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power. For example, nano-powered comparators in space-saving chip-scale packages (UCSP), DFN or SC70 packages such as MAX9027, LTC1540, LPV7215, MAX9060, and MCP6541, are ideal for ultra-low-power, portable applications. Likewise if a comparator is needed to implement a relaxation oscillator circuit to create a high speed clock signal then comparators having few nano seconds of propagation delay may be suitable. ADCMP572 (CML output), LMH7220 (LVDS Output), MAX999 (CMOS output / TTL output), LT1719 (CMOS output / TTL output), MAX9010 (TTL output), and MAX9601 (PECL output), are examples of some good high speed comparators.
824:. The reference voltage is usually on the non-inverting input (+), while the unknown voltage is usually on the inverting input (−). (A circuit diagram would display the inputs according to their sign with respect to the output when a particular input is greater than the other.) Unless the inputs are nearly equal (see below), the output is either positive or negative, for example ±12 V. In the case of a null detector the aim is to detect when the input voltages are nearly equal, which gives the value of the unknown voltage since the reference voltage is known.
27:
796:
a comparator at certain intervals, higher accuracy and lower power can be achieved with a clocked (or dynamic) comparator structure, also called a latched comparator. Often latched comparators employ strong positive feedback for a "regeneration phase" when a clock is high, and have a "reset phase" when the clock is low. This is in contrast to a continuous comparator, which can only employ weak positive feedback since there is no reset period.
654:). If there is a fixed voltage source from, for example, a DC adjustable device in the signal path, a comparator is just the equivalent of a cascade of amplifiers. When the voltages are nearly equal, the output voltage will not fall into one of the logic levels, thus analog signals will enter the digital domain with unpredictable results. To make this range as small as possible, the amplifier cascade is high gain. The circuit consists of mainly
477:
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A continuous comparator will output either a "1" or a "0" any time a high or low signal is applied to its input and will change quickly when the inputs are updated. However, many applications only require comparator outputs at certain instances, such as in A/D converters and memory. By only strobing
757:
Because comparators have only two output states, their outputs are either near zero or near the supply voltage. Bipolar rail-to-rail comparators have a common-emitter output that produces a small voltage drop between the output and each rail. That drop is equal to the collector-to-emitter voltage of
740:
circuit gives additional noise immunity and a cleaner output signal. Some comparators such as LMP7300, LTC1540, MAX931, MAX971, and ADCMP341, also provide the hysteresis control through a separate hysteresis pin. These comparators make it possible to add a programmable hysteresis without feedback or
499:
A simple comparator circuit made using an op-amp without feedback simply heavily amplifies the voltage difference between Vin and VREF and outputs the result as Vout. If Vin is greater than VREF, then voltage at Vout will rise to its positive saturation level; that is, to the voltage at the positive
495:
A comparator circuit compares two voltages and outputs either a 1 (the voltage at the plus side) or a 0 (the voltage at the negative side) to indicate which is larger. Comparators are often used, for example, to check whether an input has reached some predetermined value. In most cases a comparator
889:
This circuit requires only a single comparator with an open-drain output as in the LM393, TLV3011, or MAX9028. The circuit provides great flexibility in choosing the voltages to be translated by using a suitable pull up voltage. It also allows the translation of bipolar ±5 V logic to unipolar
827:
When using a comparator as a null detector, accuracy is limited; an output of zero is given whenever the magnitude of the voltage difference multiplied by the gain of the amplifier is within the voltage limits. For example, if the gain is 10, and the voltage limits are ±6 V, then an output of
815:
A null detector identifies when a given value is zero. Comparators are ideal for null detection comparison measurements, since they are equivalent to a very high gain amplifier with well-balanced inputs and controlled output limits. The null detector circuit compares two input voltages: an unknown
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is widely used for this purpose. Most comparator manufacturers also offer comparators in which a reference voltage is integrated on to the chip. Combining the reference and comparator in one chip not only saves space, but also draws less supply current than a comparator with an external reference.
