Comparative mythology

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developed. To an extent, all theories about mythology follow a comparative approach—as scholar of religion Robert Segal notes, "by definition, all theorists seek similarities among myths". However, scholars of mythology can be roughly divided into particularists, who emphasize the differences between myths, and comparativists, who emphasize the similarities. Particularists tend to "maintain that the similarities deciphered by comparativists are vague and superficial", while comparativists tend to "contend that the differences etched by particularists are trivial and incidental".

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Ascended Master Teachings, etc.—which propound the idea of a whole series of subtle planes or worlds or dimensions which, from a center, interpenetrate themselves and the physical planet in which we live, the solar systems, and all the physical structures of the universe. This interpenetration of planes culminates in the universe itself as a physical structured, dynamic and evolutive expression emanated through a series of steadily denser stages, becoming progressively more material and embodied.

1436: 3378: 2598: 1009:. He compares collections of mythologies and reconstructs increasingly older levels, parallel to but not necessarily dependent on language families. The most prominent common feature is a storyline that extends from the creation of the world and of humans to their end. This feature is found in the northern mythologies of Eurasia and the Americas (" 3103:, which provided a link between the cosmos with the conditions and events on earth. For these, the astrological practice was not mere divination because it also served as the foundation for their spiritual culture and knowledge-systems used for practical purposes such as the calendar (see Mesoamerican calendric shamans) and medicine (e.g. 1143:

often set in a dim and nonspecific past that historian of religion Mircea Eliade termed in illo tempore ('at that time'). Creation myths address questions deeply meaningful to the society that shares them, revealing their central worldview and the framework for the self-identity of the culture and individual in a universal context.

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society in which it is told, a creation myth is usually regarded as conveying profound truths – metaphorically, symbolically, historically, or literally. They are commonly, although not always, considered cosmogonical myths – that is, they describe the ordering of the cosmos from a state of chaos or amorphousness.

1860:" in Greek mythology are not merely oversized humanoid figures but monstrous beings embodying chaos and disorder. Giants are usually depicted as beings with human appearance, but of prodigious size (though not always so) and great strength common in the mythology and legends of many different cultures. 3186:

The concept of an underworld is found in almost every civilization and "may be as old as humanity itself". Common features of underworld myths are accounts of living people making journeys to the underworld, often for some heroic purpose. Other myths reinforce traditions that entrance of souls to the

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Usually large to gigantic, serpent-like legendary creatures that appear in the folklore of many cultures around the world. Beliefs about dragons vary drastically by region, but dragons in western cultures since the High Middle Ages have often been depicted as winged, horned, four-legged, and capable

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Chaos (Ancient Greek: χάος, romanized: kháos) (aka Primordial Chaos, Primordial Void) is the mythological void state preceding the creation of the universe (the cosmos) in Greek creation myths. In Christian theology, the same term is used to refer to the gap or the abyss created by the separation of

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Creation myths often share a number of features. They often are considered sacred accounts and can be found in nearly all known religious traditions. They are all stories with a plot and characters who are either deities, human-like figures, or animals, who often speak and transform easily. They are

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Comparative approaches to mythology held great popularity among eighteenth- and nineteenth-century scholars. Many of these scholars believed that all myths showed signs of having evolved from a thought which interpreted nearly all myths as poetic descriptions of the sun's behavior. According to this

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are examples. The origins of the earliest constellations likely go back to prehistory. People used them to relate stories of their beliefs, experiences, creation, or mythology. Different cultures and countries adopted their own constellations, some of which lasted into the early 20th century before

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The comparative study of mythologies reveals the trans-national motifs that unify spiritual understanding globally. The significance of this study generates a "broad, sympathetic understanding of these 'stories' in human history". The similarities of myths remind humanity of the universality in the

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examined the structure of a myth in terms of the abstract relationships between its elements, rather than their order in the plot. In particular, Lévi-Strauss believed that the elements of a myth could be organized into binary oppositions (raw vs. cooked, nature vs. culture, etc.). He thought that

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The concept may be found in religious and esoteric teachings—e.g. Vedanta (Advaita Vedanta), Ayyavazhi, shamanism, Hermeticism, Neoplatonism, Gnosticism, Kashmir Shaivism, Sant Mat/Surat Shabd Yoga, Sufism, Druze, Kabbalah, Theosophy, Anthroposophy, Rosicrucianism (Esoteric Christian), Eckankar,

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In various mythologies, a group of "anti-gods" or adversarial beings oppose the main pantheon of gods, They embody chaos, destruction, or primal forces and are often considered demons or evil gods/divinities due to their opposition to divine order, symbolizing a struggle between cosmic order and

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A creation myth (or cosmogonic myth) is a symbolic narrative of how the world began and how people first came to inhabit it. While in popular usage the term myth often refers to false or fanciful stories, members of cultures often ascribe varying degrees of truth to their creation myths. In the

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theory, these poetic descriptions had become distorted over time into seemingly diverse stories about gods and heroes. However, modern-day scholars lean more toward particularism, feeling suspicious of broad statements about myths. A recent exception is the historical approach followed in E.J.

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underworld requires a proper observation of ceremony, such as the ancient Greek story of the recently dead Patroclus haunting Achilles until his body could be properly buried for this purpose. Persons having social status were dressed and equipped in order to better navigate the underworld.

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defined comparative mythology as "the systematic comparison of myths and mythic themes drawn from a wide variety of cultures". By comparing different cultures' mythologies, scholars try to identify underlying similarities and/or to reconstruct a "protomythology" from which those mythologies

3155:, are found in cultures throughout the world. Spirits are thought to travel between worlds, or layers of existence in such traditions, usually along an axis such as a giant tree, a tent pole, a river, a rope or mountains. In Greek mythology, after death, people either go to Tartarus or 2875:

recension. Jubilees depicts spirits (distinct from angels) who act in a morally ambivalent manner, sometimes aiding, and other times causing harm to humans. Among other points of similarity, these spirits and jinn are created by God, associated with fire, have a leader (Quranic

3036:) have created structured reference systems to identify connections between myths from different cultures and regions. Some comparative mythologists look for similarities only among hero stories within a specific geographical or ethnic range. For example, the 2823:

in Christian traditions, although issues with this view are that jinn are not identified as "angels" and that descriptions of angels do not involve their flying up the sky to eavesdrop on heavenly secrets (unlike jinn who do so in the 72nd Surah of the

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from different cultures in an attempt to identify shared themes and characteristics. Comparative mythology has served a variety of academic purposes. For example, scholars have used the relationships between different myths to trace the development of

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The concept of an otherworld in historical Indo-European religion is reconstructed in comparative mythology. Its name is a calque of orbis alius (Latin for "other Earth/world"), a term used by Lucan in his description of the Celtic Otherworld.

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is a giant cannibalistic demon, feeding on fellow demons and humans alike. He is depicted as having unblinking bulging eyes, long talons, and yellow tusks that protruded past his lips. The myth of Baxbaxwalanuksiwe, in Hamatsa society of the

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Some scholars look at the linguistic relationships between the myths of different cultures. For example, the similarities between the names of gods in different cultures. One particularly successful example of this approach is the study of

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In various Indo-European mythologies, a group of anti-gods are usually featured as primeval, even malevolent beings associated with chaos, evil, and the wild nature. These are frequently portrayed as enemies of the gods, be they Greek

2819:, have been compared to earlier Jewish and Christian ideas of supernatural beings or preternatural creatures, especially those of angels, spirits, and demons. One question has concerned the degree to Quranic jinn might be compared to 1260:

A protoplast, from ancient Greek πρωτόπλαστος (prōtóplastos, "first-formed"), in a religious context initially referred to the first human or, more generally, to the first organized body of progenitors of mankind in a creation myth.

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King of Bashan, the Nephilim, the Anakim, and the giants of Egypt mentioned in 1 Chronicles 11:23. The first mention of the Nephilim is found in Genesis 6:4; attributed to them are extraordinary strength and physical proportions.

4179:. By as-Samarqandi, Abu l-Lait. Studia Culturae Islamicae (in Arabic and English). Vol. 52. Tokyo: Institute for the Study of Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa, Tokyo University of Foreign Studies. p. 243. 2919:

Other similarities between Jewish and Muslim tradition include that of ritual exorcism and negotiations with these beings (including asking for their religion, sex, name, and intention). The treatment of possession by jinn

1691:(an "idle god"), although this term is also used more broadly, to refer to any god who does not interact regularly with humans. In many myths, the Supreme Being withdraws into the heavens after the creation of the world. 1411:, reveal striking similarities in their core elements, including divine warnings, ark construction, and the preservation of righteousness, highlighting the universal themes that thread through diverse religious beliefs. 3298:

In numerous mythologies and religions, and thus tying within the Orbis Alius motif proper is the concept of an afterlife, wherein a purported existence by which the essential part of an individual's identity or their

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The underworld is the supernatural world of the dead in various religious traditions and myths, located below the world of the living. Chthonic is the technical adjective for things of the underworld.

2972:. In fact, ancient and traditional societies have often justified their customs by claiming that their gods or mythical heroes established those customs. For example, according to the myths of the 2772:

It is a common belief among indigenous people of the tropical lowlands of South America that waters at the edge of the world-disc are encircled by a snake, often an anaconda, biting its own tail.

