534:(1896). The Bolsover Company aimed to provide improved living conditions for the miners and their families in these model industrial villages. The houses at Creswell were built in concentric circles, and within these circles was a large open parkland and a bandstand. Not only did the Bolsover Company aim to provide better housing, but they also wished to improve workers' moral fibre, believing that the provision of facilities and the promotion of workers' welfare would discourage drunkenness, gambling, and bad language. The Bolsover Company provided facilities deemed beneficial for employees at both villages, including clubhouses, bowling greens, cooperative society stores, cricket pitches, and schools. During the early years of these model industrial villages, the Bolsover Company organized various events intended to enhance community life, such as flower shows, lectures, sporting events, concerts, teas, and dances.
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1855:, announced a plan to launch so-called "Innovation Zones" in Nevada to attract technology firms. The zones would permit companies with large land areas to form governments with the same authority as counties, including imposing taxes, forming school districts and courts, and providing government services. The measure to further economic development with the "alternative form of local government" has not yet been introduced in the Legislature. Sisolak pitched the concept in his State of the State address on January 19. By allowing tech corporations to establish their governments, the plan is hoped to bring in new businesses at the forefront of "groundbreaking technologies" without the state cutting taxes or paying
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1870s after the
American Civil War ended and raw cotton again became readily available. The last colonies were created in the early years of the twentieth century. Thus, company towns in Catalonia have a history going back some 150 years; however, in almost all cases, the company that operated the colony has now shut down. The most common industry in these colonies was textiles, and the most important from the standpoint of architecture, urban design, and the complexity of their operation. More than 75 textile colonies were recorded, although there were also mining, metallurgy, cement, and agricultural colonies.
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layout. The paternalism of the enlightened industrialist was exhibited in his desire to provide an environment for his employees that was aesthetically appealing and which included well-designed residences, parks, schools, libraries, and meeting halls. The industrialist also wished to contribute to his workers' well-being by providing social programs such as sporting events and functions. This, however, highlights the power and immense control possessed by the company owner, who could shape the lifestyle and activities of his employees to serve his interests and those of the company.
469:(1901) and coincided with the housing-reform movement, which emphasized the improvement of housing for the working class. These model towns contrasted with the overcrowded conditions in British working-class districts, which were often characterized by congested housing, unsanitary conditions, and poor provision of open space and facilities. Model company towns promoted the idea of orderly, planned town development as well as the notion of preparing for the needs of the community to provide healthier living conditions.
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810:. The problematic geography on which the town was erected led to its distinctive appearance, with steep staircases and no streets for vehicular access. Although the El Teniente mine remains active, the town itself began to be dismantled and abandoned by the late 1960s as the maintenance of a remote on-site town was no longer financially viable. Some industrial activities still occur on Sewell's grounds, but workers have primarily been relocated to nearby urban centres.
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to the workforce only. Bournville illustrated how, towards the end of the nineteenth century, low-density development was being punctuated along with the provision of open air, space, and sunlight. Bournville's gardens, parks, tree-lined streets, sense of spaciousness, and country setting enhanced its aesthetic appeal and demonstrated George
Cadbury's endeavour to provide workers with a healthy, beautiful, and well-ventilated environment.
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1812:. Instead, companies prefer their wholly owned communities to remain unincorporated, as this permits community administration to be carried out by appointed company officers rather than elected officials. However, incorporated municipalities heavily depend upon a single industry or organization and may be loosely considered a "company town", even though the company does not technically own the town.
266:, refers to the control of workers by their employers who seek to force middle-class ideals upon their working-class employees. Many nineteenth-century business people considered paternalism as a moral responsibility, or often a religious obligation, which would advance society while furthering their business interests. Accordingly, the company town offered a unique opportunity to achieve such ends.
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people even before the definitive industrial crisis, which worsened in 1978. In the 1980s and 1990s, almost all the factories in these industrial colonies closed. From that moment on, many colonies became towns that were now independent of the company, others were abandoned and remain without inhabitants. Other factories were leased to smaller industries or now lie empty.
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social and community facilities, including an auditorium, a school, tennis courts, and bowling greens. Port
Sunlight combined the use of formal and informal planning elements, such as straight streets close to the town centre and curved streets in the residential areas. This combination of the formal and informal represented a new feature of British town planning.
578:, for example, within 20 km, there are 14 colonies. The total number in Catalonia is around a hundred. These were small towns created around a factory or mine, built in a rural area, and, therefore, separate from any other population. They typically housed between 100 and 500 inhabitants; in some cases, upwards of 1000 people lived in these towns.
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1269:). However, these differ from company towns because the companies do not own or develop them. Instead, the term refers to towns where a specific company has a major influence on the town's economy due to that company or its subcontractors employing a significant part of the town's population. An example is
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The industrial colonies' system began to collapse in the 1960s due to their inflexible capital structure and social changes, such as the desire for workers to own appliances, cars, or homes, the declining influence of religion, and the opportunities offered by towns. The colonies gradually emptied of
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from the 1870s until 2005, when two mills, Voikkaa and Kuusaa, were shut down, leaving only the Kymi mill operating. The two closed mills employed an estimated 5% of the local population, and
Kymmene's decision left the town in socioeconomic chaos. Kuusankoski's independent status ended in 2009 when
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These colonies (particularly the textile-related ones) were mostly constructed close to a river. This was because they used hydraulic power (waterwheels) to run the factory. One reason for this was that
Catalonia was poor in coal, and importing it was expensive. In addition, the Catalan rivers (with
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Bournville represented the union of industry and nature as the company town boasted the attractiveness of the countryside and low-density development with well-built and visually appealing dwellings. Unlike Port
Sunlight, Bournville catered for a mixed community, where residences were not restricted
511:, a Quaker, preached Christian values, such as respectability, thrift, and sobriety, and sought to unify the Bournville community through rituals such as gift-giving between employer and employee. The firm also established work councils, such as the Women's Works Council, and supported trade unions.
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and
Richard. George and Richard Cadbury chose to transfer the Cadbury factory to this new site to provide their employees with improved living conditions and a country environment that they could enjoy – a far cry from Birmingham's busy, smoky city centre. The firm provided education as a compulsory
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The model company town is concerned with creating a productive and prosperous company. Enlightened industrialists believed this could be achieved by providing a healthier residential environment for their employees. Planning a model company town involved the fusion of new notions of house design and
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Company towns like
Cananea, El Boleo, Nacozari, Navojoa, Copola, Concordia, Santa Eulalia, Santa Rosalia, Batopilas, and Esperanzas sprang from virtual wilderness into thriving mining camps within a few years. American employers believed that company housing—albeit segregated, with Americans living
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These industrial colonies were an emblematic aspect of industrialization in
Catalonia, specifically, the second industrialization, which resulted in certain areas that were once purely rural becoming industrial. They were first created in the second half of the nineteenth century, especially in the
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of 1894. A national commission formed to investigate the causes of the strikes found that
Pullman's paternalism was partly to blame and labeled it "Un-American". The report condemned Pullman for refusing to negotiate and for the economic hardships he created for workers in the town of Pullman. "The
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During the late nineteenth century, model company towns materialized as enlightened industrialists recognized that many poor workers were living in appalling conditions. These industrialists wished to combat the unsanitary and congested conditions common to working-class districts to create better
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Although economically successful, company towns sometimes failed politically due to lacking elected officials and municipally owned services. Accordingly, workers often had no say in local affairs, and therefore felt dictated to. Ultimately, this political climate caused resentment amongst workers
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otherwise unattainable. Still, they recognized that his excessive paternalism was inappropriate for a large-scale corporate economy and thus caused the town's downfall. Accordingly, government observers and social reformers alike saw the need for a balance between control and well-designed towns,
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Company towns often become regular (public) cities and towns as they grow and attract other settlements, business enterprises, and public transportation and services infrastructure. However, if the primary company experiences hardship or fails outright, or the industry fades in importance—such as
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of Lever Brothers – a soap and tallow manufacturer. The earlier layout of this model company town was planned to suit the site's undulating topography. Port Sunlight catered for the Lever Brothers employees with improved housing (cottages of varying designs and materials) and gardens, as well as
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dealt the final blow to end American company towns by raising minimum wages, encouraging industrial self-governance, and pushing for the owners of company towns to "consider the question of plans for eventual employee ownership of homes". To a lesser extent the New Deal also reduced the need for
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By the 1920s, widespread ownership of automobiles meant workers no longer needed to live near their workplaces and now had access to more employment opportunities. A combination of the freedom that came with private transport and the mass communication of radio saw the isolation of company towns
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By the 1920s, the need for company towns had declined significantly due to increased national affluence. Despite income inequalities and a relatively low standard of living conditions amongst factory laborers, the prosperity of the 1920s saw workers' material well-being improve significantly. A
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Thus, the Pullman Strike did not kill the company town concept but rather initiated a new chapter in their existence. Over the next thirty years, the old model of paternalism was abandoned in favour of new professionally designed company towns with architects, landscape architects, and planners
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city limits. The entirely company-owned town provided housing, markets, a library, churches, and entertainment for the 6,000 company employees and an equal number of dependents. Employees were not required to live in Pullman, although workers tended to get better treatment if they chose to live
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Modernization and the increase in material well-being had also lessened the perceived need for paternalism and moral reform. Consequently, the economic downturn of the early 1930s saw some businesses do away with employee welfare schemes to reduce costs. However, the Roosevelt administration's
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Furthermore, the accessibility of private transport to the working class was a step toward equality, as private transport had previously only been accessible to the wealthy. As access to surrounding municipalities increased, residents of company towns gained access to an increasing amount of
1828:, is a former company town now a state park. Originally founded in 1901, the town of Cass served employees who cut and processed lumber from the surrounding mountain slopes. Some of the remaining houses are available for rental; other features are the company store and an operating railway.