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to a positive supply that defines the logic high level. Open-drain comparators are more suitable for mixed-voltage system design. Since the output has high impedance for logic high level, open-drain comparators can also be used to connect multiple comparators to a single bus. Push–pull output does
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A comparator normally changes its output state when the voltage between its inputs crosses through approximately zero volts. Small voltage fluctuations due to noise, always present on the inputs, can cause undesirable rapid changes between the two output states when the input voltage difference is
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While in general comparators are "fast," their circuits are not immune to the classic speed-power tradeoff. High speed comparators use transistors with larger aspect ratios and hence also consume more power. Depending on the application, select either a comparator with high speed or one that saves
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The differential voltages must stay within the limits specified by the manufacturer. Early integrated comparators, like the LM111 family, and certain high-speed comparators like the LM119 family, require differential voltage ranges substantially lower than the power-supply voltages (±15 V vs.
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of a few millivolts is integrated into many modern comparators. For example, the LTC6702, MAX9021, and MAX9031, have internal hysteresis desensitizing them from input noise. In place of one switching point, hysteresis introduces two: one for rising voltages, and one for falling voltages. The
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ICs with wide range of references are available such as MAX9062 (200 mV reference), LT6700 (400 mV reference), ADCMP350 (600 mV reference), MAX9025 (1.236 V reference), MAX9040 (2.048 V reference), TLV3012 (1.24 V reference), and TSM109 (2.5 V reference).
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output to help interface to different logic families. When the inverting input is at a higher voltage than the non inverting input, the output of the comparator connects to the negative power supply. When the non inverting input is higher than the inverting input, the output is
259:
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If the comparator does not have internal hysteresis or if the input noise is greater than the internal hysteresis then an external hysteresis network can be built using positive feedback from the output to the non-inverting input of the comparator. The resulting
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complicated equations. Using a dedicated hysteresis pin is also convenient if the source impedance is high since the inputs are isolated from the hysteresis network. When hysteresis is added then a comparator cannot resolve signals within the hysteresis band.
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have been used as comparators, however a dedicated comparator chip will generally be faster than a general-purpose operational amplifier used as a comparator, and may also contain additional features such as an accurate, internal reference voltage, adjustable
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used in the digital circuit. The gain is high enough that a very small difference between the input voltages will saturate the output, the output voltage will be in either the low logic voltage band or the high logic voltage band of the gate input. Analogue
670:, like those found in binary logic designs, improve the performance significantly though the performance still lags that of circuits with amplifiers using analog signals. Slew rate has no meaning for these devices. For applications in
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above the positive rail, although by a narrow margin of only 0.2 V. Differential input voltage (the voltage between two inputs) of a modern rail-to-rail comparator is usually limited only by the full swing of power supply.
1590:"MAX9039, MAX9040, MAX9041, MAX9042, MAX9042A, MAX9042B, MAX9043, MAX9043A, MAX9050, MAX9051, MAX9052, MAX9052A, MAX9052B, MAX9053, MAX9053A, MAX9053B: Micropower, Single-Supply, UCSP/SOT23 Comparator + Precision Reference ICs"
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pulse changes polarity. The output of the comparator changes state each time the pulse changes its polarity, that is the output is HI (high) for a positive pulse and LO (low) for a negative pulse squares the input signal.
518:
Op-amps are designed to operate in the linear mode with negative feedback. Hence, an op-amp typically has a lengthy recovery time from saturation. Almost all op-amps have an internal compensation capacitor which imposes
542:
Many op-amps have back to back diodes between their inputs. Op-amp inputs usually follow each other so this is fine. But comparator inputs are not usually the same. The diodes can cause unexpected current through
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a saturated transistor. When output currents are light, output voltages of CMOS rail-to-rail comparators, which rely on a saturated MOSFET, range closer to the rail voltages than their bipolar counterparts.
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A comparator is designed to produce well-limited output voltages that easily interface with digital logic. Compatibility with digital logic must be verified while using an op-amp as a comparator.