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heaven and earth. In Norse mythology, Ginnungagap (old Norse: ; "gaping abyss", "yawning void") is the primordial void mentioned in the Gylfaginning, the Eddaic text recording Norse cosmogony.

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Human cannibalism features in the myths, folklore, and legends of many cultures and is most often attributed to evil characters or as extreme retribution for some wrongdoing. Examples include

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and stars where they eavesdrop on heavenly secrets. Still lacking is the repulsion of these eavesdropping spirits by heavenly defense mechanisms found in Islam; here, Crone draws attention to

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There are also accounts of giants in the Hebrew Bible. Some of these are called Nephilim, a word often translated as giant although this translation is not universally accepted. They include

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tells of a sky god who has abandoned mankind to lesser divinities. In the mythologies of highly complex cultures, the supreme being tends to disappear completely, replaced by a strong

3205:, a plane is conceived as a subtle state, level, or region of reality, each plane corresponding to some type, kind, or category of being. Also known as a plane or realm of existence. 2620: 3362:

was a range of eschatological beliefs that cataclysmic or transformative events would occur on or around 21 December 2012, pursuant to the end-date of a 5,126-year-long cycle in the

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Many cultures have stories about divine figures whose death creates an essential part of reality. These myths seem especially common among cultures that grow crops, particularly

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The theft of fire for the benefit of humanity is a theme that recurs in many world mythologies. A few examples include: in Greek mythology, according to Hesiod, the Titan

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Cultures around the world tell stories about a great flood. In many cases, the flood leaves only one survivor or group of survivors. For example, both the Babylonian

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mythology. Scholars have found striking similarities between the mythological and religious terms used in different cultures of Europe and India. For example, the

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Creation myths develop in oral traditions and therefore typically have multiple versions; found throughout human culture, they are the most common form of myth.

4846:(Jordan Lectures in Comparative Religion, 1996–1997: School of Oriental and African Studies University of London). 1999. Chicago: University of Chicago Press 3449: 3331:" event, wherein a final battle between good and evil takes place to create a new world, and/or a total cataclysmic event will usher an end to humanity (see 1606:

Many mythological beliefs mention a place that sits at the center of the world and acts as a point of contact between different levels of the universe. This

1218:, (Genesis 2:7) "And the Lord God formed man of the dust of the ground, and breathed into his nostrils the breath of life; and man became a living soul". In 4514: 2040:

of breathing fire, whereas dragons in eastern cultures are usually depicted as wingless, four-legged, serpentine creatures with above-average intelligence.

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battle the Giants, often depicted as a cataclysmic struggle between order and chaos. This motif has parallels in various mythologies, especially within the

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32:17, have been compared to jinn. For example, the story of Solomon being replaced by the evil jinn-king is well known in both Quranic exegesis and the

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or uroborus is an ancient symbol depicting a serpent or dragon eating its own tail. The Ouroboros entered western tradition via Greek magical tradition.

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of Greek mythology, a woman who became a child-eating monster after her children were destroyed by Hera, upon learning of her husband Zeus' trysts. In

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Numerous examples exist throughout history of a human couple being the progenitors of the entire human species. This would include, but not limited to

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In the Aitareya Brahmana, a Vedic text of the early 1st millennium BCE, the nature of the Vedic rituals is compared to "a snake biting its own tail."

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The Qur'an Seminar Commentary / Le Qur'an Seminar: A Collaborative Study of 50 Qur'anic Passages / Commentaire collaboratif de 50 passages coraniques

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have identified images, themes, and patterns that appear in the myths of many different cultures. They believe that these similarities result from

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where both eavesdropping activities of demons and heavenly defense systems against them are combined. Similar statements are also found in the

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One on one epic battles between these beasts are noted throughout many cultures. Typically they consist of a hero or god battling a single to

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Patton, Laurie; Doniger, Wendy (eds.), Myth and Method (Studies in Religion and Culture). 1996. Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia

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Some scholars propose that myths from different cultures reveal the same, or similar, psychoanalytic forces at work in those cultures. Some

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the myth's purpose was to "mediate" these oppositions, thereby resolving basic tensions or contradictions found in human life or culture.

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features such a story, in which the supreme god withdraws from the earth, leaving man to search for him. Similarly, the mythology of the

2766:, one of the three children of Loki and Angrboda, which grew so large that it could encircle the world and grasp its tail in its teeth. 2087: 4723: 4496: 4177:

Islamic Concept of Belief in the 4th/10th Century. Abu l-Lait as-Samarqandi's commentary on Abu Hanifa (died 150/767) al-Fiqh al-absat

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Most human civilizations - India, China, Egypt, Mesopotamia, Maya, and Inca, among others - based their culture on complex systems of

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are two distinct groups of gods who initially waged a war against each other, but eventually reconciled and formed a united pantheon

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Dickson, K. "Bibliography-in-Progress of Texts on Myths & Comparative Mythology". 11/12/09. Purdue University. 17 December 2009

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Crone, Patricia (2016). "QS 32 Q 37:6–11: Crone". In Azaiez, Mehdi; Reynolds, Gabriel Said; Tesei, Tommaso; Zafer, Hamza M. (eds.).

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Ross, Robert M., Greenhill, Simon J., Atkinson, Quentin D. "Population structure and cultural geography of a folktale in Europe".

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Bilu, Yoram. "The Moroccan Demon in Israel: The Case of 'Evil Spirit Disease.'" Ethos, vol. 8, no. 1, 1980, pp. 24–39. JSTOR,

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also feature both death and rebirth. Some scholars have noted similarities between polytheistic stories of dying gods and the

4590: 3263: 3017: 2677:) is ubiquitous in myth and legend, depicting a battle of a culture hero deity with a chaos monster, often in the shape of a 2133: 1616:

or other mythical object. For example, many myths describe a great tree or pillar joining heaven, earth, and the underworld.

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Giants also often play similar roles in the mythologies and folklore of other, non Indo-European peoples, such as in the

1295:: mānava) means 'of Manu' or 'children of Manu'. The Manusmriti is an ancient legal text and constitution among the many 1020:

Mythological phylogenies also are a potentially powerful way to test hypotheses about cross-cultural relationships among

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brothers established all of the Karadjeri's customs, including the position in which they stand while urinating. In the

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Tortchinov, Evgueni. "Cybele, Attis, and the Mysteries of the 'Suffering Gods': A Transpersonalistic Interpretation".

1915:, the serpent of chaos, whose attempts to devour the sun god represent the ongoing battle between order and disorder. 5082: 4712: 4210: 1071: 1053:

have a common plot structure, in which certain events happen in a predictable order. In contrast, the anthropologist

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indigenous tribe, tells of a man-eating giant, who lives in a strange house with red smoke emanating from its roof.

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YALÇINKAYA, Mustafa. "İLÂHİ DİNLERİN CİN KAVRAMI ALGISI: GENEL BİR YAKLAŞIM." PEARSON JOURNAL 5.7 (2020): 170-183.

1123:, this engraving shows humans and a tiger doomed by the flood futilely attempting to save their children and cubs. 973:

This suggests that the Greeks, Romans, and Indians originated from a common ancestral culture, and that the names

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global flood that wiped out humanity and of a man who saved the Earth's species by taking them aboard a boat

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in which a group of younger, more civilized gods conquers and/or struggles against a group of older gods.

1108: 1002: 951: 940: 681: 646: 4278:"Historicizing Ontologies: Qur'ānic Preternatural Creatures between Ancient Topoi and Emerging Traditions" 3151:

Comparable religious, mythological or metaphysical concepts, such as a realm of supernatural beings and a

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The creation of man from clay is a theme that recurs throughout numerous world religions and mythologies.

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A Neocomparative Examination of the Orpheus Myth As Found in the Native American and European Traditions

5034: 3779:"Exploring Parallels between Noah in Abrahamic Traditions and Manu in Hinduism: A Comparative Analysis" 1461:

Many myths feature a god who dies and who often returns to life. Such myths are particularly common in

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in Jubilees), and suffer a similar fate. Jinn have also been compared to preternatural beings called

1430: 1380: 1176: 336: 1013:") while it is missing in the southern mythologies of Subsaharan Africa, New Guinea and Australia (" 4695: 4127: 2657: 1865: 1857: 1084:

in many different cultures. They argue that these stories reflect the different expressions of the

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https://web.archive.org/web/20160303175646/http://journals.sfu.ca/pgi/index.php/pacificamyth/index

4546:"A Cosmic Hunt in the Berber sky : a phylogenetic reconstruction of Palaeolithic mythology". 2928:, etc.) differs from that of traditional Jewish cure of spirit possession associated with ghosts ( 1639:

all had myths featuring a Cosmic Tree whose branches reach heaven and whose roots reach hell. The

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and his followers, who sought to overthrow God's divine authority. This epic battle, depicted in

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The New Comparative Mythology: An Anthropological Assessment of the Theories of Georges Dumezil

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https://web.archive.org/web/20160206045638/http://www.sbec.be/index.php/publications/ollodagos

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predicts the end of the world when the final avatar of Vishnu comes to cleanse the Earth.

236: 8: 3487: 3472: 3196: 2853: 2428: 2201: 2180: 2024: 1984: 1949:, usually considered a demon god, marking the establishment of a unified Chinese state. 1246:

molded figures from the yellow earth, giving them life and the ability to bear children.