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A town that existed before establishing a primary business may not officially be a company town. Still, if a single company employs most citizens, similar conditions may exist (especially regarding the town's economy). Similar dependencies may exist in specific neighborhoods or areas within
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This new-found freedom saw a change in the mindset of workers, who began to look at welfare capitalism as demeaning rather than an incentive. Accordingly, many employees started to request additional pay instead of welfare programs. This was well received by some employers as the idea of
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style. Grand-Hornu became one of the world's first purpose-built company towns. It was abandoned in 1954 after the mine was closed. It currently houses a museum of contemporary art and temporary exhibitions. Grand-Hornu is one of the four industrial sites in Wallonia that were listed by
277:, if viewed cynically, the company town was often an economically viable ploy to attract and retain workers. Additionally, for-profit shops within company towns were usually owned by the company, which was unavoidable to its isolated workers, thus resulting in a monopoly for the owners.
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academic course, and workers were allowed to complete commercial or technical training. The Cadburys also encouraged their workers to get involved in the social life of Bournville by providing sports facilities, athletic and cultural clubs, and social events such as summer parties.
1773:. However, air pollution was a constant health threat, and the houses lacked indoor plumbing. As demand for metallurgical coal declined, the mine laid off workers, and Segundo's population declined. After a major fire in 1929, CF&I left town, and Segundo became a ghost town.
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wanted to create a better life for their employees: decent housing, good schools, and a "morally uplifting" society. In return, they expected stable, hard-working employees who would eschew the evils of drink and, most importantly, not fall prey to the blandishments of union
485:, had improved dwellings for workers, which contrasted with working-class housing in other industrial villages and cities. These model company towns prompted the creation of others, such as Port Sunlight, Bournville, and Creswell, within an environment of reform.
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strong post-war American economy meant installment buying was accessible to low-wage earners who could now purchase previously unattainable goods like automobiles and radios. Moreover, workers were no longer dependent on employers for healthcare and education.
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In addition they lived in the compound dorms and primarily got food from the compound's cafeteria, both under the control of their employers. As such, alongside the typically bad working conditions, it has been characterized by many as close to slavery.
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when demand for the company's products declined, and Pullman lowered employee wages and hours to offset the decrease in demand. Despite this, the company refused to lower rents in the town or the price of goods at its shops, thus resulting in the
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Model villages for agricultural workers were founded in the early 19th century in the United Kingdom. The creation of model company towns was particularly evident in Britain during the latter half of the nineteenth century with the creation of
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was developed in 1927 as a company town. The town grew to have a population of about 14,000 inhabitants, four Catholic parishes, and many other denominations, parishes, and schools. It was known as "the City Built in 135 Days".
1084:, was a separate municipality until 1964. Many other companies, especially in the mining and steel industry, built housing estates for their workers near existing cities rather than separate company towns. A notable example is
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in Finland, formerly also known as "the paper capital of Finland", is a prime example of the decline many company towns have had to deal with when the company itself struggles. The town relied on three paper mills owned by
186:, such as a lumber or steel mill or an automobile plant. The citizens of the town either work in the factory, work in one of the smaller businesses, or are family members of someone who does. The company may also operate
1408:, a colony of South Africa. Indigenous workers were coerced into signing yearlong contracts in caged-in factory compounds, which they were not allowed to leave without permission, with movement strictly controlled by
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in Sweden was originally around 1900, built by the mining company in an unpopulated area. Many buildings, including the church, were built by the company. Many smaller towns were built and even planned by companies.
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translating "new concepts of industrial relations and social welfare into new physical forms". This suited capitalists of the day who were keen to avoid the experiences of Pullman. The first real example occurred at
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Clark Jr, John W. "Historical and Archaeological Resources of Riverdale, A Company Town in Goliad County, Texas". Index of Texas Archaeology: Open Access Gray Literature from the Lone Star State 1984, no. 1 (1984):
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The companies that ran the towns were mainly labor-intensive companies such as coal, steel, lumber, and various war industries. Most people living in these towns were immigrants new to the country. The tight,
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surveyed a sample of 213 companies for 1916, a full 34.4% of their workforce lived in company housing. However, the survey covered primarily manufacturing (textile, iron & steel mills) and mining towns.
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concluding that a model company town would only succeed if independent professionals, acting as a buffer between employers and employees, took a role in conception, planning, and management of these towns.
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constructed by Soviet nuclear power firms throughout the latter half of the 20th century. All amenities, stores, and employment were conducted through each nuclear city's power plant administration.
653:, Puig-reig, which houses the Museum of the Vidal Colony, or the Museum of the Sedó Colony, ideal visits for anyone wishing to learn what life was like in one of these industrial experiments.
1283:. In some cases, such towns can be named after the company. For example, Toyota City changed its name from Koromo City and named the area of the town where Toyota's headquarters is situated "
342:
Historian Linda Carlson argues that the managers of corporate towns in the early 20th century believed they could avoid the mistakes made by George Pullman in the 1880s. She says they:
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coal company housed its workers. It offered adequate housing and promoted upward mobility through its sponsorship of a YMCA Center, an elementary school, some small businesses, and a
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in 1928 as a prefabricated industrial town in the Amazon rainforest of Brazil. It was intended to be inhabited by 10,000 people, but it failed, and the city was abandoned in 1934.
566:, located in north-eastern Spain, has an especially high density of company towns, known locally as industrial colonies. They are especially concentrated in river basins along the
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is a place where all or most of the stores and housing in the town are owned by the same company that is also the main employer. Company towns are often planned with a suite of
437:(1895) were influential in regards to their building and planning innovation. The ideas generated from these model towns are regarded as having a significant influence on the
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Some company towns were established to improve living conditions for workers, but many have been regarded as controlling and/or exploitative. Others were not planned, such as
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following his policy of establishing well-organized model communities for his workers and other employees. This town (like other Baťa's company towns) was also an example of
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aesthetic features are admired by visitors, but have little money value to employees, especially when they lack bread." The State of Illinois filed suit, and in 1898, the
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Carson, Doris Anna, and Dean Bradley Carson. "Mobilities and path dependence: Challenges for tourism and 'attractive' industry development in a remote company town".