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Comparators can be used to create absolute-value detectors. In an absolute-value detector, two comparators and a digital logic gate are used to compare the absolute values of two voltages.
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the negative supply rail, but do not allow it to rise above the positive rail. Specific ultra-fast comparators, like the LMH7322, allow the input signal to swing below the negative rail
709:
While it is easy to understand the basic task of a comparator, that is, comparing two voltages or currents, several parameters must be considered while selecting a suitable comparator:
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The quiescent current specification of an op-amp is valid only when the feedback is active. Some op-amps show an increased quiescent current when the inputs are not equal.
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added to the trigger by the RC circuit causes the circuit to oscillate automatically. That is, the addition of the RC circuit turns the hysteretic bistable
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is implemented using a dedicated comparator IC, but op-amps may be used as an alternative. Comparator diagrams and op-amp diagrams use the same symbols.
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the distributed signal across eight ports matches the voltage and current gain after each amplifier, and resistors then behave as level-shifters.
1243:
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When a comparator performs the function of telling if an input voltage is above or below a given threshold, it is essentially performing a 1-bit
828:
zero will be given if the voltage difference is less than 6 μV. One could refer to this as a fundamental uncertainty in the measurement.
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difference between the higher-level trip value (VTRIP+) and the lower-level trip value (VTRIP-) equals the hysteresis voltage (VHYST).
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Since op-amps do not have any internal hysteresis, an external hysteresis network is always necessary for slow moving input signals.
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side. If Vin is lower than VREF, then Vout will fall to its negative saturation level, equal to the voltage at the negative side.
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492:. This parallels the characteristics of comparators and can be substituted in applications with low-performance requirements.
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1474:"MAX971, MAX972, MAX973, MAX974, MAX981, MAX982, MAX983, MAX984: Ultra-Low-Power, Open-Drain, Single/Dual-Supply Comparators"
1082:
930:, a comparator is used to compare two voltages and determine whether a given input voltage is under voltage or over voltage.
254:{\displaystyle V_{\text{o}}={\begin{cases}1,&{\text{if }}V_{+}>V_{-},\\0,&{\text{if }}V_{+}<V_{-}.\end{cases}}}
1789:
Iranmanesh, S.; Rodriguez-Villegas, E. (June 2016). "CMOS implementation of a low power absolute value comparator circuit".
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comparators allow any differential voltages within the power-supply range. When powered from a bipolar (dual rail) supply,
1290:"MAX961, MAX962, MAX963, MAX964, MAX997, MAX999: Single/Dual/Quad, Ultra-High-Speed, +3V/+5V, Beyond-the-Rails Comparators"
1117:
Rogenmoser, R.; Kaeslin, H. (July 1997). "The impact of transistor sizing on power efficiency in submicron CMOS circuits".
1435:"LMP7300 - Micropower Precision Comparator and Precision Reference with Adjustable Hysteresis from the PowerWise® Family"
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1226:"MAX9060, MAX9061, MAX9062, MAX9063, MAX9064: Ultra-Small, Low-Power Single Comparators in 4-Bump UCSP and 5-SOT23"
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1166:"MAX9025, MAX9026, MAX9027, MAX9028: UCSP, 1.8V, Nanopower, Beyond-the-Rails Comparators With/Without Reference"
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A dedicated voltage comparator chip such as LM339 is designed to interface with a digital logic interface (to a
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The most frequent application for comparators is the comparison between a voltage and a stable reference.
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1417:"MAX9030, MAX9031, MAX9032, MAX9034: Low-Cost, Ultra-Small, Single/Dual/Quad Single-Supply Comparators"
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Some multiple-section op-amps may exhibit extreme channel-channel interaction when used as comparators.