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Some scholars look for underlying structures shared by different myths. The folklorist

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Creation and Contemplation The Cosmology of the Qur'ān and Its Late Antique Background

868:, to propose common origins for myths from different cultures, and to support various 381: 301: 4586: 4297: 4258: 4217: 4206: 4180: 4109: 3798: 3778: 3569: 3539: 3534: 3152: 3004: 2969: 2961: 2538: 2464: 2392: 2302: 2284: 2273: 1996: 1983:

refers to the celestial conflict described in Christian and Islamic texts, where the

1934: 1800: 1707:", the creator of the universe, disappears after creating primordial deities such as 1704: 1540: 1508: 1363: 1323:

steals the heavenly fire for humanity, enabling the progress of civilization. In the

1297: 1231: 1195: 1186: 1155: 1005:. An approach which is both historical and comparative was recently proposed by E.J. 928: 570: 558: 503: 401: 391: 386: 344: 281: 204: 184: 179: 169: 154: 132: 112: 78: 54: 4984:. Edited by Juha Pentikäinen. Berlin, New York: De Gruyter, 1996. pp. 267–278. 4825: 538: 5023: 4908:

Sacrificed Wife / Sacrificer's Wife: Women, Ritual and Hospitality in Ancient India

4519:"Polyphemus (Aa. Th. 1137). "A phylogenetic reconstruction of a prehistoric tale". 4289: 3790: 3454: 3408: 3383: 3332: 3228: 3076: 2868: 2816: 2601: 2579: 2542: 2457: 2257: 2164: 2144: 1938: 1849: 1796: 1692: 1636: 1471: 1466: 1097: 1047: 796: 651: 575: 553: 548: 543: 498: 459: 454: 431: 374: 354: 331: 311: 291: 276: 127: 122: 92: 74: 4978:

Mythology as an areal problem in the Altai-Sayan area: the sacred holes and caves

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Leslau, Charlotte and Wolf Leslau. "The Creation of the World A Myth of Uganda".

4611: 4500:"Un ours dans les étoiles: recherche phylogénétique sur un mythe préhistorique". 3497: 3439: 3429: 3402: 3359: 3340: 3216: 3212: 3127: 3021: 2957: 2812: 2730: 2549: 2385: 2347: 2320: 2239: 1927: 1892: 1845: 1807: 1788: 1774: 1769: 1559: 1551: 1392: 1384: 1376: 1344: 1288: 1219: 1085: 955: 877: 791: 590: 528: 416: 406: 396: 369: 361: 306: 241: 231: 224: 214: 147: 137: 97: 3794: 3671:

E.J.M. Witzel, "The Origins of the World's Mythologies, New York : OUP 2012

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Many cultures have myths describing the origin of their customs, rituals, and

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Northup, Lesley. "Myth-Placed Priorities: Religion and the Study of Myth".

4509:"Le motif de Pygmalion : origine afrasienne et diffusion en Afrique". 3232: 2980: 2820: 2804: 2734: 2641: 2560: 2556: 2471: 2228: 2107: 1841: 1831: 1700: 1687: 1662: 1601: 1504: 1484: 1396: 1368: 1265: 1215: 741: 4868:

Mitra-Varuna: An Essay on Two Indo-European Representations of Sovereignty

4485:. Trans. Stanley Lombardo. Indianapolis: Hackett Publishing Company, 1993. 4293: 4151: 3160: 4966: 4901:

The Ravenous Hyenas and the Wounded Sun: Myth and Ritual in Ancient India

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where Manu saves the Earth from the deluge by building an ark as well as

1161: 1050: 924: 623: 4097: 3336: 3071: 2003:, reinforcing the ultimate triumph of divine order over chaos and evil. 4953:(Mythologiques Volume Four). 1990. Chicago: University of Chicago Press 3574: 3519: 3463: 3352: 3322: 3176: 3140: 2988: 2647: 2071: 2051: 1803:, an older and more primitive divine race, and establish cosmic order. 1668: 1608: 1597: 1593: 1577: 1356: 1320: 1269: 1211: 1182: 1067: 967: 959: 916: 912: 774: 613: 3355:, the site of the final battle as accorded by the Book of Revelation. 1291:

refers to the archetypal man. In Sanskrit the term for 'human', मानव (

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Splitting the Difference: Gender and Myth in Ancient Greece and India

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Taylor, Archer. "The Biographical Pattern in Traditional Narrative".

4348: 3414: 3348: 3283: 3259: 3224: 3119: 3100: 3037: 2976: 2973: 2905: 2841: 2756: 2750: 2726: 2439: 2313: 2295: 2223: 2205: 2155: 2129: 1969: 1919: 1869: 1736: 1585: 1536: 1532: 1495:(though a mortal) has often been compared to Osiris and the myths of 1462: 1420: 1395:. The flood narratives, spanning across different traditions such as 746: 4791: 4582:

Legends of the Fire Spirits: Jinn and genies from Arabia to Zanzibar

4444:. Trans. Philip Mairet. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1991. 4246: 3616:

USES OF COMPARATIVE MYTHOLOGY: Essays on the Work of Joseph Campbell

1877: 1435: 997:, which referred to the sky-god or, to give an English cognate, the 4247:"Familiar spirits in the Qurʾān: retracing the origins of the jinn" 3025: 2789: 2738: 2690: 2564: 2524: 2479: 2475: 2399: 2336: 1972:, the sun goddess, who symbolizes the restoration of cosmic order. 1740: 1720: 1589: 1500: 1408: 1302: 1077: 1021: 1014: 1010: 861: 811: 779: 2872: 1308: 990: 4645:

Antichrist: Two Thousand Years of the Human Fascination with Evil

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Unlike the typical English notion of giants as gigantic humans, "

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Tehrani, Jamshid J., "The Phylogeny of Little Red Riding Hood",

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https://web.archive.org/web/20140630101827/http://www.jgmf.org/

4661:.Trans. Laurence Scott. Texas: University of Texas Press, 1968. 3344: 3244: 3111: 2929: 2913: 2900: 2849: 2832:). Instead, scholar Patricia Crone points to the demons of the 2792:) in bird-like form, with typical rooster feet, as depicted in 2722: 2710: 2686: 2497: 2493: 2421: 2403: 2358: 2331: 2309: 2103: 2020: 2000: 1946: 1900: 1896: 1644: 1628: 1520: 1492: 1480: 1400: 1328: 1235: 1223: 1199: 1080:

thinkers have identified stories similar to the Greek story of

806: 5017: 4191: 3082: 1956:, the conflict between gods and evil forces is highlighted by 1566:

all tell of a cosmic giant who is killed to create the world.

986: 4226: 3509: 3304: 3063: 3045: 2877: 2825: 2706: 2453: 2448: 2444: 2435: 2354: 2264: 2191: 1988: 1881: 1873: 1827: 1815: 1780: 1632: 1624: 1620: 1617: 1548: 1544: 1528: 1453: 1404: 982: 911:

Comparative mythologists come from various fields, including

714: 4946:(Mythologiques Volume Three). 1978. New York: Harper and Row 4812:

Aryan Idols. Indo-European Mythology as Science and Ideology

2904:, supernatural creatures mentioned twice in the Tanakh, at 931:, and they have used a variety of methods to compare myths. 903:'s reconstruction of many subsequent layers of older myths. 5062: 3293: 3000: 2800: 2741:

of Chinese mythology. Many other examples exist worldwide.

2718: 2698: 2682: 2520: 2515: 2327: 2246: 2160: 2151: 1965: 1912: 1708: 1648: 1563: 1277: 1207: 1119:'s illustrated edition of the Bible. Based on the story of 974: 856: 33: 5022:

New Comparative Mythology / Nouvelle Mythologie Comparée,

4939:(Mythologiques Volume Two). 1973. New York: Harper and Row 4559:

Oedipus Ubiquitous: The Family Complex in World Literature

5038: 3783:

International Journal of Research Publication and Reviews

3274:

settlers interpretation of their respective description.

2867:

Counterparts to Quranic jinn have been identified in the

2762:

In Norse mythology, the Ouroboros appears as the serpent

1678: 1448: 4788:

The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language

4521:

Nouvelle Mythologie Comparée / New Comparative Mythology

4425:

Dimmitt, Cornelia, and J. van Buitenen, eds. and trans.

4320: 4308: 3131:

today's constellations were internationally recognized.

2597: 1999:, results in the expulsion of Satan and his demons from 1491:

are examples of the dying god, while the Greek myths of

1469:

compared these dying god myths in his multi-volume work

1347:

who recovered fire which had been hidden from humanity.

4932:

Volume One). 1990. Chicago: University of Chicago Press

4692:

Proceedings of the Royal Society B. Biological Sciences

2714: 2511: 2007: 1908: 1375:. Similar stories of a single flood survivor appear in 4786:

Watkins, Calvert. "Indo-European and Indo-Europeans".

4630:. Trans. Claire Jacobson. New York: Basic Books, 1963. 4329: 4168: 3277: 3159:

while the Norse believed in going to either Valhalla,

1647:, where a prophetic oracle lived. The story goes that 4958:

Theorizing Myth: Narrative, Ideology, and Scholarship

4896:. København: i kommission Hos Ejnar Munksgaard. 1949. 3450:

Mythologies of the indigenous peoples of the Americas

4599:

Leonard, Scott. "The History of Mythology: Part I".