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government-funded public resources such as schools, libraries, and parks. Accordingly, there was no longer a need for the amenities of company towns which, before
381:'laissez-faire' individualism, which promoted entrepreneurial virtues of hard work being rewarded rather than direct charity, began to shape new-age paternalism.
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It was not uncommon for families to be evicted from company owned homes during strikes such as this family shown living in a tent after being evicted during the
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sites and war-industry camps founded other company towns. Since company stores often had a monopoly in company towns, it was frequently possible to pay in
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employee housing by transforming housing finance to a lower-interest, lower-deposit system, making homeownership more accessible to the working class.
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Parsons, K.C.; Garner, John S. (1985). "Review of the model company town: Urban design through private enterprise in nineteenth-century New England".
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González, Gilbert G.; Fernández, Raúl (18 September 2023). "Empire and the Origins of Twentieth-Century Migration from Mexico to the United States".
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Roemer, Kelli F., and Julia H. Haggerty. "The energy transition as fiscal rupture: Public services and resilience pathways in a coal company town".
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In the present-day United States, it is relatively rare for any place in which a single company owns all the property to be granted status as an
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is a current company town incorporated in 2007, consisting solely of Ruby's Inn's property and its third-generation owners, the Syrett family.
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155:. However, not all company towns engaged in this particular practice. In the Soviet Union, there were several cities of nuclear scientists (
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until 2017 and thus governed by the diamond mining company's administration. In 2011, the political administration was handed over to the
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1877:, as the city of "Starbase". Some have labeled the plans and SpaceX's existing operations in the area as an example of a company town.
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by the 1960s due to the steady decline in the global price of nitrates caused by the development of chemically engineered fertilizers.
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little volume but a very steep sloping run) provided free and almost inexhaustible energy, which was lacking only in times of drought.
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was set up by the Bata Shoe Company as a planned community around a shoe factory. The factory opened in 1939 and closed in 2000.
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Although many prominent examples of company towns portray their founders as "capitalists with a conscience", for example,
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788:'s Peru Nitrate Company, later acquired by Compañía Salitrera de Tarapacá y Antofagasta (COSATAN), before turning into a
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Gaskell, M. (1979). "Model industrial villages in S. Yorkshire/N. Derbyshire and the early town planning movement".
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during said commodity's boom in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The town was founded and administered by
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soon realized the need to accommodate the growing workforce of his expanding business. He commissioned architect
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However, government observers maintained that Pullman's principles accurately provided his employees with a
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Moorsom, Richard (April 1979). "Labour Consciousness and the 1971–72 Contract Workers Strike in Namibia".
1096:, which is now protected as a historic monument. The mining settlements built around the coal pits of the
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and resulted in many residents losing long-term affection for their towns; such was the case at Pullman.
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Neumann, Pamela. "Toxic talk and collective (in) action in a company town: The case of La Oroya, Peru".
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control exerted by companies over the residents' behavior and even opinions caused issues and concerns.
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effect on the company town can be devastating. Without a source of employment, the communities lose
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The Model Company Town: Urban Design through Private Enterprise in Nineteenth-century New England
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2961:(Press release). Cass, West Virginia: West Virginia Division of Natural Resources. 29 April 2013
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305:, one of the most significant and most substantial early company towns in the United States was
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Typically, a company town is isolated from neighboring towns and centered on a large production
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3035:"Starbase, Texas: Can Elon Musk really create his own city near SpaceX's Gulf Coast launchpad?"
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In the shadow of the refinery: an American oil company town on the Caribbean island of Aruba
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The Company Town: The Industrial Edens and Satanic Mills That Shaped the American Economy.
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At their peak, there were more than 2,500 company towns, housing 3% of the US population.
613:, where centenary traditional cultural activities are held, such as the representation of
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forced the Pullman Company to divest ownership in the town, which was annexed to Chicago.
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The Company Town: The Industrial Edens and Satanic Mills That Shaped the American Economy
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was a mining town intended as both a residential and industrial hub linked to the nearby
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and the lack of affordable rented housing as a significant impediment to hiring staff.
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Hebblethwaite, R. (1987). "The municipal housing programme in Sheffield before 1914".
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1072:'s plants since the chemical company moved here in 1865. The neighboring municipality
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2519:"Les colònies industrials al Berguedà: estudi d'una transformació econòmica i urbana"
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1404:, a form of company towns existed under the contract labor system in Namibia, then
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Model company towns around the mid-nineteenth century, such as Copley (1849), near
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mining camp and mine site nine miles (14.5 km) from the nearest outside road.
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601:, which contains several modernist buildings, such as the crypt church built by
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such as stores, houses of worship, schools, markets, and recreation facilities.
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Town where stores and housing are owned by one company that is the main employer
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Cherry, G.E. (1979). "The town planning movement and the late Victorian city".
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apart from the Mexican labor force—was necessary to attract and control labor.
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At their height more than 2,500 such towns were housing 3% of the population.
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Dellheim, C. (1987). "The creation of company culture: Cadburys, 1861–1931".
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Pullman: An Experiment in Industrial Order and Community Planning, 1880–1930
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3133:"A mass of anomalies": Land, Law, and Sovereignty in an Indian Company Town
2564:"Ryanair buys most of the homes in new Dublin estate to rent to cabin crew"
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Peritz, Ingrid (13 November 2010). "Saguenay 'utopia' dreaming big again".
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2878:"Marktown: Clayton Mark's Planned Worker Community in Northwest Indiana"
2018:
Building the Workingman's Paradise: The Design of American Company Towns
1675:
575:
369:
lessen, and the social basis of the company town became less necessary.
3721:
3620:
3578:
3374:
3293:
2716:
2444:
2398:
1907:
1386:
1313:
1115:
1089:
1053:
976:
789:
723:
499:
454:
434:
415:
410:
274:
203:
195:
31:
3061:"Elon Musk's SpaceX Is Buying Up a Texas Village. Homeowners Cry Foul"
2959:"Company House Rental Reservations Now Online at Cass Scenic Railroad"
2363:
2211:
2052:
The Company Town: Architecture and Society in the Early Industrial Age
3603:
3424:
1927:
1863:
1401:
1139:
1107:
610:
571:
567:
563:
557:
211:
26:
2686:"Ovambo migrant workers general strike for rights, Namibia, 1971–72"
2436:
2390:
1698:
was established in 1970 solely to house the workers at the adjacent
1604:
1508:
1426:
1175:
992:
914:
823:
734:
548:
70:
3651:
3590:
3543:
3359:
2355:
2203:
1932:
1791:
1679:
1671:
1409:
1390:
1329:
1325:
1301:
1092:
from the mid-19th century, once home to 1200 steel smelters of the
527:
482:
450:
386:
246:
160:
2666:
The Strike of Ovambo Workers in South West Africa and the Churches
502:(1895), near Birmingham, was established by the Cadbury brothers,
3711:
3459:
3246:
1799:
1695:
1691:
1333:
1321:
1151:
310:
235:
183:
168:
43:
3097:
Gulag town, company town: Forced labor and its legacy in Vorkuta
1859:
that previously helped Nevada attract companies like Tesla Inc.
642:
3751:
3510:
1871:
1666:
1280:
1241:
759:
704:
172:
3009:"Nevada bill would allow tech companies to create governments"
2835:
Weaver, Glen D.; Graham, Ryan C. (2008). "Segundo, Colorado".
3746:
3701:
3630:
3608:
1279:), where the "castle" company is the automobile manufacturer
1249:
1061:
807:
646:
638:
297:
Although many small company towns existed in mining areas of
148:
3190:
A company town on common waters: Standard Oil in the Calumet
2939:. Division of Natural Resources, State of West Virginia. n.d
1822:, and is being dismantled through PLC's bankruptcy process.
3706:
3271:
1580:
1573:
1097:
1069:
901:
the town was consolidated into Kouvola's regional capital.
429:
living conditions for workers. Model company towns such as
187:
1734:
The rate of company owned housing however was higher, the
1583:
in Slovakia was founded in 1934 by business industrialist
3175:
In chocolate we trust: The Hershey Company town unwrapped
1798:'s planned worker community, was an example in northwest
1569:
377:, had previously been unattainable to the working class.