1641:
Offset
Reduction Techniques in High-Speed Analog-to-Digital Converters: Analysis, Design and Tradeoffs
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1205:"LPV7215 - Micropower, CMOS Input, RRIO, 1.8V, Push-Pull Output Comparator from the PowerWise® Family"
1099:
1873:
A Java based resistor value search tool for analysing an inverting comparator circuit with hysteresis
650:). The output is a binary state often used to interface real world signals to digital circuitry (see
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1326:"MAX9010, MAX9011, MAX9012, MAX9013: SC70, 5ns, Low-Power, Single-Supply, Precision TTL Comparators"
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Because of the difference in characteristics of an operational amplifier and comparator, using an
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1399:"MAX9021, MAX9022, MAX9024: Micropower, Ultra-Small, Single/Dual/Quad Single-Supply Comparators"
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limitations for high frequency signals. Consequently, an op-amp makes a sloppy comparator with
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1344:"MAX9600, MAX9601, MAX9602: Dual ECL and Dual/Quad PECL, 500ps, Ultra-High-Speed Comparators"
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as a comparator presents several disadvantages as compared to using a dedicated comparator.
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input transistors, like the LM139 family, allow the input potential to drop 0.3 volts
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53:
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and outputs a digital signal indicating which is larger. It has two analog input terminals
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1453:"MAX931, MAX932, MAX933, MAX934: Ultra-Low-Power, Low-Cost Comparators with 2% Reference"
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not need a pull-up resistor and can also source current, unlike an open-drain output.
271:. They are commonly used in devices that measure and digitize analog signals, such as
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1569:"ADCMP350: Comparator & 0.6V Reference in 4-SC70 w/ Open-Drain Active-Low Output"
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and others) in combination with other devices to achieve a multi-bit quantization.
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Malmstadt, Howard V.; Enke, Christie G.; Crouch, Stanley R. (1981). "Chapter 5".
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bipolar transistors that would otherwise lead to long recovery times. Fast small
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1492:"ADCMP341: Dual 0.275% Comparator and Reference with Programmable Hysteresis"
1438:
1308:"LT1719 - 4.5ns Single/Dual Supply 3V/5V Comparator with Rail-to-Rail Output"
1208:
1021:
997:
866:
1022:"LM339B, LM2901B, LM339, LM239, LM139, LM2901 Quad Differential Comparators"
902:. This function is used in nearly all analog to digital converters (such as
853:. It uses both positive and negative feedback. The positive feedback is a
1791:
2016 14th IEEE International New
Circuits and Systems Conference (NEWCAS)
1262:"ADCMP572: Ultrafast 3.3 V Single-Supply Comparator w/CML Output Drivers"
35:
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1735:(2nd ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 284–285.
1551:"LT6700 - Micropower, Low Voltage, Dual Comparator with 400mV Reference"
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List of LM-series integrated circuits § Differential comparators
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of the stages is low. This reduces the saturation of the slow, large
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Malmstadt, Howard V.; Enke, Christie G.; Crouch, Stanley R. (1981).
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Malmstadt, Howard V.; Enke, Christie G.; Crouch, Stanley R. (1981).
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43:
697:, so the output voltage in this state can be set by an external
1046:"LMH7322 Dual 700 ps High Speed Comparator with RSPECL Outputs"
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On the basis of outputs, comparators can also be classified as
631:
769:. Comparators with an open-drain output stage use an external
488:(op-amp) has a well balanced difference input and a very high
836:
For this type of detector, a comparator detects each time an
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near zero volts. To prevent this output oscillation, a small
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In practice, this circuit can be improved by incorporating a
1788:
1773:
1761:"TLV3011: Low-power comparator with reference (open-drain)"
647:
386:
287:
247:
1730:
1608:"TLV3012: Low-power comparator with reference (push-pull)"
1381:"LTC6702 - Tiny Micropower, Low Voltage Dual Comparators"
816:
voltage and a reference voltage, usually referred to as v
1747:"LM393: Dual differential comparator, commercial grade"
926:
Comparators can also be used as window detectors. In a
890:
3 V logic by using a comparator like the MAX972.
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309:
140:
110:
83:
56:
1868:
IC Comparator reference page at http://circuitous.ca
1437:. National Semiconductor Corporation. Archived from
1207:. National Semiconductor Corporation. Archived from
1697:
1664:
1512:. Maxim Integrated Products. AN3616. Archived from
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444:{\displaystyle 0\leq V_{+},V_{-}\leq V_{\text{cc}}}
1699:
1666:
1535:. Maxim Integrated Products. AN886. Archived from
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507:voltage range to reduce its sensitivity to noise.