3373: 2991:

of their ancestors escaping enslavement from Egypt.

1903:, who is often represented with monstrous forms. In 1331:

teach early humanity use of tools and fire. Per the

5063:

International Association for Comparative Mythology

4456:. Trans. Philip Mairet. NY: Harper & Row, 1967. 4450:. Trans. Willard Trask. NY: Harper & Row, 1963. 4175:Hans Daiber. "Introduction, text, and commentary". 3871: 3869: 3089:

List of astrological traditions, types, and systems

989:(cf. English Tues-day) evolved from an older name, 4884:. 1977. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. 4436:Cosmos and History: The Myth of the Eternal Return 3134: 3118:have existed since antiquity. For the zodiac, the 4973:. 1987. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press 4835:The Implied Spider: Politics and Theology in Myth 4668:. July 2000. University of Georgia. 21 June 2008 4637:. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1973. 3618:. London & New York: Routledge. pp. 6–7. 2755:Originating in ancient Egyptian iconography, the 1987:leads the faithful angels in a rebellion against 1681:who has cut off contact with humanity. Historian 1305:and is believed to be a discourse given by Manu. 5069: 5049:The Journal of Germanic Mythology and Folklore, 5024:http://nouvellemythologiecomparee.hautetfort.com 4863:. 1986. Berkeley: University of California Press 4856:. 1983. Berkeley: University of California Press 3866: 3044:tried to identify a common structure underlying 2840:and describe their activity of ascending to the 1170: 1127: 4469:Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes 3628:Segal, "The Romantic Appeal of Joseph Campbell" 2994: 1895:describes the conflict between the gods led by 1535:, tells of a miraculously conceived girl named 1309:Acquisition of fire for the benefit of humanity 4773:International Journal of Transpersonal Studies 4740:Key Terms of the Qur'an: A Critical Dictionary 4585:. New York, NY & London, UK: I.B. Tauris. 4462:. Princeton University Press: Princeton, 2004. 4429:. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1978. 3597: 3595: 3593: 3591: 4557:Johnson, Allen, and Douglass Price-Williams. 2621: 1968:, culminating in his escape and the birth of 1821: 833: 4994:. 1991. Chicago: University of Chicago Press 4877:. 1978. Chicago: University of Chicago Press 4837:. 1998. New York: Columbia University Press 4561:. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1996. 4537:"Les mythes évolueraient par ponctuations". 4049: 4047: 3789:(9). Genesis Global Publication: 2919–2925. 3667: 3665: 2645: 4790:. 4th ed. 2000. Bartleby.com. 21 June 2008 4041:Eliade, Myths, Dreams and Mysteries, p. 138 3776: 3588: 3083:Astrological traditions, types, and systems 2681:or dragon. A few notable examples include: 2662: 1960:’s struggle against the malevolent goddess 1214:molded men out of water and earth. Per the 1038:Claude Lévi-Strauss's approach to mythology 27:Comparison of myths from different cultures 4718:"The Romantic Appeal of Joseph Campbell". 4416: 4232: 2794:Compendium rarissimum totius Artis Magicae 2697:, both of which are from Greek mythology, 2628: 2614: 840: 826: 5001:. 2010. New York: Oxford University Press 4986:https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110811674.267 4910:. 1996. New York: Oxford University Press 4819:The Myth Of The Western Magical Tradition 4798:The South African Archaeological Bulletin 4783:. Texas: University of Texas Press, 1999. 4620:. 2008. Indiana University. 21 June 2008 4044: 3662: 3110:Closely tying in with Astrology, various 2031:List of dragons in mythology and folklore 1643:believed in the centre of the universe - 4903:. 1991. Ithaca: Cornell University Press 4804: 4460:Shamanism: Archaic Techniques of Ecstasy 4244: 3653: 2951: 2779: 1744: 1434: 1107: 4893:Asiatic Influences in American Folklore 4578: 4568:. Trans. Marcus Dods and George Reith. 4335: 4174: 2014: 14: 5070: 5012:Journals about comparative mythology: 4999:The Origins of the World's Mythologies 4666:Creation Stories from around the World 4664:Railsback, Bruce. "Pan Gu and Nü Wa". 4275: 4095: 3644: 3613: 3270:. The phrase possibly originated with 3190: 4990:White, David Gordon, Doniger, Wendy, 4737: 4474:Graves, Robert. "Jungian Mythology". 4314: 4200: 3018:Aarne-Thompson classification systems 2656: 1677:Many cultures believe in a celestial 1514: 970:have linguistically identical names. 4960:. 1999. University of Chicago Press. 4814:. 2006. University of Chicago Press. 3609: 3607: 3051: 1703:belief system. In Greek mythology, " 1240:Imperial Readings of the Taiping Era 4467:Frankfort, Henri. "The Dying God". 4238: 3758:Dimmitt and van Buitenen, pp. 71–74 3310: 3278:Afterlife (including Reincarnation) 1149: 24: 4349:http://www.jstor.org/stable/640134 3483:Parallelomania and parallelophobia 3034:The Thirty-Six Dramatic Situations 25: 5099: 5056: 4755:Journal of the Folklore Institute 4713:University of Massachusetts Press 3604: 2935: 1941:was a decisive clash between the 1072:Psychoanalytic literary criticism 1061: 1034:Structuralist theory of mythology 966:, and the Indian (Vedic) sky-god 4919:. 1995. New York: Schocken Books 4687:. London: Watts & Co., 1911. 4491:"Mythes, langues et génétique". 3777:Anzer Ayoob (1 September 2023). 3689:Ross and al. 2013; Tehrani 2013. 3376: 3364:Mesoamerican Long Count calendar 2596: 2086: 1465:mythologies. The anthropologist 1230:, made Ganesh from her skin. In 4796:Woolley, Leonard. "The Flood". 4393: 4380: 4367: 4354: 4341: 4269: 4144: 4120: 4089: 4065: 4056: 4035: 4022: 4010: 3997: 3984: 3971: 3958: 3945: 3933: 3921: 3908: 3895: 3882: 3854: 3845: 3832: 3816: 3770: 3761: 3752: 3743: 3734: 3725: 3713: 3704: 3692: 3329:End of the world (civilization) 3135:Orbis Alius (other earth/world) 2572: 1854:Indo-European mythology family. 1654: 1249: 5043:Mythological Studies Journal, 4982:Shamanism and Northern Ecology 4781:Inca Myths: The Legendary Past 4659:The Morphology of the Folktale 4102:Journal of Religion and Health 3683: 3674: 3631: 3622: 3435:Motif-Index of Folk-Literature 3339:shows the end of the world in 3058:Human cannibalism in mythology 2956:Ancient Roman relief from the 1756:Cornelis Cornelisz van Haarlem 1726: 13: 1: 4742:. Princeton University Press. 4705:. Blackwell Publishing, 2000. 4438:. NY: Harper & Row, 1959. 4276:Grasso, Valentina A. (2023). 3581: 3303:continues to exist after the 3170: 2123:Proto-Indo-European mythology 2043: 1569: 1350: 1171:Creation of mankind from clay 1128:Creation of the earthly realm 1088:in those cultures. Likewise, 1027: 934: 906: 883: 4062:Hesiod, especially pp. 64–87 3719:Johnson and Price-Williams, 2995:Structure of hero narratives 2744: 1899:and the chaotic sea goddess 1414: 1003:Proto-Indo-European religion 941:Proto-Indo-European religion 7: 5018:http://compmyth.org/journal 4944:The Origin of Table-Manners 4870:. 