144:
2791:
Bulletin of the United States Bureau of Labor Statistics
1682:
owned a papermill and contained a city-planning office.
1360:. Americans and Mexicans were segregated, with the 1906
2099:
1960:
Zone for Employment and Economic Development (Honduras)
1491:
in Poland, had been a textile company town before the
1784:
to house and serve the needs of its employees in the
1320:
that settled areas mostly uninhabited areas included
1138:) was built from scratch, housing the workers of the
53:, United States, one of the oldest, which began as a
2703:
Rogers, Barbara (1972). "Namibia's General Strike".
2336:
Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers
1114:
and its workers. A similar Nazi-era planned town is
1076:
also emerged from housing estates for BASF workers.
1060:' dye factory that later became the headquarters of
359:
3100:(Yale University Press, 2014) in Soviet Union/USSR.
2268:
Sir Raymond Unwin: Architect, planner and visionary
2189:
1304:is used here to reflect the company name) in 1959.
741:
was built as a company town in central Newfoundland
537:
2855:"It Was a Company Town. Now It's a Confident Town"
2592:
2015:
1110:was created as a planned city in 1938 to host the
526:in Derbyshire during the late nineteenth century:
317:The town operated successfully until the economic
131:Traditional settings for company towns were where
2590:
2376:
2100:Pearon, Arthur Melville (January–February 2009).
472:
3780:
780:was a settlement dedicated to the extraction of
3116:Scandinavian Journal of Hospitality and Tourism
2516:
2166:. University of Washington Press. p. 190.
593:Some of the more interesting colonies include:
3058:
1870:area of far southeastern Texas, the site of a
1295:
1274:
1260:
3215:
2523:Treballs de la Societat Catalana de Geografia
1240:Toyota city is famous of the company town of
1154:bought most of the houses on a new estate in
493:William Hesketh Lever (later Lord Leverhulme)
3229:
3059:Keates, Nancy; Maremont, Mark (2021-05-07).
2834:
2629:
2422:
1721:is a company town as portrayed in the movie
633:, with buildings of architectural interest;
2982:"In Utah, a 'Company Town' Means Just That"
2857:. Business Journal Daily. December 23, 2016
2787:"Housing by Employers in the United States"
2418:
2416:
2299:
2013:
1818:is a company town, previously owned by The
1702:and their families. It was one of several "
1633:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
1537:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
1455:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
1204:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
1021:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
943:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
852:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
674:was the focal point of the company town of
544:History of the cotton industry in Catalonia
99:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
3222:
3208:
3137:Comparative Studies in Society and History
2295:
2293:
2291:
2289:
2287:
2261:
2259:
2257:
2255:
2253:
2227:
2225:
2223:
2221:
2093:
2045:
2043:
2041:
2039:
2009:
2007:
2005:
2003:
2001:
888:Former company town Kuusankoski in Finland
722:was established by American industrialist
309:, developed in the 1880s just outside the
3178:(University of Pennsylvania Press, 2018).
2875:
2784:
2329:
2327:
2325:
2323:
2185:
2183:
2136:
1653:Learn how and when to remove this message
1557:Learn how and when to remove this message
1475:Learn how and when to remove this message
1224:Learn how and when to remove this message
1041:Learn how and when to remove this message
963:Learn how and when to remove this message
872:Learn how and when to remove this message
119:Learn how and when to remove this message
2466:
2464:
2462:
2413:
1875:rocket manufacturing and launch facility
1749:
1713:
1568:
1382:1971–72 Namibian contract workers strike
1235:
883:
733:
665:
547:
409:
397:
354:Indian Hill-North Village, Massachusetts
288:
234:
222:as people leave to find work elsewhere.
143:– had established a monopoly franchise.
25:
2927:
2925:
2892:
2635:
2284:
2265:
2250:
2218:
2161:
2036:
1998:
1158:to house its workers, citing the Irish
682:Having bought the mining concession of
3781:
2702:
2547:
2541:
2333:
2320:
2231:
2180:
2164:Company towns of the Pacific Northwest
2049:
1978:
1951:, also known as industrial paternalism
1252:, an equivalent to company towns are "
1080:, built since 1875 for the workers of
491:(1888) in Cheshire was established by
393:
3203:
3139:60.2 (2018): 367-389. Steel industry.
2979:
2807:
2750:
2748:
2662:
2470:
2459:
2236:. University of Massachusetts Press.
2074:
698:, to build a functional complex in a
552:Cal Pons, a textile company town, or
206:mining declined due to dependence on
3183:Energy Research & Social Science
2922:
2510:
1631:adding citations to reliable sources
1598:
1535:adding citations to reliable sources
1502:
1453:adding citations to reliable sources
1420:
1202:adding citations to reliable sources
1169:
1019:adding citations to reliable sources
986:
941:adding citations to reliable sources
908:
850:adding citations to reliable sources
817:
802:copper mine. Founded in 1906 by the
774:correspond to former company towns.
97:adding citations to reliable sources
64:
55:Lehigh Coal & Navigation Company
2696:
2678:
1866:announced plans to incorporate the
19:For the 2016 documentary film, see
13:
3143:
3088:
2900:"Scotia Community Governance News"
2778:
2745:
2650:10.1111/j.1467-7660.1979.tb00041.x
2473:"Industrial colonies in Catalonia"
1979:Seager, Allen (February 6, 2006).
30:The town of Siedlung Eisenheim in
14:
3820:
2933:"Cass Scenic Railroad State Park"
2824:– via Amazon "Look Inside".
2690:Global Nonviolent Action Database
2314:10.3828/tpr.50.4.c68854037r676528
1851:In 2021, the governor of Nevada,
1758:in Lonsdale, R.I - July 15, 1922
360:Decline of American company towns
284:
3763:
2814:. Basic Books. pp. 14, 31.
2785:Magnusson, Leifur (1920-10-01).
2022:. London & New York: Verso.
1935:, a similar phenomenon in Russia
1709:
1603:
1507:
1425:
1174:
991:
913:
822:
538:Industrial colonies in Catalonia
481:, and Saltaire (1853), close to
293:Pullman in the late 19th century
69:
3657:Residential cluster development
3052:
3027:
3001:
2980:Stolz, Martin (July 24, 2007).
2973:
2951:
2869:
2847:
2828:
2801:
2731:"Pripyat: A short introduction"
2723:
2656:
2584:
2556:
2517:Clua i Mercadal, Jordi (1992).
2370:
1765:, was a company town where the
747:List of company towns in Canada
3309:Shopping streets and districts
3185:91 (2022): 102752. In Montana.
2904:The town of Scotia, California
2737:. 28 July 2005. Archived from
2425:The American Historical Review
2155:
2141:. Princeton University Press.
2130:
2068:
1972:
686:in 1810, French industrialist
473:Model company towns in Britain
230:
1:
3109:Journal of Cultural Geography
1966:
1700:Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant
1134:("ironworks city", initially
3435:Model dwellings for the poor
2876:Smith, S.; Mark, S. (2011).
2837:New Mexico Historical Review
2139:Planning the Capitalist City
1776:One famous company town was
7:
3196:(2014); near Gary, Indiana.
2663:Hayes, Steve (1971-12-24),
2079:. Oxford University Press.
2054:. Oxford University Press.
1880:
1780:, which was created by the
1498:
1056:was founded in 1861 around
772:UNESCO World Heritage Sites
656:
60:
10:
3825:
2270:. London: A. Zwemmer Ltd.
