, and belonged to an influential Norman family. After serving as a soldier he studied at
206:
136:
in 1066. With these and other men he went on in the five succeeding years to conduct the
122:
85:. The Duke is on the right, and shows his face to encourage his followers. Legend above:
675:
1042:
1006:
244:
230:
133:
203:
Gesta Guillelmi II Ducis Normannorum ("The Deeds of William II, Duke of the Normans"),
1047:
996:
571:
563:. Four hundred seventy-five names are listed, based mainly on names contained in the
545:
539:
390:
355:
118:
32:
1128:
1062:
970:
428:
408:
106:
868:
1246:
1174:
1077:
1032:
975:
951:
852:
748:
Fitzrolf/FitzRou means son of Rou/Rolf. Said to have come from Bec, Pays de Caux
457:. Believed to be a follower of the Bishop of Bayeux (Source: The Bayeux Tapestry)
267:
The order in which names are listed below is that given in the respective sources
250:
234:
110:
82:
1123:
415:
221:
then returned to Normandy to become chaplain to Duke William and archdeacon of
739:
Bayeux Tapestry, embroidered annotation above and forward between horses' legs
156:
1290:
1251:
1087:
1037:
564:
556:
1284:
People who were with William the Conqueror at the Battle of Hastings in 1066
896:
210:
1159:
549:
508:
214:
190:
Odo, Bishop of Bayeux, fighting at Hastings, holding a club. Legend above:
174:
who were with Duke William at the battle can be found in reliable sources.
915:
1265:
812:
909:
77:
411:
a.k.a. Turstin fitz Rou and Turstin le Blanc, (Source: Orderic Vitalis)
233:
and its aftermath. The work forms the basis for much of the writing of
105:, a Latinised version of "Eustace." The figure is said by others to be
90:
874:
Moriarty, G. Andrews, "The Companions of The Conqueror," published in
838:
Mason, J.F.A., "The Companions of the Conqueror: An Additional Name,"
209:, written between 1071 and 1077. The author was born in about 1020 in
81:
Companions of the Conqueror fighting at Hastings, as depicted in the
1169:
218:
920:
653:
This explanation of the club was proposed by Douglas (1959), p.238
1118:
662:
Other names are provided which feature before or after the Battle
222:
132:
had men of diverse standing and origins under his command at the
807:
first published in London, 1577. Further edition of 1587 :
1057:
522:, by William Le Talleur. Published at Rouen, Normandy, in 1487.
454:
402:" ("Here Odo the Bishop holding a club strengthens the boys.")
186:
513:
277:, later 1st Earl of Leicester (Source: William of Poitiers)
400:
Hic Odo Eps (Episcopus) Baculu(m) Tenens Confortat Pueros.
330:, later 1st Earl of Hereford (Source: William of Poitiers)
192:
Hic Odo Eps (Episcopus) Baculu(m) Tenens Confortat Pueros,
891:
C. P. Lewis, "Companions of the Conqueror (1066–1071),"
809:
Holinshed’s Chronicles of England, Scotland, and Ireland
792:
En ligne sur bnf.fr, voir paragraphe cxxxviii, p.115-116
536:
Holinshed's Chronicles of England, Scotland and Ireland,
500:(Song of the Battle of Hastings), a poem, said to be by
372:, later 1st Earl of Surrey (Source: William of Poitiers)
115:
Turstinus filius Rollonis vexillum Normannorum portavit,
42:
Unencyclopedic language; Unclear sourcing; Messy layout.
471:
Since the time of these lists, J. F. A. Mason in the
241:
Historia Ecclesiastica (The Ecclesiastical History),
831:
Revised edition, vol.12, Appendix L, pp. 47–48
443:, Bishop of Coutances (Source: William of Poitiers)
291:, a.k.a. Eustace II (Source: William of Poitiers)
1288:
1201:Coronations of William the Conqueror and Matilda
379:, Lord of Graville (Source: William of Poitiers)
317:Geoffrey, Count of Mortagne & Lord of Nogent
181:
861:Douglas, David C. Companions of the Conqueror,
881:Vol.21, No. 2, October 1944, pp. 111–113
842:Vol. 71, No. 278 (Jan., 1956), pp. 61–69.
762:
760:
758:
756:
754:
720:Wm. of Poitiers, per Douglas (1959), pp. 227-8
467:, Seigneur of Auffay (Source: Orderic Vitalis)
393:, later Earl of Kent (Source: Bayeux Tapestry)
337:a.k.a. Aimery IV (Source: William of Poitiers)
936:
711:Wm. of Poitiers, per Douglas (1959), pp.228-9
489:
358:a.k.a. Raoul II (Source: William of Poitiers)
805:Chronicles of England, Scotland and Ireland,
349:Hugh de Montfort, Lord of Montfort-sur-Risle
1256:
751:
532:(d. 1552). Based on a Roll of Battle Abbey.