1988. New York:Zone Books 4694:, vol. 280 no. 1756, 2013. 4601:Youngstown State University 4572:. New Advent. 23 June 2008 4483:Works and Days and Theogony 4454:Myths, Dreams and Mysteries 4417:Decharneux, Julien (2023). 3795:10.55248/gengpi.4.923.92514 3614:Golden, Kenneth L. (1992). 3369: 2964:being suckled by a she-wolf 2197:Saint George vs. the Dragon 1685:calls this supreme being a 1443:impression showing the god 945:Proto-Indo-Iranian religion 10: 5104: 5035:Studia Mythologica Slavica 4854:The Destiny of the Warrior 4647:. NY: HarperCollins, 1994. 4410: 4096:Kelsey, Morton T. (1974). 3347:mythology, the end of the 3320: 3314: 3287: 3281: 3215:encompasses concepts from 3194: 3174: 3138: 3092: 3086: 3055: 2998: 2945: 2939: 2748: 2049: 2028: 2018: 1825: 1822:Anti-gods and Gigantomachy 1730: 1660: 1583: 1575: 1424: 1418: 1354: 1343:(3:9.5), speaks of a hero 1312: 1253: 1202:is created by the goddess 1180: 1174: 1159: 1153: 1131: 1065: 1031: 938: 4817:Clifton, Dan Salahuddin, 4532:, 30(1), 2013b: 115–118. 4504:, 20 (1), 2012b: 91–106. 4427:Classical Hindu Mythology 4282:Journal of Late Antiquity 4245:Falconer, Joshua (2019). 4077:worldviewpublications.org 2960:showing the infant twins 2856:18b) and the 8th-century 1523:. One such myth from the 1431:Descent to the underworld 1177:Creation of man from clay 1103: 870:psychoanalytical theories 5083:Anthropology of religion 4875:The Meaning of Aphrodite 4861:The Plight of a Sorcerer 4750:. London: Gresham, 1905. 4652:Religious Studies Review 4579:Lebling, Robert (2010). 4502:Préhistoire du Sud-Ouest 4351:. Accessed 21 Apr. 2023. 3307:of their physical body. 3070:mythology and religion, 2987:, the Israelites have a 1778:(gods) battle the older 1327:, the fallen angels and 1276:of Norse mythology, and 1100:of every person's mind. 5016:Comparative Mythology, 4882:Violence and the Sacred 4738:Sinai, Nicolai (2023). 4628:Structural Anthropology 4098:"The Mythology of Evil" 4073:"The Mythology of Evil" 3398:Development of religion 3327:Many myths mention an " 3301:stream of consciousness 2958:Cathedral of Maria Saal 2775: 2721:of Egyptian mythology, 18:Comparative Mythologies 5039:http://sms.zrc-sazu.si 4949:Lévi-Strauss, Claude, 4942:Lévi-Strauss, Claude, 4935:Lévi-Strauss, Claude, 4925:The Raw and the Cooked 4922:Lévi-Strauss, Claude, 4748:Celtic Myth and Legend 4728:Untitled book review. 4626:Lévi-Strauss, Claude. 4152:"Giants - Crystalinks" 3740:Segal, untitled, p. 88 3366:(aka Mayan calendar). 2965: 2797: 2672:struggle against chaos 2658:[ˈkaːɔsˌkampf] 2646: 1945:and the tribal leader 1943:Yellow Emperor Huangdi 1837:chaos, good and evil. 1758: 1751:The Fall of the Titans 1723:(Hell), among others. 1458: 1447:being tortured in the 1427:Dying-and-rising deity 1210:. In Greek mythology, 1124: 802:Religion and mythology 5078:Comparative mythology 4971:Comparative Mythology 4805:Selected bibliography 4709:Theorizing About Myth 4550:, 15, 2013d: 93–106. 4548:Les Cahiers de l'AARS 4495:, 247, 2012a: 25–26. 4471:21.3–4(1958): 141–51. 4294:10.1353/jla.2023.0007 3639:Theorizing About Myth 3315:Further information: 3288:Further information: 3219:, such as notions of 3175:Further information: 3139:Further information: 3087:Further information: 3056:Further information: 3042:Johann Georg von Hahn 2999:Further information: 2955: 2888:in inscriptions from 2846:Zoroastrian cosmology 2783: 2713:of Indian mythology, 2644:dragon. The motif of 2375:Zoroastrian mythology 2096:Comparative mythology 2050:Further information: 2019:Further information: 1826:Further information: 1761:Many cultures have a 1748: 1731:Further information: 1661:Further information: 1612:is often marked by a 1438: 1284:from Chinese mythos. 1256:Protoplast (religion) 1111: 1066:Further information: 1032:Further information: 855:is the comparison of 853:Comparative mythology 765:Comparative mythology 65:Aboriginal Australian 4992:Myths of the Dog-Man 4914:Lévi-Strauss, Claude 4906:Jamison, Stephanie, 4899:Jamison, Stephanie, 4764:, November 13, 2013. 4757:1.1–2(1964): 114–29. 4730:History of Religions 4703:Hero Myths: A Reader 4541:, 252, 2013c: 8–12. 4539:Mythologie française 4493:Mythologie Française 3710:Lévi-Strauss, p. 224 3393:Comparative religion 3258:is a concept of the 3256:happy hunting ground 2871:, especially in its 2834:Testament of Solomon 2705:of Norse mythology, 2487:Babylonian mythology 2015:Dragons and serpents 1977:Abrahamic traditions 1844:is a motif found in 1287:In Hindu mythology, 962:, the Roman sky-god 770:Comparative religion 732:Legendary progenitor 210:Continental Germanic 4937:From Honey to Ashes 4810:Arvidsson, Stefan, 4776:17.2(1998): 149–59. 4724:religion-online.org 4513:, 23, 2012c: 49–59 4156:www.crystalinks.com 3488:Religious pluralism 3473:Abram Smythe Palmer 3425:Claude Lévi-Strauss 3197:Plane (esotericism) 3191:Plane (esotericism) 2892:as well as broader 2836:who are subdued by 2807:creatures in early 2429:Canaanite mythology 2181:Christian mythology 2025:Serpent (symbolism) 1840:In particular, The 1055:Claude Lévi-Strauss 1046:proposed that many 519:Proto-Indo-European 4866:Dumezil, Georges, 4859:Dumezil, Georges, 4826:web.ics.purdue.edu 4821:. 1998. C&GCHE 4800:8.30(1953): 52–54. 4732:32.1(1992): 88–90. 4675:2020-02-15 at the 4622:copyediting-1.info 4610:2012-12-27 at the 4478:5.2(1952): 245–57. 4442:Images and Symbols 4362:Cosmos and History 4317:, p. 183–186. 4235:, p. 227–228. 3979:Images and Symbols 3953:Images and Symbols 3877:Cosmos and History 3468:Germaine Dieterlen 3203:esoteric cosmology 2966: 2862:Theodore bar Konai 2809:pre-Islamic Arabia 2798: 2532:Japanese mythology 2505:Egyptian mythology 2411:Romanian mythology 2213:Albanian mythology 2063:a Mythology series 1995:and alluded to in 1954:Japanese mythology 1920:Nartian traditions 1905:Egyptian mythology 1759: 1515:Creative sacrifice 1459: 1125: 1115:, frontispiece to 1098:unconscious levels 892:C. Scott Littleton 720:Legendary creature 436:Pacific Northwest 4997:Witzel, Michael, 4976:Tátar, Maria M. " 4873:Friedrich, Paul, 4746:Squire, Charles. 4711:. Massachusetts: 4699:Segal, Robert A. 4681:Robertson, John. 4657:Propp, Vladimir. 4654:32.1(2006): 5–10. 