1756:New England Textile Strike
1736:Bureau of Labor Statistics
1685:
1375:
1371:
1145:
1120:Reichswerke Hermann Göring
982:
813:
744:
661:
574:and their tributaries. In
541:
421:
252:
225:
18:
3760:
3639:
3589:
3534:
3503:
3350:
3317:
3237:
2937:West Virginia State Parks
2477:Catalan Historical Review
2192:The New England Quarterly
1985:The Canadian Encyclopedia
1836:Lake Buena Vista, Florida
1678:is such an example where
1594:
1416:
1307:
1296:
1275:
1261:
904:
729:
714:
329:Supreme Court of Illinois
51:Summit Hill, Pennsylvania
3231:Real estate developments
2302:The Town Planning Review
1350:Santa Rosalía de Camargo
1242:Toyota Motor Corporation
1165:
786:James Thomas Humberstone
765:
617:; the three colonies of
599:Santa Coloma de Cervelló
522:developed two exemplary
402:An example of houses at
3440:Multifamily residential
3167:excerpt and text search
2266:Jackson, Frank (1985).
2162:Carlson, Linda (2014).
2075:Buder, Stanley (1970).
1846:Bryce Canyon City, Utah
1840:The Walt Disney Company
1719:Coalwood, West Virginia
1389:was privately owned by
1140:Eisenhüttenkombinat Ost
3390:Conservation community
3125:63.3 (2016): 431-446.
2638:Development and Change
2137:Fogelsong, R. (1986).
1913:History of coal miners
1820:Pacific Lumber Company
1782:Carnegie Steel Company
1759:
1728:
1577:
1378:Labour hire in Namibia
1245:
1122:that later became the
1068:has been dominated by
889:
742:
694:and, after his death,
679:
619:Castellbell i el Vilar
560:
419:
407:
294:
250:
35:
3485:Single-room occupancy
3430:Mixed-use development
3415:Intentional community
3400:Golf course community
3262:Mixed-use development
3194:Environmental History
3153:Green, Hardy (2012).
3118:14.4 (2014): 460-479.
2808:Green, Hardy (2010).
2609:10.1515/9781478027195
2601:Duke University Press
2489:10.2436/20.1000.01.53
2379:Architectural History
2232:Garner, J.S. (1985).
2050:Garner, J.S. (1992).
1888:List of company towns
1753:
1717:
1572:
1400:During South African
1239:
887:
804:Braden Copper Company
737:
709:a World Heritage Site
669:
551:
413:
401:
292:
238:
133:extractive industries
29:
3554:Garden city movement
3470:Retirement community
3188:Wlasiuk, Jonathan. "
2756:"Monuments to power"
2471:Serra, Rosa (2011).
2014:Crawford, M (1995).
1627:improve this section
1531:improve this section
1487:Widzew, a suburb of
1449:improve this section
1198:improve this section
1015:improve this section
937:improve this section
846:improve this section
439:Garden City movement
93:improve this section
3717:Planning permission
3460:Residential airpark
3445:Penthouse apartment
3332:Industrial district
3111:36.1 (2019): 49-77.
3065:Wall Street Journal
2882:South Shore Journal
2348:1979TrIBG...4..306C
1918:Housing cooperative
1826:Cass, West Virginia
1665:The mining city of
1118:, built around the
1100:region were called
979:is a company town.
975:The French city of
898:Kymmene Corporation
739:Grand Falls-Windsor
607:L'Ametlla de Merola
394:Model company towns
262:, a subtle form of
210:to spur demand—the
21:Company Town (film)
3770:Housing portal
3342:Technology centers
3015:. February 4, 2021
2987:The New York Times
2550:The Globe and Mail
1949:Welfare capitalism
1838:are controlled by
1816:Scotia, California
1760:
1729:
1589:social engineering
1578:
1366:Mexican Revolution
1364:precipitating the
1246:
1104:("pit colonies").
1094:Gutehoffnungshütte
1086:Siedlung Eisenheim
890:
743:
680:
561:
524:mining communities
420:
408:
375:welfare capitalism
303:American Civil War
295:
264:social engineering
255:Welfare capitalism
251:
163:; particularly in
36:
3776:
3775:
3732:Regional planning
3692:Land-use planning
3574:Urban green space
3569:Planned community
3504:Science/education
3450:Private community
3131:Raianu, Mircea. "
3094:Barenberg, Alan.
2821:978-0-465-02886-3
2618:978-1-4780-2719-5
2595:The Border Reader
2572:. 25 January 2024
2102:"Utopia Derailed"
1832:Bay Lake, Florida
1763:Segundo, Colorado
1663:
1662:
1655:
1567:
1566:
1559:
1485:
1484:
1477:
1406:South West Africa
1316:, American-owned
1234:
1233:
1226:
1051:
1050:
1043:
973:
972:
965:
882:
881:
874:
554:industrial colony
208:steam locomotives
129:
128:
121:
3816:
3768:
3767:
3766:
3521:Satellite campus
3465:Residential area
3420:Luxury apartment
3380:Closed community
3327:Business cluster
3224:
3217:
3210:
3201:
3200:
3103:Bowen, Dawn S. "
3083:
3082:
3080:
3079:
3056:
3050:
3049:
3047:
3046:
3031:
3025:
3024:
3022:
3020:
3005:
2999:
2998:
2996:
2994:
2977:
2971:
2970:
2968:
2966:
2955:
2949:
2948:
2946:
2944:
2929:
2920:
2919:
2917:
2915:
2910:on July 15, 2018
2906:. Archived from
2896:
2890:
2889:
2873:
2867:
2866:
2864:
2862:
2851:
2845:
2844:
2832:
2826:
2825:
2805:
2799:
2798:
2782:
2776:
2775:
2770:
2769:
2752:
2743:
2742:
2741:on 11 July 2012.
2727:
2721:
2720:
2700:
2694:
2693:
2682:
2676:
2675:
2674:
2673:
2660:
2654:
2653:
2633:
2627:
2626:
2598:
2588:
2582:
2581:
2579:
2577:
2560:
2554:
2553:
2545:
2539:
2538:
2536:
2534:
2514:
2508:
2507:
2505:
2503:
2468:
2457:
2456:
2420:
2411:
2410:
2374:
2368:
2367:
2331:
2318:
2317:
2297:
2282:
2281:
2263:
2248:
2247:
2229:
2216:
2215:
2187:
2178:
2177:
2159:
2153:
2152:
2134:
2128:
2127:
2125:
2124:
2097:
2091:
2090:
2072:
2066:
2065:
2047:
2034:
2033:
2021:
2011:
1996:
1995:
1993:
1991:
1976:
1786:Youngstown, Ohio
1658:
1651:
1647:
1644:
1638:
1607:
1599:
1585:Jan Antonín Baťa
1562:
1555:
1551:
1548:
1542:
1511:
1503:
1493:Second World War
1480:
1473:
1469:
1466:
1460:
1429:
1421:
1299:
1298:
1293:
1278:
1277:
1264:
1263:
1229:
1222:
1218:
1215:
1209:
1178:
1170:
1132:Eisenhüttenstadt
1112:Volkswagen plant
1046:
1039:
1035:
1032:
1026:
995:
987:
968:
961:
957:
954:
948:
917:
909:
877:
870:
866:
863:
857:
826:
818:
520:Bolsover Company
124:
117:
113:
110:
104:
73:
65:
3824:
3823:
3819:
3818:
3817:
3815:
3814:
3813:
3809:Company housing
3779:
3778:
3777:
3772:
3764:
3762:
3756:
3677:Greenfield land
3647:Brownfield land
3635:
3585:
3530:
3499:
3405:Gated community
3346:
3337:Industrial park
3313:
3299:Shopping center
3267:Office building