443:
371:{\displaystyle V_{S-}\leq V_{+},V_{-}\leq V_{S+},}
370:
253:
123:
96:
69:
1622:"TSM109/A: DUAL COMPARATOR AND VOLTAGE REFERENCE"
1276:"LMH7220: High Speed Comparator with LVDS Output"
1116:
1879:
1778:(2nd ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
1673:. The Benjamin/Cummings Publishing Co. pp.
1706:. The Benjamin/Cummings Publishing Co. p.
1187:"LTC1540 - Nanopower Comparator with Reference"
893:
1702:Electronics and Instrumentation for Scientists
1669:Electronics and Instrumentation for Scientists
1073:Electronics and Instrumentation for Scientists
998:"LM111, LM211, LM311 Differential Comparators"
1468:
1466:
1220:
1218:
16:Device that compares two voltages or currents
1160:
1158:
1156:
790:
527:that can be as long as tens of microseconds.
471:
264:A comparator consists of a specialized high-
1638:Pedro M. Figueiredo, João C. Vital (2009).
1592:. Maxim Integrated Products. Archived from
1476:. Maxim Integrated Products. Archived from
1455:. Maxim Integrated Products. Archived from
1419:. Maxim Integrated Products. Archived from
1401:. Maxim Integrated Products. Archived from
1360:
1346:. Maxim Integrated Products. Archived from
1328:. Maxim Integrated Products. Archived from
1292:. Maxim Integrated Products. Archived from
1228:. Maxim Integrated Products. Archived from
1168:. Maxim Integrated Products. Archived from
1097:
933:
586:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
1463:
1246:. Microchip Technology Inc. Archived from
1215:
831:
1181:
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606:Learn how and when to remove this message
1510:"Adding Extra Hysteresis to Comparators"
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844:
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286:
25:
1774:Phillip Allen; Douglas Holberg (2002).
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1077:. The Benjamin/Cummings Publishing Co.
857:configuration. Alone, the trigger is a
658:. For very high frequencies, the input
455:Specific rail-to-rail comparators with
282:
1880:
1176:
291:Illustration of how a comparator works
1731:Paul Horowitz; Winfield Hill (1989).
1494:. Analog Devices, Inc. Archived from
777:
704:
1520:
1119:IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits
849:A comparator can be used to build a
625:whose output is compatible with the
584:adding citations to reliable sources
551:
1553:. Linear Technology. Archived from
1383:. Linear Technology. Archived from
1310:. Linear Technology. Archived from
1189:. Linear Technology. Archived from
921:
753:A low-power CMOS clocked comparator
13:
1363:"Adding Hysteresis to comparators"
712:
688:Some comparators (e.g. LM339) use
14:
1904:
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810:
381:or when powered from an unipolar
1835: This article incorporates
1830:
1533:"Selecting the Right Comparator"
1027:. Texas Instruments. August 2012
1003:. Texas Instruments. August 2003
978:Zero crossing threshold detector
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1051:. Texas Instruments. March 2013
948:Constant fraction discriminator
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701:to a different voltage supply.
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1098:Ron Mancini (March 29, 2001).
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104:and one binary digital output
42:is a device that compares two
1:
1793:. IEEE Newcas. pp. 1–4.
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721:
1644:. Springer. pp. 54–62.
1100:"Designing with comparators"
894:Analog-to-digital converters
885:National Semiconductor LM393
273:analog-to-digital converters
124:{\displaystyle V_{\text{o}}}
7:
1799:10.1109/NEWCAS.2016.7604807
1361:Ron Mancini (May 3, 2001).
941:
652:analog-to-digital converter
639:, and a clock gated input.