4592:978-0-85773-063-3 4566:The First Apology 4530:Rock Art Research 4476:The Hudson Review 3851:Frankfort, p. 141 3570:Three-legged crow 3540:Miraculous births 3153:realm of the dead 3052:Human cannibalism 2962:Romulus and Remus 2638: 2637: 2539:Susanoo no Mikoto 2465:Chinese mythology 2393:Persian mythology 2303:Hurrian mythology 2285:Hittite mythology 2274:Dobrynya Nikitich 1997:Islamic tradition 1993:Revelation 12:7-9 1985:archangel Michael 1935:Chinese mythology 1922:, along with the 1889:Mesopotamian myth 1509:Jesus of Nazareth 1439:Ancient Sumerian 1364:Epic of Gilgamesh 1232:Chinese mythology 1196:Epic of Gilgamesh 1187:Miraculous births 1156:Chaos (cosmogony) 985:and the Germanic 929:religious studies 850: 849: 16:(Redirected from 5095: 4917:Myth and Meaning 4850:Dumezil, Georges 4840:Doniger, Wendy, 4743: 4596: 4448:Myth and Reality 4422: 4404: 4397: 4391: 4388:Myth and Reality 4384: 4378: 4375:Myth and Reality 4371: 4365: 4358: 4352: 4345: 4339: 4333: 4327: 4324: 4318: 4312: 4306: 4305: 4273: 4267: 4266: 4242: 4236: 4230: 4224: 4216: 4198: 4189: 4188: 4172: 4166: 4165: 4163: 4162: 4148: 4142: 4141: 4139: 4138: 4124: 4118: 4117: 4093: 4087: 4086: 4084: 4083: 4069: 4063: 4060: 4054: 4051: 4042: 4039: 4033: 4030:Myth and Reality 4026: 4020: 4014: 4008: 4005:Myth and Reality 4001: 3995: 3992:Myth and Reality 3988: 3982: 3975: 3969: 3962: 3956: 3949: 3943: 3937: 3931: 3925: 3919: 3916:Myth and Reality 3912: 3906: 3903:Myth and Reality 3899: 3893: 3890:Myth and Reality 3886: 3880: 3873: 3864: 3858: 3852: 3849: 3843: 3840:The Masks of God 3836: 3830: 3820: 3814: 3813: 3811: 3809: 3774: 3768: 3765: 3759: 3756: 3750: 3747: 3741: 3738: 3732: 3729: 3723: 3717: 3711: 3708: 3702: 3696: 3690: 3687: 3681: 3678: 3672: 3669: 3660: 3657: 3651: 3648: 3642: 3635: 3629: 3626: 3620: 3619: 3611: 3602: 3601:Littleton, p. 32 3599: 3504:Specific motifs: 3455:Helena Blavatsky 3386: 3384:Mythology portal 3381: 3380: 3379: 3333:Extinction event 3311:End of The World 3264:Native Americans 3262:associated with 3229:personifications 2869:Book of Jubilees 2676: 2673: 2670: 2667: 2664: 2660: 2655: 2651: 2630: 2623: 2616: 2602:Mythology portal 2600: 2583: 2576: 2543:Yamata no Orochi 2258:Slavic mythology 2145:Jewish mythology 2090: 2081: 2058: 2057: 1939:Battle of Zhuolu 1693:Baluba mythology 1637:Germanic peoples 1472:The Golden Bough 1467:Sir James Frazer 1222:, the mother of 1150:Primordial Chaos 878:human experience 842: 835: 828: 797:Pseudo-mythology 709:Related concepts 30: 29: 21: 5103: 5102: 5098: 5097: 5096: 5094: 5093: 5092: 5068: 5067: 5059: 5004:Wise, R. Todd, 4956:Lincoln, Bruce 4807: 4722:. 22 June 2008 4720:Religion Online 4677:Wayback Machine 4641:McGinn, Bernard 4612:Wayback Machine 4603:. 22 June 2008 4593: 4564:Justin Martyr. 4432:Eliade, Mircea 4413: 4408: 4407: 4398: 4394: 4385: 4381: 4372: 4368: 4359: 4355: 4346: 4342: 4334: 4330: 4325: 4321: 4313: 4309: 4274: 4270: 4243: 4239: 4233:Decharneux 2023 4231: 4227: 4213: 4199: 4192: 4173: 4169: 4160: 4158: 4150: 4149: 4145: 4136: 4134: 4126: 4125: 4121: 4094: 4090: 4081: 4079: 4071: 4070: 4066: 4061: 4057: 4052: 4045: 4040: 4036: 4027: 4023: 4015: 4011: 4002: 3998: 3989: 3985: 3976: 3972: 3963: 3959: 3950: 3946: 3938: 3934: 3926: 3922: 3913: 3909: 3900: 3896: 3887: 3883: 3874: 3867: 3859: 3855: 3850: 3846: 3837: 3833: 3821: 3817: 3807: 3805: 3775: 3771: 3766: 3762: 3757: 3753: 3748: 3744: 3739: 3735: 3730: 3726: 3718: 3714: 3709: 3705: 3697: 3693: 3688: 3684: 3679: 3675: 3670: 3663: 3658: 3654: 3649: 3645: 3636: 3632: 3627: 3623: 3612: 3605: 3600: 3589: 3584: 3579: 3498:Samael Aun Weor 3440:Myth and ritual 3430:Joseph Campbell 3403:Georges Dumezil 3382: 3377: 3375: 3372: 3360:2012 phenomenon 3341:Norse mythology 3325: 3319: 3313: 3296: 3286: 3280: 3217:Norse mythology 3213:Norse cosmology 3199: 3193: 3181: 3173: 3145: 3137: 3097: 3091: 3085: 3060: 3054: 3022:Joseph Campbell 3007: 2997: 2979:, the mythical 2950: 2944: 2938: 2813:Islamic culture 2778: 2753: 2747: 2733:mythology, and 2731:Judeo-Christian 2674: 2671: 2668: 2665: 2653: 2634: 2589: 2588: 2587: 2586: 2577: 2573: 2550:Aztec mythology 2348:Hindu mythology 2321:Greek mythology 2240:Norse mythology 2118: 2076: 2075: 2056: 2048: 2037: 2027: 2017: 1928:Aztec mythology 1893:The Enuma Elish 1846:Greek mythology 1834: 1824: 1808:Norse mythology 1770:Hindu mythology 1743: 1729: 1675: 1659: 1604: 1582: 1574: 1517: 1433: 1423: 1417: 1393:Aztec mythology 1385:Norse mythology 1377:Hindu mythology 1359: 1353: 1317: 1311: 1258: 1252: 1220:Hindu mythology 1189: 1179: 1173: 1164: 1158: 1152: 1136: 1130: 1106: 1096:present in the 1086:Oedipus complex 1074: 1064: 1040: 1030: 994: 947: 937: 909: 886: 846: 817: 816: 792:Lower mythology 760: 752: 751: 710: 702: 701: 637: 629: 628: 604: 596: 595: 446:Plains Indians 337:Native American 45: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5101: 5091: 5090: 5085: 5080: 5066: 5065: 5058: 5057:External links 5055: 5054: 5053: 5047: 5041: 5032: 5026: 5020: 5010: 5009: 5002: 4995: 4988: 4974: 4964: 4961: 4954: 4947: 4940: 4933: 4920: 4911: 4904: 4897: 4885: 4880:Girard, René, 4878: 4871: 4864: 4857: 4847: 4838: 4831:Doniger, Wendy 4828: 4822: 4815: 4806: 4803: 4802: 4801: 4794: 4784: 4777: 4767: 4758: 4751: 4744: 4735: 4734: 4733: 4726: 4716: 4706: 4697: 4688: 4679: 4662: 4655: 4648: 4638: 4633:Littleton, C. 4631: 4624: 4614: 4597: 4591: 4576: 4570:Church Fathers 4562: 4555: 4554: 4553: 4544: 4535: 4526: 4517: 4507: 4498: 4488:d'Huy, Julien 4486: 4479: 4472: 4465: 4464: 4463: 4457: 4451: 4445: 4439: 4430: 4423: 4412: 4409: 4406: 4405: 4392: 4379: 4366: 4353: 4340: 4338:, p. 120. 4328: 4319: 4307: 4288:(1): 162–163. 4268: 4237: 4225: 4211: 4190: 4167: 4143: 4119: 4088: 4064: 4055: 4043: 4034: 4021: 4009: 3996: 3983: 3970: 3957: 3944: 3932: 3920: 3907: 3894: 3881: 3865: 3853: 3844: 3831: 3826:; Tortchinov, 3815: 3769: 3760: 3751: 3749:Woolley, p. 52 3742: 3733: 3731:Graves, p. 251 3724: 3712: 3703: 3691: 3682: 3673: 3661: 3652: 3643: 3630: 3621: 3603: 3586: 3585: 3583: 3580: 3578: 3577: 3572: 3567: 3562: 3557: 3552: 3550:Mother goddess 3547: 3542: 3537: 3535:Hero's journey 3532: 3527: 3522: 3517: 3512: 3501: 3500: 3495: 3490: 3485: 3480: 3475: 3470: 3460:Marcel Griaule 3457: 3452: 3447: 3442: 3437: 3432: 3427: 3422: 3417: 3412: 3405: 3400: 3395: 3389: 3388: 3387: 3371: 3368: 3312: 3309: 3282:Main article: 3279: 3276: 3221:time and space 3195:Main article: 3192: 3189: 3172: 3169: 3136: 3133: 3124:Chinese Zodiac 3116:constellations 3084: 3081: 3053: 3050: 3048:hero stories. 3005:Hero's journey 2996: 2993: 2940:Main article: 2937: 2936:Founding myths 2934: 2896:demonologies. 