3257:Commercial area
3233:
3228:
3146:
3123:Social Problems
3091:
3089:Further reading
3086:
3077:
3075:
3057:
3053:
3044:
3042:
3033:
3032:
3028:
3018:
3016:
3007:
3006:
3002:
2992:
2990:
2978:
2974:
2964:
2962:
2957:
2956:
2952:
2942:
2940:
2931:
2930:
2923:
2913:
2911:
2898:
2897:
2893:
2874:
2870:
2860:
2858:
2853:
2852:
2848:
2833:
2829:
2822:
2806:
2802:
2783:
2779:
2767:
2765:
2754:
2753:
2746:
2729:
2728:
2724:
2701:
2697:
2684:
2683:
2679:
2671:
2669:
2661:
2657:
2634:
2630:
2619:
2589:
2585:
2575:
2573:
2569:The Irish Times
2562:
2561:
2557:
2546:
2542:
2532:
2530:
2515:
2511:
2501:
2499:
2469:
2460:
2437:10.2307/1862781
2421:
2414:
2391:10.2307/1568518
2375:
2371:
2332:
2321:
2298:
2285:
2278:
2264:
2251:
2244:
2230:
2219:
2188:
2181:
2174:
2160:
2156:
2149:
2135:
2131:
2122:
2120:
2098:
2094:
2087:
2073:
2069:
2062:
2048:
2037:
2030:
2012:
1999:
1989:
1987:
1981:"Company Towns"
1977:
1973:
1969:
1964:
1923:Megacorporation
1883:
1862:In March 2021,
1712:
1704:nuclear cities"
1688:
1659:
1648:
1642:
1639:
1624:
1608:
1597:
1563:
1552:
1546:
1543:
1528:
1512:
1501:
1481:
1470:
1464:
1461:
1446:
1430:
1419:
1384:
1374:
1310:
1287:
1230:
1219:
1213:
1210:
1195:
1179:
1168:
1148:
1047:
1036:
1030:
1027:
1012:
996:
985:
969:
958:
952:
949:
934:
918:
907:
878:
867:
861:
858:
843:
827:
816:
770:Two of Chile's
768:
750:
732:
717:
664:
659:
546:
540:
475:
426:
396:
362:
336:quality of life
287:
257:
233:
228:
139:, metal mines,
125:
114:
108:
105:
90:
74:
63:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3822:
3812:
3811:
3806:
3804:Types of towns
3801:
3796:
3791:
3789:Cities by type
3774:
3773:
3761:
3758:
3757:
3755:
3754:
3749:
3744:
3742:Urban planning
3739:
3734:
3729:
3724:
3719:
3714:
3709:
3704:
3699:
3694:
3689:
3684:
3682:Greyfield land
3679:
3674:
3672:Eminent domain
3669:
3667:Context theory
3664:
3659:
3654:
3649:
3643:
3641:
3637:
3636:
3634:
3633:
3628:
3623:
3618:
3617:
3616:
3606:
3600:
3598:
3587:
3586:
3584:
3583:
3582:
3581:
3571:
3566:
3564:Planned cities
3561:
3556:
3551:
3546:
3540:
3538:
3532:
3531:
3529:
3528:
3523:
3518:
3513:
3507:
3505:
3501:
3500:
3498:
3497:
3492:
3487:
3482:
3477:
3472:
3467:
3462:
3457:
3455:Public housing
3452:
3447:
3442:
3437:
3432:
3427:
3422:
3417:
3412:
3410:Housing estate
3407:
3402:
3397:
3395:Executive home
3392:
3387:
3382:
3377:
3372:
3370:Bungalow court
3367:
3365:Boarding house
3362:
3356:
3354:
3348:
3347:
3345:
3344:
3339:
3334:
3329:
3323:
3321:
3315:
3314:
3312:
3311:
3306:
3296:
3291:
3286:
3281:
3280:
3279:
3269:
3264:
3259:
3254:
3249:
3243:
3241:
3235:
3234:
3227:
3226:
3219:
3212:
3204:
3198:
3197:
3186:
3179:
3172:Kurie, Peter.
3170:
3163:978-0465028863
3151:
3145:
3142:
3141:
3140:
3129:
3119:
3112:
3101:
3090:
3087:
3085:
3084:
3051:
3026:
3000:
2972:
2950:
2921:
2891:
2868:
2846:
2827:
2820:
2800:
2777:
2744:
2722:
2695:
2677:
2655:
2644:(2): 205–231.
2628:
2617:
2603:. p. 28.
2583:
2555:
2552:. p. A31.
2540:
2525:(in Catalan).
2509:
2483:(4): 101–120.
2458:
2412:
2369:
2356:10.2307/622041
2342:(2): 306–319.
2319:
2308:(4): 437–458.
2283:
2277:978-0302005910
2276:
2249:
2243:978-0870234422
2242:
2217:
2204:10.2307/365575
2198:(4): 639–643.
2179:
2173:978-0295983325
2172:
2154:
2147:
2129:
2092:
2086:978-0195008388
2085:
2067:
2061:978-0195070279
2060:
2035:
2028:
1997:
1970:
1968:
1965:
1963:
1962:
1957:
1952:
1946:
1941:
1939:Public housing
1936:
1930:
1925:
1920:
1915:
1910:
1905:
1903:Corporatocracy
1900:
1895:
1890:
1884:
1882:
1879:
1778:McDonald, Ohio
1711:
1708:
1687:
1684:
1661:
1660:
1611:
1609:
1602:
1596:
1593:
1565:
1564:
1515:
1513:
1506:
1500:
1497:
1483:
1482:
1433:
1431:
1424:
1418:
1415:
1373:
1370:
1362:Cananea strike
1309:
1306:
1232:
1231:
1182:
1180:
1173:
1167:
1164:
1160:housing crisis
1156:Swords, Dublin
1147:
1144:
1102:Zechenkolonien
1064:. The city of
1049:
1048:
999:
997:
990:
984:
981:
971:
970:
921:
919:
912:
906:
903:
880:
879:
830:
828:
821:
815:
812:
767:
764:
753:Arvida, Quebec
745:For more, see
731:
728:
716:
713:
688:Henri De Gorge
663:
660:
658:
655:
539:
536:
509:George Cadbury
474:
471:
395:
392:
361:
358:
349:
348:
324:Pullman Strike
286:
285:Pullman lesson
283:
271:George Cadbury
253:Main article:
232:
229:
227:
224:
216:property value
179:among others.
177:Yuzhnoukrainsk
127:
126:
77:
75:
68:
62:
59:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3821:
3810:
3807:
3805:
3802:
3800:
3799:Labor history
3797:
3795:
3794:Company towns
3792:
3790:
3787:
3786:
3784:
3771:
3759:
3753:
3750:
3748:
3745:
3743:
3740:
3738:
3735:
3733:
3730:
3728:
3727:Redevelopment
3725:
3723:
3720:
3718:
3715:
3713:
3710:
3708:
3705:
3703:
3700:
3698:
3695:
3693:
3690:
3688:
3687:Groundscraper
3685:
3683:
3680:
3678:
3675:
3673:
3670:
3668:
3665:
3663:
3660:
3658:
3655:
3653:
3650:
3648:
3645:
3644:
3642:
3640:Miscellaneous
3638:
3632:
3629:
3627:
3624:
3622:
3619:
3615:
3612:
3611:
3610:
3607:
3605:
3602:
3601:
3599:
3596:
3592:
3588:
3580:
3577:
3576:
3575:
3572:
3570:
3567:
3565:
3562:
3560:
3559:Model village
3557:
3555:
3552:
3550:
3547:
3545:
3542:
3541:
3539:
3537:
3533:
3527:
3524:
3522:
3519:
3517:
3516:Research park
3514:
3512:
3509:
3508:
3506:
3502:
3496:
3495:Tract housing
3493:
3491:
3488:
3486:
3483:
3481:
3480:Rooming house
3478:
3476:
3475:Revenue house
3473:
3471:
3468:
3466:
3463:
3461:
3458:
3456:
3453:
3451:
3448:
3446:
3443:
3441:
3438:
3436:
3433:
3431:
3428:
3426:
3423:
3421:
3418:
3416:
3413:
3411:
3408:
3406:
3403:
3401:
3398:
3396:
3393:
3391:
3388:
3386:
3383:
3381:
3378:
3376:
3373:
3371:
3368:
3366:
3363:
3361:
3358:
3357:
3355:
3353:
3349:
3343:
3340:
3338:
3335:
3333:
3330:
3328:
3325:
3324:
3322:
3320:
3316:
3310:
3307:
3304:
3303:Shopping mall
3300:
3297:
3295:
3292:
3290:
3287:
3285:
3282:
3278:
3275:
3274:
3273:
3270:
3268:
3265:
3263:
3260:
3258:
3255:
3253:
3252:Business park
3250:
3248:
3245:
3244:
3242:
3240:
3236:
3232:
3225:
3220:
3218:
3213:
3211:
3206:
3205:
3202:
3195:
3191:
3187:
3184:
3180:
3177:
3176:
3171:
3168:
3164:
3160:
3157:Basic Books.