943:
929:
778:Mason, Additional name, EHR 71, 278, 61-69
702:Wm. of Poitiers, per Douglas (1959), p.227
95:Hic Odo Eps (Episcopus) Baculu(m) Tenens,
89:("Here is Duke William.") At the left is
65:Learn how and when to remove this message
893:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography,
422:
185:
155:
76:
431:and Geoffrey H. White and are from the
1289:
871:The Conqueror and his Companions, 1874
561:church (11th century) of Dives-sur-Mer
151:
924:
113:to have carried the Norman standard:
858:Society of Genealogists, 1990, pp89.
811:J. Johnson & Co., London, 1805:
427:These five were agreed upon by both
261:
15:
1297:Companions of William the Conqueror
1098:Companions of William the Conqueror
950:
790:Guillaume Le Talleur, Rouen, 1487.
578:. It lists 315 names, based on the
342:Walter Giffard, Lord of Longueville
13:
846:
582:and one of the Battle Abbey Rolls.
512:(The Romance of Rolf), written by
14:
1323:
885:
516:, about 1160-70. Lists 116 names.
121:to signify papal approval of the
904:Liste de l'abbaye de la Bataille
865:, vol.28, 1943, pp. 129–147
20:
797:
781:
772:
742:
733:
723:
714:
705:
504:and written shortly after 1066.
356:Ralph de Tosny, Lord of Conches
323:) (Source: William of Poitiers)
840:The English Historical Review,
822:
696:
665:
656:
647:
638:
629:
620:
607:
598:
1:
674:Ă©d. Guizot, Caen, 1825-1827.
586:
450:(Source: The Bayeux Tapestry)
365:(Source: William of Poitiers)
351:(Source: William of Poitiers)
344:(Source: William of Poitiers)
305:(Source: William of Poitiers)
182:Reliable contemporary sources
788:Les cronicques de Normendie,
591:
7:
1259:Carmen de Hastingae Proelio
1191:Northumbrian Revolt of 1065
829:Cokayne's Complete Peerage,
676:Accès en ligne BnF (4 vol.)
615:Cokayne's Complete Peerage,
497:Carmen de Hastingae Proelio
483:Humphrey of Tilleul-en-Auge
335:Aimeri, Viscount of Thouars
40:. The specific problem is:
10:
1328:
1302:Norman conquest of England
644:Cokayne's Peerage, op.cit.
613:As for example defined by
490:Sources of secondary merit
477:adds one additional name:
289:Eustace, Count of Boulogne
227:Norman Conquest of England
142:Norman conquest of England
1239:
1183:
1152:
1106:
1025:
1002:Battle of Stamford Bridge
989:
958:
895:Oxford University Press.
672:Histoire de la Normandie,
485:(Source: Orderic Vitalis)
474:English Historical Review
418:(Source: Orderic Vitalis)
319:, later Count of Perche (
877:The American Genealogist
767:Complete Peerage, XII-1,
448:Robert, Count of Mortain
303:William, Count of Évreux
1231:Trial of Penenden Heath
1139:Malcolm III of Scotland
908:Roll of Dives-sur-Mer.
520:Cronicques de Normendie
433:Complete Peerage XII-1,
1257:
1017:Siege of Exeter (1068)
910:Liste de Dives-sur-Mer
404:
386:
312:
298:
284:
195:
170:
126:
87:Hic Est Dux Wilel(mus)
1312:William the Conqueror
1216:Council of Winchester
1206:Harrying of the North
1196:Council of Lillebonne
966:William the Conqueror
626:Douglas (1959), p.238
423:Additional companions
396:
391:Odo, Bishop of Bayeux
382:
308:
294:
280:
189:
159:
138:Harrying of the North
130:William the Conqueror
80:
1114:Edward the Confessor
1012:Burning of Southwark
546:Roll of Battle Abbey
502:Bishop Guy of Amiens
47:improve this article
36:to meet Knowledge's
1271:William of Poitiers
1221:Revolt of the Earls
1165:Battle, East Sussex
1144:Matilda of Flanders
1073:Eustace of Boulogne
981:Sweyn II of Denmark
813:le projet Gutenberg
803:Raphael Holinshed,
441:Geoffrey de Mowbray
363:Hugh de Grandmesnil
328:William fitz Osbern
251:The Bayeux Tapestry
207:William of Poitiers
152:Proof versus legend
123:Conquest of England
1307:Normans in England
1043:Leofwine Godwinson
1007:Battle of Hastings
902:Battle Abbey Roll
576:Château de Falaise
416:Engenulf de Laigle
370:William de Warenne
275:Robert de Beaumont
245:St Evroul-en-Ouche
231:Battle of Hastings
196:
171:
134:Battle of Hastings
127:
1279:
1278:
1226:Council of London
1107:Associated people
1093:Roger de Breteuil
1083:Robert of Mortain
1048:Hereward the Wake
997:Battle of Fulford
914:Roll of Falaise.