2777: 2774: 2749:Main article: 2746: 2743: 2695:Lernaean Hydra 2636: 2635: 2633: 2632: 2625: 2618: 2610: 2607: 2606: 2605: 2604: 2591: 2590: 2585: 2584: 2570: 2569: 2568: 2567: 2553: 2552: 2546: 2545: 2535: 2534: 2528: 2527: 2518: 2508: 2507: 2501: 2500: 2490: 2489: 2483: 2482: 2468: 2467: 2461: 2460: 2451: 2442: 2432: 2431: 2425: 2424: 2414: 2413: 2407: 2406: 2396: 2395: 2389: 2388: 2378: 2377: 2371: 2370: 2361: 2351: 2350: 2344: 2343: 2341:Lernaean Hydra 2334: 2324: 2323: 2317: 2316: 2306: 2305: 2299: 2298: 2288: 2287: 2281: 2280: 2271: 2261: 2260: 2254: 2253: 2243: 2242: 2236: 2235: 2226: 2216: 2215: 2209: 2208: 2199: 2194: 2184: 2183: 2177: 2176: 2167: 2158: 2148: 2147: 2141: 2140: 2126: 2125: 2119: 2116: 2115: 2112: 2111: 2092: 2091: 2083: 2082: 2067: 2066: 2047: 2042: 2016: 2013: 1823: 1820: 1772:, the younger 1728: 1725: 1673:Urmonotheismus 1658: 1653: 1641:ancient Greeks 1576:Main article: 1573: 1568: 1516: 1513: 1419:Main article: 1416: 1413: 1389:Inca mythology 1355:Main article: 1352: 1349: 1337:Vedic Sanskrit 1335:collection of 1333:ancient Indian 1313:Main article: 1310: 1307: 1254:Main article: 1251: 1248: 1175:Main article: 1172: 1169: 1154:Main article: 1151: 1148: 1132:Main article: 1129: 1126: 1105: 1102: 1063: 1062:Psychoanalysis 1060: 1044:Vladimir Propp 1029: 1026: 1007:Michael Witzel 992: 936: 933: 908: 905: 901:Michael Witzel 889:Anthropologist 885: 882: 848: 847: 845: 844: 837: 830: 822: 819: 818: 815: 814: 809: 804: 799: 794: 789: 788: 787: 777: 772: 767: 761: 758: 757: 754: 753: 750: 749: 744: 739: 734: 729: 728: 727: 717: 711: 708: 707: 704: 703: 700: 699: 694: 689: 684: 679: 678: 677: 672: 664: 659: 657:Feral children 654: 649: 644: 638: 635: 634: 631: 630: 627: 626: 621: 616: 611: 605: 602: 601: 598: 597: 594: 593: 588: 583: 578: 573: 568: 567: 566: 556: 551: 546: 541: 536: 531: 526: 521: 516: 511: 506: 501: 496: 491: 490: 489: 484: 479: 478: 477: 472: 464: 463: 462: 457: 452: 444: 443: 442: 434: 429: 424: 419: 414: 409: 404: 399: 394: 389: 384: 379: 378: 377: 372: 364: 359: 358: 357: 352: 347: 334: 329: 324: 319: 314: 309: 304: 299: 294: 289: 284: 279: 274: 269: 264: 259: 254: 249: 244: 239: 234: 229: 228: 227: 222: 217: 212: 207: 197: 192: 187: 182: 177: 172: 167: 162: 157: 152: 151: 150: 145: 140: 135: 130: 120: 115: 110: 105: 100: 95: 90: 72: 67: 62: 57: 52: 46: 41: 40: 37: 36: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5100: 5089: 5086: 5084: 5081: 5079: 5076: 5075: 5073: 5064: 5061: 5060: 5052: 5048: 5046: 5042: 5040: 5036: 5033: 5031: 5027: 5025: 5021: 5019: 5015: 5014: 5013: 5007: 5003: 5000: 4996: 4993: 4989: 4987: 4983: 4979: 4975: 4972: 4968: 4965: 4962: 4959: 4955: 4952: 4951:The Naked Man 4948: 4945: 4941: 4938: 4934: 4931: 4930:Mythologiques 4927: 4926: 4921: 4918: 4915: 4912: 4909: 4905: 4902: 4898: 4895: 4894: 4889: 4888:Hatt, Gudmund 4886: 4883: 4879: 4876: 4872: 4869: 4865: 4862: 4858: 4855: 4851: 4848: 4845: 4844: 4839: 4836: 4832: 4829: 4827: 4823: 4820: 4816: 4813: 4809: 4808: 4799: 4795: 4793: 4789: 4785: 4782: 4779:Urton, Gary. 4778: 4775: 4774: 4768: 4766: 4763: 4759: 4756: 4752: 4749: 4745: 4741: 4736: 4731: 4727: 4725: 4721: 4717: 4714: 4710: 4707: 4704: 4701: 4700: 4698: 4696: 4693: 4689: 4686: 4685: 4684:Pagan Christs 4680: 4678: 4674: 4671: 4667: 4663: 4660: 4656: 4653: 4649: 4646: 4642: 4639: 4636: 4632: 4629: 4625: 4623: 4619: 4618:Copyediting-L 4615: 4613: 4609: 4606: 4602: 4598: 4594: 4588: 4584: 4583: 4577: 4575: 4574:newadvent.org 4571: 4567: 4563: 4560: 4556: 4552: 4549: 4545: 4543: 4540: 4536: 4534: 4531: 4527: 4525: 4522: 4518: 4515: 4512: 4508: 4506: 4503: 4499: 4497: 4494: 4490: 4489: 4487: 4484: 4480: 4477: 4473: 4470: 4466: 4461: 4458: 4455: 4452: 4449: 4446: 4443: 4440: 4437: 4434: 4433: 4431: 4428: 4424: 4421:. De Gruyter. 4420: 4415: 4414: 4402: 4396: 4389: 4383: 4376: 4370: 4363: 4357: 4350: 4344: 4337: 4332: 4323: 4316: 4311: 4303: 4299: 4295: 4291: 4287: 4283: 4279: 4272: 4264: 4260: 4256: 4252: 4248: 4241: 4234: 4229: 4223: 4219: 4214: 4212:9783110444797 4208: 4204: 4197: 4195: 4186: 4182: 4178: 4171: 4157: 4153: 4147: 4133: 4129: 4123: 4115: 4111: 4107: 4103: 4099: 4092: 4078: 4074: 4068: 4059: 4053:Squire, p. 47 4050: 4048: 4038: 4031: 4025: 4019: 4013: 4006: 4000: 3993: 3987: 3980: 3974: 3967: 3961: 3954: 3948: 3941: 3936: 3930: 3924: 3917: 3911: 3904: 3898: 3891: 3885: 3878: 3872: 3870: 3863: 3857: 3848: 3841: 3835: 3829: 3825: 3819: 3804: 3800: 3796: 3792: 3788: 3784: 3780: 3773: 3764: 3755: 3746: 3737: 3728: 3722: 3716: 3707: 3701: 3695: 3686: 3680:Watkins 47–48 3677: 3668: 3666: 3659:Northup, p. 8 3656: 3647: 3640: 3634: 3625: 3617: 3610: 3608: 3598: 3596: 3594: 3592: 3587: 3576: 3573: 3571: 3568: 3566: 3565:Theft of fire 3563: 3561: 3558: 3556: 3553: 3551: 3548: 3546: 3545:Multiple suns 3543: 3541: 3538: 3536: 3533: 3531: 3528: 3526: 3523: 3521: 3518: 3516: 3513: 3511: 3508: 3507: 3506: 3505: 3499: 3496: 3494: 3493:Structuralism 3491: 3489: 3486: 3484: 3481: 3479: 3478:Panbabylonism 3476: 3474: 3471: 3469: 3465: 3461: 3458: 3456: 3453: 3451: 3448: 3446: 3443: 3441: 3438: 3436: 3433: 3431: 3428: 3426: 3423: 3421: 3418: 3416: 3413: 3411: 3410: 3409:Hamlet's Mill 3406: 3404: 3401: 3399: 3396: 3394: 3391: 3390: 3385: 3374: 3367: 3365: 3361: 3356: 3354: 3350: 3346: 3342: 3338: 3334: 3330: 3324: 3318: 3308: 3306: 3302: 3295: 3291: 3290:Reincarnation 3285: 3275: 3273: 3269: 3268:United States 3265: 3261: 3257: 3252: 3250: 3246: 3242: 3238: 3234: 3230: 3226: 3222: 3218: 3214: 3210: 3206: 3204: 3198: 3188: 3184: 3180: 3179: 3168: 3166: 3162: 3158: 3154: 3149: 3144: 3143: 3132: 3129: 3125: 3121: 3117: 3113: 3108: 3106: 3102: 3096: 3095:Constellation 3090: 3080: 3078: 3077:Kwakwaka'wakw 3073: 3069: 3065: 3059: 3049: 3047: 3043: 3039: 3035: 3031: 3030:Georges Polti 3027: 3023: 3019: 3015: 3011: 3006: 3002: 2992: 2990: 2989:founding myth 2986: 2985:Old Testament 2982: 2978: 2975: 2971: 2963: 2959: 2954: 2949: 2948:National myth 2943: 2942:Founding myth 2933: 2931: 2927: 2923: 2917: 2915: 2911: 2907: 2903: 2902: 2897: 2895: 2891: 2887: 2883: 2879: 2874: 2870: 2865: 2863: 2859: 2855: 2851: 2847: 2843: 2839: 2835: 2831: 2827: 2822: 2821:fallen angels 2818: 2814: 2811:and later in 2810: 2806: 2802: 2795: 2791: 2788:אַשְמְדּאָי ( 2787: 2782: 2773: 2770: 2767: 2765: 2760: 2758: 2752: 2742: 2740: 2736: 2732: 2728: 2724: 2720: 2716: 2712: 2708: 2704: 2700: 2696: 2692: 2688: 2684: 2680: 2659: 2650: 2649: 2643: 2631: 2626: 2624: 2619: 2617: 2612: 2611: 2609: 2608: 2603: 2599: 2595: 2594: 2593: 2592: 2581: 2575: 2571: 2566: 2562: 2558: 2555: 2554: 2551: 2548: 2547: 2544: 2540: 2537: 2536: 2533: 2530: 2529: 2526: 2522: 2519: 2517: 2513: 2510: 2509: 2506: 2503: 2502: 2499: 2495: 2492: 2491: 2488: 2485: 2484: 2481: 2477: 2473: 2470: 2469: 2466: 2463: 2462: 2459: 2455: 2452: 2450: 2446: 2443: 2441: 2437: 2434: 2433: 2430: 2427: 2426: 2423: 2419: 2416: 2415: 2412: 2409: 2408: 2405: 2401: 2398: 2397: 2394: 2391: 2390: 2387: 2383: 2380: 2379: 2376: 2373: 2372: 2369: 