3156:
3152:
3148:
3147:
3144:United States
3138:
3134:
3130:
3128:
3124:
3120:
3117:
3113:
3110:
3106:
3102:
3099:
3098:
3093:
3092:
3074:
3070:
3066:
3062:
3055:
3040:
3036:
3030:
3014:
3010:
3004:
2993:September 29,
2989:
2988:
2983:
2976:
2960:
2954:
2938:
2934:
2928:
2926:
2909:
2905:
2901:
2895:
2887:
2883:
2879:
2872:
2856:
2850:
2843:(3): 323–351.
2842:
2838:
2831:
2823:
2817:
2813:
2812:
2804:
2796:
2792:
2788:
2781:
2774:
2763:
2762:
2761:The Economist
2757:
2751:
2749:
2740:
2736:
2732:
2726:
2718:
2714:
2710:
2706:
2699:
2691:
2687:
2681:
2668:
2667:
2659:
2651:
2647:
2643:
2639:
2632:
2625:
2620:
2614:
2610:
2606:
2602:
2597:
2596:
2587:
2571:
2570:
2565:
2559:
2551:
2544:
2528:
2524:
2520:
2513:
2498:
2494:
2490:
2486:
2482:
2478:
2474:
2467:
2465:
2463:
2454:
2450:
2446:
2442:
2438:
2434:
2430:
2426:
2419:
2417:
2408:
2404:
2400:
2396:
2392:
2388:
2384:
2380:
2373:
2365:
2361:
2357:
2353:
2349:
2345:
2341:
2337:
2330:
2328:
2326:
2324:
2315:
2311:
2307:
2303:
2296:
2294:
2292:
2290:
2288:
2279:
2273:
2269:
2262:
2260:
2258:
2256:
2254:
2245:
2239:
2235:
2228:
2226:
2224:
2222:
2213:
2209:
2205:
2201:
2197:
2193:
2186:
2184:
2175:
2169:
2165:
2158:
2150:
2144:
2140:
2133:
2119:
2115:
2111:
2107:
2103:
2096:
2088:
2082:
2078:
2071:
2063:
2057:
2053:
2046:
2044:
2042:
2040:
2031:
2029:0-86091-695-2
2025:
2020:
2019:
2010:
2008:
2006:
2004:
2002:
1990:September 18,
1986:
1982:
1975:
1971:
1961:
1958:
1956:
1953:
1950:
1947:
1945:
1942:
1940:
1937:
1934:
1931:
1929:
1926:
1924:
1921:
1919:
1916:
1914:
1911:
1909:
1906:
1904:
1901:
1899:
1898:Company store
1896:
1894:
1891:
1889:
1886:
1885:
1878:
1876:
1873:
1869:
1865:
1860:
1858:
1857:economic rent
1854:
1853:Steve Sisolak
1849:
1847:
1843:
1841:
1837:
1833:
1829:
1827:
1823:
1821:
1817:
1813:
1811:
1808:
1803:
1801:
1797:
1793:
1789:
1787:
1783:
1779:
1774:
1772:
1771:company store
1768:
1764:
1757:
1752:
1748:
1746:
1745:paternalistic
1740:
1737:
1732:
1726:
1725:
1720:
1716:
1710:United States
1707:
1705:
1701:
1697:
1693:
1683:
1681:
1677:
1673:
1668:
1657:
1654:
1646:
1643:November 2016
1636:
1632:
1628:
1622:
1621:
1617:
1612:This section
1610:
1606:
1601:
1600:
1592:
1590:
1586:
1582:
1575:
1571:
1561:
1558:
1550:
1547:November 2016
1540:
1536:
1532:
1526:
1525:
1521:
1516:This section
1514:
1510:
1505:
1504:
1496:
1494:
1490:
1479:
1476:
1468:
1465:November 2016
1458:
1454:
1450:
1444:
1443:
1439:
1434:This section
1432:
1428:
1423:
1422:
1414:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1398:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1383:
1379:
1369:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1346:Santa Eulalia
1343:
1339:
1335:
1331:
1327:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1305:
1303:
1291:
1286:
1282:
1272:
1271:Toyota, Aichi
1268:
1258:
1257:
1251:
1243:
1238:
1228:
1225:
1217:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1193:
1192:
1188:
1183:This section
1181:
1177:
1172:
1171:
1163:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1143:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1124:Salzgitter AG
1121:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1082:Ilseder Hütte
1079:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1058:Carl Leverkus
1055:
1045:
1042:
1034:
1031:November 2016
1024:
1020:
1016:
1010:
1009:
1005:
1000:This section
998:
994:
989:
988:
980:
978:
967:
964:
956:
953:November 2016
946:
942:
938:
932:
931:
927:
922:This section
920:
916:
911:
910:
902:
899:
894:
886:
876:
873:
865:
862:November 2016
855:
851:
847:
841:
840:
836:
831:This section
829:
825:
820:
819:
811:
809:
805:
801:
797:
793:
791:
787:
783:
779:
775:
773:
763:
761:
757:
754:
748:
740:
736:
727:
725:
721:
712:
710:
706:
701:
697:
693:
692:François Obin
689:
685:
677:
673:
672:Cour centrale
668:
654:
652:
648:
644:
640:
636:
632:
628:
624:
620:
616:
615:Els Pastorets
612:
608:
604:
600:
596:
595:Colònia Güell
591:
587:
583:
579:
577:
573:
569:
565:
559:
555:
550:
545:
535:
533:
529:
525:
521:
516:
512:
510:
505:
501:
497:
494:
490:
489:Port Sunlight
486:
484:
480:
470:
468:
464:
460:
459:Port Sunlight
456:
452:
446:
442:
440:
436:
432:
431:Port Sunlight
425:
424:Model village
417:
412:
405:
404:Port Sunlight
400:
391:
388:
382:
378:
376:
370:
366:
357:
355:
345:
344:
343:
340:
337:
332:
330:
325:
320:
319:panic of 1893
315:
312:
308:
304:
300:
291:
282:
278:
276:
272:
267:
265:
261:
256:
248:
244:
243:
239:Company town
237:
223:
221:
217:
213:
209:
205:
199:
197:
196:larger cities
191:
189:
185:
180:
178:
174:
170:
167:, those were
166:
162:
158:
154:
150:
146:
142:
138:
134:
123:
120:
112:
102:
98:
94:
88:
87:
83:
78:This section
76:
72:
67:
66:
58:
56:
52:
47:
45:
41:
33:
28:
22:
3737:Urban design
3662:Construction
3549:Civic center
3526:Science park
3385:Company town
3384:
3284:Power center
3193:
3182:
3173:
3154:
3136:
3122:
3115:
3108:
3095:
3076:. Retrieved
3064:
3054:
3043:. Retrieved
3041:. 2021-04-06
3038:
3029:
3017:. Retrieved
3012:
3003:
2991:. Retrieved
2985:
2975:
2963:. Retrieved
2953:
2941:. Retrieved
2936:
2912:. Retrieved
2908:the original
2903:
2894:
2885:
2881:
2871:
2859:. Retrieved
2849:
2840:
2836:
2830:
2810:
2803:
2794:
2790:
2780:
2772:
2766:. Retrieved
2764:. 2010-10-14
2759:
2739:the original
2734:
2725:
2708:
2705:Africa Today
2704:
2698:
2689:
2680:
2670:, retrieved
2665:
2658:
2641:
2637:
2631:
2622:
2594:
2586:
2574:. Retrieved
2567:
2558:
2549:
2543:
2531:. Retrieved
2526:
2522:
2512:
2500:. Retrieved
2480:
2476:
2431:(1): 13–44.