835:pp. 232–279.
540:Raphael Holinshed
409:Turstin fitz Rolf
262:Proven companions
140:and complete the
119:Pope Alexander II
75:
74:
67:
38:quality standards
29:This article may
1319:
1262:
971:Harold Godwinson
945:
938:
931:
922:
921:
916:Liste de Falaise
853:Camp, Anthony J.
816:
801:
795:
785:
779:
776:
770:
764:
749:
746:
740:
737:
731:
727:
721:
718:
712:
709:
703:
700:
694:
669:
663:
660:
654:
651:
645:
642:
636:
633:
627:
624:
618:
611:
605:
602:
465:Gilbert d’Auffay
429:David C. Douglas
107:Turstin FitzRolf
93:. Legend above:
70:
63:
59:
56:
50:
24:
23:
16:
1327:
1326:
1322:
1321:
1320:
1318:
1317:
1316:
1287:
1286:
1285:
1280:
1275:
1247:Bayeux Tapestry
1235:
1179:
1175:Tower of London
1148:
1102:
1078:Eadric the Wild
1033:Gyrth Godwinson
1021:
985:
976:Harald Hardrada
954:
952:Norman Conquest
949:
888:
849:
847:Further reading
825:
820:
819:
802:
798:
786:
782:
777:
773:
765:
752:
747:
743:
738:
734:
728:
724:
719:
715:
710:
706:
701:
697:
670:
666:
661:
657:
652:
648:
643:
639:
634:
630:
625:
621:
612:
608:
603:
599:
594:
589:
492:
425:
264:
235:Orderic Vitalis
184:
154:
111:Orderic Vitalis
101:, standing for
83:Bayeux Tapestry
71:
60:
54:
51:
44:
25:
21:
12:
11:
5:
1325:
1315:
1314:
1309:
1304:
1299:
1283:
1277:
1276:
1274:
1273:
1268:
1263:
1254:
1249:
1243:
1241:
1237:
1236:
1234:
1233:
1228:
1223:
1218:
1213:
1211:Danish attacks
1208:
1203:
1198:
1193:
1187:
1185:
1181:
1180:
1178:
1177:
1172:
1167:
1162:
1156:
1154:
1150:
1149:
1147:
1146:
1141:
1136:
1131:
1129:Edgar Ætheling
1126:
1124:Edith the Fair
1121:
1116:
1110:
1108:
1104:
1103:
1101:
1100:
1095:
1090:
1085:
1080:
1075:
1070:
1065:
1060:
1055:
1050:
1045:
1040:
1035:
1029:
1027:
1023:
1022:
1020:
1019:
1014:
1009:
1004:
999:
993:
991:
987:
986:
984:
983:
978:
973:
968:
962:
960:
956:
955:
948:
947:
940:
933:
925:
919:
918:
912:
906:
900:
887:
886:External links
884:
883:
882:
872:
866:
863:Jnl of History
859:
848:
845:
844:
843:
836:
832:
824:
821:
818:
817:
796:
780:
771:
750:
741:
732:
722:
713:
704:
695:
664:
655:
646:
637:
628:
619:
606:
596:
595:
593:
590:
588:
585:
584:
583:
568:
553:
543:
533:
523:
517:
505:
491:
488:
487:
486:
469:
468:
461:
458:
451:
444:
424:
421:
420:
419:
412:
395:
394:
381:
380:
373:
366:
359:
352:
345:
338:
331:
324:
307:
306:
293:
292:
279:
278:
263:
260:
255:
254:
248:
238:
183:
180:
153:
150:
73:
72:
28:
26:
19:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1324:
1313:
1310:
1308:
1305:
1303:
1300:
1298:
1295:
1294:
1292:
1282:
1272:
1269:
1267:
1264:
1261:
1260:
1255:
1253:
1252:Domesday Book
1250:
1248:
1245:
1244:
1242:
1240:Miscellaneous
1238:
1232:
1229:
1227:
1224:
1222:
1219:
1217:
1214:
1212:
1209:
1207:
1204:
1202:
1199:
1197:
1194:
1192:
1189:
1188:
1186:
1182:
1176:
1173:
1171:
1168:
1166:
1163:
1161:
1158:
1157:
1155:
1151:
1145:
1142:
1140:
1137:
1135:
1132:
1130:
1127:
1125:
1122:
1120:
1117:
1115:
1112:
1111:
1109:
1105:
1099:
1096:
1094:
1091:
1089:
1088:Ralph de Gael
1086:
1084:
1081:
1079:
1076:
1074:
1071:
1069:
1066:
1064:
1061:
1059:
1056:
1054:
1051:
1049:
1046:
1044:
1041:
1039:
1038:Odo of Bayeux
1036:
1034:
1031:
1030:
1028:
1024:
1018:
1015:
1013:
1010:
1008:
1005:
1003:
1000:
998:
995:
994:
992:
988:
982:
979:
977:
974:
972:
969:
967:
964:
963:
961:
957:
953:
946:
941:
939:
934:
932:
927:
926:
923:
917:
913:
911:
907:
905:
901:
898:
894:
890:
889:
880:
878:
873:
870:
869:Planché, J.R.