2365: 2362: 2360: 2356: 2353: 2352: 2349: 2346: 2345: 2342: 2338: 2335: 2333: 2329: 2326: 2325: 2322: 2319: 2318: 2315: 2311: 2308: 2307: 2304: 2301: 2300: 2297: 2293: 2290: 2289: 2286: 2283: 2282: 2279: 2278:Zmey Gorynych 2275: 2272: 2270: 2266: 2263: 2262: 2259: 2256: 2255: 2252: 2248: 2245: 2244: 2241: 2238: 2237: 2234: 2230: 2227: 2225: 2221: 2218: 2217: 2214: 2211: 2210: 2207: 2203: 2202:Saint Michael 2200: 2198: 2195: 2193: 2189: 2186: 2185: 2182: 2179: 2178: 2175: 2171: 2168: 2166: 2162: 2159: 2157: 2153: 2150: 2149: 2146: 2143: 2142: 2139: 2135: 2131: 2128: 2127: 2124: 2121: 2120: 2114: 2113: 2109: 2108:dragonslayers 2105: 2101: 2097: 2094: 2093: 2089: 2085: 2084: 2080: 2074: 2073: 2069: 2068: 2064: 2060: 2059: 2055: 2054: 2046: 2041: 2036: 2035:Snake worship 2032: 2026: 2022: 2012: 2009: 2004: 2002: 1998: 1994: 1990: 1986: 1982: 1981:War in Heaven 1978: 1973: 1971: 1967: 1963: 1959: 1955: 1950: 1948: 1944: 1940: 1936: 1931: 1929: 1925: 1921: 1916: 1914: 1910: 1906: 1902: 1898: 1894: 1890: 1885: 1883: 1879: 1875: 1871: 1867: 1861: 1859: 1855: 1851: 1850:Olympian gods 1847: 1843: 1838: 1833: 1829: 1819: 1817: 1813: 1809: 1804: 1802: 1798: 1797:Olympian gods 1794: 1790: 1785: 1783: 1782: 1777: 1776: 1771: 1766: 1764: 1763:creation myth 1757: 1754:(1596–98) by 1753: 1752: 1747: 1742: 1738: 1734: 1724: 1722: 1718: 1714: 1710: 1706: 1702: 1698: 1694: 1690: 1689: 1684: 1683:Mircea Eliade 1680: 1679:supreme being 1674: 1670: 1666: 1665: 1657: 1652: 1650: 1646: 1642: 1638: 1634: 1630: 1626: 1622: 1619: 1615: 1611: 1610: 1603: 1599: 1595: 1591: 1587: 1581: 1580: 1572: 1567: 1565: 1561: 1557: 1553: 1550: 1546: 1542: 1538: 1534: 1530: 1526: 1525:Wemale people 1522: 1512: 1510: 1506: 1502: 1498: 1494: 1490: 1486: 1482: 1478: 1474: 1473: 1468: 1464: 1456: 1455: 1450: 1446: 1442: 1441:cylinder seal 1437: 1432: 1428: 1422: 1412: 1410: 1406: 1402: 1398: 1394: 1390: 1386: 1382: 1378: 1374: 1370: 1366: 1365: 1358: 1348: 1346: 1342: 1338: 1334: 1330: 1326: 1325:Book of Enoch 1322: 1316: 1315:Theft of fire 1306: 1304: 1300: 1299: 1298:Dharmaśāstras 1294: 1290: 1285: 1283: 1279: 1275: 1274:Ask and Embla 1271: 1267: 1262: 1257: 1247: 1245: 1241: 1237: 1233: 1229: 1225: 1221: 1217: 1213: 1209: 1205: 1201: 1197: 1192: 1188: 1184: 1178: 1168: 1163: 1157: 1147: 1144: 1140: 1135: 1134:Creation myth 1122: 1118: 1114: 1110: 1101: 1099: 1095: 1091: 1087: 1083: 1079: 1073: 1069: 1059: 1056: 1052: 1049: 1045: 1039: 1035: 1025: 1023: 1018: 1016: 1012: 1008: 1004: 1000: 999:divine father 996: 988: 984: 980: 976: 971: 969: 965: 961: 957: 953: 952:Indo-European 946: 942: 932: 930: 926: 922: 918: 914: 904: 902: 896: 893: 890: 881: 879: 873: 871: 867: 863: 858: 854: 843: 838: 836: 831: 829: 824: 823: 821: 820: 813: 810: 808: 805: 803: 800: 798: 795: 793: 790: 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UMI. 5005: 4998: 4991: 4981: 4970: 4967:Puhvel, Jaan 4957: 4950: 4943: 4936: 4923: 4916: 4907: 4900: 4891: 4881: 4874: 4867: 4860: 4853: 4841: 4834: 4818: 4811: 4797: 4792:bartleby.com 4787: 4780: 4770: 4761: 4754: 4747: 4739: 4729: 4719: 4708: 4702: 4691: 4682: 4665: 4658: 4651: 4644: 4634: 4627: 4617: 4600: 4581: 4569: 4565: 4558: 4547: 4538: 4529: 4520: 4510: 4501: 4492: 4482: 4475: 4468: 4459: 4453: 4447: 4441: 4435: 4426: 4418: 4400: 4395: 4387: 4382: 4374: 4369: 4361: 4356: 4343: 4336:Lebling 2010 4331: 4322: 4310: 4285: 4281: 4271: 4254: 4250: 4240: 4228: 4202: 4176: 4170: 4159:. Retrieved 4155: 4146: 4135:. Retrieved 4131: 4122: 4105: 4101: 4091: 4080:. Retrieved 4076: 4067: 4058: 4037: 4029: 4024: 4017: 4012: 4004: 3999: 3991: 3986: 3978: 3973: 3968:, p. 259–260 3965: 3960: 3952: 3947: 3939: 3935: 3928: 3923: 3915: 3910: 3902: 3897: 3892:, pp. 99–100 3889: 3884: 3876: 3861: 3856: 3847: 3839: 3834: 3827: 3823: 3818: 3808:29 September 3806:. Retrieved 3786: 3782: 3772: 3767:Urton, p. 36 3763: 3754: 3745: 3736: 3727: 3720: 3715: 3706: 3699: 3694: 3685: 3676: 3655: 3646: 3638: 3633: 3624: 3615: 3503: 3502: 3420:Eliphas Lévi 3407: 3357: 3335:, aka ELE). 3326: 3297: 3253: 3243:, including 3233:anthropogeny 3211: 3207: 3200: 3185: 3182: 3177: 3150: 3146: 3141: 3128:Hindu Zodiac 3114:systems and 3109: 3098: 3061: 3008: 2981:Bagadjimbiri 2967: 2925: 2921: 2918: 2899: 2898: 2894:late antique 2885: 2866: 2857: 2799: 2793: 2785: 2771: 2768: 2761: 2754: 2735:Yu the Great 2642:polycephalic 2639: 2574: 2561:Quetzalcoatl 2557:Tezcatlipoca 2472:Yu the Great 2100:sea serpents 2095: 2079:Drachenkampf 2078: 2070: 2052: 2044: 2038: 2005: 1974: 1951: 1932: 1917: 1886: 1880:or Persian ( 1862: 1842:Gigantomachy 1839: 1835: 1832:Gigantomachy 1805: 1786: 1779: 1773: 1767: 1760: 1749: 1719:(Water) and 1701:polytheistic 1688:deus otiosus 1686: 1676: 1664:Deus otiosus 1663: 1656:Deus otiosus 1655: 1607: 1605: 1602:Tree of life 1578: 1570: 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In: 4762:PlosOne 4715:, 1999. 4411:Sources 4403:, p. 12 4399:Segal, 4032:, p. 94 3994:, p. 93 3981:, p. 44 3955:, p. 40 3879:, p. 20 3842:, p. 44 3698:Propp, 3650:Leonard 3637:Segal, 3266:in the 3249:Midgard 3165:Helheim 3157:Elysium 3105:I Ching 2890:Palmyra 2882:Mastema 2858:Scolion 2838:Solomon 2830:al-Jinn 2817:beliefs 2790:Ašmodai 2666: 2654:German: 2364:Krishna 2292:Tarhunt 2220:Drangue 2170:Gabriel 2104:dragons 2021:Dragons 1964:in the 1962:Izanami 1958:Izanagi 1882:Daevas) 1878:Jötnar) 1791:of the 1787:In the 1715:(Sky), 1697:Hereros 1556:Purusha 1497:Zagreus 1445:Dumuzid 1405:Islamic 1341:Rigveda 1228:Parvati 1206:out of 1194:In the 1082:Oedipus 1048:Russian 979:Jupiter 964:Jupiter 921:history 697:Sources 682:Objects 670:Culture 666:Heroes 652:Deities 571:Tibetan 504:Persian 402:Guarani 392:Choctaw 387:Chilote 345:Abenaki 282:Lugbara 262:Italian 247:Hittite 237:Guanche 185:Finnish 170:English 155:Chinese 133:Cornish 113:Catalan 79:Latvian 55:Arabian 4589: 4511:Sahara 4390:, p. 8 4300: 4261: 4251:Henoch 4220: 4209: 4183: 4112: 4018:passim 3929:passim 3862:passim 3828:passim 3824:passim 3801: 3721:passim 3700:passim 3247:, and 3245:Asgard 3235:, and 3126:, and 3112:zodiac 3028:) and 2930:Dybbuk 2926:shedim 2914:Talmud 2901:Shedim 2850:Talmud 2723:Yahweh 2711:Vritra 2687:Typhon 2580:Basque 2498:Tiamat 2494:Marduk 2458:Tannin 2422:Balaur 2404:Zahhak 2368:Kāliyā 2359:Vritra 2332:Typhon 2310:Teshub 2188:Christ 2165:Tannin 2001:Heaven 1979:, the 1947:Chiyou 1937:, the 1901:Tiamat 1897:Marduk 1874:Asuras 1866:Giants 1858:giants 1828:Giants 1810:, the 1801:Titans 1795:, the 1781:asuras 1739:, and 1717:Pontus 1713:Uranus 1671:, and 1645:Delphi 1629:Mayans 1600:, and 1549:Indian 1547:, the 1521:tubers 1493:Adonis 1489:Tammuz 1481:Osiris 1475:. 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