618:A comparator consists of a
21:Comparator (disambiguation)
10:
1909:
1776:CMOS Analog Circuit Design
914:, folding, interpolating,
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681:
480:A simple op-amp comparator
18:
1893:Comparison (mathematical)
791:Continuous versus clocked
547:
472:Op-amp voltage comparator
1244:"MCP6541: In Production"
934:Absolute-value detectors
908:successive approximation
131:. The output is ideally
832:Zero-crossing detectors
806:Comparator applications
1843:Federal Standard 1037C
1837:public domain material
1733:The Art of Electronics
1264:. Analog Devices, Inc.
912:delta-sigma modulation
886:
859:bistable multivibrator
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623:differential amplifier
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372:
292:
277:relaxation oscillators
269:differential amplifier
255:
125:
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30:Calibration comparator
1627:. STMicroelectronics.
1571:. Analog Devices, Inc
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871:astable multivibrator
851:relaxation oscillator
845:Relaxation oscillator
752:
678:Open collector output
512:operational amplifier
486:operational amplifier
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97:{\displaystyle V_{-}}
72:
70:{\displaystyle V_{+}}
29:
1278:. Texas Instruments.
861:. However, the slow
580:improve this section
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283:Differential voltage
138:
108:
81:
54:
19:For other uses, see
1888:Electronic circuits
1763:. Texas Instrument.
1749:. Texas Instrument.
1610:. Texas Instrument.
1131:1997IJSSC..32.1142R
656:bipolar transistors
275:(ADCs), as well as
953:Digital comparator
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778:Internal reference
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705:Key specifications
525:propagation delays
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1808:978-1-4673-8900-6
1717:978-0-8053-6917-5
1684:978-0-8053-6917-5
1651:978-1-4020-9715-7
1084:978-0-8053-6917-5
973:Voltage regulator
863:negative feedback
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1862:External links
1860:
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1519:
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1498:on 2009-08-15.
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1408:
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1335:
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596:February 2022
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565:This section
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1852:the original
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1594:the original
1584:
1573:. Retrieved
1563:
1555:the original
1545:
1537:the original
1514:the original
1504:
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1053:. Retrieved
1040:
1029:. Retrieved
1016:
1005:. Retrieved
992:
937:
925:
906:, pipeline,
900:quantization
897:
888:
848:
835:
826:
814:
800:Applications
794:
781:
760:
756:
734:
725:
716:
708:
687:
664:p–n junction
641:
617:
602:
593:
578:Please help
566:
509:
502:
498:
494:
483:
464:
460:
454:
380:
298:Rail-to-rail
297:
296:36 V).
294:
263:
39:
33:
745:Output type
627:logic gates
36:electronics
1882:Categories
1575:2023-07-01
1055:2014-07-02
1031:2014-07-02
1007:2014-07-02
984:References
916:dual-slope
763:open-drain
729:hysteresis
722:Hysteresis
672:flash ADCs
637:hysteresis
505:hysteresis
40:comparator
958:Flash ADC
767:push–pull
660:impedance
620:high gain
567:does not
521:slew rate
429:≤
424:−
403:≤
350:≤
345:−
324:≤
319:−
237:−
194:−
90:−
1817:10810576
1147:15703793
942:See also
869:into an
215:if
172:if
48:currents
44:voltages
1675:108–110
1127:Bibcode
632:op amps
588:removed
573:sources
543:inputs.
1815:
1805:
1714:
1681:
1648:
1145:
1081:
548:Design
1839:from
1813:S2CID
1625:(PDF)
1143:S2CID
1049:(PDF)
1025:(PDF)
1001:(PDF)
904:flash
820:and v
784:TL431
646:or a
461:below
457:p–n–p
1803:ISBN
1712:ISBN
1679:ISBN
1646:ISBN
1079:ISBN
648:CMOS
571:any
569:cite
490:gain
387:CMOS
266:gain
229:<
186:>
77:and
38:, a
1795:doi
1708:230
1367:EDN
1135:doi
1104:EDN
765:or
644:TTL
582:by
484:An
465:and
383:TTL
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