2428:
2424:
2382:
2378:
2372:
2339:
2335:
2305:
2301:
2267:
2233:
2195:
2191:
2163:
2157:
2138:
2132:
2121:. Retrieved
2112:(1): 46–49.
2109:
2105:
2095:
2076:
2070:
2051:
2017:
1988:. Retrieved
1984:
1974:
1955:Wage slavery
1944:Railway town
1893:College town
1861:
1850:
1844:
1830:
1824:
1814:
1810:municipality
1807:incorporated
1804:
1796:Clayton Mark
1790:
1775:
1761:
1741:
1733:
1730:
1722:
1690:The city of
1689:
1664:
1649:
1640:
1625:Please help
1613:
1579:
1553:
1544:
1529:Please help
1517:
1486:
1471:
1462:
1447:Please help
1435:
1399:
1385:
1318:mining towns
1311:
1300:, note that
1285:Toyota-machi
1253:
1247:
1220:
1211:
1196:Please help
1184:
1149:
1135:
1128:East Germany
1106:
1101:
1085:
1074:Limburgerhof
1066:Ludwigshafen
1052:
1037:
1028:
1013:Please help
1001:
974:
959:
950:
935:Please help
923:
891:
868:
859:
844:Please help
832:
794:
776:
769:
758:
751:
718:
700:neoclassical
696:Bruno Renard
681:
671:
603:Antoni Gaudí
592:
588:
584:
580:
562:
553:
517:
513:
498:
487:
476:
467:New Earswick
447:
443:
427:
383:
379:
371:
367:
363:
350:
341:
333:
316:
299:Pennsylvania
296:
279:
268:
258:
240:
200:
192:
181:
156:
153:truck system
130:
115:
106:
91:Please help
79:
48:
40:company town
39:
37:
3697:Nonbuilding
3626:Tower block
3490:Subdivision
3352:Residential
3289:Retail park
3039:Dallas News
3019:January 25,
2861:October 16,
2385:: 143–179.
2106:Archaeology
1724:October Sky
1576:in Slovakia
1312:During the
1288: [
1267:castle town
1142:ironworks.
1136:Stalinstadt
1126:. In 1950s
893:Kuusankoski
800:El Teniente
778:Humberstone
684:Grand-Hornu
676:Grand-Hornu
530:(1891) and
433:(1888) and
356:, in 1915.
347:organizers.
301:before the
260:Paternalism
231:Paternalism
159:) known as
3783:Categories
3722:Playground
3621:Skyscraper
3375:City block
3319:Industrial
3294:Riverfront
3239:Commercial
3078:2021-05-19
3045:2021-05-19
2914:January 7,
2768:2010-10-19
2711:(2): 3–8.
2672:2023-04-02
2148:0691077053
2123:2010-09-15
1967:References
1908:Ghost town
1868:Boca Chica
1410:Pass laws.
1395:government
1387:Oranjemund
1376:See also:
1358:Esperanzas
1314:Porfiriato
1265:, Company
1116:Salzgitter
1090:Oberhausen
1078:Neuölsburg
1054:Leverkusen
977:Le Creusot
790:ghost town
724:Henry Ford
720:Fordlândia
637:, between
542:See also:
500:Bournville
455:Bournville
435:Bournville
422:See also:
416:Bournville
414:Houses in
275:Bournville
220:population
204:anthracite
151:through a
32:Oberhausen
3604:Apartment
3591:Buildings
3536:Municipal
3425:McMansion
3073:0099-9660
2529:: 145–170
2497:2013-407X
2407:159876304
2118:0003-8113
1928:Mill town
1864:Elon Musk
1614:does not
1518:does not
1436:does not
1402:Apartheid
1354:Batopilas
1342:Concordia
1256:Jōkamachi
1214:June 2020
1185:does not
1150:In 2024,
1108:Wolfsburg
1002:does not
924:does not
833:does not
782:saltpeter
711:in 2012.
651:Cal Vidal
635:Cal Rosal
627:El Borràs
611:Puig-reig
572:Llobregat
564:Catalonia
558:Puig-reig
418:, England
406:, England
249:, Germany
109:July 2023
80:does not
44:amenities
34:, Germany
3652:Cemetery
3544:Arcology
3360:Agrihood
2965:11 March
2943:11 March
2502:27 April
2453:11612055
1933:Monotown
1881:See also
1792:Marktown
1788:, area.
1767:CF&I
1680:Stora AB
1676:Värmland
1672:Skoghall
1499:Slovakia
1391:De Beers
1330:Nacozari
1326:El Boleo
1302:katakana
657:Examples
631:El Burés
623:La Bauma
576:Berguedà
532:Creswell
528:Bolsover
483:Bradford
463:Creswell
453:(1851),
451:Saltaire
387:New Deal
247:Bayreuth
212:economic
161:atomgrad
61:Overview
3712:Parking
3247:Airport
3013:AP News
2735:Pripyat
2717:4185227
2576:17 June
2445:1862781
2399:1568518
2344:Bibcode
1800:Indiana
1696:Ukraine
1692:Pripyat
1686:Ukraine
1635:removed
1620:sources
1539:removed
1524:sources
1457:removed
1442:sources
1372:Namibia
1334:Navojoa
1322:Cananea
1206:removed
1191:sources
1152:Ryanair
1146:Ireland
1023:removed
1008:sources
983:Germany
945:removed
930:sources
854:removed
839:sources
814:Finland
662:Belgium
479:Halifax
314:there.
311:Chicago
307:Pullman
226:History
184:factory
169:Pripyat
165:Ukraine
157:atomics
101:removed
86:sources
3752:Zoning
3511:Campus
3277:inland
3161:
3127:online
3071:
2818:
2715:
2615:
2495:
2451:
2443:
2405:
2397:
2364:622041
2362:
2274:
2240:
2212:365575
2210:
2170:
2145:
2116:
2083:
2058:
2026:
1872:SpaceX
1667:Kiruna
1595:Sweden
1417:Poland
1356:, and
1338:Copala
1308:Mexico
1281:Toyota
1254:Kigyō
905:France
796:Sewell
760:Batawa
730:Canada
715:Brazil
705:UNESCO
504:George
173:Varash
141:lumber
3747:YIMBY
3702:NIMBY
3631:Villa
3614:types
3609:House
3595:types
3579:parks
3150:16ff.
2713:JSTOR
2533:3 May
2441:JSTOR
2403:S2CID
2395:JSTOR
2360:JSTOR
2208:JSTOR
1292:]
1262:企業城下町
1250:Japan
1166:Japan
1062:Bayer
808:Andes
766:Chile
647:Olvan
639:Berga
597:, in
556:, in
202:when
188:parks
149:scrip
3707:Park
3272:Port
3159:ISBN
3069:ISSN
3021:2022
2995:2009
2967:2020
2945:2020
2916:2019
2863:2017
2816:ISBN
2613:ISBN
2578:2024
2535:2016
2504:2016
2493:ISSN
2449:PMID
2272:ISBN
2238:ISBN
2168:ISBN
2143:ISBN
2114:ISSN
2081:ISBN
2056:ISBN
2024:ISBN
1992:2021
1834:and
1618:any
1616:cite
1581:Svit
1574:Svit
1522:any
1520:cite
1489:Łódź
1440:any
1438:cite
1380:and
1297:トヨタ町
1189:any
1187:cite
1098:Ruhr
1070:BASF
1006:any
1004:cite
928:any
926:cite
837:any
835:cite
670:The
645:and
643:Avià
570:and
518:The
465:and
242:Burg
218:and
137:coal
84:any
82:cite
3192:".
3135:".
3107:".
2795:263
2646:doi
2605:doi
2527:VII
2485:doi
2433:doi
2387:doi
2352:doi
2310:doi
2200:doi
1694:in
1674:in
1629:by
1533:by
1451:by
1294:" (
1276:豊田市
1259:" (
1248:In
1200:by
1088:in
1017:by
939:by
848:by
707:as
568:Ter
273:'s
245:in
145:Dam
95:by
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