867:
864:
860:
857:
854:
851:
850:
841:
837:
833:
830:
827:
826:
814:
810:
806:
800:
793:
789:
784:
775:
768:
763:
761:
759:
757:
755:
745:
736:
726:
717:
708:
699:
693:
689:
685:
681:
677:
673:
668:
659:
650:
641:
632:
623:
616:
610:
601:
597:
581:
577:
573:
569:
566:
565:Domesday Book
562:
558:
557:Dives-sur-Mer
554:
551:
547:
544:
541:
537:
534:
531:
527:
524:
521:
518:
515:
511:
510:
506:
503:
499:
498:
494:
493:
484:
480:
479:
478:
476:
475:
466:
462:
459:
456:
452:
449:
445:
442:
438:
437:
436:
434:
430:
417:
413:
410:
406:
405:
403:
401:
392:
388:
387:
385:
378:
377:William Malet
374:
371:
367:
364:
360:
357:
353:
350:
346:
343:
339:
336:
332:
329:
325:
322:
318:
314:
313:
311:
304:
300:
299:
297:
290:
286:
285:
283:
276:
272:
271:
270:
268:
259:
252:
249:
246:
242:
239:
236:
232:
228:
224:
220:
216:
212:
208:
204:
201:
200:
199:
193:
188:
179:
175:
167:
163:
158:
149:
145:
143:
139:
135:
131:
124:
120:
116:
112:
108:
104:
100:
96:
92:
88:
84:
79:
69:
66:
58:
48:
43:
39:
35:
34:
27:
18:
17:
1281:
1160:Battle Abbey
1097:
892:
875:
862:
855:
839:
828:
808:
804:
799:
787:
783:
774:
769:App. L, 47-8
766:
744:
735:
725:
716:
707:
698:
671:
667:
658:
649:
640:
631:
622:
614:
609:
600:
580:Roman de Rou
579:
550:Battle Abbey
535:
525:
519:
509:Roman de Rou
507:
495:
472:
470:
435:Appendix L.
432:
426:
399:
397:
383:
309:
295:
281:
266:
265:
256:
240:
215:Pont-Audemer
202:
197:
191:
176:
172:
161:
146:
128:
114:
102:
98:
94:
86:
61:
52:
45:Please help
41:
30:
1266:Norman yoke
897:read online
823:Works cited
530:John Leland
526:Collectanea
55:August 2022
49:if you can.
1291:Categories
1026:Combatants
587:References
211:Les Préaux
109:, said by
91:Bishop Odo
1153:Locations
592:Citations
166:Latinised
103:Eustatius
1170:Pevensey
1068:Waltheof
688:Tome III
570:Roll of
555:Roll of
219:Poitiers
31:require
1134:Ealdred
1119:Stigand
990:Battles
959:Leaders
730:battle.
692:Tome IV
684:Tome II
572:Falaise
223:Lisieux
213:, near
33:cleanup
1184:Events
1063:Tostig
1058:Morcar
680:Tome I
455:Wadard
229:, the
1053:Edwin
481:(21)
463:(20)
453:(18)
446:(17)
439:(16)
414:(15)
407:(14)
389:(13)
375:(12)
368:(11)
361:(10)
162:Etius
99:ETIUS
514:Wace
354:(9)
347:(8)
340:(7)
333:(6)
326:(5)
315:(4)
301:(3)
287:(2)
273:(1)
164:, a
538:by
528:by
205:by
1293::
753:^
690:,
686:,
682:,
678:;
321:fr
269::
144:.
944:e
937:t
930:v
899:.
879:,
815:.
794:.
398:"
237:.
125:.
68:)
62:(
57:)
53:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
